FACTORS PROMOTING EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL

 

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ABSTRACT

Examination malpractice could in our time, involves students, parents, teachers school authorities, examination officials and law enforcement agents, all of who constitute a syndicate that perpetuates the crime.

 

The high incidence of examination malpractice in our society is embarrassing. Its bizarre dimensions have probably not been recognized by the authorities. It is an extension of the problem of indiscipline, which is at the center of the decline of our educational system.

 

In fact, no other factors threaten to destroy the educational system as examination fraud. Many educationists feel that it is one of the most dangerous potholes on the nations road to educational breakthrough.

 

The purpose of this study was to find out factors promoting examination malpractices among secondary school students in some schools in Edo State: A case study of Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area. In carrying out the study a questionnaire was administered to students.

 

The data collected from students were analyzed and interpreted from the results of the data that the factors promoting examinations malpractice is the strong desire to acquire certificate and the most frequent method used is copying and bringing in of textbooks to examination hall.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One

Introduction

Background of the study

Statement of the problem

Purpose of the study

Significance of the study

Scope of the study

Limitations of the study

Definitions of terms

Chapter Two

Literature Review

Chapter Three

Research instrument

Sample size

Method of data analysis

Chapter Four

Analysis and interpretation of data

Chapter Five 

Summary, Recommendations and Conclusion

References

Questionnaire

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Examination malpractice, which is a problematic phenomenon in our educational system, is the improper or illegal practice, immoral conduct according to the Webster’s comprehensive dictionary.

 

Furthermore, examination malpractice is an illegal way which a student devices to pass an examination. This could be in form of bringing in notebooks to examination halls, cheating during examination, copying from friends, paying another person to help in writing the examination. Another way is to have foreknowledge of questions before the examination.

 

 

However, examination malpractice could be traced to the colonial days when Nigerian chronicle newspaper of January 9, 1992 widely reported how the questions of senior Cambridge local examination leaked. Although examinations are not only the yardstick for assessing knowledge, it is the major established yardstick and most practical way of assessment of education and ascertaining competence.

 

However, the over dependency on certificates either legitimately or illegitimately in recent times in this country, the incidence of examination malpractices has witnessed increasing trends and this is invariably due to the candidates fear of failure, lacks of confidence, inadequate preparations, laziness and most of the times, inability to apply themselves to the tasks which they have come to do both in secondary and in the higher institution in the country. This bad habit has eaten very deep into our own society.

 

Students have perfected various forms of cheating in the examination. Some of the methods used in these malpractices include bringing foreign materials into the examination halls. These are designed to assist in passing the examination rather than relying on their own ability. These materials include textbooks; prepared materials written on the pylons, things and they come in various names such as hide and seek microchips, magic text etc. other unwholesome happenings inside and outside the examination halls include stealing of peoples work, converting or misappropriating the script of other candidates, substitution of script at the end of the examination papers only to complain later that their script are missing.

 

There is also collusion between two or more candidates who usually agree before hand to sit and receive assistance from themselves. Impersonation is also very, very common in which a student who writes gets paid or sometimes gets coerced to go and sit for the real candidate in order to pass the examination on behalf of the other candidate. The continued flowering in the vice in the nations educational system has cost a debilitating darkness on the integrity of certificate Nigerians carry’s about, and in fact examination fraud is being touted as the root cause of all other societal ills like 419 and other financial crimes in Nigeria.

 

Although government over the years has given the impression that it lacks the will to implement the exam malpractice law No. 33 of 1999 which stipulates imprisonment of culprits. Our problem in the country is not restricted to 419; it is not restricted to financial crimes or bank fraud. If we want to tackle these problems from the roots, we need to go the examination malpractice.

 

 

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 

The act of cheating during examination has taken on the garb of an organized business venture, spinning millions of Naira yearly to the practitioners. The present situation forms one of the reasons why the quality and standard of education in Nigeria has fallen drastically some say beyond redemption. Besides those who are not measuring up academically posses the notion of cheat during examination in order to obtain there certificate by all means. These tendencies lead to examination malpractice.

 

There is one danger that is peculiar with almost every student in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State nowadays; it is the problem of leakage of examination questions papers, which sometimes come through teachers, invigilators, and principals in order to obtain information about examinations. The problem is as a result of poverty or inadequate remuneration. Students collect large amount of money and give it to the examination officers so that examination papers can be leaked.

 

Mass cheating is another dimension that examination malpractice has assumed. Nowadays, the whole thing has become much more sophisticated with the use of electronically assisted materials, calculators, palm tops (which are mini computers) are brought in unnoticed, organizers, small sized compact discs, mobile phones, though not allowed in examination hall, are smuggled in because messages could be text to them in the hall.

 

The purpose of this project is to investigate the factors promoting examination malpractice and suggest possible ways and means of eradicating the practices in schools. Until we are able to stop examination malpractice, the standard of education will continue to fall. Also if examination malpractice is not properly taken care of, the society is on its way to hell. Examination malpractice leads to perpetual condemnation of one’s conscience whereby the carrier of the fake certificate is constantly under the persecution of carrying something that is false.

 

 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to:

1.            To investigate the major factors promoting examination malpractice.

2.            To examine the people involved in examination malpractice.

3.            To find out the effect of examination malpractice on the students, teachers and the society in general.

4.            To examine the measurement of recall or recognition of information and also to measure higher order outcomes defined in terms of more complex cognitive processes (e.g. understanding, synthesis, application).

5.            To suggest possible solutions to the problem of examination malpractices.

6.            To find out the measures taken by the government to control examination malpractice.

 

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will help to shift emphasis from paper qualification to job experience by policy makers. It will also help the curriculum planners in Nigeria to protect the integrity of examinations. It will provide Ikpoba Okha local government area, school of sciences particularly college of Education, Ekiadolor Benin City and the Edo State Ministry of Information on antics students employ while perpetrating examination malpractice. It will also be helpful to examination bodies like West Africa Examination Council (WAEC), National Examination Council (NECO) and Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) to be aware of examination malpractices and how it can be eliminated.

 

 

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is mainly concerned with the causes of examination malpractice in Ikpoba Okha Local Government Area of Edo State. It covers the following schools, Western Boys High School, Army Day Secondary School, queen Ede College and Excel Secondary School. It includes one hundred students drawn fro each schools highlighted above. There are two single and two mixed schools.

 

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Factor: Any of the things that cause or influence something, it could be environmental/economical factors. It can also be such as the amount by which something increases or decreases.

Failure: Lack of success in doing or achieving something.

Fail: Not to succeed in something, especially examination.

Problem: A thing that is difficult to deal with or understand.

Promote: to help the progress of something.

Examination: A formal test of somebody’s knowledge or ability in a particular subject, especially by means of written questions or practical exercises.

Examine: To look to something/somebody carefully and in detail in order to learn something about it or from it/them, to inspect something or somebody closely. To test the knowledge or ability of somebody especially by asking questions or setting them practical tasks.

Malpractice: Careless, illegal or unacceptable behaviours by somebody in a professional or official position.

Investigate: To discover and examine all the facts about something, e.g. a crime or an accident in order to obtain the truth. To try to discover facts, information etc. e.g. by study or research.

Invigilate: To be present during an examination to make sure that it is properly conducted and that no one cheats.

 

 

 

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THE IMPACT OF COOPERATIVE FARMING SOCIETIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE

 

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ABSTRACT

The study focuses on the impact of cooperative societies on agricultural production in the rural setting of Edo state. Results obtained from the interview shows that credit disburse to the farmers constitute serious administrative problem which is hindering the effectiveness of the scheme. The loans applied for and the amount approved and disbursed to the farmers are not enough to move, so there are no through supervision on the part of the official of the co-operative and the ministry of agriculture. Recommendation we made on how to solve these problems in the existing farmer’s co-operative societies.  It was revealed that most of the respondents (80%) have made use of loan from one co-operative society or the other and also the access to loan and farming equipments has not been encouraging. To this effects some of the recommendation made was;

I.There should be a roaster or writing policy on the acquisition of loan and farming equipment so as the foster the accessibility to loan by the members.

II.There should be no bias in giving out of loans to members.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION  

1.1   Background of Study

1.2   Statement of the Problem

1.3   Objective of the Study

1.4   Significance of the Study

1.5     Scope of the Study

1.6   limitation of the Study

1.7   Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE        

Methodology

Design of the study

Population Sampling

Sampling Techniques

Method of Data Collection

Method of Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Presentation and Analysis of Data

Data Presentation

Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCE          

QUESTIONNAIRES      

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In developing countries as in the case of Nigeria, Agriculture dominates the nation’s economy. It has been established that about to percent of Nigeria population is engaged in agriculture (Obasi and Aug, 2000) while 90 percent of Nigeria total food production comes from small farms and to percent of the country population earn their living from these small farms (Oluwatayo et al, 2008).

 

The recent importation of food items into the country to make up for the short falls in food supply Is a dangerous indication of warning farm productivity and warning sign that if the nation continue with the business as usual, the prospect of food security will be black for millions of people (Nwede 2003)

 

It terms employment agriculture is by far the most importance sector of Nigeria’s economy engaging about 70% of the labour force. Agricultural holding are generally small and scattered, family is often of the subsistence variety characterized by simple tools and shifting cultivation. These small farms produce about 80% of the total foods. About 30.7 million hectares (76 million acres) or 33% of Nigeria land area are under cultivation.

 

Nigeria’s diverse climate from the tropical area of the coast the arid zone of the North, make it possible to produce virtually all agricultural products that can grown in the tropical and semitropical area of the world the economic benefit of large scale agriculture are recognized, and the government favors the formation of cooperative societies and settlements to encourage industrial agricultural. Large scale agriculture, however, is not common.

Despite an abundant water supply a favorable climate and wide area or arable land, productivity is restricted owing to low soil fertility in many areas and inefficient method of cultivation agriculture. Contributed 32% to GPD in 2001

 

It’s widely recognized that co-operative form an indispensable component. Through community organization co-operative serves the basis and plant form for bring together the economically weak member of the society with a view of enhancing their individual capacities (Akali, 1991). The contributions of cooperative to the economy especially in the developing countries are enormous, ranging from provision of credit to its members and sourcing of inputs at reasonable price to scale of member produce (Okonkwuo, 1991).

Cooperative are defined as “an autonomous association of persons who unite voluntarily to meet their common economic and social needs and aspiration through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. (ICA, 1995) cooperative are established by like-minded persons to pursue mutually beneficial economic interest. Researcher are of the opinion that under normal circumstance, cooperative play significant role in the provision of service that enhance agricultural development.

 

Patrick, (1995) described cooperative as a medium, through which services like provision of farm input, farm implements, farm mechanization agricultural. Loans agricultural extension member education, marketing of member farm produce and other economic activities and services rendered to members regular and optimal performance of these roles will accelerate the transformation of agriculture and rural economic development. Ijere (1981) further explained that. It is the cooperative that embraces all types of farmers and a well organized and supportive cooperative is a pillar of strength for agriculture in Nigeria.

 

Ogunbameru (1986) also estimated that 52% of Nigerians population is women and that 70% of such women live in rural area. It is also on record (Adebayo and Amao, 2003) that 53% of the poor in Nigeria are women. In the rural areas a large number of women are illiterate, very poor, have high rate of infection and are economically oppressed (Essien, 2000) observed that only small fraction of woman in Nigeria had the benefit of higher education and that the majority is engaged in petty trading and peasantry farming.

 

Despite the low educational and poor economic background of Nigeria women they are still responsible for more than half of the nations food basket and contribute more than two third of the working hours on the farm (Barret et al, 2001). They also reported that AFRICAN Women are responsible for 66% of micro processing activities, especially the processing of agricultural produce.

 

In Nigeria, agricultural production is dominated by small-scale farmers most whom live in rural areas. Crops and animals are produced on scattered farm holding. Most of the farmers operate without modern production input. Their marketing system is unorganized with each farmer acting individually to produce farm inputs and to sell farm produce.

 

Cooperative societies enable people to achieve through joint efforts what they are unable to achieve while working as individuals. They are legally established organization on the basis of specific set of principles cooperatives activities is one of the best method by which peasant farmer can take part in their own economic advancement and gain valuable experience of democratic produce and business management. Akinwumi (1978). They are association of persons who have voluntarily come together to achieve common objective through the formation of a democratically controlled organization, making equitable contributions to the capital required and accepting fair share of the risk and benefit of the undertaking (World Bank, 1999, Ebonyi and Jimo, 2002).

 

 

1.2      STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS 

Cooperative has been regarded as one of the main institutional machineries for empowering the economically weak member of the society. With this official recognition and the determination of government (at all levels) to transform agricultural production and raise the standard of living in the rural areas many agricultural cooperative societies have been formed all over the country. Despite the efforts or contribution made by the cooperative societies towards agricultural development in Nigeria, this effort has not been evenly known and it was in an attempt to address such problem that this study was designed.

 

 

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1.       Determine farmer’s extent of participation in cooperative societies.

2.       Determine the benefits derived by respondents by being member of various cooperative societies.

3.       Determine major problems militating against the participation of farmer in cooperative activities.

4.       Make policy recommendation based on the funding

 

 

1.4     STATEMENT OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Based on the nature of the problems aforementioned, hypothesis testing as a measure will assist immensely in carrying out the research to a logical conclusion because of the statistical testability of the problems formulated.

Hypothesis is an assumption or statement which may or may not be true concerning the population. Walpole (1974). Hence, the hypothesis of this research is considered as tentative statement, which would be considered positive or negative at the end of the research presentation.

i.        f0:      Agricultural organization operate in ignorant of the existence of cooperative socie5ties.

ii.       f0: The objectives, Programme, and agricultural strategies of cooperative societies are not recognized and accepted by agricultural organizations.

F1: the objectives, programme and agricultural strategies of cooperative societies are recognized and accepted by agricultural organizations.

iii.      f0: Cooperative societies have not contributed positively to agricultural activities.

f1: Cooperative societies have contributed positively to agricultural activities.

 

 

1.5     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 

This study is embarking upon to determine the impact of cooperative societies on agricultural production in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State knowing the contribution of the impact of cooperative societies will encourage farmers and enlightened on the important of this society. This study will also revealed the solutions to the problem militating against the participation of farm in cooperative activities in the study area.

 

 

1.6     SCOPE OF THE STUDY    

The studies will emphasis the importance of cooperative societies in financing farmers in rural setting of Edo State.

 

1.8  DEFINITION OF TERMS  

Agriculture:  This is the process of producing food, feed, and fiber by cultivation of certain plant and the raising of domesticated animal. It is a general term per productive activities like growing as crops raising of animal (including poultry) fishing and forestry

Cooperative: This can be defined as an autonomous association of person who write voluntarily to meet their common economic and social needs and aspiration through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise.

Society: People in general living together in communities or a particular community of people who shared the same customs, laws etc.

Community: This is the people who live in a particular country etc when talked about a group or a group of people who share the same religion.

Development: This is complete term that in many different ideas. But most simply development, when taking about countries means reaching an acceptable standard of living for all the people developed countries are not necessarily rich countries and all rich countries are not necessarily developed.

Economic: This is the realized social system of production, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or the areas.

Organization: This is a group of people who is form a business, club etc or together in order to achieve a particular aim or the act of making arrangement or preparations for something.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): This is a measure of all of the services and goods produced in a country over a specific period, classically a year.

GDP: Consumption gross investment + government + export – import or GDP = C+I+G+(X=-M).

Peasant: This is an agricultural workers with roots in the country side in which they dwell, either working for other or more specifically owing or renting and working by his or her own labor a small plot of ground.

Arable: This is a land suitable for growing crops.

 

 

 

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF HOME ECONOMICS AS A CAREER

 

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ABSTRACT

This study is carried out in order to examine the factors affects in the choice of Home Economics as career in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State. And it has been observed that most students don’t like Home Economics as a career for this reason, it is the intention of the researcher to look at those factors that makes students not to choose Home Economics as career.

The investigation is based on some hypothetical questions. The analysis of the data collected emphasis in the following findings:

1.           That there is no significant difference between subjects studied in schools and there career aspiration of students.

2.           That there is no significant difference between student’s job aspiration and employment opportunities in the labour market.

3.           That there is no significant between teacher’s qualification and the teaching of Home Economics in secondary school.

4.           That finance has no significance with the choice of Home Economics as a career.

Based on these findings the researcher makes some suggestions and recommendations on how to overcome the problem in order to make students see the need for choosing home economics as a career.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter One

Introduction

Background of the study

Statement of problem

Purpose of the study

Significance of study

Hypothesis

Basic assumption

Limitations and delimitations

Definition of terms

Chapter Two

Review of Related Literature

Chapter Three

Methodology

Population

The study Sample

Instrument

Data analysis

Chapter Four

Analysis of data result

Chapter Five

Summary

Recommendations

Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Gesidle S. A. (1987) defined home Economics as career sequence of occupation, Jobs and positions occupied, during a persons working life. In choosing home economics as a career, one in effect tries to secure knowledge of occupational opportunities existing in their social environment. this involves a decision not only of the bibliographical make up of the individual. But if the acquisition of the basic skills that will enable the individual to cope with the social economic change in their everyday life so as to attain there desired goal.

 

Home economics as a career are relatively a young profession and it is still encountering difficulties in becoming established. Its major problem is employment opportunities and their rapid changing role of the family for education in Nigeria, an investigations was done on the efficiency of the system of vocational training and after which, it was recommended that boys and girls should be given equal chance to study home economics and the need was emphasized to increase and extended home economics as a career to all school and at different levels.

 

Taking home economics as a career is in many mind, a matter of infusion that is using subject area as a means of linking academic discipline with the real world situation. Jaiye Via (1979) is of the opinion that our youth need constant guidance in their choice of career and subjects. It is common knowledge to find students choosing subject or career for which they have a passing interest but on aptitude.

 

Such students should stand the risk of ending up with failure and of course frustration. Makinde (1978) observed that in a simple society with little diversification, the choice of career did not require much specialized assistance parents and friends could provide adequate advice of someone who has to make a choice of career between several familiar options.

 

In the traditional society the child learnt by limitations the parents, but today the situation has changed with formal education the understanding with formal education the understanding of most parents about the prevailing condition in schools in limited with the diversification in the number of possible career choice has become more difficult also with academics and vocational training, choice must be made with greater care to avoid the frustration, which may varies from among choice.

 

 

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Home economics is area of all wonder course it cover so many areas of life, sewing, home management an all.

Despite the interest student have in home Economics as a careers.

 

PURPOSE OF STUDY

This study seeks to achieve the following objectives. Whether the student are knowledgeable in jobs available in the labour market before making choice of jobs and also whether students just take any job that come their way so long as they pass their examination.

To find out the factors affecting home economics as a career in Oredo Local Government Area.

Whether students take into consideration factors affecting their choice of career.

Suggesting the source of information about possible career for the students.

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This significance of the study is:

1.           Highlight student’s occupational aspiration and the factors that affect their choice of career.

2.           Highlight on factors affecting the choice of home economics as a career among secondary school teachers in universities and colleges of education and thus provide a sight to enhance the significance of subject that will make them choose the right career.

3.           Bring to awareness general understanding of the process of adolescent occupational choice and shed more or some light on the amount of knowledge Nigerian adolescent have about job available in Nigeria.

4.           Bring to awareness the department of curriculum and planning in providing meaningful educational programme so that students entering advanced training will as well have a clearer perception of what they want to do.

 

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

On the basis of this research questions, the following null hypothesis were tested in the study

1.           There is no significant difference between subjects studied in school and there career aspiration of students.

2.           Finance has no significance with the choice of home economics as a career.

3.              There is no significance difference between students’ job aspiration and employment opportunities in the labour market.

4.           There is no significant between teacher’s qualification and the teaching of home economics in secondary schools.

 

BASIC ASSUMPTIONS 

The basic assumptions on which this research is based are as follows:

a.           Students’ knowledge will help in developing social, personal, vocational and occupational awareness.

b.           To provide the need of young people and aiding them towards a realization of their potentials.

c.           To ensure a better school adjustment of students of there peer and meaningful learning experience.

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS 

For this purpose of clarity, the following term are used in this study are defined below.

CHOICE: This means that the students has decided on occupation (work) or subject after rejecting certain others which hold certain attractive.

OCCUPATION ASPIRATION: It refers to the occupation of an individual would like to choose assuming there is no factor limiting him or her. In this occupation career are used interchangeably here.

HOME ECONOMICS: So Olaitan’s on Agusioboines home economics as education for the living that is the study of everything that involves or relates to the home and family.

 

 

 

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THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

 

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to find out the factors affecting the teaching and learning of agricultural science in Ovia North East Local Government Area, Edo State. The research work was also aimed at identifying the factors affecting the teaching and learning of agricultural science in Ovia North East Local Government Area, Edo State. In carrying out the study the samples were made up of students and teachers. A total sample size of fifty respondents were interviewed and administered questionnaires, the findings were analyzed and discussed. The result of the study revealed that insufficient land, inadequate simple farm tools, insufficient of improved instructional materials and lack of agricultural laboratory equipment are some of the factors affecting teaching and learning of agricultural science in area of study. It was recommended that, the government should as a matter of fact supply the relevant and much needed in teaching and learning to these junior secondary schools since science can best be learnt through experimentation. There should be provision of teachers with practical a agricultural science qualification to handle the subject in schools.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION      

Background of Study

Statement of the Problem

Objective of the Study

Significance of the Study

Scope of the Study

Limitation of the Study

Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

Design of the study

Population Sampling

Sampling Techniques

Method of Data Collection

Method of Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR       

Presentation and Analysis of Data

Data Presentation

Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE 

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCE      

QUESTIONNAIRES

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The term agriculture is derived from two Latin words Ager meaning field and cultura meaning cultivation. Literately agriculture refers to the production of crops and rearing of animal for man use. Agricultural production involves series of activities which include the cultivation of other products into forms that could be used by man. The preparation of products include; processing, package, storage, marketing etc. agriculture is regarded as the live-blooded of a nations domestic economy and the mother of all other business occupations and professional. The development of agriculture in Nigeria will help minimize over dependence on crude oil, the market of which fluctuates. Types of agriculture are; subsistence agriculture and commercial agriculture.

 

The Subsistence Agriculture: As men advance from the hunting and gathering stage, they developed the art of cultivating certain plants and domesticating certain animals, this was a period of self-sufficiency which was the beginning of settled life and people began to group themselves in villages. They made crude implement to provide enough food for their family. This practice is found today in every isolated area where communication has been limited; the people have not been exposed to modern ways of forming and surplus capital for investment is not available.

 

The Commercial Agriculture: This is the type of farming which involve cultivation of large acres of land, because most operation is usually mechanized and yield term of money, skilled labour and management. It is mostly practice by very rich farmers. The practices also required application of agrochemical and may causes environmental pollution. It may also encouragement erosion and other ecological mishaps and special marketing strategies have to be planned for successful evaluation and marketing of farm produce.

1.     In this scientific age, agricultural science has an important role to play in the school and also in the economic, social and political development of any nation. In fact the main distinction between the so called development and developing countries is due to the degree of scientific development in those countries. Virtually today, people everywhere are aware of the significant role that agricultural science and products of agriculture play in the society, because of the importance attached to the study of agricultural science right from the elementary school to university level. Agricultural science is also an applied science that make use of scientific theories and principles to bring about a product or an effect. It applied principles from among others, genetics, chemistry, biology, ecology and geography etc.

2.     Agricultural science played an important role in secondary schools in Ovia North east Local Government Area. because many of our farmers have little or no scientific methods of the subject and they can only be enlightened by the young ones who must have studied the subject in schools.

3.     Agricultural science in secondary school must involve theories and practices therefore it embraces the use of all the sense organs practically, agricultural science makes people very healthy and physically fit. It is vital to practice agricultural science in secondary school to check the migration of our people from rural areas to the urban areas.

4.     Acquisition of skills is on other direct advantages of agricultural science in secondary schools students. Because the principles practice and appreciation of agriculture help to prepared them for after school paid jobs. The acquisition of skills is one of the domains entrenched in any good educational system. Therefore, agricultural science like other practical subject helps to develop the psycho-motor domains in students.

5.     The focus of this research work is to investigate the factors affecting teaching and learning of agricultural science in Ovia North East Local Government Area, Edo State for instance, agricultural science unlike the other subject has been problem to many students. The reasons for such retrogression could be attributed to the acute shortage of professionally qualified teachers and teaching aid.

 

 

STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

This study intend to investigate the factors affecting the teaching and learning of agricultural science in Ovia North East Local Government Area, Edo State and to find solution to this factors. Based on this problem, there must be need to give serious attention so as to achieve technological advancement and help in our everyday living. Because a sound background in scientific knowledge would provide a good base for further scientific learning on the contrary, most students lack this basic background and this is as a result of some factors in teaching and learning of agricultural science by the teachers and students.

Specifically, this study will be geared towards answering questions identified below;

i.                   The teachers method of teaching is also responsible for the factor affecting the teaching and learning of agricultural science in Ovia North East Local Government Area, Edo State.

ii.                 Student in secondary schools see agricultural science as a dirty subject.

iii.              The non-availability of teaching aids are factor in the study of agricultural science in secondary schools?

iv.              The problems of acute shortage of professional qualified constitute science in secondary schools.

v.                 The attitude of parents is a factor affecting the teaching of agricultural science in secondary schools.

vi.              Inadequate land is also a factor affecting the teaching of agricultural science.

 

 

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

This study is aimed specifically at analyzing and diagnosing the factor affecting the teaching and learning the factor affecting the teaching and learning of agricultural science and also at providing suitable suggestions that will help improve the teaching and learning of agricultural science in secondary schools in Ovia North East Local Government Area, Edo State. The following are some of the specific objective to be achieved;

i.                   To identify the factors affecting the teaching and learning of agricultural science among secondary school students.

ii.                 To examine the factors affecting/inhibiting the teaching and learning of agricultural science in secondary schools in Ovia North East Local Government Area.

iii.              To find the possible ways of over-coming these factors.

iv.              To make recommendations based on the findings it will hope that the findings of this project work will be of immense benefit to agricultural science teaching and learning throughout Ovia North East Local Government Area, Edo State, since they will be exposed to factors hindering the development of agricultural science.

 

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will help to throw some light on the factors affecting the teaching and learning of agricultural science in the area of study. The outcome of this study will be useful to the teachers, students and government of Edo State in general, Ovia North East Local Government Area in particular. The result of the findings will guide the classroom situation; it will also be of immense benefit to the individual especially when it aims at self reliance.

 

 

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study cover the attitude of teachers, students, government and parents towards agricultural science teaching and learning in secondary schools in Ovia North East Local Government Area, Edo State.

 

 

 

Continue reading THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE →

THE FACTORS INFLUENCING STUDENT TEACHERS PERFORMANCE DURING TEACHING PRACTICE

 

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 ABSTRACT

This project or research work is a factor influencing the performance of student teachers in teaching practice in some secondary school in llaje. This project is divided into five chapters one is the background of the study, objective of the study, research question, significant of the study, scope of the study, limitation of the study as well as the definition of teaching practice. Chapter two is concerned with review of related literature. Chapter three involves methodology, instrumentation, procedure for data analysis, validation of instrument and gathering information through administration of questionnaires to selected schools. Also chapter four is devoted to analysis, interpretation and discussion of result. Here the research find the problems which students encounter during teaching practice such as lack of teaching aids e.t.c. and the solution to those problems. Chapter five finally involve summary, conclusion, recommendation and reference.

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE   

Introduction

Statement of the problems

Purpose of the study

Significance of the study

Research question

Scope of the study

Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO   

Literature review

CHAPTER THREE         

Research population

Population of study

Sample area

Research instrument

Administration of instrument

Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR 

Analysis and interpretation of result

CHAPTER FIVE   

Summary

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES     

QUESTIONNAIRES

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Education is view as an instrument of change. Every nation has strong faith in the effectiveness of education as a powerful instrument for notion development that is why most countries are attempting to adjust their educational philosophy and policies to match the changing economy and social structure (NPE1987) education is a process by which people are used to culture into which they are born in order for them to develop it further. Beside education is centered on maximum development of the individual members of the society mentally, socially and religiously so that the individual can become useful to himself and the society (farrant, 1992) .

 

It is in this direction that the government took step to eradicate illiteracy in education in a developing country like Nigeria. This resulted in more people being registered in the universal “free” primary education (UPE) introduction by the various governments in primary school and latter in secondary school in order to cope with the increasing trend of admission into the secondary schools. Inspite of this, the performance of education in schools has continued to be discouraging this secondary school in Ondo state. The falling standard of education in school has been attributed to a number of perceived factors such as lack of support to students teachers by host teachers/principal, unconducive climate accommodation problems and the government.

 

Fagbonuye (1999) stated that the problem of non availability of teachers in schools was one of the various reasons for poor student’s performance. It cites a situation where four teachers were made to face one thousand students to him a poorly both qualitatively cannot produce students with high academic standards.

 

 

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Research work in the past have shown that the factors influencing student performance during teaching practice have been of great concern to many individuals, parents, teachers, government and even the students it is clear that performance is getting poorer even as most bodies mentioned above trying their possible best.

To find solution to these problems the following questions were asked;

1.                 How does learning environment influence students teachers performance.

2.                 Does lack of support by host teachers influences student’s performance.

3.                 How does the attitude of teachers affect the performance of the student teachers?

4.                 How does attitude of supervisor influence student’s teachers performance.

 

 

OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

This study was carried out to find out the factors influencing student teachers performance during teaching practices in Ilaje Local Government Area, Ondo State. With a view providing suggestions for the improvement in order to enhance better academic performance. It is in this light that the following aims and objective were designed with a view to answer the research questions.

1.     To identify the constraint that result lack of support to students by teachers.

2.      To find out how the attitude of students teachers during teaching practice has affected the performance of student.

3.     To find out if poor infrastructure facilities in school affect students teachers performance.

4.     To find out how learning climate of the school influence students teachers performance.

 

 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This following research questions were formulated for this study.

1.                 Do lack of support by host teachers influencing student performance?

2.                 Does the attitude of students influence student teacher performance?

3.                 How does the attitude of the student influence the performance of the student’s teachers?

4.                 How does attitude of supervisor influence student teacher performance?

 

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study examines some of the factors influencing students’ teachers performance in Ilaje Secondary School, Ondo State. It is hoped that it may be possible to discover the variables that affect the performance of students in school and proffer some suggestions to educational administration on ways and means of improving the teaching and learning process. It may also be of great importance to parents, government curriculum planners. The result of the study may highlight the need for adequate teaching aids motivation of teachers by government seriousness on the part of students and parents’ cooperation from most teachers. The findings of this study may assist educational administrators in training, monitoring of teachers and help reduce poor performance on the part of students. These may bring about effective and qualitative education as well as improving students’ academic performance.

 

 

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS                    

The following terms were defined in the context and they were used in the study.

Instructional materials: they are materials in instructing a given direction during a unit of instruction.

Quantitative: properties of things that can be measured.

Qualitative: concerned with quality.

Academic performance: notable action achievement of students.

Host teachers: can also be seen as permanent teachers in the school.

Educational administrators: educational officials that are set aside for proper organizing of monitoring of schools activities.

Student teachers: students who are undergoing teaching practice as a training.

Educational effectiveness: producing the result that is required in the act of study.

 

 

 

Continue reading THE FACTORS INFLUENCING STUDENT TEACHERS PERFORMANCE DURING TEACHING PRACTICE →