THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS

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ABSTRACT

In this study, attempts have been made to investigate the effects of alcohol consumption and acquaintance rape in College of Education Ekiadolor. The statement of the problem is on the effects of acquaintance rape and its effects on students, in particular and the public general. The purpose of the research is to find out the extent to which alcohol consumption is a function of acquaintance rape and its effects on tertiary institution students. For this purpose five hypotheses were formulated and data collected through the use of questionnaire, oral interview, particular conversation and written records (published and unpublished research work on alcohol and rape). Percentages and frequencies were used to analyse the data collected. Consequently the study recommends that the target audience particularly youth should be well sensitized about the dangers inherent as identified in the study.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Animals, no less than man, inherit powerful instinctive drives to preserve their life and liberty, but the pursuit human characteristics. Therefore, man has been in search for drugs to facilitate this pursuit (Britainnical, Vol. 13 1998).

People do not usually drink pure alcohol but a beverage containing alcohol, specifically ethyl alcohol. Alcohol beverages include wines, beers and spirits. Alcohol is a depressant, dulling the cortical functions of memory, learning, judgment, reasoning, comparison and classification (encyclopedia of Psychology, Vol. 1 pp 14). Alcohol has an anesthetic or depressant effect on the central nervous system. It is a class of drug that act upon the nervous system by depressing or dulling human functions of learning. Ordinarily, the respondents ascertain that small quantity of alcohol in esopectation of reducing feelings of tension, relieving feelings of anxiety and conversely obtaining feelings of gaity and exhilaration. The increasing rate at which alcohol is consumed is poses tragic consequences such as cultism, thuggery, accidents and rape just to mention some.

Rape described the act of forcefully having sex with a woman who is or may not be your wife against her will by threatening her or using violence. The legal definition of rape as stated in Britannica Vol. 16 is “the performance of sexual intercourse by a man other than her husband with a woman against her will by force or fraud”.

Acquaintance rape has become more prevalent than ever before, very few woman and girls report these incidences of acquaintance rape, thus a high proportion of rapist escape conviction for a variety of reasons (Abbey 1991). In acquaintance rape or any other type of rape the victim may experience feelings including; shock, disbelief, denial, guilt shame, fear, anger, rage. She could also experience, headaches, fatigues; severe injuries could be sustained and could result in sexually transmitted diseases like HIV/AIDS.

All of the above effect together with effects of alcohol consumption conspire to make alcohol consumption and acquaintance rape social problems that demands immediate attention. Already government has spent millions of naira in checking its effects on the society. This study will provide for deeper insight into the prevailing contributing factors, experiences and effects of rape.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

In favourable circumstances, alcohol will not merely reduce tension and anxiety but suppresses them entirely. The anxiety suppressing action of alcohol is commonly seen in the gradual removal of social inhibitions. Shy people become outgoing or bold; well-behaved people become disorderly, the sexually repressed become amorous, the fearful become brave the quiescent or peaceful become verbally or physically aggressive (Kesel and Walton, 1982).

Other physical behavioural manifestation of mild intoxication are slurred speech, unsteady gait, disturbed sensory perceptions and inability to make fine discriminations. When these occur in a social getting in which allows for sexual activity or is atleast on eventuality rape may probably occur.

While this state can incite rape in males, the females in this condition might not be able to discern an impending rape attempts. Koss and Wisniewski (1987) reported that 80% of the rapes that occurs on campuses are committed by someone whom the victim is acquitted, hence the name acquaintance rape.

Although acquaintance rape has been linked to alcohol consumption on campuses. This relationship has received little attention. Muehlenhand and Linton (1988) for example found t5hat 15% of the college women they surveyed had experienced unwanted sexual intercourse on a date.

Most worrisome is the existence of rape myths which makes people who believe in them insensitive to sexual victimization experienced by others, or even themselves, and the less likely they are to take effective steps to prevent rape.

The magnitude and importance of the problems of alcohol consumption and acquaintance rape are insufficiently appreciated. Its impact facts not only on the victims of alcohol or rape but on a wide circle of family and friends.

Its social reverberation affect accidents, sexual assaults and crime rates, school drop out, unemployment etc. it is the serious havoc which acquaintance rape can wreak on the society that quicken ones interest in researching on this issue.

This research therefore, intends to investigate the interrelationship between alcohol consumption and acquaintance rape plus its effects in tertiary institutions and the society at large.

PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to exp-lore the links between acquaintance rape and alcohol consumption on tertiary institution students as well as the effects.

This study seeks to examine the causal factors of these two serious problems. In addition this study intends to offer an explanation for the connection between alcohol consumption and acquaintance rape and the magnitude of the problems.

Although rape laws are sex neutral, women victims and male perpetrators were focused on in the present study because women/girls represent virtually 100% of reported rape victims (Muehlemhand and Liton (1988).

The study denotes attention to then preconditions that foster acquaintance rape like rape myths. Aside from this, the study adduce prevention programmes which have been developed from the information gathered through this study to reduce the risk of acquaintance rape for future generations of students in tertiary institutions.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this study are stated below viz:

1.                 To explore the links between acquaintance rape and alcohol consumption.

2.                 To identify the causal factors of acquaintance rape and alcohol consumption.

3.                 To state the precise role alcohol plays in acquaintance rape

4.                 To examine the effect of acquaintance rape or survivors.

5.                 To develop prevention programme and aid to acquaintance rape victims.

HYPOTHESIS

1.                 Acquaintance is more prevalent than previously believed

2.                 Alcohol use by the perpetrator is frequently associated with acquaintance rape.

3.                 Alcohol use by the victim is frequently associated with acquaintance rape.

4.                 Alcohol use impairs cognitive processing and increase feelings of sexual dis-inhibition and arousal.

5.                 Alcohol consumption frequently occurs in social settings in which sexual activity is a possible and often desired outcomes.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study examines the effects of alcohol consumption and acquaintance rape in tertiary institutions. This study will provide students with deeper insight into the prevalence, contributing factors, experience and effects of rape. It documents extensively alcohol-related problems among tertiary institution student’s explanations for the affinity between alcohol consumption and acquaintance rape. Armed with the realities of rape and rape myths got through socialization, the female folk will risk less harm to themselves.

The prevention strategies teaches both male and female students in tertiary institutions and of course people outside school environment, how to convey honesty and clearly their sexual intentions and to interpret the intention of their dates. Similarly, it will be of immense value to related research topics and future research. It is hoped that with this body of knowledge, the government will have better reasons, and be better able to convict the high proportion of rapist who escape conviction for a variety of reasons. It will also give direction to promoting line of future research.

SCOPE OF STUDY

Women victims and male perpetrators are on focus in this study owing to the fact that women make up virtually 100% of reported rape victims. This study focuses on tertiary institution students. They are a high-risk group for alcohol consumption and rape because they are in the same age ranges as the bulk of rape victims and offenders.

The victimization rate for women peaks in the 16 to 19 years old age group, and the second highest rate occurs in the 20to 24 years old group. Koss and Wilsin Dcwski (1987) they add that the victimization rate for those groups are approximately 4 times higher than the mean for all women. Kanin (1990) stated that 45% of all alleged rapist who are arrested are individuals under ages 25. Approximately, one third of all persons of age 18-25 are attending school. This is the age bracket of students in tertiary institutions. Due to the dearth of logistics this study is limited to the college of Education-Ekiadolor.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Euphoriant: A drug that makes you experience a strong feeling  of excitement and happiness.

Alcohol Beverages: A hot or cold drink containing alcohol.

Depressant: A drug that makes your body processes slower and makes you feel very relaxed.

Acquaintance rape: Rape by whom the victim knows.

Alcohol: The colouless liquid present in such drinks as beer, wine, brandy, whisky etc.

Rape Myths: Ideas or story that many people believe, but which is not true.

High-risk group: A group of people more at risk to rape in the society.

Marijuana: An illegal drug smoked like cigarette made from dried leaves of the HEMP plant.

Cocain: A drug usually in the form of white powder.

Stranger rape: Rape perpetrated by one whom the victim do not know.

Anger rape: Rape, which is primarily an act of revenge and is used to vent rage contempt.

Power rape: It refers to when a rapist is motivated by desire to exert control in life and dominated over another persons.

Sexual gratification rape: This describes a rape type where rapists are primarily after sexual gratification.

Sadistic rape: This is a type of rape where the rapist expresses aggression as erotic or a turn on.

Rape tauma syndrome: A pattern and set of unpleasant and upsetting physical and mental effects experienced by rape victims.

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THE EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLAGE IN THE NIGER DELTA

A CASE STUDY OF UGHELLI SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE

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TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter one

Introduction

1.1            Background of the study

1.2            Statement of the problem

1.3            Research questions

1.4            Aims/Objective of the study

1.5            Significance of the study

1.6            Scope of the study

1.7            Limitation of the study

Chapter two

2.0            Literature review

2.1                                    Effect of Oil Spillage on farming

2.2                                    Effect of Oil Spillage on Fishing

2.3                                    Effect of oil spillage on Coastal Activities

2.4                                    Environmental Remediation measures.

Chapter three

Methodology

3.0            Population of the study

3.1                                    Sample/sampling techniques

3.2                                    Research instruments

3.3                                    Method of data collection

Chapter four

Presentation and analysis of data

4.0            Analysis of data and discussion of results

Chapter five

Summary, conclusion and recommendation

5.1            Summary of findings

5.2            Conclusion

5.3            Recommendations

References

Questionnaire     

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Oil spillage is the release of petroleum substance or product into the streams, lakes, rivers, beaches, seas, oceans and land, which becomes poisonous and thus make the water and land fouled and threatened the rich coastal habitat.

Oil spillage is an environmental problem in Nigeria. It is common in oil producing areas. During a spill, oil floats on land and water surface and forms an oil slick that is about 0.1 mm thick continuing to spread, the stick becomes 0.01 mm thick.

Oil is a very complex mixture of predominantly hydrocarbons the light {less dense} portions of oil are more toxic but also more likely to evaporate. Evaporation can reduce the volume of crude oil slick. Heavier oil can wash to the shore causing serious short-term harm to shellfish and plants life. oil spillage on soil makes it unsatisfactory for the plant growth. This is due to insufficient aeration of the soil because of air from the spaces between the soil particles by oil spillage.

Tarry lumps, float, sink or cover habitats of shallow water organisation. They may also foul beaches. Weather is a key factor for oil spills; wind can cause an emulsion, which can least for weeks and be difficult to pump.

During the early stages, coming in contact with the soil, may kill seabirds and mammals, because of the toxic chemicals. Oil on feathers hinders water repellency and poisons the birds from the oral consumption of the toxic materials fur bearing animals, seabirds and seals lose their buoyancy and insulation when oil fouls their fur they either drown or suffer hypothermial and die the effects on fish are unclean. Fish may simply swim away but floating eggs can be destroyed.

In areas where wildlife is very healthy or full recovery has been seen within two or four years but if the spill occurred during migration or breeding season, it could be devastating and prompt action is crucial.

The communities have remained grossly socio economically under developed and pauperized amidst the immense oil wealth owing to systematic disequilibrium the production. Exchange relationship between the state, the transnational companies and the people. Enormous money had been derived from oil export but the area has been subjected to severe land degradation, socio-economic disorganization, increasing poverty, misery militancy occupation, and bloody violence.

Oil extraction has impacted most disastrously on the socio-physical environmental of the Niger Delta region. Oil bearing communities massively threatening the fragile subsistent peasant economy and biodiversity and hence their entire social livelihood and very survival. The socio and environmental costs of oil production have been extensive. They include destruction of wildlife and biodiversity, loss of fertile soil, pollution of air and drinking water, degradation of farmland and damage to aquatic ecosystem, all of which include caused serious health problems for the inhabitants of areas surrounding oil production the occurrence of oil spillage in Nigeria is frequent in February 2001, another soil spillage was reported in Ughilli which led to pollution of the water, there by making it not navigable for fishes and carrying out economic activities and the killing of fishes in the river.

Most of the people who lived in the area depended upon fishing for their livelihood. The oil spillage changed their lifestyle and they lost their jobs in the local government.

 

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

There are a lot of environmental problems in Nigeria such as desert encroachment, wide life depletion, pollution, flooding, land and water and air pollution among others. The exploitation of oil in the Niger Delta region has brought to bear oil spillage and its numerous effects. Hence, this study tries to find out the causes and effects of oil spillages and environmental remediation measures of the oil companies in the area.

 

 

1.3            RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research questions for this study include the following;

1.                 What are the causes of oil spillage in the area?

2.                 What are the effects of oil spillage on the farming in the area?

3.                 What is the effect of oil spillage on fishing festival?

4.                 Is fishing affected by oil spillage in the area?

5.                 Are the environmental remediation measures the oil companies adequate?

 

 

1.4            OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.                 To examine the causes of oil spillage in the area.

2.                 To find out the effects of oil spillage in the area.

3.                 To know the extent to which the oil spillage affect the farmland in the area.

4.                 To examine the effects of oil spillage on fishing in the area.

5.                 To see if the environmental remediation measures by the oil companies are adequate.

 

 

1.5     SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

It will help to create public awareness and understanding of oil spills problems and appreciation of their responsibilities to the environment. Industrial wastes from the oil industries could be used to address the impact of infrastructural deficiency in the local communities, for example the disposal of gas from flaring could constitute the basis for generating power for urban and rural electrification.

Other industrial waste such as plastics synthetic fibers, detergent and solvent could form the yield stock for petrol chemical industry. However, the wealth derived from oil sources exploit this oil producing areas socio culturally, socio-economically and psychologically.

 

It will also highlight the extent of the effect of oil spillage on the public and point relevant oil spillage issues deserving the attention of public enlightenment; that is enlightenment campaign through print media, radio and television if the government can implement laws, policies and enforcement measures within the existing production regions.

 

1.6     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The subject matter of the study is oil spillage it determines the causes and effects of oil spillage and environmental remediation measures that has been put in place by the oil companies.

 

 

 

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TEACHERS PERCEPTIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT TAKE OVER OF SCHOOLS FROM VOLUNTARY AGENCIES

 

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ABSTRACT

The research work was aimed at examining teachers perceptions of government take over of schools from voluntary agencies in Etsako  Edo State. Seven worker hypotheses were formulated and tested. Sixty questionnaires were distributed to a sample of selected teachers who completed the questionnaires which the researcher there on analyzed by means of percentages.

From the analysis, it was discovered that while government take over was initially applauded in that is gave equal opportunity and accessibility to formal education to all, and resulted in the formulation of a uniform curriculum, the question of teacher welfare employment and conditions of service still remained largely unresolved, contrastively, moral laxity, depreciation of standard and quality and the dilapidation of structures and equipment were the consequences of government control of schools.

The study therefore shows the need for the government to return schools to voluntary agencies grant aids to the school and ensure that government policies and guidelines are complied with in the schools through regular inspection to curb excesses in the areas of admission, teacher’s employment and welfare, and the course contents of the schools curricular.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter One           

Introduction/ background of study

Statement of problems

Purpose of the study

Scope of delimitation of study

Significance of the study

Research questions

Research hypothesis

Definition of terms

Chapter Two          

Literature review

The need for education

A brief survey of missionary

Activities and their impact on education before the takeover

A review of peoples perceptions of the effect of the take over

Chapter Three        

Method of study

Design of study

Research population

The sample

Research instrument

Method of data collection

Method of data analysis

Chapter Four          

Data analysis: interpretation and findings

Introduction

Findings

Chapter Five           

Summary, conclusions and recommendations

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

Bibliography           

Appendix     

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Etsako , as a geopolitical entity comprises three local government areas; Etsako  East, Etsako  West and Etsako  Central with their headquarters at Agenebode Auchi and Fugar, respectively. The entire area is occupied by the Etsako  speaking people of Edo State, Nigeria. The three local government areas are made up of clans consisting of Auchi, Uzairae, South Ibie, Anwai, Aviele and Jagbe Clans in Etsako  west local government area and Avianwu, south Uneme and Experi clans in Etsako  central local government area.

Etsako  land mass is on the north eastern part of Edo state. Approximately between latitude 7025 and 6045 east. It shares common boundaries with Akoko Edo, Owan East and Esan North East local government area in Edo state, Kogi state to the north and the River Niger across to Idah in Kogi State.

Before the advent of the Europeans in the later part of the 19th century, there existed a defined informal system of education where vocational, moral and proper housekeeping ethics were taught. As early as the 19th century, Islam had filtered from Idah in Bendel state across the River Niger and Okene Via Okpella, into this area, however, their presence did not subsist as Christianity gained ascending instead. However, one Islamic sect the Quadirriyya brotherhood, an academic or scholarly sect of Muslims founded pockets of study centres in areas such as Auchi, South Ibie, Aviele, Agbede e.t.c.

Where the Quaran was memorized solely for religious purpose. The only landmark educational institute which still stands as a monumental evidence of Islamic contribution to formal education in this area is the present Momodu college, Agbede, then known as Asarudeen college.

The Christian missionaries, consisting the Catholics, Methodists and Anglicans, in tandem with European merchants established a firm foothold in this area. As it was in other parts of Nigerian evangelism was the sole aim of the missionaries as commerce was for the merchants. In this dual transaction, the need to communication barriers necessitated the establishment of schools by the various missions to teach the three “RS” of the reading, writing and arithmetic. They aimed at training interpreters and clerks for their different faiths and administration for economic conveniences.

Erhagbe (1975: 1-3) wrote about the activities of catholic missionaries in Uzairue clan in Etsako West local government area. According to him, the first missionaries to set foot on Etsako  soil were of French and German origin he noted that they came into the religion in 1833. their first settlement, according to him and Asoera, was at Ivianokpodi near Agenebode in Weppa wanno of Etsako  east local government area.

Asoera (1976) an eye witness of the early activities of the catholic missionaries in Etsako  asserted that the mission built and maintained elementary schools and colleges in this area. Eleta (1965:2), also stated that the catholic mission established and financed three boys secondary schools, namely; St. Peters college, Agenebode, our lady’s Fatima college in Auchi, and St. Johns college in Fugar. A girl secondary school St. Angela’s college, Uzairue was also established.

However, the Methodist and the Anglicans established more elementary schools in ever accessible village in this region.

Thus, the advent of formal education in Etsako  comprising the present local government area of Etsako  west, Etsako  east and Etsako  central in Edo state.

At this stage, it is pertinent to briefly examine the goals and content of the educational package of these missionaries or voluntary agencies as they came to be known. The focus of their curriculum was to train Nigerians as evangelists or catechist to help in propagating their denominational doctrines.

Working in tandem with the European merchants, the missionaries also aimed at producing low skilled workers to assist them in their commercial and administrative activities. The entire educational system was parochial and self serving and so did not meet the needs of the people. as in Nigeria, between 1842, which marks the beginning of formal education and 1916 when the first education code was enacted with a provision for the government grants in aid to voluntary agencies, there was little or nothing to reflect the needs of the people in planning and execution of the curriculum in these mission schools; However, by 1925, the Phelps stokes commission, which was set up in 1920 to examine ways of making education relevant to the aims, aspirations and culture of the people, cae up with a memorandum of education with the following recommendations.

i.             education should be adopted to local conditions.

ii.                    Elementary education should be provided for both boys and girls.

iii.                  Secondary education should be diversified to include technical, grammar, and vocational education.

iv.                  To make provision for institutes of higher education.

To this end, by 1943, the Elliot and Abby commissions were inaugurated to fashion a blueprint on higher education in Nigeria.

Inspite of the above attempts, educational activities of the agencies were still circumscribed and restricted to maintaining private interests and standards and to serve the whims and caprices of the colonial masters. Consequently at independence in 1960, the need to draft a more practical, relevant and cost effective curriculum became imperative. This led to the conveyance of a curriculum national conference between the 8th and 12th of September 1969 in Lagos. At the end of the conference, a communiqué christened “A philosophy of Nigeria education” was issued. To implement the communiqué the Nigerian education research and development council (NERDC) was set up to organize seminars and workshops to further deliberate on the recommendation of the conference. The result of these efforts was the birth of the national policy on education (NPE) in 1977. this document was reversed twice in 1981 and 1998, respectively. The NPE, thus became the curriculum documents which encompasses the basic goods for achieving, maintaining and adopting self reliant and home grown education to both personal and national needs in sharp contrast to the parochial, religious oriented, colonial tainted, self serving an fixated curriculum as was been operated by the voluntary agencies spread across the entity called Nigeria. Little wonder then that prior to the emergence of the national policy on education in 1977, the federal government pronounced the take over of schools from voluntary agencies in 1973 and provided legal security for states to do same. Consequently, the Midwestern government (later Bendel state and now Edo and Delta states) announced the take over of both primary and secondary schools owned by voluntary agencies.

 

 

 

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The hypotheses tested in this study are:

H01: the takeover of schools brought about equal opportunity and accessibility to formal education for all children.

H02: the take over brought about uniformity in terms of curriculum development and implementation.

H03: the take over that brought about teachers job satisfaction.

H04: the take over brought about the eradication of discrimination in terms of employment and condition of service.

H05: the takeover did not result in moral decadence among students in the schools.

H07: the take over did not result in increased and sustained funding of the schools.

 

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Below are the contextual meanings of the keywords using in this study.

1.    Voluntary agencies: they are organized religious and non governmental bodies, which established and owned in Nigeria.

2.    Perception: These refer to the way one observes or view something or an issue. In this context, it refers to one opinion about the issue of take over of the school from voluntary agencies.

3.    Take over: this implies to assume total control of something, in this case, it refers to the government assumption of the total asserts and liabilities of all schools belonging to voluntary agencies in Etsako  west, East, and central local government area of Edo state in 1973

4.    Teachers: it refers to those teachers who were active players in the education system before and after the take over and the products of the system who later became teachers themselves.

5.    Quadiriyya: an academic brotherhood of Muslims formed by Quadiri. It believes that the best way to spread Islam is through literacy education.

 

 

 

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THE EFFECTS OF COOPERATE GOVERNANCE ON BUSINESS FAILURE

 

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Corporate governance has become a global concern because of the rising frequency and widespread pattern of deliberate accounting deceits and frauds, as well as growing number of consequent corporate failures.

Companies break the most basic rules of accounting, the worst being rebooking income that was earn and had earlier been taken to profit. The corporate failures that followed the discoveries were unprecedented magnitude of such unimaginable, unethical and outright unprofessional conduct that warranted public outcry and disbelief.

 

The essence of good corporate governance is to bring companies to respect the rule of law, play by the rules guiding their business and hold ethics and professionalism in the highest esteem. Emanating from these would be a high sense of social responsibility. These boil down to the quality and reliability of accounting and other information that companies make available to their shareholders.

Following good corporate governance closely in the growth and corporate performance matrix is transparency and accountability. They are at times treated as components of corporate governance.

Accountability arises from the agency theory that recognizes the management of business organization on one hand and the shareholders on the other hand.

A perfect system of corporate governance would give the right incentives to make value maximizing investment and financial decisions and would assure that cash is paid out to investors when the company runs out of viable projects, that is, investment with positive NPVs.

Statutory control of corporate governance has been with us for a long time and has increased overtime. While it is impossible to have a crime free society, the need to spell out the “rules of the game” cannot be overemphasized. Irrespective of the nature of the entity we are dealing with, the key issues of governance revolve around:

1.    how things get done (or not done)

2.    authority

3.    leadership

4.    the decision making process

5.    accountability

 

 

 

STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

In Nigeria like most countries, the failures of companies can be due to internal or external factors or in rare cases, the combination of both. However in most cases, usually, it has to do with internal cases such as poor corporate governance. In such cases, such development can be likened to a Giant Iroko tree felled by termites that did a lot of damages within the trunk of the tree.

The issues of good corporate have attracted a global consensus by which countries now use in the measurement of their own economic indices. Corporate governance is therefore taking a gradual but central attraction after highly rated international companies like Enron, Pamalat, Barynx Bank and WorldCom failed, an indication that failure of corporate governance can bring down any institution no matter how long or old it is. What then is the link between corporate governance and business failure?

 

 

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To find out the extent to which governance has contributed to business failure in Nigeria.

2. To ascertain how effective board membership can translate to good corporate governance.

3. To proffer solution to corporate collapse through good and effective corporate governance.

 

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is not directed at explaining or providing solutions to all corporate failures in Nigeria because some failures are actually outside the organizations frontiers. It is narrowed down to these failures that could be averted if organization would embrace corporate codes and play by the rules. The companies examined are basically those quoted on the Nigeria Stock Exchange.

 

RELEVANCE OF THE STUDY

1.    This study will provide empirical evidence that business failure is caused by bad governance.

2. It will help policy makers to design both legal and administrative framework for corporate institutions.

3. It will alert the shareholders that all may not be well with their investments.

4. The study will provide measures for dealing with failures.

5. It will provide ways for dealing with board wrangling.

 

 

STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

Hypothesis 1

Ho: there is no significant relationship between corporate governance and business failure.

Hi: there is a significant relationship between corporate governance and business failure.

Hypothesis 2

Ho: the integrity of board members does not have effect on corporate governance.

Hi: the integrity of board members has effect on corporate governance.

 

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS

BUSINESS: The various activities of commerce- the winning and using of the product of the earth, or multiplying the products of the earth and selling them or manufacturing them and purchase and sales of commodities or the offering of services for reward. Fry V. Burma Corporation Ltd (1930).

CONTROL: Any process in which a person or group of persons or organization of persons determines i.e. intentionally affects, what another person or group or organization will do. Tenmenbaum (1982)

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: Corporate governance is the system by which business corporations are directed and controlled. The corporate governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different stakeholders and spells out the rules and procedures for making decisions on corporate affairs. By doing this, it also provide the structure through which the company objectives are set and the means of attaining those objectives and monitory performance OECD April 1999.

FAILURE: It is a situation in which a company finds itself unable to generate enough funds both internally and from outside sources to finance its operations. Osazee and Anao (1997).

STAKEHOLDERS: Those groups without whose support the organization will cease to exist. Freeman (1984).

 

 

 

Continue reading THE EFFECTS OF COOPERATE GOVERNANCE ON BUSINESS FAILURE →

AN EVALUATION OF TEACHERS ATTITUDE AND COMPETENCY TOWARDS IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS

A CASE STUDY OF EGOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, EDO STATE

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ABSTRACT

This research work was designed to investigate the importance of continuous assessment in some selected secondary school and also teachers competency in implementing continuous assessment in Egor.

 

To achieve the laid down objectives, the researcher carried out the investigation by designing well structured questionnaires, for 50 despondence in the area of study, the data so far generated from the study was analyzed using the simple percentage statistical analysis.

 

The study revealed that both teachers and students recognize the impact of continuous assessment, continuous assessment have not only help to prevent examination malpractice, continuous assessment help promote good study habit and reading culture among students, help teachers give feedback and keep assessment record of students, and help diagnose students area of strength and weakness in education.

 

It was also discovered that most teachers never use standardized test and standardized score they mainly assess students cognitive activities at the detriment of psycho-motor and effective behavior etc. recommendations were further made by the researcher based on the findings, these include among others things the need for government to proffer solution to the problem of record keeping, all teachers should update their knowledge in measurement and evaluation, make use of continuous assessment records for decision making about each learners, teachers should assess all area of learning outcomes and finally, to be positively disposed to continuous assessment.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One

Introduction

Background of the study

Statement of the problem

Purpose of the study

Significance of the study

Research question

Scope of the study

Limitations of study

Definition of study

Chapter Two

Literature Review

Chapter Three

Research methodology

Population and sample

Source of data collection

Sample and sampling method

Sampling design/procedure

Questionnaires

Personal interviews

Validity of instrument

Reliability of the instrument

Analysis of data

Chapter Four

Analysis of data

Summary of findings

Specific findings

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

Conclusion

Recommendations

Suggestions for further studies

References

Questionnaires

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The history of evaluation in Nigeria educational system is not easy to trace. Perhaps its first mention was expressed in the form of the ordinance that was put in place in 1882. Among the provisions of this ordinance was that the following salaries.

Firstly, grants for organization and discipline with special grant to school which obtain standards of academic excellence. Secondly a capitation pass grant for each subject.

 

In 1889 another ordinance was enacted and it stated in part that no grants would be made in aid of any school except that the school in public examination shall have obtained the requisite percentage of efficiency. This explains the place of evaluation and testing of students in the school curriculum. Evaluation was relatively simple because it came as the end of the year programme. In the secondary there was a highly selective system of evaluation practice passport into secondary schools was an organized written examination followed by an oral interview. They were trimly and final examination which most schools depended on for the purpose of promotion (FAFUNWA 1975).

 

One of the most important hallmarks of the national policy on education in (1981) is provision of continuous assessment as an effective tool for wholly or partial assessing and evaluating students learning out comes in the various level of our educational system. This continuous assessment is presently being run in secondary schools as it was introduced in 1982 the national policy on education (1981) provide a six year primary education three years junior secondary education, three years senior secondary education and four years in university each of this level would be allowed to implement continuous assessment as laid down by the federal ministry of education. It is marked by intentions to make students specialize early enough in the future carriers most importantly; it has provisions for making drop out employable

 

The new system of education will replace the former one final examination system, which has allowed its usefulness the former examination system has been criticized for its short coming. It is common knowledge that very many students roam about the street during most of the school year, only to return to the classroom a week or two before the promotion examination period’s sickness, death of a relation e.t.c could lead to poor academic performance of any otherwise brilliant students. This underscores the point why many great scholars have argued that examinations is not a trust test of ones ability, there has been occasion when some students commit suicide because of falling examination.

 

It should be recalled that this examination is highly predicted on the cognitive aspect of the student learning and tended to ignore effective and psychomotor aspects. Its consequently creates in our student an examination consciousness and an appetite for memorization and regurgitation of facts which in turn tends to stifle encourage examination malpractices among students.

 

Therefore it is hoped that the introduction of continuous assessment will check short coming of the examination system. There are various tools, which may be used in finding out the outcome of learning activities these include test, assignment project, observation, interview and questionnaires, the data obtained on the student will then be used to aids his further development. Besides accurate records of such data are filled or further uses for the purpose of providing information to parents teachers, guidance and others who can use them for the benefits of other students

 

Onocha (1982) define continuous assessment in four ways, first it is the building up of a cumulative judgment about the performance of each pupils secondly its continual updating of teachers judgment about the performance of each pupils secondly its continual updating of teachers judgment about their pupils thirdly it deliberately allow for periodic assessment towards the goals as well as success in reaching it. Finally it is a systematic collection of marks or grades over a period of time and their aggregation into a final grade

 

The national seminars on evaluation of students achievement for continuous assessment define it as a method of ascertaining what a pupils has gained from learning activities in terms knowledge, thinking reasoning, character development and industry, taking assignment projects and others school activities during a given periods.

Alternately with continuous assessment  the teacher will not only be able to initiate curriculum change he will be better equipped to do imaginative teaching knowing that his assessment of the students performance within the context changes he initiates in the syllabus and his imaginative teaching will form part of final assessment

 

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The research work is designed to investigate the attitude and competence of teachers to conduct continuous assessment is selected secondary school in Edo State

This study will examine the problem of the implementation of the continuous assessment encountered by teachers in our secondary schools and offer useful suggestions to relevant authorities

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is out lined below, this researcher wants to find

1.    the factor affecting the implementation of continuous assessment in selected secondary school in Edo state

2.    if the school teachers are adequately equipped to participate actively in the implementation of the continuous assessment programme of the state government

3.    teachers know the difference between continuous assessment and the traditional system of testing students

 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.    how do teachers perceive continuous assessment

2.    what amount of competence is asserted by the teachers on the successful implementation of continuous assessment

3.    would the teacher prefer continuous assessment to the old system of testing in the classroom

4.    do the school provide enough facility for the teacher implementations

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Education development sustains the growth of the entire nation. We need adequate assessment method that would show exactly what on wishes to know about the individual. This explain why teacher attitude and competence in implementing continuous assessment is a necessity for all teachers in the new educational system in Nigeria

This work will equip the classroom teachers to implement the continuous assessment in their various schools it will direct and inform teachers on area of the behavior of the children to adopt in achieving these purpose

Teachers also see continuous assessment as an acceptable and beneficial development in the evaluation of their input and student performance. This also enables the teachers to periodically assess his work and get motivation for greater action for progress especially when outcomes are positive

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following term are define as used in the study in order to avoid Mis -interpretation by different individuals

CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT:

This is a method of ascertaining what a pupils gains from school in terms of knowledge, industry and character development, taking into account all his her performance in test assessment, project and other educational activities during a given period which an education is to determined

IMPLEMENTATION:

The act of process of putting into effect some operations, plans, polices or idea is know as implementation

COMPETENCE:

This has to do with efficiency, the ability to be skillful, knowledgeable and to be effective in performing given tasks. It implies the possession of specialized skills active performance in specialized area like teaching field

COGNITIVE DOMAIN:

A behavioral objective of remembering of something which had been learned

PSYCHO-MOTOR DOMAIN:

The psycho-motor domain deals with manipulative skills and body movement.

AFFECTIVE DOMAIN: it has to do with values and beliefs, attitudes and appreciation interest social relation, emotional adjustment and life style.

6-3-3-4: the new system of education in Nigeria as spent out by the 1981 national policy on education broken down thus

6 – Years Primary Education

3 – Years Junior Secondary Education

3 – Years Senior Secondary Education

4 – Years Tertiary or Post Secondary Education

The basis assumption in respect of this work is as followed

1.    There is no student preference for any method of assessment

2.    continuous assessment is not very adopted in school in local government area under study

3.    most teachers do not know when, who and why continuous assessment is being used recommended in schools

4.    most teachers have the motion that continuous assessment of students work is a difficult task due to regular administrative scoring and record of task

5.    that so many especially the old breed in the profession do not understand the whole concept of continuous assessment

 

 

 

Continue reading AN EVALUATION OF TEACHERS ATTITUDE AND COMPETENCY TOWARDS IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS →