Ascariasis Among Children Between The Age Of 4-15 Years

 

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ABSTRACT

A project research study on the level of ascariasis in children between 4-15 years of age were carried out in the Schools I, II, III & IV in Ziks Avenue Primary School, Uwani Enugu, Enugu State. A total of 110 feacal samples was collected from the pupils randomly, and microscopically examined using iodine normal saline wet preparation and saturated sodium chloride floatation technique. Infection rate of ascariasis at the time of study (January, 2013) was drastically low in accordance with the result of the research. Prevalence rate was zero percent. This result is associated wit the time of study, lack of use of untreated human feaces as fertilizers in the study area, (low agricultural practice), average level of environmental sanitation in the area, adequate personal hygiene by the parents of the pupils, the teachers and the pupils themselves, educational level and the standard of living of the people residing in the area studied.

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CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 2
1.3 Purpose of the Study 3
1.4 Significance of the Study 3
1.5 Scope of the Study 3

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 History 4
2.2 Epidemiology 6
2.3 Scientific Classification 7
2.4 Morphology 8
2.5 Life Cycle 9
2.6 Mode of Transmission 13
2.7 Pathogenicity/Clinical Symptoms 13
2.8 Laboratory Diagnosis 16
2.9 Treatment 17

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY 20
3.1 Research Design 20
3.2 Studies Area 20
3.3 Target Population 20
3.4 Sample and Sampling Method 20
3.5 General Material Used 21
3.6 Methods of Specimen Examination 23

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS 27

CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 30

References 37

 

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LIST OF TABLES

Table I: Tabulation of values 27
Table II: Distribution of ascariasis among age groups of
children examined 28
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure I: Life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides 11
Figure II Adult worm of Ascaris lumbricoides 11
Figure III: Unfertilized egg of A. lubricoides 12
Figure IV: Fertilized egg of A. lumbricoides 12
Figure V: Decorticated egg of A. lumbricoides 12

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Ascariasis is a disease caused by the parasite Ascaris Lumbricoides. This parasite is a giant intestinal nematode (round worm) Ascariasis is common world wide especially in tropics and sub tropical areas. This disease is prevalent in the areas where sanitation is minimal and untreated human feaces are used as fertilizer.
(Sangllass et al 2008) Ascaris suum is another species but infects only pigs and humans while A. lumbricoides infects human only. Although ascariasis occours at all ages, it is common mostly in children between the age of 2-15 years old and prevalence decreases over the age of 15 years.
It is spread by feacal pollution of the environment (Ochei et al 2007).

A person becomes infected by ingesting infective egg in contaminated food or from hand that have become feacally contaminated or water, thus it is transmitted by faced-oral route.
Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest nematode of man, the female worms are more longer an stouter than the males and can measure about 40cm in length and 6mm in diameter. They are white or pink and are tapered at both end. The ova can survive for up to 10 years in adverse condition (uunfavourable condition) the eggs are resistant to chlorine which is used in water disinfection but can be removed by filtration or by boiling.
Its developing larvae can be destroyed by sunlight by desiccation on exposure. It has no significant animal reservoir host.

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The following problems precipitated this project research work.
1. Health implication of allowing the pupils to deficate around or within the school compound and the health advantages of proper sanitation.
2. Frequent diarrhea and other symptoms of intestinal worm attack observed among

 

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Microbial Examination Of Pathogenic Bacteria In Raw Milk

(A Case Study Of Fulani Cattle Settlement In Emene)

 

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ABSTRACT

 

Microbiological examination of pathogenic bacteria in raw mell samples from a diary farm in Fulani cattle settlement in Emene, Enugu was carried out. 30 samples were screened, viable plate count standard plate count of different colonial forms observed are Senate Bacillus SPP (27) respectively. The gram etarning result indicate negative Cocci, creamy in colour on blood agar and gram positive rods that occurs in chain, whitish on maccollney agar. Which are characteristics of Serretia SPP and Bacillus SPP . It is suggested that mell maids and mell processors should was the udder of the cow, Etenlise their equipment and containers as well as improving their personal hygiene. These will contribute in no small measure to the quality of products in our make industries as well as the good health of man especially the Fulani cattle rearers that drink milk without pasteurization.

 

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 objective of the study 4
1.2 Aim of the study 4
1.3 Hypothesis 5
1.4 Statement of problems 5
1.5 Limitations 5
1.6 Justifications 6

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 7

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods 14
3.1 materials (see appendix) 14
3.2 Methods 14
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 19

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion 25

CHAPTER SIX
Conclusion and recommendation. 27
References 29
Appendix. 31

 

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Ihekoronye and Ngodoy (1985) define milk as a section of mammary gland all female animals. It is as exceptionally good source of protein which is of cugli biological value in promoting the growth of children. Furthermore, Fox and Caeron (1980), describe milk as a food of outstanding interest, which is design by nature to be completed food for every mammal. The major constituent of average milk are carbohydrate, protein are fat. The carbohydrate is present as lactose, which is easily metabolized by many bacteria fungi and yeast. The protein is present mainly as casein in form of albumin and globulin.

Nearly all 94% of the nitrogenous maternal of milk is present in form of protein which most bacteria readily convert to a wide range of ammonic acid. The buffering capacity of the complete protein give milk a degree of stability in its PH which permits greater growth of the bacteria before the acidity level exerts a selective effect on the specie present. The fat in the form of stable emulsion complex phospholcpids, the leathins are important in that their partial metabolism by bacteria give rise to a strong odour (Alan, 1977). Freah milk contains bout 87% of water which is dispersed into two separate collidal systems, milk is probably capable of giving more different end products than any other single food stuff.
According to Ihekewnye and Ngoddy (1985) the composition of the raw milk is as follows:-

CONSTITUENT PERCENT
Fat 3.9%
Protein 3.4%
Lactose 4.8%
Ash 0.72%
Water 87.10%
Total

 

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Milk is an excellent culture medium for many kids of microorganisms particularly bacteria. One of the primary factor in its sultabuety is the high water content. Although most bacteria are said to grow beat at PH of (7.2), normal milk average (PH 6.7) is not sufficiently acidic to inhibit many bacteria species (Alans, 1977). Minerals which are necessary for microbial growth such as calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and iron are present. The vitamins of B group (thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic and patothemic acid) are needed by some pathogenic bacteria particularly the lactobacilli and these are all found in milk. (Frazier and Weathoff, 1978).

Ihekownye and Ngoddy (1985) also went ahead to explain that milk contain a wide variety of constituent and contains most of t he food factors associated with bacteria nutrition. Milk as a single food is of high nutntunal value and is associated with pathogence bacteria that causes spoilage. At the time milk leaves the udder of the healthy cow, it contains few bacteria, these stem from milk ducts and cistem. During the milking process, bacteria are usually added form various sources. In hand milking, the sources are air, the gari of the animal, manure, the milk, equipment such as: pails, flies, geed and many others. When milking is performed by machine, most of these environment factors are less important. However, the milking equipment many serve as an important source of contamination if it is not carefully cleaned and sanitized.

 

 

Among the contaminants which care from the intertinal organs of the cow are salmonellae and the feacal streptococci (Enterococci). Staphylococci may be contributed from udder, skin and respiratory tract. Pathogens known to have come from the handler include many form among these are Staphylococcus aureus and various intertinal pathogens of man including representatives of salmonella. The pathogens originating from flies and barn dust are varied.
After the milk has been drawn, it is rapioloy cooled to 45% to prevent contaminants from multiplying. To eliminate pathogenic bacteria from milk, the process of pasteurization is applied. This involve application of heat

 

 

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Biocontrol Potential Of Bacillus Thuringiensis Isolated From Soil Samples Against Larva Of Mosquito

 

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ABSTRACT

A major challenge for achieving successful mosquito control is overcoming insecticide resistance. Bacillus thuringiensis which is one of the most effective biolarvacide for control of species of mosquitoes and monitoring of larval susceptibility is essential to avoid resistance development. Mosquito larvacidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis was assessed by isolating them from ecologically different soil habitats in and around Warri metropolis. The isolate organisms were confirmed as Bacillus thuringiensis based on biochemical characterization and microscopic observation. The larvacidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates was tested against the larval of mosquito by using the standard cup bioassay. The isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis showed a significant level of variation in their larvacidal activity.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Title page: –	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	i
Certification:	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	ii
Dedication:	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	iii
Acknowledgement:		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	iv
Abstract:  –	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	v
Table of contents:		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	vi
List of tables:	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	viii

 

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CHAPTER ONE:
1.0	Introduction:   –	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
1.1	Crystal composition and morphology: –				–	–	–	3
1.2	General characteristics of Bacillus thuringlensis:					–	–	4
1.3	Classification of Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies: –						–	5
1.4	Ecology and prevalence of Bacillus thuringrensis: –						–	5
1.5	Other pathogenic factors of Bacillus thuringiensis: –						–	7
1.6	Morphological properties of Bacillus thuringiensis: –						–	8

 

 

CHAPTER TWO:
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW-  –	–	–	–	–	–	10
2.1    Mode of action on target organism:		–	–	–	–	10

 

 

2.2	Mechanism of action of Bacillus thuringensis formulation:			12
2.3	General application of Bacillus thuringiensis:	–	–	13

 

 

CHAPTER THREE:
3.0	Material and method:	–	–	–	–	–	–	15
3.1	Soil sample collection:	–	–	–	–	–	–	15
3.2	Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis:			–	–	–	–	16
3.3	Isolation of Bacillus thuringiensis from soil: –					–	–	16
3.4	Sample staining:   –	–	–	–	–	–	–	17
3.5	Biochemical identification:		–	–	–	–	–	18

 

• Materials and method of Bacillus theringiensis against

 

	mosquito lava:		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	19
3.7	Catalase test:		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	20
3.8	Oxidase enzyme activity: –				–	–	–	–	–	20
3.9	Sugar test:	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	20
3.10	Methyl red test		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	21
3.11	Indole test	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	22

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR:
4.0	Result of sample collection and isolation:	–	–	–	23
4.1	Colony morphology of Bacillus isolates:	–	–	–	24

 

4.2	Biochemical test:	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	25
4.3	Bioassay:   –	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	27

 

 

CHAPTER FIVE:
Discussion: –	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	28
Conclusion: –	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	28
Recommendations:		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	29
References: –	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	31
Appendix: 1 –	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	35
Appendix:  2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	38

 

		LIST OF TABLES
Table 1:	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	24
Table 2:	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	25
Table 3:	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	26

 

 

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Bacillus thuringrensis (Bt) is a well known and widely studied bacterium which is known for its use in pest management. Today it is the most successful commercial xenobiotic with its worldwide application when compared with the chemical pesticides; Bacillus thuringiensis has the advantages of being biologically degradable, selectively active on pests and less likely to cause resistance. Safety of Bacillus thuringiensis formulations for humans, beneficial animals and plants explains the replacement of chemical pesticides in many countries with these environmentally friendly pest control agents.

 

Bacillus thuringiensis was first isolated by the Japanese Scientist Ishiwata (1901) from skilkworm larvae, bombyxmori, exhibiting sotto disease. After 10 years, Berliner (1911) isolated the square gram (+) positive, spore-forming, rod shaped soil bacterium from disease flour moth larvae, Anngasta Kachmiccalla, in the Thuringia region of the Germany and named it as

 

Bacillus thuringiensis.

 

In the early 1930s Bacillus thuringiensis was used against Ostrinianubilis, the European corn borer. The first commercial product was available in 1938 in France, with the trade name sporeine (Weiser, 1986). It was Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies Kurstaki that was used for the control of the insect

 

(Lepidopteran) pests in agriculture and forestry (Luthy & Ebersold, 1981). New commercial products arrived in 1980s after the discovering of subspecies thuringiensis opened the gate for black fly and mosquito larvae control.

 

Like all organisms, insect are susceptible to infection by pathogenic microorganisms, many of these infections agents have a narrow host range and therefore, do not cause uncontrolled destruction of beneficial insects and are not toxic to vertebrates. Bacillus thuringiensis is a major microorganism, which shows entamopathogenic activity (Glazer & Nikaido, 1995, Schnepf, et al. 1998) which forms parasporal crystals during the stationary phase of its growth cycle.

 

Most  Bacillus  thuringiensis  preparations  available  on  the  market  contain spores with parasporal inclusion bodies composed of δ–endotoxins. In commercial production, the crystals and spores obtained from fermentation are concentrated and formulated for spray on application according to conventional Agriculture practices (Baum, Kakefuda, & Gawron-Burke, 1996). There are many strains of Bacillus thuringiensis having insecticidal activity against insect order (eg Lepidoptera, Diptera, Homoptera, Mollaphage, Coloptera). Only a few of them have been commercially developed.

 

Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides are divided into three groups, group one has been used for the control of lepidopterans. These groups of insecticides are formulated with Bacillus thuringiensis Subspecies. Kurstaki, group two contains thesandiego and tenebrionis strains of Bacillus thuringiensisand has been applied for the control of certain celopterans and their larvae. Group three contains the Israelensis strains of Bacillus thuringiensis which has been used to control black flies and mosquitoes.

 

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CRYSTAL COMPOSITION AND MORPHOLOGY

The existence of parasporal inclusions in Bt was first noted I 1915 (Berliner 1915) but their protein composition was not delineated until the 1950s (Angus 1954). Hannay (1953) detected the crystalline fine structure that is a property of most of the parasporal inclusion. Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies can synthesize more than one inclusion, which may contain different ICPs. ICPs have been called data endotoxins; however since the term endotoxin usually refers to toxin associated with the other membranes of gram-negative bacteria, comprising a core lipopoly saccharide. Depending on their ICP composition, the crystals have various forms (bipyramidal, cuboidal, flat rhomboid, or a composition with two or more crystal types. A partial correlation between crystal morphology, ICP composition, and bioactivity against target insects has been established (Bulla et al.1977). Hofte and Whitely, 1989, Lynch and Baumman, 1985).

 

 

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACILLUS THURINGLENSIS

Bacillus thuringiensis is a member of the genes Bacillus and like the other members of the taxon, has the ability to form endospores that are resistant to inactivation by heat, desiccation and organic solvent. The spore formation of the organism varies from terminal to subterminal in sporangia that are not swollen, therefore, Bacillus thuringiensis resembles other members of Bacillus species in morphology and shape (Stahly, Andrews, & Yousten, 1991). The organism is gram-positive and facultitative anaerobes. The shape of the cells of the organism is rod. The size when grown in standard liquid media varies 3 –5um.

 

The most distinguishing features of Bacillus thuringiensis from other closely related Bacillus species. (eg Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus. cereus) is the presence of the parasporal crystal body that is near to the spore outside the exosporangium during the endospore formation, whic

 

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ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH WOUND SEPSIS

 

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ABSTRACT

The isolation and identification of bacteria associated with 150ml sepsis studies were carried out to 250 patient at National Orthopedic Hospital Enugu. (250) Two hundred and fifty patients with 150ml sepstis was grouped in to in patients and out patients. The sample collected are wound pus and wound exudates which were collected from patients with diabetic ulcer, surgery wounds, sickle cell ulcers, gun shot wound, using sterile stent striates to aspirate the wound exudates and steete swab sticks to swab the wound prof. Population was sampled

According to wound type and noting their differences sex distributing palternage range (0-2_ years, (3-5_ years (608) years (9-11_ years, (12-14) years, (15-17) years, (18-20) years, and 21 years and above, in sex distribution. (male and female), in predisposing factors and in any other factor affecting it and also their anatibiotic sensitivity pattern. The samples collected were plated out to on Mac conkey agar, Blood agar, Perory citrate agar (DCA) and further examination was done such as motility test gram staining and some brolhemoceltest like citrate, on and catalyset test foar confirmation. The results obtained from 250 patients smaples, 199 were positive pathogens and 51 were negative out of which 97 (48.890) were staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus was arecorded as the organism that was the highest prevelence while galmorella species has the lowest prevalence 3(1.5%) In this study. The sensivity patttern of the isolated organisms results show that pseudomonas aeruginosa is resistant to more drugs than the staphylococcus aureus and escherichris coli. Msot organisms were sensitive ato ciprofloxacillin, Amplicillin, Oxfloxacillin, Erythroylin, Cotrimoxazole.

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 complication
1.2 Aim and objectives
1.3 Statement of problems
1.4 The significance of study
1.5 Hypothesis
1.6 Scope of study
1.7 Limitation

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 general incidence to wound sepsis
2.2 Actiological agends of wound sepsis
2.3 Diagnosis and pathogenesis of wound sepsis
2.4 Epideomology of wound sepsis
2.5 Age and sex incidence
2.6 Predisposing factor of wound sepsis
2.7 Chemo therapy of wound sepsis

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and methods
3.1 materials and culture media used
3.2 Collection and processing sample
3.3 Method
3.4 Biochemical characterization isolates
3.5 Gram staining
3.6 Catalase test
3.7 Coagulase test
3.8 Motilidy test
3.9 Oxidse test
3.10 Indole test
3.11 Methyl red test
3.12 Phenylative deamination test
3.13 Citrase utilization test
3.14 Antibigram

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, suggestions, conclusions and recommendation.
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Suggestion
5.3 Conclusions
5.4 Recommendation

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

1. Subjects smapled accoridng to inpatients, out patients, age and sex distribution
2. Subjects sampled according to types of wounds, age and sex distribution
3. Paterns of organisms isolated in wounds sepsis in Enugu
4. Age and sex distribution of isolates in wound sepsis
5. Bacterial pathogens causing wound sepsis in patients with sickle cell disease in Enugu
6. Pattern of bacterial pathogens causing wound sepsis in patients with surgical wounds.
7. Bacterial isolated in patients with Gunshot wound sepsis
8. Bacterial isolated from patients with diabetes ulcers
9. Antibiogram of bacterial isolates from wound sepsis in Enugu
10. Biochemical reactions and identifications and identification test on bacterial isolates from wound sepsis in Enugu

 

 

LIST OF FIGURES

1. showing organisms isolated from wound sepsis in Enugu (piechart)
2. Bacterial pathogenesis causing wound sepsis in patients with sickle cell disease
3. Bacterial pathogens causing wound sepsis in the patients with surgical wounds (Barcharts)
4. Bacterial isolates from patients with gunshot wound (bar chart)
5. Bacterial isolates from patients with diabetic ulcer (Bar chart)

 

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Wound is any interruption, by violence or by surgery, in the continuity of the external surfaces of the body or of the surface of any internal or pan (madonald, 1990). According to him, legally, the whole thickness of the skin must be broken, and creating an internal injury wound. Is also a breach of a coetaneous, mucous or serious surface (Charles 1979). Wound can also be defied as injury to the skin or underlying tissues or organs by a blow or cut, missile or stab which includes injury to the skin caused by chemicals, cold, friction, heat, pressure and rays, and manifestation in the skin of internal conditions such as pressure sure and ulcers (Roper 1989).

Wound sepsis is the infection of wound by phylogenic organisms (Roper, 1989). Wounds can be divided into Many types which includes (a) Incised wounds: which are produced by sharp scuttling instruments (There is aponeuetic fascia of the scalp and most operations wounds are of a this category, Lacerased wounds which may be produced in category, Lacerased wounds which may be produced in road accidents, by factory machinery. This type of wound is frequently contaminated and it supplies an excellent culture medium for microorganisms. There is more pain than in an incised wound but bleeding may not be severe due to constriction of blood vessels. Punctured wound which may be inflicted by sharp instrument, nails, edge’s teeth, knives and bullets. These wounds are specially susceptible to injection from anaerobic organisms as those causing tetanus and gas gangrene which start thriving when the aerotic organisms such as staphylococcus and streptococcus have used up the available oxygen in the deep tissues.

Poisoned wounds are those which occurs as a result of insect strings, snake bites and dog bites and the inject bites produce swelling. Irritation and dis-comfort caused and devitalized wounds are those that result for industrial and severe road accidents and the area and depth of devitalized tissue depends upon the area and weight of the coushing force and the duration and velocity of impact.
Burns and scalids which results from the destruction of tissue by dry heat fraction, electricity radiation or corrosive fluid while scald results from the destruction of tissue by mist heat. Bruise and confusion is a superficient injury without damage to the skin and the swelling, pain and dis comfort are dye to the extra-vacation of blood into tissues. Colour changes occur as a result of the moglobin oxidatron.

Haematoma is the collection of blood in the tissues which causes a swelling which when pressed on surrounding structures, the haemotoma become readily injected by micro-organism
Sprain is another wound type which involves the tearing of the capsule and ligaments round a joint with subsequent exudation of fluids.

Wounds cab further be classified into clean wounds with the amount of contamination being up 30% or more in dirty wounds. The class I (clean) wounds which are non traumatic with no break in surgical technique without any septic folus or viscera being opened. Classs II (clean contaminated) wounds are non traumatic, with only minor breaker own in technique being allowed orentry into a vucous without significant spillage. The class III (contaminated) are traumatic wounds froma relatively clean source, or with a major break in technique or significant spillage from an open viscous, or when acute non- purulent infection is encountered. Class IV (dirty) wounds are frammatic wounds from a dirty source following delayed treatment or when acute bacterial contamination and releases of pus occur.

Micro organism of clinical importance can be isolated from wounds and they include Achinomyces

 

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ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY

(A CASE STUDY OF PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINIC AT UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL. (UNTH, ENUGU)

 

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LIST OF TABLES
Pages
TABLE 1: Distribution of pregnant Women by age 34

TABLE 2: Calculation of the mean of age distribution 34
TABLE 3: distribution of patients according to their
occupation 36

TABLE 4: Distribution of patient according to their
educational level 37

TABLE 5: Distribution of patients according to severity 39
TABLE 6: Distribution of patients according to gestational age 41

TABLE 7: Distribution of calls according to associated
Conditions 42

TABLE 8: Relation of incidence of anaemia in
pregnancy outline of patients 42

TABLE 9: Relation of the incidence of anaemia in
pregnancy to outline of baby 42-43

TABLE 10: Relation of incidence of anaemia in pregnancy
to birth weight of baby 43

TABLE 11: Result of PCV, Hb and ESR test at
University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu

Plate 1: practical demonstration with haematocrit centrifuge 62

Plate 2: Blood samples and ESR set-up 62

ABSTRACT

The study on anaemia in pregnancy is aimed at determining packed cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (Hb) level and Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of pregnant women, as well as the selferity, significance of maternal, age, educational level, occupation and gestational age to the occurrence of anaemia in pregnancy managed, diagnosed and admitted at the university of Nigeria teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu. The result showed that most of the patient had moderate to secure anaemia and that the cases were commonest in the age range 25-29 years. Most of the patient were housewives and low level civil servants who lived in middle and lower class residential area ad who had no formal education. Anaemia in pregnancy was seen to occur most commonly in the third trimester. It occurred all through the year, but mostly in the wet season and had the greatest positive association with malaria and nutritional deficiency. Anaemia in pregnancy was seen not to be rampant in our today’s society due to the small number that tested positive Anaemia in pregnancy was also seen not to have any effect on birth weight of babies.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Epidemology
Classification
Types of Anaemia
Pathophysiology
Aims and Objectives
Statement of Problems
Limitations/Scope
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Glucose – 6 – Phosphate
Ineffective Condition

CHAPTER THREE
Materials and method
Collection of Samples
Sterilization
Determination of Packed cell volume
Determination of Haemoglobin (Hb)
Determination of Erythrocyte
Sedimentation rate (ESR)
Determining the significance of age, Educational level, etc
Method of Data collection
Method of data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
Results
Distribution of pregnant women
Distribution of patients according to their occupation
Distribution of patients according to their educational level
Distribution of patients according to severity.

CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion
Distribution
Distribution pregnant women by age
Percentage of Anaemia in pregnancy etc.

CHAPTER SIX
Conclusion / Recommendations
Action by the Government etc.
References
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION: The world health organisation (WHO) index for anaemia in pregnance is when the haemoglobin level in the peripheral blood is Hg/dl or less. However, from practical experience in tropical obstetrics it is generally accepted that anaemia in pregnancy Exist when the Haemoglobin level is less than in loglde or the packed cell volume less than 30%

EPIDEMOOGY:
Anaemia in pregnancy presents a world-wide problem but it is uncommon in developed world. the importance of anaemia in pregnancy in the tropics lies firstly in its greatly increased incidence, and secondly in the seventy of the anaemia with which the patients commonly present for treatment. Both combine to make this complication of pregnancy a major cause of matanal and fetal death in the tropics. A third important problem posed by anaemia in the tropics is polymorphism. In almost all cales, the anaemia is caused by multiple factors whole individual importance varies from area to area. This makes rational prophylaxis and treatment much more difficult. Complicaion of pregnancy in the for at belt of West Africa, between January and April 1955. it was directly responsible for more than 20% of all matanal deaths in patients under the car of the Department of obstetrics, university college Hospital, Ibadan. It also contributed to many other deaths from Antepartum haemorrhage, postpartum haemorrhage and puerperal sepsis. In Nigeria it is a frequent complication, its incidence is high and its severity is staggering. The clinical feathers of anaemia in pregnancy in Nigeira are different from those encountered in temperate countries not only because of the severity of symptoms but also because of the concomitant autuminosis such as marked glossitis, Angular stomatitis and associated gross hepatomegly. Agbola A. (1991)

CLASSIFICATION
Anaemia in pregnancy could be mild, moderate or severe based on the haemoglobin level in the peripheral blood as well as the clinical manifestations and the management would differ for each.

TYPES OF ANAEMIA HB LEVEL
Mild Anaemia in pregnancy 9-Hg/dl
Moderate Anaemia in pregnancy 7-9g/dl
Severe Anaemia in pregnancy 7g/dl

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
For haemoglobin and Red blood cell synthesis, iron, folate, vitamin Biz and Vitamin c, trace elements like cobate and copper, and proteins are required. Erythroporetin produced by the renal parenchyma stimulates the bone marrow to increase erthropesis which is one of the noticeable physiological changes in pregnancy. Barnes, F.C (1994).
In the non-pregnant female, the total body is about 3.5-kg. 2/3 of this is Haemoglobin another ¼ is in the body stores and the remaining is in the tissue and plasma. Iron is stored in the liver and spleen as femitin and in bone marrows haemosiderin. Iron in the serum is bound to transfer in, a B1 – globulin and transfers is only 1/3 saturated with iron.

A good diet provides about 10-15mg of iron per a day and only 10% of this is absorbed. Iron is mainly absorbed in the duedenuim and to some extent in the upper jejunum. The absorption is influenced by dietary phosphates, phytaces, ascorbic acid, sugars especially frutole, Hell in the stomach and gastric factors namely factors I, II and II, iron is lost in the bile, urine, fences, sweat and during menstruation. About 1-2mg of iron is lost dail…

 

 

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