COMMUNICATION AS A MAJOR TOOL IN DIRECTING FUNCTION OF MANAGEMENT

(A CASE STUDY OF NIPOST ORGANIZATION, ENUGU)

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ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research project is to reveal communication as a major tool in directing Functions of management, both primary and secondary data were used to elicit information from the sample studied the primary source of data were response from questionnaire and personal interview, while secondary source were form text-books on communication and periodicals.

One hundred questionnaires were distributed to the sample of the staff and management of the organization. There were ninety percent returned and 10% unreturned.

The study revealed that there is no effective channel of communication in the organization.

The investigation reviled that also that the organization takes grapevine information very important.

The researcher finally made a far researching recommendation which includes that there should be an effective channel of communication in the organization.

The researcher also recommends that the junior staff should be given chance to communicate face to face to discuss their problems.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION

• General Background to the Subject Matter
• Problems Associated with the Subject Matter
• Problems that the Study will be Concerned with
• The importance of Studying the Area
• Definition of Important Terms
• Reference

CHAPTER TWO:      

    LITERATURE REVIEW

• The origin of the Subject Matter
• Schools of Thought Within the Subject Area
• The School of Thought Relevant to the Problem of Study
• Different Methods of Studying the Problem
• Summary
• References

CHAPTER THREE:      CONCLUSION

• Data Presentation
• Analysis of the Data
• Recommendation
• Conclusions

CHAPTER ON

INTRODUCTION

Communication is basic to the existence and survival of any human organization.

As a fundamental tool in management, it has been a primary concern to administrators in all-human institutions, be it business, military, government, education, hospital, research and so on. Whenever there are two or more persons working towards the achievement of set objectives or goals, success will naturally not to achieve if the importance of communication is neglected.

Danyer, (1972) defined management as “being concerned with the direction and control of an enterprises and involves planning and directing of the work of others”. These managerial function cannot be successfully carried out in the absence of a good communication network.

Peter 1955 (pg.112) in his book entitled “The practice of management” pointed out that “ a manager can only make his objective effective by communicating then to the subordinates whose performances required to attain then. He further emphasized that not do decisions have to be made, but they have to be communicated to whom it is meant to know what is expected of then.

In his own contribution, Chese (1984:p.78) postulated that “there is an increasing need for effective employee communication system if the firm is to achieve success?  He explained that” management is realizing that in order to maintain output for the firm, communication channels in the firm must be modern, effective and as humanly personal as possible”

The impact of communication in business organization and or on human being is very enorious. Communication consists for more than telling people things or what to do until a manager learns to understand and becomes skilled in the basic process of transmitting and receiving information he cannot possibly lead or motivate the work in the manner required to set the work done more effectively.

We often communicate unknowingly as others observe our actions and facial experience and drive inferences or conclusions from. “Expert have shown that the percentage of time allocated to communicate is very high ranging from 75% of our warring hours. Five percent of this time is spent in writing 10% increasing, 35% in talking are 50% in listening.

It is therefore not surprising to note that poor communication breeds, spreads and is always the root of organisational problems.

Decision-making is possible without communication effectiveness of communication in any organization breed’s motivation and high moral on employees with its attendant increase in productivity and profitability which is always the major objective of many business.

From all indications, communication is of paramount important in dealing with the human factors throughout his stay in the organization from recruitments to retirement.

Communication integrates the management function and relates it to both internal and external environment. Every system must have interaction and cohesiveness between its sub- system if the to the complex is to accomplish its objectives.

• THE GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

The Nigeria Postal Services (NIPOST), Started as the postal branch of the posts and Telecommunications Department in 1851, when it was established in Lagos on an arm of the British Post Office.

The primary aim was to organize- well co- ordinate correspondent and remittance between the British Armed forces and consulted in Lagos, Benin Delta areas, the home government and people in Britain. Internal aim conveyance of mails started in 1931 when the Royal Air force conveyed mails by air from Lagos to Port Harcourt and Warri  “Nigeria was admitted into the universal postal union (UPU) on the 10^th July 1961.

“The posts and Telecommunication Department was later split into two in 1985. This gave birth to Nigeria Telecommunication limited (NITEL)”,

Nipost became a statutory department in the ministry of communications the same year within this period the department was largely a social service oriented organization. Its services were labour- intensive but with low revenue yielding capacity.  These it was dependent on government for it’s funding in order meet up with its current and capital expenditure.

Today, Nipost has adopted a new structure and in therefore a fully autonomous corporation. Its policy control has been completely served or removed from the parent ministry of communication. The a acronyms  “Nipost” now means “Nigerian Postal service” as against “Nigerian Postal Service Department” that it was before the autonomous status.

This development was eshunicated by decree No. 41 of 1992. The social service implication of the organization to barely m5%.

PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY OF NIPOST

“The primary responsibility of Nipost is established by the decree No. 18 of 1989” were to deal with postal professional and policy issues as:-

1. Exploration of additional sources for postal revenue
2. Review of postal tariff.
3. Strategy to promote development and maintenance of efficient, co-ordinates and economic postal services.
4. World –wide provision of highly dependable postal link between and among manager’s nations of the universal postal union without discrimination to race.
5. Provision of efficient counter and remittance services in the state of postage stamps, sales of money and postal orders, sales of international postal pay, coupon and post office registered envelope.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURAL OF NIPOST

The Nigerian postal services is headed by post master- General of the federation who is assisted by five Deputy post master General as follows:-

• DPMG =  Corporate Services
• DPMG =  Operations Planning
• DPMG =  Finance and Investment
• DPMG =  Engineering and Technical Services
• DPMG =  Territorial Administration.

There are also units Heads called the senior Assistant Postmaster General (SAPMG), who also report direct to the postmaster General. These are as follows:-

• SAPMG =    In-charge of internal Audit.
• SAPMG =  In-charge of investigation and  security
• SAPMG =   In-charge of commercial

units/public Relation.

• SAPMG =  In-charge of Legal unit
• SAPMG =  In-charge of Data processing
• SAPMG =  In-charge of corporate Planning.

We equally have some Assistant Postmaster- General in-charge within the organization structure.

At the territorial level, the chief Executive is known by the functional title of area Postal manager (APM). He is assisted by Branch/unit Heads. The Branch/unit Heads includes-Domestic operation, personnel Administration, Investigation and securing, Accounts, Internal Audit, Stores, Project Execution/workshop, Commercial unit/Public Relations etc.

At the Districts level, the functional heads are know as the Head Postmasters, report direct to the Area Postal Manager of their various territories.

• PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SUBJECT MATTER

This research work will try to find answers to following questions:

1. a) How effective is communication channels in NIPOST organization?

b)         Do subordinates atimes fail to communicate to managers/supervisors

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THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN AIRTEL MOBILE COMMUNICATION

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This chapter contain the following, the background of the study, statement of the problem objective of the study as well as significance, it also mainly for statement of hypothesis which is a testable, tentative propitiation that explain relation between two or more variable or phenomenon.

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AIRTEL
Airtel as it is known today is not what is knonw as when it started operation. The company stated as Econet, later to Vodacom from tehvodacom the name was changed to V-mobile, from V-Mobile to celtel from celtel Airtel and finally from Airtel to aritel.

Airtel as a company began mobile operation in 198, and since then, they have built network in 15 countries, under license that cover more than a third of the population of Africa.

Their original holding company, MSI cellular investment, change its name to celtel international in January 2004. The Kaduna branch of Airtel which commenced operation in 1998 is located at Yakubu Gowon way, opposite zenith Bank Plc 11 kaduna, it also serve as the regional headquarters.

Mission
Airtel mission is to be Africa’s most desirable network, putting guide, clear and reliable technology into the hands of bustling population.

Carrier
Airtel is a dynamic place to work and they offer excellent carrier paths for talented and motivated people. They are especially taken to hear from people with experience in:

– Finance
– Legal
– Marketing
– Commercial and operational management
– Human resources management

All the candidates need to demonstrate experience, training and qualification.
Airtel is an international company, at the last count, the head office staff comprised 35 different nationalist so traveling or relocation may be a requirement. In November 2003, celtel as then known were proud to receive recognition of their commitment to the communities they serves when they won the SME around.

Airtel Kaduna branch as started earlier commenced operation in 1998 to expand the network in Nigeria, attending to customers with problem and also serve as the north west regional headquarters, in 2007 celtel Kaduna branch cease to be the north west regional headquarters, it was shifted to Kano. This is because Kano has the highest customers.

Airtel Kaduna Branch has about a hundred staff including expatriates, managerial, senior and peripheral staff these staff are train as the need demands.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In must organizations today, productivity of employee is far below standard, some organization incurs a lot of lost inform of wastage cause by mistake arising from the worker inability to perform his job effectively. Another major problem face by organization due to the lack of training and development programmes, in job dissatisfaction most employees don’t find it easy in doing the job assign to them, because they don’t have the necessary skill needed to make them handle such job.

One major problem, is the increase rate of labour turnover in an organization as a result of the worker inability to satisfyingly accomplishing the task assign to him or her.

The above mentioned problem has nothing good to offer to the organization rather than decrease in services delivery which is turn affects the overall performance of the organization. It is therefore, base on the existing problem that the researcher is motivated to undertake this study in order to analyze the problem and provide useful…

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THE IMPACT OF PRODUCTION PLANNING AND CONTROL ON OPERATIONAL COST OF THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

(A Case Study of Nigeria Bottling Company Plc, Kaduna)

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ABSTRACT

This research work was designed to examine at the impact of production planning and control in manufacturing company as a primary function of production management. Consequently, it integrates the planning and control activities with other managerial activities. The project views the production planning and control in the context of the business operation and consistently relates this function of management to relevant activities in production marketing and finance departments. It urges that in most business operations to day lack of planning in unit, section, department or organisation as a whole leads to over production or under production and some time complete failure of the business organisation especially in the production planning and control department. Planning in the organisation hierarchy, size and product. The project stresses the immense value attached to production planning and control as well as its application of systematic planning techniques, on the of overall production operations management. The study is also brings to light the importance of production planning and control and the role of forecasting in production management

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 1
1.1 Background Setting of the Study – – – – 3
1.2 Statement of the Problems – – – – – 5
1.3 Objectives of the Study – – – – – – 6
1.4 Hypothesis – – – – – – – – 7
1.5 Scope of the study – – – — – – – 8
1.6 Significance of the study – – – – – – 9
1.7 Definition of Key Terms – – – – – – 10

CHAPTER TWO Literature Review
2.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 12
2.1 The Meaning of Production – – – – – 12
2.2 Production Planning – – – – – – 14
2.3 Production Design – – – – – – – 15
2.4 Short-Term Production Planning – – – – 20
2.5 Production Control – – – – – – – 21
2.6 Planning and Control – – – – – – 23
2.7 Relationship Between Planning and Control – – 28
2.8 Continuous Versus Intermittent Systems – – – 29
2.9 Production Design and Process Planning – – 30
2.10 Basic Alternative and Process Selection – – – 32
CHAPTER THREE: Research Methodology
3.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 36
3.1 Research Methodology – – – – – – 37
3.2 Area of Study – – – – – – – – 38
3.3 Research Population – – – – – – – 39
3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques – – – – 39
3.5 Instrument of Data Collection – – – – – 40
3.6 Validation of the Instruments – – – – – 42
3.7 Method of Data Collection – – – – – – 43
3.8 Data Analysis – – – – – – – – 44

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Presentation and Analysis of Data – – – – – 46
4.1 Testing Hypothesis – – – – – – – 62

CHAPTER FIVE:
5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations – – 65
5.1 Summary of Findings- – – – – – – 65
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 66
5.3 Recommendation s – – – – – – – 67
Bibliography – – – – – – – – 69
Appendix – – – – – – – – – 70

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Production planning and control are term that though commonly used have witness a lot of changes both in meaning and scope in the past few years. For example based on the extended view of production to include the provision of all sort of service production both as a discipline of study and as a profession can now be practiced in all king of organization.

As in other fields of management planning and control from the primary function of production management. It is for this reason that the research has decided to take a critical look at production planning and control as practiced in beverage industrial sector of the Nigeria economy.

This is informed by the variety of major product and beverage produced in the industry as exemplified by the Nigerian Bottling Company (NBC) Kaduna. Production can be regarded as the centre focus of any manufacturing concern. It is the stage where the real action takes place that is the transformation of raw materials (inputs) into finished products (outputs). The planning and control operations are necessary because in every manufacturing unit there are people, machine and material. There is the need to plan all expensive resources required for production in order to make effective use of them and maximize profit making for the organizations

Modern production is complex hence both technologically related operation and administrative activities must therefore be planned carefully to make account of all the possible restriction constraints and advantages. In planning to meet orders at less cost is the objects of production planning.

Production planning involves not only types of operation to be used but the order of these operation as well as a time of duration the operation should take and how the plan should be laid out.

This maiden chapter consider the background setting of the study. It defines the problem and objectives of the study. The hypothesis are formulated and the scope and limitation of the study defined. The chapter end with the significance of the study stated and key term defined.

1.1 BACKGROUND SETTING OF THE STUDY
Coca-cola is the world leading manufacturer of soft drinks sold in more than 145 countries. A total of 250 million bottles are consumed every day in all parts of the globe from Canada in the north to Argentina and new zeal end in the South from Alaska to china from Mexico to Nigeria. Coca-cola first came to Nigeria in 1953 when Nigeria Bottling Company set up the first plant in Lagos A.J. Leventist brought Coca-cola to Nigeria and he is the owner of Nigerian Bottling Company (NBC).

The first plant was built in Apapa, Lagos while Coco-cola Company was established in Kaduna in the year 1976 when bottling commenced. It was to the beginning of an exciting story of growth and development particularly during the last 10 years of the 20th century.
Nigerian Bottling of soft drink selling more than 6 million bottles per day this figure which is still growing with the continuing expansion of the existing 12 plants and the opening of brand new plant in various parts of the federation. Fanta by far the number one best seller in the orange segment and sprite is the most widely sold lemon lime drink in Nigeria other products bottled by NBC include Fanta ginger Ale, Fanta tonic, Fanta soda club soda and crest bitter lemon.

The success of Coca-cola has brought with it the development of a number of sister industries all contributing to the growth of the Nigerian economy the Delta Glass Company Ughelli which supplies million required to keep a large bottling company in operation and the crown product factory in ijebu-ode and Kano which manufacture the metal crown to seal the bottle.

The Benin plastic company which make the plastic crates for carrying the bottles in addition, the trucks which are familiar in many parts of the country delivering soft-drinks to more than sixty thousand dealers are sold assembled in Nigeria. Nigerian Bottling Company is also the largest manufacturer of Co2 in the country used for car…

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AFRICAN STANDBY FORCE: PROSPECTS FOR REGIONAL SECURITY 

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ABSTRACT

1. This research was carried out to analyse the concept of the African Standby Force (ASF) and its prospects for regional security on the African continent. Series of conflicts in Africa and their attendant problems have killed millions, destroyed property and hindered Africa’s growth. If African countries are to achieve any meaningful development, they must be relatively crises free. However, responsibility for security in Africa is devolving to African states and sub-regional organizations.

2. Several conflicts on the continent have shown that the UN and the developed countries are slow to react to conflicts in Africa, especially where their national interests are not affected. Thus Africa can no longer fold its arms and watch from the sidelines while conflicts continue to ravage the continent. Moreover, Africa is the major loser from such conflicts. The need to find an African solution to African problems thus gave birth to the ASF.

3. The ASF is a system whereby troops are kept ready for rapid deployment to conflict areas. The establishment of the ASF reaffirmed the determination and commitment of African leaders to handle African problems themselves. The very existence of the ASF and the knowledge that it would be effectively used would serve as deterrence to would-be trouble makers across the continent. Furthermore, the ASF would greatly reduce the response time for international intervention in conflict situations. This is necessary to ‘nip conflicts in the bud’ and prevent further bloodshed and suffering.

4. The descriptive research method was used for the study. The study examines the security challenges confronting the AU and how the ASF can help combat these challenges. The study also examines the progress so far made in establishing the ASF and strategies to fully operationalise the ASF.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND

Security can be construed in terms of the ability of individual citizens to live in peace with access to basic necessities of life, at the same time participating fully in societal affairs in freedom and enjoying all fundamental human rights (The Kampala Document: Towards a Conference on Security, Stability, Development and Cooperation in Africa). Security is indisputably a first order value for all mankind. McNamara offered a broad definition of security when he stated that ‘security means development’           (McNamara, 1968:149). Security can therefore be conceptualised as a precursor to development and although not entirely dependent on military activity, it is tightly intertwined with it and cannot exist without it. According to Imobighe, ‘the amount of security a nation enjoys is a reflection of its defence system’ (Imobigbe, 2003:170). Similarly, Lippmann posits that ‘a nation has security when it does not have to sacrifice its legitimate national interests to avoid war and is able, if challenged to, to maintain them by war’ (Baylis, 2001:255). This implies that military security is important and indeed forms the bedrock on which all other forms of security rest.

Africa’s security problems can be traced to the era of slave cartelization when European slave merchants freely terrorized the continent. This was closely followed by colonization wherein the indigenous defence systems were removed to emplace imperialism. Since then, Africa has become an exporter of raw materials and cheap labour and an importer of finished goods. This exploitation continued until the outbreak of World War II (WWII) in 1939. The end of WWII in 1945 saw the emergence of two superpowers, the United States of America (USA) and the United Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR). The subsequent Cold War which ensued between these superpowers lasted                         from 1945-1990. Within this period, the superpowers fought by proxy, with many African countries as pawns in their power struggle. Dictatorships, overtly or covertly supported by one or the other superpower, usurped power through coups d’etat and maintained repressive regimes. This inevitably led to counter coups, usually supported by the opposing superpower.

The resultant vicious circle of dictatorships, sit-tight rulers, coups and counter coups, coupled with illiteracy, absence of…

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