(A CASE STUDY OF FLOOR FINISHES WITHIN ENUGU METROPOLIS).

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                                   ABSTRACT

Floor finishes is a vital component in any building structure and lots of defects happen to the floor finishes though many of them could be traceable to the sub floor defect. The objective of the study is to clearly identify the various types of floor finishing prevalent in Enugu Metropolis, their strength and weakness, also to study the cause of failure in floor finish and how to correct them. Finally the research will evaluate the maintenance culture of occupants regarding their floor finishing within the metropolis. The study commences with the review of some past relevant literature with the intention of making use of the important facts.

Data were collected using the questionnaires and analysis of the collected data also made line with the hypothesis and are processed by the use of tables, focus was on the generation summary statistics such as

percentages. The result of the study showed that without a proper maintenance culture on floor finishes, deterioration and failure in floor

finish will be a reoccurring decimal in our building structure. The study

revealed that most of the defects in floor finishes emanated from defects

in structural floors or the improper laying of beds or joint on which applied floor finishes are laid and as a result of this, where defects occur relaying of the finishes is the only answer to the problems but care must be taken to avoid dis-stabilizing the stability of the structural floor and maintain even level between newly laid finishes and old ones. The following recommendations are made:

1. Before any material is used as floor finishes, it should be tested and

analyzed in order to determine and establish the compressive strength

and duration.

2. Emphasis should be laid on suitable materials /finishes than cheep

materials/finishes, so as to reduce failure in finishes.

3. Knowledge of finishes serviceability duration should be known.
4. A good maintenance culture should be maintained.

As this will go along way to enhance the life span of our various floor finishes.

Chapter one

1.0 Introduction ========================================= 1

1.1 Background of the study ================================ 4

1.2 Aims and objective of the study =========================== 5

1.3 Statement of the study ================================== 5

1.4 Research questions =================================== 6

1.5 Research hypothesis =================================== 7

1.6 Scope and limitation of study ============================= 7

1.7 Definition of terms common in this study ===================== 7

Chapter two

2.1 Literature review ====================================== 9

2.2 Floors and their associated finishes ========================= 10

2.3 Concrete Finish =================================== 11

2.4 Terrazzo Finish =================================== 13

2.5 Granolithic Concreting ================================= 17

2.6 Thin Surface Finish =================================== 21

2.7 Jointless Floor finish ================================== 22

2.8 Linoleum =================================== 25

2.9 Cork Tiles and Carpets ======== ======================== 27

2.10 Appearance ========================================= 31

2.11 Slipperiness ========================================= 31

2.12 Warmth ============================================ 32

2.13 Quietness ============================================32

2.14 Resilience ========================================== 33

2.15 Resistance to abrasion ====================== =========== 33

2.16 Resistance to water and other liquids ====================== 33

2.17 Atmospheric moisture ================================ 34

2.18 Indentation ========================================= 34

2.19 Impact ============================================ 35

2.20 Resistance to sunlight ================================== 35

2.21 Resistance to moulds and fungi =========================== 35

2.22 Resistance to temperature and fire ========================= 36

Chapter three

3.1 Methodology design ================================== 37

3.2 Sample Size ======================================== 38

3.3 Method of collecting data =============================== 39

3.4 Primary data ======================================== 40

3.5 Secondary sources ==================================== 40

3.6 Questionnaire Design ================================= 40

3.7 Description of questionnaire ============================ 41

3.8 Technique for data organization/analysis ==================== 41

Chapter four

4.0 Data Presentation/analysis ============================== 42

Chapter five

5.0 Summary conclusion and recommendation ================== 52

5.1 Summary ========================================= 52

5.2 Conclusion ======================================== 53

5.3 Recommendation =================================== 53

Reference ============================================= 55

Appendix ============================================= 57

List of the table

Table 3.2.1 Percentage of returned questionnaires 39

Table 4.2.1 Stratification of responding professions 42

Table 4.2.2 Classification of building type 43

Table 4.2.3 Type of floor finishes in use by respondents 43

Table 4.2.4 Factors influencing choice of floor finish 44

Table 4.2.5 Years of occupancy of property 45

Table 4.2.6 Frequency of maintain ace work on floor finish 45

Table 4.2.7 Relationship between failures in finishes and maintain ace

Culture 46

Table 4.2.8 Can the failure in floor finishes be caused by functional

Failure in the structure 47

Table 4.2.9 Can the cost of maintaining floor finishes affect the

Maintenance culture of such a floor finishes 48

1

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Floor finishes are the final substance applied on the surface of floor

before the floor is put to use. Most floor systems of a building are not

exposed to the climatic element and their weathering effects, since a

floor system must support traffic however durability, resistance to wear

and easy of maintain are critical factors in the selection of a floor

system and its finish. The desired finishes and their visual properties

(materials, color, texture and pattern) help to determine the choice of

floor system which can mostly support these finishes

The choice of and preparation of specification for flooring systems to

protect substrates from chemical attach or provide hygienic finishes is

an exercise all too often couched in financial considerations.

Floor finishes except in a few special constructions do not contribute to

the strength of floor; they are therefore used for one or more of the

following reasons.

1. To provide an attractive appearance.
2. To increase the comfort and safety to the user.

iii. To hide certain services like cable/pipes in the floor.

1. Protect the structural floor from wear tear or corrosion.

Each of this primary function that is considered to be the most

important will depend on the proposed use.

Many materials that are used as finishes on floors, each one have

properties suited to a particular usage, durability and ease of cleaning

are essential in all. Case of specific services requirement may call for

special properties such as resistance to hard wear, comfort to users

2 and attractive appearance. At home good appearance and comfort will

be more important.

Any given floor finish must provide the desired balance of properties

and must be sufficiently durable. It will be expected to last for a period

commensurate with its initial cost, the cost of replacement and any

cost arising from disorganization associated with its replacement and

this implies that from all ramification of its need, a good value is

required.

A lot of factors affects the life of a floor finish, most important is the

ever-present abrasive action of traffic, the action of liquid in producing

dimensional changes, erosion and corrosion, the impact of falling

object and the dent caused by heavy loads. There is therefore a series

of secondary requirement that the finish must fulfill, which will depend

on the condition of services though they must be considered in relation

to those four mentioned above.

When selecting floor finish many factors deserve consideration but not

all the factors are of equal importance, furthermore, requirement vary

in different parts of the building, for instance, resistance to oil, grease,

moisture is relevant in a kitchen but not on a bedroom, and

appearance could be important in a lounge but is of little consequence

in a store.

The essential properties to be considered are:

1. a) Durability: The material must have a reasonable life to avoid

premature replacement with resultant textured, cost and

inconvenience.

1. b) Resistance to wear: This includes resistance to indentation

where the floor has to withstand heavy furniture, fittings or

equipment and resistance to abrasion in building subject to

heavy pedestrian traffic and moveable equipment.

3

1. c) Economy: Reasonable initial and maintenance cost, having

regards to the class of building and the particular building.

1. d) Resistance to oil, grease, and chemicals: This is particularly

important in domestic kitchen, laboratory and some factory.

1. e) Resistance to moisture: This is important in domestic

bathrooms, entrance passage and halls and in some industrial

buildings.

1. f) Ease of cleaning: This is of increasing important in many classes

of building as the labour intensive cleaning cost continue to rise

in a disproportionate rate.

1. g) Warmth: Some finishes are much warmer than other and this

may be an important consideration.

1. h) Non – Slip qualities: These are particularly important in

bathrooms and kitchen where floors may become damp.

1. i) Sound absorption: Libraries need floor finishes with high degree

of sound absorption.

1. j) Appearance: This is an important consideration in many rooms

of domestic building, although the current tendency to fully

carpet rooms may not justify the provision of more expansive but

attractive floor finishes such as wood blocks and strip flooring.

1. k) Resilience: Some flexibility or “given” is often desirable.

For industrial installations, despite the importance of floor

specifications for floor finishes generally reflect short-term budget

rather than long term stability, inviting early failure. Financial

considerations for floor finishes should be confined to comparing bids

for the ideal specifications complied with the end use in mind.

There are many specific considerations to be taken into account when

deriving a suitable specification for a given situation, not least the

following:

1. The location of the structure to be protected, its method of

construction and condition if it is an existing substrate.

2. The composition, concentration and temperatures of all fluids or

solids which may be in contact with floor surface as a result of

the inherent processes, if these vary from area to area it should

be clearly stated and designated area clearly marked to allow

selection of materials appropriate to each area.

3. Loading characteristics of the substrate and their ability to

withstand additional superimposed loads from toppings, tiles,

brick or composite surfacing.

4. Details of pedestrian and wheeled traffic, including wheel

loadings and the nature of wheel contact surface.

5. Detail of isolated activities such as drum handling and storage

and the loading involved, and the areas to which they apply.

6. The type of floor drainage contemplated i.e. outlets or drainage

channels.

7. The nature, concentration and temperature of all cleaning agents

which will be used on the floor including any materials used for

cleaning equipment and pipe work since these are usually

discharged on the floor or preferable into channels.

Comprehensive information from the end user in these respect will

give the specifier the maximum information with which to derive an

appropriate specification for a durable finish.

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Finishes generally do not contribute to the strength of the floors but it

adds beauty or co lour to the floor. There is wide variety of material for

floor finishes and each should be evaluated within the context of

5

Enugu Metropolis in relation to the above mentioned requirement, so

that it can be suitable for any particular type of usage.

Enugu is the capital city of Enugu State, Nigeria. It has a population of

668,862 (2007 estimate). The people of Enugu belong largely to the

Igbo ethnic group, which is one of the three largest ethnic groups in

Nigeria. Enugu was originally the capital of the Eastern Region from

Nigeria’s independence in 1960. On May 27, 1967 Enugu was made

the capital of East Central State, while on May 30, 1967, it was

declared the first capital of the short-lived nation of the Republic of

Biafra. Enugu became a major center for the mining of the coal

discovered by Albert Ernest Kitson in the Udi plateau. The Nigerian

coal corporation has been based in Enugu since its creation in 1950.

In this study, the research will evaluate the floor finishes in building as

prevalent within the Enugu Metropolis (Residential, Industrial and

Office buildings). The research will also study the cause of failure in

finishes and means of handling the causes so as to improve on the

performance of different floor finishes.

The research will identify maintenance medium of floors in order for

the serviceability strength of these finish to be maximized.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study is to ascertain the durability of some floor

finishing in building projects within Enugu Metropolis.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY ARE AS FOLLOWS

1. The various types of floor finishing prevalent in Enugu

Metropolis, their strength and weakness.

2. To study the cause of failure in floor finish and how to correct

them.

3. To evaluate the maintenance culture of occupants regarding

their floor finishing within the metropolis.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY

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(A CASE STUDY OF WORLD BANK HOUSING ESTATE OWERRI)

This dissertation deals chiefly with an analysis of the effect of the provision of housing estate on residential housing delivery with a case study of world bank housing estate Owerri.  The key impetus for this research on the analysis of the effect of the provision of housing estates on other residential house in this particular area of study arises from its sudden changes in states.

This study examines the effect of this changes on the physical environment and the population of the study area with particular emphasis on the area of provision of residential units and the provision of basic social amenities and infrastructures as be pithy the advancement in the status of the world bank housing estate.

This also examines the sole aim of provided housing estate and the its effect on other residential houses in the area study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.1  Introduction

1.2  Statement of problems

1.3  Aims and objectives of the study

1.4  Research questions

1.5  Significance of the study the scope of study

1.6  The scope of study

1.7  Limitation of the study

1.8  Over-view of the study

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review

2.1 Definition of terms

2.2 Factors affecting housing demand

2.3 Factors affecting housing supply

2.4 Housing finance

2.5 Effects of the provision of housing estate on residential housing.

2.6 Efforts to the state federal government to housing delivery system.

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Research design and methodology

3.2 Sources of data collection

3.4 Sample of size

3.5 Method of data collection

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Data presentation and analysis

4.2 Analysis dare collected from the d

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Findings recommendation, summary and conclusion

5.1 Findings

5.2 Recommendation

5.3 Summary and conclusion

Bibliography appendix

CHAPTER ONE

 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Housing is seen as one of the most important for the physical survival of man after the provision of food. It contributes to the physical and moral hearth of a nation and stimulates the social stability, the work efficiency and the development of the individuals. But in spite of these facts there is on doubt that housing in quantitative terms is still one of the major problems facing the Nigerian Urbanities and governments beside the characteristic slums and conditions it is becoming increasingly difficult for average Nigerians to own houses. Also it is very difficult to procure decent accommodation at reasonable rent in the market. The rent are high in each state and fairly high in the other state capitals, but still not commensurate with the monthly in comes of all categories of low, middle and upper wage earners and the self-employed.

The major cause of high rent is that the supply of housing is fair less than demand. The recommended 20 percent of the monthly income on rent. The problems are more acute in those cities and towns where ad commercial and industrial activities have long been established, fast growing and concentrated cities. To find houses to rent is a big problem and if such houses are eventually found, they are let out at very exorbitant prices that take a large percentage or the monthly income of the acceptant not minding the location and the accessibility of the residence to the place of work. Until recently for an was becoming exceedingly very difficult for an average wage earner as well as the self –employed individuals to build houses of their own within a long period of time say ten years through their private savings. Most civil servants in Nigeria between 1978 and 1988 cloud hardly make some savings not to take of building houses of their own. Also, the cost of building materials is very exhobitant, cost of land, labour and professional fees are very high which has led to the situation whereby the construction cost per square meter is far more than what an individual could meet after the provision of food and other social needs.

Also due to the fact that individual cannot own houses of their own as a result of the high construction cost involved, it has contributed to people hiring at very exorbitant rates because there are more buyers one of housing good than the supply of those goods and services. The effect of this housing shortage mostly predominately in Urban areas not only led to over crowing in several cities, it has also led to many taking shelter under the bridges, schacks and make shifts (as in the case of lagos). The most unfortunate thing is that the existing residential buildings are not suitable to modern needs and lack in converses such as water closets (Wcs),P,Pe-borne water, power supply, open spaces etc. the situation prompted the united Nations to launch the aggressive programme of shelter for all in the year 2000.

To achieve this, the federal government of Nigeria incorporated it in the Nation’s third development plan (1975-1980) and sought to participate actively in the provision of housing for all income groups achieve significant increase in housing supply and bring relief especially to the low income earners and the self- employed who where the most affected by the acute shortage a situation whereby the Urban worker paid over 20% of his monthly income on rent. This has led to the provision of Estates by both the  federal and the state government in order to increase the housing stock available to the Urban population. It is on this background that this work tries to examine the effect of these housing Estates on Residential Housing Delivery.

1.2    STATEMENTS OF PROBLEMS

Government all over the world especially in developing countries embarks on the provision of housing Estate for their Wizens, this is usually to argument housing provision by the private sector of the economy. Although these estates were established by law and status, they present management problems inducing legal, physical, Financial, social – political and other problems such that in recent time management of public housing Estate has presented hydra-headed problems. These problems manifest themselves in the form of dilapidated buildings, poor sanctuary and environmental condition all resulting from poor management and lack of maintenance.

This cleary, the crux of the housing problems in Nigeria today relate to the low income groups which constitute the main elements of both Urban and rural population with all these factors mentioned above one sees the housing problems in general as the problems that motivated both the federal and the state government, the Imo state government and the Imo state Urban and housing corporation and all the other state government and housing corporations to formulate their housing programmes. This is because good residential housing gives room for more production.

1.3  AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this research work is to evaluate the effect of housing estate on the residential housing provision in the Nigerian Urban cities: To achieve this aim the following objectives are set out.

(1)                     To identify the various housing estates in the study area.

(2)                     To determine the quantity (number)of houses provided through the Imo housing corporation in Owerri

(3)                     To determine the effect of these housing Estate on the residential housing provision

(4)                     To identify problems and constraints of the Imo housing corporate in the provision and management of these housing Estates.

(5)                     To recommend ways of ameliorating the problems in (4) four above with a view of providing more housing Estate in the urban area.

1.4                      RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRES

1. Mention various housing estate in Imo state Owerri
2. What is the quantity number of housing provided by the Owerri housing co-operation?
3. What are the effect of these housing estates on the residential housing provision?
4. What are the problems encountered by the Owerri housing co-operation in the provision and management of these housing estates?
5. Recommend ways of ameliorating the problems with a view of providing more housing estates in the urban area.

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