FAMILY PLANNING

ABSTRACT

In the olden days, it was a well-known facts, that a rich and wealth man is known by the number of children and yam barns he had. (Greater in number) but recently, the reverse is the case, in that a rich and wealth man is known as a man with lesser number of children who he takes greater care of.

The mass media had played a contributory role recently to educate parents in particular and the public in general of family planning programmes. This work however, is on how the mass medial family planning programmes have reached the target audience the moreover, how they feel about it.

The research work has gone to prove that the family planning programmes as show on the screen or listed to by the audience had in one way or the other changed the attitude of some families positively towards child spacing.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE                                                                                   II

ABSTRACT                                                                          III

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                1

• Background

1.2       Brief history of family planning

1.3       Statement of problem

• Purpose of the study
• Significance of the study
• Scope of the study
• Research questions

1.8A    Hypothesis

1.8B    Assumption

1.9       Definition of terms

• Operational and theoretical framework

CHAPTER TWO

SOURCES

• Rules of the media and programme strategies
• Summary of literature review

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

• Research design
• Research sample
• Measuring instrument
• Data collection

CHAPTER FOUR

• Analyses and resume
• Hypotheses test
• Results
• Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTURE STUDY

• Summary
• Recommendation for future study

BILIOGRAPHY                                                                               42

APPENDIX

QUESTIONNAIRE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND

Family planning as a concept of world social order is as old as man.

It could be said to be a means of population control other then by disease, war, or other natural and man made disasters.

The term “family panning” was only applied to this ageless phenomenon when the social effects of abandoned babies, clue to illegal abortion and problem of outsize poor families began to seriously bother the mind of sociologists, health workers and governments.

Family planning has received media coverage around the world since it’s inception in 1916. Initially people reacted against it, due to misconception and ignorance of aim and values of family planning, but as the issue develop, it clear the people’s eyes and their perception more enlightened.

Internationally, the United Nation (UN) through an agency, the world health organization (WHO) has championed the publicity campaign for the introduction and the development modification and sometimes outright discontinuation of some aspect to the family planning qualified media coverage and manifested the importance of population in planning for world demographic and Economics distribution.

• BRIEF HISTORY OF FAMILY PLANNING

The origin of family planning can bee traced to the concern shown by two sisters Margaret sanger (1966-1976) married and her sister Ethel, on the tremendous loss of lives usually involving schools gulls and woman during childbirth.

Sanger who was trained as a nurse carried out a very courageous crusade against the legal system in the united state of American in the early part of the country to get abortion legalized. She was known to have developed the phrase “Birth control” to and have set up clinics in 1916.

Another, woman, Marie Stapes, followed Margaret’s steps seven years later by setting up a “Birth control” clinics in London in 1923. It was not until 1952, that family planning made it’s first imprint on the international scene in the year, an international conference of family planning was held in Bombry on November 29^th, This was the birth of the international planning parenthood federation (IPDF) under the joint chairmanship of Margaret Sanger and Lady Ranca Rau.

Meanwhile, the acceptance of family planning as a practice has show at the first time.

Sweden, because of the first world action of family planning came in twenty-four years after the birth “IPPE” in 1976 and sixty years alter Sanger opened the first “Birth control clinic”. It was funds to the united nation funds for population activities (UNFPA).

During the long period of uncertainty in the development and acceptance of family planning the phenomenon was widely regarded believed to be a public health exercise designed to improve the health of the mother and child in the family, it was only later when scientist (social and physical) began to take more interest in the issue that it began to be strictly associated with an aim at population control, in conjunction with the General improvement of family health and consequently national and world health.

The development of the world and national economic also depend very much on the planning the uses population in his famous essay on the principles of population 1798. He said that population was increasing faster than the rate of which food was being produces.

He postulated that the world economics order was developing in arithmetical progression. 1,2,3, while population was increasing in geometrical progression 2,4, and 6.This assertion corroborated with the world population growth rate project as show in charts AP.

Today, family planning is a worldwide activity, implemented and financed by the PPFN.

In Nigerian, the planed parent-hood federation of Nigerian (PPFN) formerly known as the family planning council of Nigerian (FPCN) was established in 1960 as a reaction and social welfare profess to the prevailing social and health relate problems of the time. These problems include child dumping unwanted pregnancies leading to illegally induced abortions and morality (death) resulting from too closely spaced pregnancies.

The proposal to establish the family planning council of Nigerian was considered after the occurrence to two tragic cases septic abortion of 1957. These cases attracted the attention of the marriage guidance council in Lagos to existing family planning problems.

As a result this, a committee was set up to investigate the need for family planning services in the country. The reports of this committee revealed that it was a common practice among married and unmarried woman with unwanted pregnancies to commit illegal abortion. Family planning services was therefore needed to stop or reduce it (abortion).

In 1962 Miss. Edith Gate of the pathfinder find visited Nigerian and met with the members of the National council of woman societies (NCNS). This led to the setting up of a family planning committee with the responsibilities for family planning activities and marriage counseling.

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ABSTRACT

The media as the fourth estate of the re realm in any democratic society is one saddled with so many constraints. Some of such constraints are those that have to do with the ethical practice of the profession . Journalism as a profession, has its do’s and don’ts and some of these ethical pose a serious constraint to the practice of journalism.

The law of the land sometimes pose a problem to the smooth flow of communication and as such to the practice of journalism.

The attitude of the masses as it relate to journalists and their profession is also one of the major constraints faced in the profession

The misconception of many, even some learned people of the full scope of what the journalistic practice is all about is also one of the constraints faced by the profession.

These and many other are some of the ethical and professional constraints faced in the journalistic practice and as such corrective measures need to be taken.

It should be noted that the above listed constraints can and should be expatiated upon for the full import of the constraints can be appreciated by all.

This project thus seeks to look into all the above visited constraints, see ways by which these constraints can be managed and also look at ways by which most of them can be removed in its entirety .

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Certification page

Approval page

Acknowledge

Dedication

Abstract

Table of contents

List of tables

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

• Statement of the problem
• Objectives of the problems

1.3 Research questions

1.4 Significance of the study

1.5 Delimitation’s 9

1.6 Conceptual Definition of terms 13

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Communication

2.2 Qualities of a good press

2.3 History of journalism

2.4 Origin of the Nigerian press

2.5 Impact of journalism practice

2.6 Jou4rnalism an agent of social mobilization

2.7 The role of the press

CHAPTER THERE

3.0 Introduction

3.1 The population of the study

3.2 Sample size and procedure

3.3 Instrument for Data collection

3.4 Method of Data Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Introduction

• Data presentation

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Summary

5.2 finding

5.3 Recommendation

5.4 Conclusion

Appendix

Bibliography.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

• Background to the Study

Journalism can be defined as the work or activity of writing, managing or producing newspapers or journals containing news and information for public consumption one who regularly contribute to the periodical press whether as his chief means of livelihood or part the occupation is a journalist

The world of the mass media embrace more than the press or newspapers and journals well as those works who engage in news gathering presentation or preparation for the electronic media ie radio and television

Thus the principal duties of a journalist include, to inform, educate, entertain and also spotlighting social ills in our social. Hence, journalistic practice embraces much more than these in practical terms.

Apparently, journalism is only one part of the broadcasting media, the journalistic also include public Reelections and advertising whichever area you may wish to specialized will involved journalistic skill of communicating effectively in writing to a mass audience consequently, a sound public relation pardoner should know all what it takes to writing for the press

The press is a general term for both the print and electronic media is the foremost function of the print media is to offer to its teeming readers and listeners current news of event that happen at home and abroad .

Thanks to modern inventions of telegraphs and wire communications of which enable us receive fresh and up- to- date report of recent happenings even in distance a mere news sheet as it is described in the time past. But recent time of technological advancement and democracy’s it has metamorphosis newspapers, provide not critical, but also comments, analyses and critical discussions which could be social, economic and political

On the other hand, journalism offer a forum for other areas of public interest for people in various spheres life that suffer neglect. Such people can conveniently air grievances with the help of the press Some new papers deal exclusively on special subject area like religious , sports , arts , entertainment, science and technology.

Beside the powerfulness of the press, a strange psychology works behind the news papers. The ordinary man is always curious for news and views about his own environment which however makes him rely solely on the press. The news expressed through editorial comments are usually accepted   by vast millions of readers. Here lies the power of the journalistic Government on their own too also perceived the efficacy of the noble journalistic practice as very helpful in measuring the wishes and aspiration of the people. A moral and honest journalist does a great deal of good by guarding public opinion on the right part or direction. On the alternative if the journalist represent truth as his basis principle and indulge in factual, reports, then he does a great harm to public morals.

The journalist noses for where the most interesting and important events has taken place so that he/ known she can publish it. Sometimes the leading journalist may become well known, thereby becoming important personalities themselves. Not every journalist can reach the top of the noble career but those that has the opportunity of presenting exciting, educative, factual and entertaining stories. It is sometimes asked whether the journalists are born or made. This may apply to the poet or the artist and not the journalist. The are made with the help of specialized training coupled with a sound academic knowledge. Broadcast journalism requires the casting of music and speeches and news in all directions from a transmitting station by the process of a wireless telephone. There are no wire but sounds passes by “either” into our ears through a receiving transmitter called the radio set consequentially broadcasting until recently was virtually westernized. These western cultures were transmitted to us through movies, documentaries, dramas, and music. CNN and sky television report more news, commentaries

THE INFLUENCE OF NEWSPAPER POLITICAL REPORTS ON THE VOTING  BEHAVIOUR OF ENUGU  LOCAL GOVERNMENT ELECTORATES

1.1     Background of the study

1.2     Statement of Research

1.3     Objective of the study

1.4     Significance of the study

CHAPTER TWO:        REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

2.1     Source of literature

2.2     The review

2.3     Summary of review

BCHAPTER THREE: GENERATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

3.1     Research hypothesis

3.2     Assumption of the study

3.3     Scope and Limitation of study

3.4     Conceptual Definition

3.5     Operational Definition

CHAPTER FOUR:       METHODOLOGY:

4.1     Research methodology

4.2     Research Design

4.3     Population and sample

4.4     Data collection

CHAPTER FIVE:        DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT:

5.1     Data analysis

5.2     Test of hypothesis

5.3     Interpretation of data

CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION:

6.1     Summary

6.2     Recommendation

Notes / Bibliography

ABSTRACT

This study is aimed at finding out the influence of Newspaper political Reports on the voting Behaviour of Electorates. It aimed at determining through opinion survey, the degree at which the voting behaviour of electorates is effected by their exposure to newspaper political report, using Enugu state local Government Areas (North and South) as a case study.

An empirical survey of five (5) of the twenty (20) wards in Enugu local Government was conducted. Two newspapers Daily Star and the Newsman were used while collecting the data in determining the influence, their political reports have on the voting behaviour of their audience readers.

The sample was randomly selected across five of the twenty wards to find out those who voted during the Governorship Election of March 2003, using stratified sampling technique in terms of the location.

For the theoretical framework and guide for the study, related literature especially in mass communication, psychology and political science, were extensively reviewed. Moreover, three-research hypothesis were tested and analyzed, using statistical table and simple percentages.

As regards the results, it has been discovered through this study, that newspaper political reports have some effects on the voting behaviour of Enugu electorates.

Similarly the exposure of the electorates to newspaper political reports creates certain awareness on them.

Meanwhile, the study showed that a combination of factors like interpersonal communication, party affiliation, information from other media, in addition to newspaper political reports, were the principal determinants of the voting behaviour of Enugu electorates. Finally, the finding of this study will be of help to politicians, political reporters and media executives in determining how to channel their political messages to achieve desired effects.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of study:

It is a commonly held view that mass media play unquantifiable roles in matters of public interest, public opinion and formation of attitude. According to James Curran et al (1977), “pioneer investigators accepted popular impressions of the media as omnipotent and capable of being employed for manipulative purposes”, Thus, Edwin Emery et al (1974), said, “newspapers everywhere are available channels through which political leaders express their views and seek to rally public backing for their policies”.

Many researchers have been conducted on the effects of mass media on the audience. The unfortunate thing, however, is that none of these studies has bothered on the effect of newspaper political messages on the audience. This is pertinent, especially as newspaper predates all the other media of mass communication as well as exerts tremendous impact on the society.

The newspaper performs the primary functions of informing, entertaining, educating, and serving the propaganda needs of the society, with regard to the propaganda needs of the society, the newspaper generally plays a critical role in National development, especially during political elections.

The powerful role of the press in political institution has also been highlighted by the great American leader, George Washing ton. He once remarked that if he were asked to choose between a government without the press, or press without government, he would opt for the latter. According to Sunday Olagunju, a columnist with the Times International (September 23, 1985), “great leaders such as Lenin of Russia, Bismarck of Germany, Attorturk of Turkey, Napoleon Bonar parti of France and even Chamberlain of Britain, succeeded because of their unalloyed recognition of the powerful role of the press”.

The tremendous political knowledge generated by political reports in newspapers have probably had a lot of impact on the growth, quality and development of political activities in the society. This is given credence by frank Ugboaja, who asserted in his “communication policies in Nigeria” (1980), that “Nigeria therefore had its newspapers to fight the cold wars that eventually led to the lifting of the shackles of colonialisne on 1st October, 1960, after having been under British colonial tutelage for nearly half a country. Consequently, Nigeria gained her political independence on the powerful “wings” of the press.

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