REWARD SYSTEM AND TEACHERS’ ATTITUDE TO WORK IN CALABAR SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF CROSS RIVER STATE.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Today’s reality in the global world is that, organizations influence several important aspects of employees attitude to work in a multitude of ways. They conceive and implement strategies, while the employees and reward systems determine the organization’s capabilities. Competencies are required to execute the strategy, and these competencies are primarily a function of the skills and knowledge of an organization’s human capital.

 

Therefore, if an organization is to treat its employees as its most important  asset, it has to be knowledgeable about what it is that motivates people to reach their full potential (Lawler, 1990). It is not easy though to know all the things that motivate people in life or at work but an effort has to be made in each case.

 

Traditionally, individual attitude to work  in organizations has centered on the evaluation of performance and the allocation of reward systems. Organizations are starting to acknowledge planning and enabling individual performance as a critical approach towards organizational performance.

 

Strategic success for the organization lies in focusing attention at all levels on key business imperatives, which can be achieved. The planning process is one of the primary elements of the total reward system. According to Adam, (1964),a reward system is an reinforcer only if its delivery increases the probability of a behavior or attitude of  the target individuals.

 

This study is focused on reward system and teachers attitude to work. It is important to note  that, reward system  is the process that impacts performance between pay checks and provides the basis on which individuals results are measured. It is the bonding agent in programmes  that direct rewards to true performance. The primary focus of reward and recognition programs is how organizations define their rewards system and communicate this in a manner that employees clearly understand the link between reward and teachers attitude to work (Bassy, 2002).

 

Rewards and recognition programmes create environments especially where jobs provide intrinsic rewards good feelings that people get from doing the work itself. Yet in many organizations, recognition is reserved for an elite few and rewards are defined solely in terms of wages and salaries. Effective recognition enhances employee motivation and increases employee productivity all of which contribute to improved organizational performance (Bassy, 2002).

 

1.2 Theoretical framework

This study is guided by;

(i)                    Adam Stacy’s Equity Theory of motivation

(ii)                  Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory.

(i) Adam Stacy’s Equity Theory of motivation

The Equity Theory states that employees expect fairness when being rewarded for the work done. The theory was developed from the Hertzberg’s job satisfaction theory and linked to the reward system by Adam Stacy. An important factor in employer’s motivation is  whether individuals perceive the reward structure as being fair. The Equity theory essentially refers to an employee’s subjective judgment about the fairness of the reward she/he got in comparison with the inputs which include; efforts, time, education, and experience when compared with others in the organization.

 

The Equity theory of motivation concerns on the people’s perception and feelings on how they are treated as compared

 

with others (Armstrong, 1996). The argument is that people work well in accordance to what they regard as fair. Employees consider whether management has treated them fairly, when they look at what they receive for the effort they have made. Maslow (1954) agrees with this that employees expect rewards or outcomes to be broadly proportional to their effort. In this regard, Carter (2002) give the formula below to illustrate the comparison.

 

Input (A) =Input (B)

Reward (A) =Reward (B)

Employee A compares the ratio of his/her input to his/her reward to that of employee B. If he/she feels the ratios are similar, he/she is bound to be satisfied with the treatment received. If he/she feels inadequately treated, he or she is bound to be dissatisfied. This dissatisfaction is likely to breed tension and frustration in such employees and their consequent performance may be negatively affected and this may perhaps further lower rewards (Carter 2002). Much as Employees must be rewarded, employers’ perception towards performance-based rewards can depend on many factors such as politically rewarding someone because of his/her political affiliation, circumstantial instances like one being in the right place at the right time and be rewarded with a high office position, it can be gender sensitivity, strategic, just because someone teaches well mathematics so it is assumed that he can equally teach physics, it can be ethical, personal, such as one being rewarded because of the relationship he/she has with the head teacher.

(ii) Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory.

On the other hand, the Expectancy theory helped the study to understand how individuals are drawn to make decisions as regards various behavioral alternatives and perceptual differences among people. It also suggests that motivation is based on how much one wants something and how likely he/she could get it (Cascio, 1989). This is because the motivational force of every individual is influenced by his or her expectancies, valances all of which depend on a personal way of perception. The formal framework of expectancy theory was developed by Victor Vroom (1964).

This framework states basically that motivation plus effort leads to performance, which then leads to outcomes. According to this theory, three conditions must be met for individuals to exhibit motivated behavior and these include: effort to performance expectancy must be greater than zero, performance to outcome expectancy must also be greater than zero, and that the sum of the valances for all relevant outcomes must be greater than zero.

The Expectancy theory explains that in any given situation, the greater the number and variety of rewards that are available to the employees (teachers), the greater is the probability that extra effort will be exerted in attaining the set goals or targets in the hope of getting the desired rewards (Cascio, 1989). Gerald (1986) agrees with this and explains that Vroom focused especially on the factors that are involved in stimulating an individual to put an effort in doing something since this

is the basis of motivation.

1.3 Statement of the problem

There appears to be mounting concerns that high proportions of teachers working in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State  are poorly motivated due to a combination of low morale and job satisfaction, poor incentives, and inadequate controls and other deprivations.

Consequently, standards of professional conduct and performance are low and falling in many schools. Incentives for teachers in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State to perform well are frequently weak due to ineffective incentives and sanctions. Very low pay forces large proportions of teachers to earn secondary income from private tutoring and other activities. What is expected from teachers which is their  social contract is not pitched at a realistic level in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State given material rewards, workloads, and work and living environments. In many secondary schools, teachers are being asked to take on more responsibilities without rewarding them. The work and living environments for many teachers are poor, which tends to lower self-esteem and is generally de-motivating.

Employers use pecuniary rewards for high levels of performance in schools, usually defined in terms of student outcomes or teachers skills and knowledge as was observed by (Armsrong,2006). It is expected that without such rewards, teachers’ attitude to work  would be poor. In spite of management efforts to reward the teachers for better services to students, the teachers seem not to exhibit signs of well rewarded workers. This has resulted into high labor turnover, teachers perform part time teaching as a means of topping up on the basic salary by teaching in two or more schools. The consequence of this on the formal job include late coming, lack of commitment to the job, dodging classes. There is no study that has so far been undertaken to establish the reasons why Calabar South Local Government  Area of Cross River State usually have a negative attitude towards rewarding teachers for their work. This raises curiosity and hence the need to establish the effect of rewards system on the attitude of teachers to work in Calabar South Local Government  Area of Cross River State.

1.4 Purpose of the study

This  research is focused on reward system and teachers’ attitude to work  in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State.

The specific objectives of the study include:

(i)           To determine how  reward system influences teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State.

(ii)          To determine material rewards influences teachers attitude to work in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross River State.

(iii)         To determine financial renumeration  influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross River State.

(iv)        To find out how verbal rewards influence teachers in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross River State.

(v)          To examine how intrinsic reward influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State

1.6 Research Question

For the researcher to achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions are posed:

(i)                  To what extent does reward system influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State?

(ii)                 To what extent does material rewards influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State?

(iii)                To what extent does financial reward influence  teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State?

(iv)               To what extent does verbal reward influence teacher attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State?

(v)                To what degree does intrinsic reward influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State?

1.7        Research Hypothesis

(i)                  There is no significant relationship between  reward system and teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State

(ii)                 Material reward does not significantly influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State

(iii)                Financial remuneration does not significantly influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State

(iv)               Verbal reward does not significantly influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State

(v)                Intrinsic reward does not significantly influence   teachers attitude to work in  Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State

(vi)               There is no significant relationship between employee psychological readiness result in lower performance, higher absenteeism, and tardiness among teachers attitude  to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State.

1.8 Scope of the study

This research work will focus on reward system and teachers attitude to work. This study will be restricted to Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State. The researcher will consider teachers from both public and private schools in the area.

1.9 Significance of the study

The findings of the study will benefit the  ministry of education, future researchers, school administrators, teachers and students who need to know and learn from connection between reward system and attitude to work. Teachers and students will also benefit from the findings of this study in areas of improve work and academic performance.

1.10 Limitations of the study

Limitations are conditions beyond the control of the researcher that may place weakness on the conclusion of the study and their application to other situations. Personal characteristics of the respondents had an effect on data gathering. Some respondents did not exhaustively respond to all items. Some concealed information deeming it personal. The researcher had less mitigating mechanism upon this as respondents were simply not willing to respond the items at the time of carrying out the interview.

There are some factors that the researcher was not able to control such as the responses of the respondents which could be affected by factors such as suspicion and fear of the repercussions of their responses. The respondents could therefore give socially acceptable responses in order to avoid offending the researcher  thus resulting in responses that are less reliable and valid. To overcome this, the researcher assured the respondent’s confidentiality so as to minimize the effects of these limitations.

1.11 Assumptions of the study

For the researcher to achieve the objectives of the study,  the following assumptions will guide the study:

1.    Reward system may connect teachers attitude to work in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State.

2.   Poor organizational rewards influences teachers attitude to work  in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross River State

3.   Poorly designed compensation package may influence teachers attitude to work in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross Ricer State.

4.   Employee psychological readiness may influence performance, higher absenteeism, and tardiness among teachers in Calabar south Local Government Area of Cross River State.

1.12 Definition of terms

Attitude:-The way one behaves, thinks or feels towards somebody or something.

Influence:- The power to changeor control something or somebody. The power to control or change academic performance of pre-school children.

Ministry of Education:- A government department concerned with giving people useful knowledge

Reward system:- Reward system, a positive stimulus that can be presented in the process of reinforcing behavior

Teacher:- also called a school teacher is a person who provides education for students

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THE ROLE OF NATIONAL AGENCY FOR FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL (NAFDAC) IN CONSUMER PROTECTION IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF SOME SELECTED PURE WATER BOTTLING FIRMS IN ENUGU)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

1.2     Significance of the Study

1.3     Scope of the Study

1.4     Statement of the Problem

1.5     Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Design of the Study

3.1        Development of the Research Material

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1     PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

OF DATA

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1     SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

5.2     Recommendation

5.3     Conclusion

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIXES

QUESTIONNAIRES

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

NAFDAC was established by decree 15 of 1993 as amended by decree No 1999 to regulate and control importation, exportation, manufacturing, advertisement, distribution, sale and use of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, the target chemicals bottled water, all non as regulated product.

The importance of food and drugs to man and animal particularly is very obvious.  They need food in order to grow and sustain life.  While life goes on and because of the inherent deposition to illness, the organs of the body may not always function properly.  Such body dysfunction may be due to infection arising from the in take of contaminated food or water.  It may also result from the effect of corrosive or poisonous chemicals on the body or due to breakdown following exhaustive work on degeneration of the body organs.

These situation of ill health provided the compelling need for drugs in order to modify functioning of the body and restore it to normal.  To be acceptable, the drugs must not be deterious to the body but should rather produce a positive effect, which leads to restoration of normal life.  In like manner, cosmetics should have no harmful effect on the body to which they are applied.

It is the duty of governments to protect the health and the citizens.  The challenge in this regard, a part from that of providing treatment facilities for the sick, is to prevent the hazards arising from unwholesome foods, ineffective, substandard and adulterated drugs, toxic and corrosive cosmetics and chemicals as well as contaminated water.

 

 

1.2    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Foods, drugs, cosmetics water etc are common products, there is no single home where soap, salt, vegetable oil, body cream, water, paracetamol, tooth paste etc are not used daily, whereas for other product like clothing, utensil, furniture which quality can sensorial be rightly appraised it is not so with the former products for example can any individual rightly and safely declare the constituents of his favorite imported or local biscuits just with his sensory organ?  It is impossible.  This is because to do such requires:

i)                             Determining the condition under which the product is manufactured.

ii)                           Ascertaining its physicochemical and microbiological constituents.

iii)                          Determining whether the prepared food has more nutritional value than another.

iv)                          Determining the toxicity on human being.

v)                            Ensuring that its constituents is what the label says it is etc.

vi)                          Ascertaining whether the performance of the product will meet consumers need.

 

 

1.3    OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Prior to the creation of NAFDAC in 1992, the control and regulation of food, drugs, cosmetics, chemical and packaged water was seriously hampered by bureaucratic bottlenecks among other factors.  The decision of government to create the agency in 1992 was therefore informed by desire to ensure a more effective control of food, drugs and other regulated products.  During the inauguration of the NAFDAC council on December 1992, the minister of health Professor Olikoye Rasome Kuti had this to say “NAFDAC as an agency is being inaugurated today, to give a frontal attack to the health problems arising from foods, chemicals, drugs, cosmetics, medicine and similar regulated product without the inhibition of the civil service setting”.

“Furthermore, they have ensure that the regulated product other for consumption to unsepted consumers are of good quality, save nutritious efficacious and wholesome as desire.  This product have a greater impact on human health such that their effective control is necessary in other to avoid catastrophic consequences on the consumers.

Furthermore, they have to ensure that the regulated product other for consumption to unsepted consumers are of good quality, save nutritious efficacious and wholesome as desire.  This product have a greater impact on human health such that their effective control is necessary in other to avoid catastrophic consequences on the consumers.

There is also an economic expertors this control, which is to ensure that an suspecting consumer does not spend his hard earned money in the purchase of fake and adulterated product.

 

 

1.4    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Employing the services of trained unbiased independent and experienced personnel form various field of study.

Using some sophisticated scientific equipment.

Dealing with similar regulatory body of foreign countries.

Informing the public (consumers of their findings).

Formulating laws to back up control on industries.

They will offer us who are normally bog barrows have money and influence and as usual employ any type of approaches on the affairs from procuring the agencies mandate and some times planned any type of malicious alleviation staff, if or to ensure that the product activities are sustained.

Public are not coming forth, they give us tips on where unwholesome regulated product have been produced.

Since no individual consumer or group of manufacturers can do this solely and without prejudice, it bellows the government (neither the manufacturers nor the consumers) to set up a factual body to exercise this duty or exercise this mandate on behalf of Nigerian Government NAFDAC is unique in that its multi disciplinary staff including scientist, pharmacists, lawyers and administrators work interactively to make decisions that effect Nigerians in particular and foreigner in general.

 

 

1.5    SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In Nigeria, this is the responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health.  Within the ministry and until 31st December 1992, that responsibility devolved on the department of Food and Drugs Administration and Control (FDAC).  The birth of the National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) as a parastatues of Ministry was necessitated by the need to overcome a number of difficulties which had militated against the attainment of the goals of the former FDAC department.  These difficulties arose from the encapsulation of the department within the ministry and were inevitably linked with the normal bureaucratic ministerial positions which are manifest in:

Slow mobilization of ideas, men and materials for productive work, inadequate resource acquisition utilization and management, slow disciplinary and poor reward system and poor funding of activities necessary for effective design and implementation of programmes.

They are traceable to a lack of awareness by the public in practical terms of the sensitivity and relevance of matters concerning control measures on food drugs cosmetics water and chemicals to both preventive and curative health care. Such control measures when executed successfully provide guaranteed saving of a high percentage of the expenditure by the government and individual to cure or relive illness.

Another very important reason for the establishment of NAFDAC was the need to separate the control functions of the former FDAC which relate to inspection, product registration and regulations, as well as evaluation and control of product quality from its functions relating to the production, procurement, supply and distribution of drugs.

NAFDAC was thus established by Decree No 15 of 1993 (commencement data 1st October, 1992) as a parastatals of the Federal Ministry of Health to carry out among other things, all the control functions of the former FDAC while the service functions remain within the ministry.

 

 

1.6    DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms used on this study should be taken to mean the following:

NAFDAC

National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control.  NAFDAC was established by decree 15 of 1993 as amended by decree No. 1999 to regulate and control importation, exportation, manufacturing, advertisement, distribution, sale and use of food, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, the target chemical bottled water, all non as regulated product.

PRODUCT

A product is something that is viewed as being capable of satisfying needs or wants.

CONSUMER

Consumer are customer who buys and consume the product.

 

 

 

 

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STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING IN SOME SECONDARY SCHOOL

 

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ABSTRACT

This research work is undertaken with a view of investigating the strategies for improving student’s academic performance in financial accounting in some secondary schools in Edo state. To enhance effectiveness of this work, literature on the cause of poor performance by various scholars, journals, articles and view of other writers were reviewed duly considered and used, questionnaires were also administered to students and staff in some selected secondary schools in Edo state and the results used to draw conclusion. The findings revealed the following as contributory factors to the poor performance of student’s financial accounting in Edo state.

1. Lack of qualified teachers to teach the subject (Accounting).
2. Teachers/students are not motivated to teach or learn the accounting.
3. Lack of appropriate equipment and other industrial materials.

Other findings include the attitudes of parent and the good government towards the subject. Recommendations were made towards ensuring better students’ performance in financial accounting.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Statement of problem

Research question

Purpose of the study

Significance of the study

Limitation

Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

CHAPTER THREE

Research design and methodology

Target population

Sample population

Instruments used for data collection

Administration of questionnaire

Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and results

Research findings

Discussion of findings

CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusion

Summary

Recommendation

Suggestion for further research

REFERENCES

APPENDIX 1 & APPENDIX 11

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The new National Policy on Education (1981) is designed to be functional, practical and qualitative. This is expected to reduce the mere paper work system associated with the former system of education and which led to the mass unemployment. This new policy on education emphasizes vocational and was formulated by any Nigerians to direct the nation towards technological and economic development and cultural renewal.

 

The subject areas recommended for study and compulsory for every child in the post primary school system include science, vocational and social studies. Under the vocational area is accounting subject. Accounting is an indispensable field of study in education. It is a subject that is very essential for business. It helps both profit and non-profit making organizations. This is because it helps these organizations to make policies which helps for expansion. It also access the efficiency of management to make decisions relating to further investment.

 

It aids proprietors access the efficiency of management and provide information which assists parties outside organization to make objective judgment about the organization. In the secondary schools, the objective of teaching this important subject is to provide students with the basic method of processing data to develop manipulative skills and provide knowledge for career advancement in accounting to develop an economic understanding of business vocabulary to help students develop and understanding of basic accounting concept and principles, in summary to be self reliant.

 

Unfortunately students nowadays perform poorly in this important subject, the poor performance of students in the subject has become a matter of concern to many people especially to business education that a question arises, “what are the causes of student’s poor performance in this subject? Is it due to the ineffectiveness of the accounting teachers who teach the subject, students’ lack of interest, or inadequate teaching aids? How then can the poor performance be improved? To find solutions to the above questions is the objective of this research.

 

 

1.2       STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Accounting like every other business subject as an inestimable value which it had played and is still playing definite and important roles in the world of business. Due to the vital role, the knowledge and understanding of accounting is playing in the society, there is the need to improve on its standard. The students offering this subject tend to encounter some problems which leads to their poor performances and such problems among others are

1. Lack of qualified teachers.
2. Lack of motivation.
3. Lack of teaching aids and instructional materials.

 

 

1.3       RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To effectively carryout this study, the following questions were formulated

1. Are there qualified teachers in the school?
2. Are the teachers or students being motivated?
3. Does the school have teaching aids or instructional materials?
4. Do teachers conduct continuous assessment regularly?

 

1.4       PURPOSE OF STUDY

Since accounting is a venture which helps in the socio-economic development of the masses, it becomes pertinent for all hands to be on deck, if improvement is to be made generally, financial accounting like every other field or discipline is associated with some problems. It is on this ground therefore, that this study is designed to map out strategies for improving students poor academic performances in financial accounting in some selected secondary schools in Edo state.

 

 

 

1.5       SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The significance of the research will highlight the problems of students poor academic performance in financial accounting in secondary schools, particularly those in Edo state. It will also suggest ways for improvement and correction. In addition, it tries to find out ways of encouraging the present and future students of Edo state so that, they can have meaningful and personal relationship between their teachers and themselves. The findings of the study will be of immense assistance to financial accounting administration, especially the school principal, if the findings are thoroughly implemented. It will enhance students’ performance in financial accounting especially in

 

 

 

 

 

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THE EFFECT OF BULLYING ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS

 

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ABSTRACT

The project consist of five (5) chapters among the important content of chapter one include the introduction, background to the study, statement of problems, limitation of t he study, definition of terms and purposes of study. All these are some of the important issues discussed in the chapter. Chapter two was devoted to literature review, where different theories were put to proper explanation. Such theories as developmental theory and other theories. Facts and figures of bullying were also included in this chapter. Chapter three focuses on methodology of data gathered. Chapter four dealt on the analysis of data and interpretation of results, while chapter five dealt with the conclusion, summary, and recommendations.

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1      BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 

In schools, bullying occurs in all areas. It can occur in nearly any part in or around the school building, thought it more often occurs in recess, hallways, bathrooms, on school buses and waiting for buses, classes that require group work or after school activities. Bullying in school sometimes consist of a group of students taking advantage of or isolating one student in particular and gaining the loyalty of bystanders, who, in some cases want to avoid becoming the next victim.

 

School bullying is a widespread issue that affects secondary school students in three essential parts of their lives; psychologically, educationally and professionally. Bullying is a sort of aggressive behavior against others such as, verbal by calling nasty names, physical by kicking, pushing or tripping up and social by everyone stopped talking to you.

 

Academic achievement is the first aspect which influences bullying at school. therefore, bullied children live within fear, self-blame,  feel weak and it affects their personality traits and self-confidence, so this situation makes them unable to study well and they might hate going to school. Furthermore, they will lose their opportunities to participate with others or enjoy school activities. Hence, they will gain less academic performance and low educational attainment.

 

There is a strong relationship between bullying and school quality such as class size, lack of library, sports facilities. Both bullies and victims feel more negative about school, and persistent bullying may lead to stress and depression. Bullying can lead to anxiety, low self-esteem, hopelessness and isolation. Children miss lessons or are scared to attend school. They lose concentration when they do attend. Some of the effects last long after the bullying, until they are adults.

 

One adverse effect of bullying is that it also leads to suicide. While suicide is rare in bullied children, the other effects of bullying are also devastating and last well beyond the time when the child is actually bullied. Many schools have a zero tolerance policy towards bullying, but sometimes have difficulty identifying the victims and the abusers because children are afraid to come forward.

 

Bullying causes long-term problems such as depression and anxiety. In his essay “The long term effects of bullying”, psychologist Mark Dombeck relays his own bullying experiences as a child, as well as the experience of his patients and then, asserts that the anger, anxiety, and depression of that moment often lingers into adulthood, causing problems with keeping a job, forming relationship and even continued victimization in abusive relationship or work environment.

 

Students who are bullied cannot concentrate in schools, so their grades may be a warning sign that a student is being bullied. A child’s grade may also suffer if he or she misses a lot of school due to bullying. Children who are bullied will complain of headaches, stomachaches, and overall fatigue. This issues are usually caused by mental anguish that manifest in physical ailments. Students who are bullied often use physical complaints to get out of school.

 

additionally, they may avoid infectious from holding crime during the day. A particularly unfortunate effect of bullying is that some children who are bullied go on to victimize and harass other children. In the same way that some student begin to bully at school because they are bullied at home, children who are bullied at school will begin to look for children more vulnerable than they are to bully. It is an effort to exert any power they may have over someone more vulnerable. A bullied children, may, at the demand of his own bully become a bully to another child.

In the light of this problem, the study is designed to assist students, teachers, parents, and concerned bodies on how to avoid bullying in some selected secondary school in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State.

 

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

This research is aimed at finding the causes and proposing solutions to bullying in the school environment. The problem will investigate into bullying by some set of students and the victims. Whether there are better supervisions during recess, launch time, and break time, whether there are class rules against bullying and class meetings. Whether there are creative solutions to helps students by classroom teachers, whether there are talks with targets, bullies and their parents.

 

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Having examined the problem to be investigated in the study, it is imperative to state the purpose of this study, hence these include;

i.            To find out the negative impact of bullying on students in schools in Edo State.

ii.           To find out whether students in Edo State are really bullied in schools.

iii.         To find out why the students are bullied.

iv.         To make recommendations on the ways to stop bullying.

v.          To find out the extent to which it has affected the academic performance in Edo State.

 

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This research will enable those concerned know how to deal with the problem of bullying and its obvious consequences on school children. These include;

i.            It will enable the victims know why they are bullied and how to avoid being bullied.

ii.           Schools in Edo State will now adopt measures stated to avoid bulling in their schools.

iii.         The effects of bullying on students in Edo State will be better solved in the overall academic performance enhanced.

 

 

 

Continue reading THE EFFECT OF BULLYING ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS →

THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON THE EDUCATION OF THE GIRL CHILD

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Bulk sms company in Nigeria

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

This study focuses on the influence of gender on the education of girl child in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. 100 students 60 science teacher and 140 parent participated in the study. Questionnaires, oral interview and short objective test were used to generate data for this study. Result show that the causes of backwardness of girl child in science education are poverty ignorance and illiterate of their parent, cultural and religion factor were also detected. It was also discoursed that parent tend to encourage their boy to choose science subject at their senior level and girls are advised to choose commercial effect of gender disparity was observed and method scholars collaborative strategies which can increase gender friendly environment for learning science were suggested.

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Gender party in education is a thing of concern in this era according to united conference held in Aduis Ababa (2001) show progress on girls education will account for over (10) million unnecessary child and material deaths.   Education equips girls and women with basic confidence in their abilities and right an ability to acquire and process information and increase power.

 

Before now, female educations were not given a second thought due to the fact that most parents felt that money spent on female education is a waste. That after all, the education of female ends in the kitchen as the adage says”. In Orhionmwon Local Government Area of Edo State, some home hardly boast of any female university graduates due to the level of Illiteracy. The wrong impression of parents on gender inequality towards female education cannot be over emphasized. Parents are also of the view that women are meant for child bearing taking care of jay to day activities of domestic works. Record has proven that women can do as well as their men counter parts.

 

Millions of girls around the word has been denied education due to selfish believe, all eyes and hands should be on millennium goals to eradicate gender inequality with education as instrument of propagation the values of the society and with the relative success of women in almost all procession and government post societies, vice-visa parents not completely change in granting female’s equal social and educational rights.

 

 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research work is to investigate the parents perception towards female education therefore the need to investigate the parents perception towards female education little can be taught in this sense, education is essentially a means of guiding children in securing them among and quality of experience

 

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study is to examine the influence of gender on the education of the girl-child it has following objectives;

1 To identify parents perception towards female education in Orhionmwon Local Government Area of Edo State.

2 To outline various solution towards female education in Orhiomwon Local Government Area of Edo State.

3 To create awareness on the importance of female education Orhiomwon Local Government Area of Edo state

4 To eradicate illiteracy in our societies

5 To remove the problem of gender me qualities

6 To eradicate the thoughts if not training of female children

7 To educate the public on the importance of training female children.

 

 

RESEARCH QUESTION

1 Is there any discrimination among female and male in terms of education

2 Does illiteracy cause the decline of female in Orhiomwon Local Government Area of Edo State?

3 Has Orhiomwon Local Government ministry of women affair done enough campaign to enlighten the people of Orhiomwon?

4 Does ignorance lead to parent’s negative perception towards female education?

 

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is importance as the understanding of female education in our societies it will go along way to connecting the bad impression towards the training of female children. Children who suffer from this stigma or the other are deprived of the benefit of leaning processes. Education is power’s they says when a child is deprived of education, such child may be nuisance to the society.

 

 

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study is exclusively limited to the perception of parents towards female education in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. it is not possible to cover the whole Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area consequence upon this study is limited to the following villages Otton Village, Ogan Village, Uson Village and Ohezee-Naka Village.

 

 

 

Continue reading THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON THE EDUCATION OF THE GIRL CHILD →