THE INFLUENCE OF MASS MEDIA ON VOTING PATTERN OF NIGERIAN ELECTORATES (A CASE STUDY OF EMENE AUTHORITIES COMMUNITY)

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ABSTRACT

This research work border on the influence of mass media on voting patern of Nigerian electorate using Emene autonomous community as a case study.

This study took a deep look at such question as to ascertain if journalisty encounter problem in sustaining democracy and if Nigeria journalists makes any concerned effort to sustain democracy in Nigeria. It further examined the ownership pattern of the mass media and the content of mass media message on voting pattern of Nigeria electorate particular in Emene Enugu state during the last general election in Nigeria.

I used surely method in the actual execution of the study where by various aspects of information or data needed for the study were obtained. I conducted interviews among various people to which helped me to find how easily voter at Emene have their access to media and how they understand the massage particularly during general election in Nigeria.

In taking appropriate consideration of my work I decided to use simple ramdom sampling to enable each eligible voter in the population of equal chance of being selected. That was why I arranged my work in such a manner that could easily be understood. For instance chapter one is an introduction of the research work. Chapter two discussess “literature Review” while chapter three is the “Research methodology” chapter four talks about data analylsis and results where as the final or last chapter (five) takes a deep look at the summary and recommendation of the study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Approval Page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction

1.1     Background of the study

1.2     Statement of the research problem

1.3     Objective of the study

1.4     Significance of the study

1.5     Research question

1.6     Research hypothesis

1.7     Conceptual and operational definition of terms

1.8     Assumption

1.9     Limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Review of related literature

2.1     Source of literature

2.2     The review of the literature

2.3     Theoretical framework

2.4     Selected and related concepts

2.5     Summary of literature

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Research Methodology

3.1     Research Method

3.2     Research Design

3.3     Research Sample / Population

3.4     Measuring Instrument

3.5     Data Collection

3.6     Data Analysis

3.7     Expected Results

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Data Analysis and Result

4.1     Data Analysis

4.2     Result

4.3     Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Summary and Commendation

5.1     Summary

5.2     Conclusion

5.3     Recommendation

References

Bibliography

PROPOSAL

What we looked proposal in the chapter on project writing, it was seen as a write up on the overall intention of the research in which a researcher is able to put out clearly

1. What the study is all about.
2. How he intends to carry out the study and
3. What he expects at the end of the study”

( okenwa:1998:74)

In this research work, we will take a look at the background of the study by identifying the problem which Nigerian electorates in Emene autonomous community, encounter during elections.

Such problems will includes,

1. To know the extent of public relation activities that influence the voiting partern of Nigeria electorates in emene autonomous community
2. To know if there is a relationship between mass media and public relations. If yes,
3. To know if Nigeria electorates have access to media.
4. To know if ownership of public relation organization affect the content of public relations massages.
5. To know if there is two way communication flow between the electorates and those to be elected into different office in Nigeria.

 

Other problems not stated here might as well be looked into as the research work proceeds.

Another important step to be taken during this research work is to state the objective / purpose of this study. The objective / purpose of the study is to find out if public relation activities influence the voting pattern of Nigerian electorate, with particular reference in Emene Autonomous community.

If this research work is completed, it must use of appropriate research tools. These research tool includes such method of gathering data like, interview, questionnaire and appropriate consultation of expert work (printer materials) on this topic of study.

The researchers will use survey research method in carrying out this study. This will enable them to collect data for the purpose of describing a population too large to be observed directly.

The research ability to use this research method is also to interviews in such a manner that, they would be subjected to statistical analysis for the purpose of reading conclusion and providing solution to identified research problems.

Though, this research work will give the research some constraint eg time, money and limited research tools, the researchers having considered this, decided to use Emene autonomous community, as their scope of study.

They will also use theories that have a lot to do with the research topic in this study. Such theories live, agenda setting, theory, gate keeping theory uses and theoretical framework of this study.

At the end of this study, it is expected that enough logical conclusion would lead to the fact that, public relation influence the voting pattern of Nigeria electorates.

 

EFFECT OF TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATION ON MODERN COMMUNICATION

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ABSTRACT

This study was necessitated by information which can be desserninated to the overwhelming population, of the illiterates in Nigeria who reside both in rural and urban areas and how best journalists and media practitioners can properly combine the use traditional communication with modern communication for effective achievement of the ever dreams of Nigeria; which is the rural development, and national development.

The use of interview method of scientific research, which involves unplanned interview in order to elicit unbiased information from the respondents. Sixty people were made up of the sample chosen, so were rural dwellers of Ugwuaji Community in Enugu South Local Government of Enugu State, while the remaining 10 were journalists drawn from Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) Enugu and Enugu State broadcasting Station (ESBS) Radio Enugu State Five journalists were drawn from each media house.

These findings supported all the three hypothesis of the study. They confirmed the assumption that journalist do not use traditional communication in gathering and disseminating of information to the rural dwellers and illiterates that live in urban and suburban areas. Also confirmed that the use of traditional communication in modern journalism will enhance the government efforts in rural development, and the presence of traditional communication in our modern communication agenda has seriously contributed to the positive educational development, especially in relation to the rural areas. Based on the finding of this, a number of recommendations were made to the journalists and government. These recommendations include traditional mass communicators on need of traditional communication and learning the interpersonal communication and folk media, designing of communication modes, which combine traditional communication and modern communication for effective communication of information.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

• Background of the study
• Statement of the problem
• Objectives of the study
• Significance of the study
• Research question
• Conceptual and operational

Definition

• assumptions
• limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Review of related literature

• Sources of alternative
• Literature review
• Summary of literature review

References

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Research method

3.2 Research design

3.3 Research population and sample size

• Sampling procedure

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data analysis
• Results
• Research hypothesis
• Data presentation and tables
• Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

• Conclusion
• Recommendation
• Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Traditional communication system to all organized processes of production and exchange of information managed by rural communities, their tools, like traditional theater, masks and puppets performances, tales, proverb, riddles and song, should be seen as a cultural and endogenous response to different community which needs it for information, education, social protest and entertainment. These systems are often used to solve the contradiction between the need for exchange (development) of a rural community and the need to preserve its cultural values. After all, these values ensure that the changes are acceptable by all social groups of the community.

On the other hand, all communication processes based on media that are not created and managed by the rural community themselves, like radio, video and television, are not perceived as traditional and are considered external to the rural community.

INTERACTIVE POWER

          If there is in local communication system, the stress is always on their manipulative and top-down utilization. Unfortunately, the interactive and participatory quality of many traditional communication tools and media is rarely mentioned. Many development communication specialists and extension workers think that the simple use of traditional and media automatically guarantee people’s participation and the creation of a good communication channel with rural people. The problem is not “which one” of the many communication tools available should be unused, but rather “how” the media selected should be used. Infact, a critical analysis of the history of cross-cultural contact shows that African communication system have been used in the past by Christian missionaries, Muslim mullahs, colonial rulers and development workers to get messages across and to influence and change rural people’s behaviour.

          During the last 20-30 years live drama, puppet theatre and other popular and traditional modern have been used in a top-down

way, supporting educational campaign aiming to convince sedentary farmers and nomads live stock. People to adopt new techniques and “modern” values to change “traditional” way of life. In this case, traditional media are used much more as an extension tool than as an interactive communication channel.

          A different approach is followed by the traditional story-teller (griot) in Ogwa. He spontaneously adopts his own oral style to the listens reaction, the way to tell a story changes each time. A dialogue takes place between the griot and the public, which makes it an interactive communication tool with an important role for the public.

TRADITIONAL AND POPULAR THEATRE AND PEOPLE’S PATTICIPATION

          Very often villagers are made to watch a performance written by somebody from outside the village and/or played by professional actors (Epskonp 1989). In most cases this is a result of an old-fashion approach, were even a “popular” or “traditional”

 

 

AUDIENCE PERCEPTION OF THE CREDIBILITY OF FOREIGN AND LOCAL NEWS ORGANIZATIONS

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ABSTRACT

 

The thrust of thrust of this study was to ascertain how the credibility of our local news organization are being perceived by Nigerian audience, especially when they are compared with foreign news organization.

In general, I looked at those factors that militate against the news organizations to be perceived as being credible.

I raised a proposal in which I stated my interest and objective. I used survey research method in conducting this study.

My major objective is to ascertain if there is any significant differences between the audience perception of the credibility of foreign and local news organizations. And if there is, the factors that contribute to that, the implication and recommendations.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE                                                                                    I

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
• CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
• ASSUMPTIONS
• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• SOURCES OF LITERATURE
• INTRODUCTION
• THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
  • THE THEORY OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
  • THE THEORY OF SELECTIVE PERCEPTION AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
• SELECTED AND RELATED CONCEPTS THAT CHANGE THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE AUDIENCE PERCEPTION OF THE CREDIBILITY OF FOREIGN AND LOCAL NEWS ORGANIZATION
  • MEDIA CREDIBILITY
  • OBJECTIVITY AND MEDIA POWER IN

CRISIS PERIODS

• SYCOPHANCY
• COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
• SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• RESEARCH METHOD
• RESEARCH DESIGN
• RESEARCH SAMPLE
• MEASURING INSTRUMENT
• DATA COLLECTION
• DATA ANALYSIS
• EXPECTED RESULT

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS

• INTRODUCTION
• MORTALITY RATE
• PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS
• TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
• INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSIONS

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• SUMMARY
• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES

QUESTIONNAIRE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Credibility, according to the “Living Webster Encyclopedia Dictionary of English Language”, is the capability of being believed, relied on, or trusted.

To effectively ascertain audience perception of the credibility of the foreign and Local News organizations, one needs to bring to mind how our local stations are viewed in terms of credibility, especially when compared with their foreign counterparts.

Most Nigerians believe that foreign stations like CNN, VOA and BBC get clearer visuals, more instant, objective, balanced, truthful and less distorted news reports. While our local stations are used by the government as propaganda tools, that the news items are filled with biased and opinionated information; that even the so called private electronic media industries are not operating in a free environment that they can face the real societal issues and leave praise singing that has been epitomized with government owned media, among others.

Nigerian communication climate is besieged with stringent regulations and journalists are forced to become government praise singers instead of watchdogs. And since the government is constantly churning out repressive laws, harassment and intimidation against journalists, through extra – judicial measures and powers to make them sycophantic and boo ducking tools, what implications do these have on the listening and viewing audience?

Outside this scenario, there exists a very big “competitor” that toy to “snatch” the highest number of audience members, from the local media organization and that is the foreign news organization. Some of these organizations unlike the local ones, operate in a freer environment where there is high respect for the freedom of press.

Technological, the media in these competing environment are so high that they can go to the whole world clearly with little or no noise. The CNN, VOA and BBC turned the whole world into Marshal Meluhads Global Village.

THE ADVENT OF MODERN COMMUNICATION GADGETS: IMPLICATIONS FOR NIGERIAN JOURNALISM

 

ABSTRACT

          The advent of modern communication gadget –implication for Nigerian Journalism. The title of this study took a vivid look at the coming of communication gadget, more powerful than the ancient ones to take care of adequate communication outreach to the whole world.

It treats in succession the introduction of communication among the earlymen, the need for and the introduction of ancient communication gadgets, gradual immovations of the old and the invention of better comuniation gadgets and the proliferation of the gadgets into what is today know as the global village of communication.

Five chapters were used to achieve our win on this topic.

Chapter one: introduce the topic in forms of background to the study, significance of the study, objectives, definitions of terms and references.

Chapter two- deals with review of related literatures and comments.

Chapter three – in accomplishing this task, we adopted the historical methodology in our research using investigative approach.

Chapter four- analysis of the data collected in chapter three.

Chapter five- we made conclusions and recommendations based on the topic we have studied.

It is our belief that this research is an additional material or knowledge in this area of human endeavour.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

DEFINITION OF TERMS

 

CHAPTER FOUR

PRELUDE TO INVENTION OF MODERN COMMUNICATION GADGETS

THE PRINT MEDIA –PENMAN TO PRINTER

TELEERAPH AND TELEPHONE

THE PHONOGRAPH MODERN TAPE RECORDERS

THE RADIO

TELEVISION

HUMAN COMMUNICATION GADGETS

INTERVIEWS

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

          communication is so central to human existence and all human activities that it would be fool hardy for any group or nation to put it in the background in its economic, political, social and other activities infact, we are bold to say that communication is the most ustal factor in building an orgnised, unsted and progressive nation; the without it, there will be no national entity and no effective solution to national problems and national development. All these can be confidently said because of the obvious fact that all human activities take place in cross-five of information flow and communication, whether in inter-personal, group, local, state national or international level.

Man was created to be gregarious and because of these qualities, they have always had to fall back on one another in interaction recognized as human communication.

This refers to the process of transmitting message, idea and attitudes and creating meanings between two and more people usually through the natural facilities of the human voices, sensory organ,s facial expressions, body manipulations and lately machine-assisted channels or devices. Even now, the import and importance of communication in our modern and sophisticated society cannot be over emphasized.

The awarness for these necessifies introduced mass communication into the world. It is a process by which a complex organization with the aid of one or more machine produce and transmit message directed at large, nitrogenous, diversified and scattered audience. It is also the act of communicating to mass audience through the use of mass media such as books, newspapers, magarines, films, radio, television and computers to mention but fees, that the field of journalisma in Nigeria have used as a medium to get information across the audience. Communication had been in existence all the while but it was never a kind of mass involvement because the world them lacked advanced equipments or gadgets that could carry these messages and information to many people at the same time (mass effect). The great discaceroes and inmouations of communication gadgets from early 30’s to date has changed communication from primitive kind to modern (mass) kind.

 

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ATTITUDE OF TELEVISION AUDIENCE TOWARDS COMMERCIAL INTERRUPTION OF TELEVISION PROGRAMMES.

 

ABSTRACT

The attitude of television audience toward commercial interruption in television programmes is a research work carried out through scientific and empirical method in attempt to find out what television commercial interruption is all about and how it affects the audience and suggestion on what to do in order to better the performance of the media houses towards the television commercial interruptions.

It goes a long way to carry out a research on this topic by drawing up questionnaire and interviewing the subjects in their environments. Also made use of library and oral interviews. And our finding shows that uninterrupted television programmes are preferred by the television audience and that the television audience will prefer their unfavourite programmes interrupted. We also found out that commercial that tends to satisfy their needs are recalled faster than commercial that does not satisfy their needs.

Conclusively, the main objective of this study is to asses the attitude of television audience in Enugu towards commercial interruption of television programmes.

This study being an attitude survey seeks to find out the relationship between media content (advertisements) and the society. Therefore, it focused on consumer behaviour, which gives insight into consumer attitude beliefs, perception and culture.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Television industry in Nigeria is still in infant stage comparatively to its counterparts in other parts of the developed world. However, it has metamorphosed remarkably within this short period of its history. There have been some achievement and new dimension in its scope of operation for the past two decodes.

At its inception, television in the country was basically used for information, entertainment and educational purposes. It is different of its ability to combine sound and picture. As a result of these qualities. It is possible for it to attract a large number of viewing audience. The number of television receivers reaching a formidable over 30 million people throughout Nigeria, is proof of the immeasurable impact this invention has had on the lines of millions and on the spread of information.

The value of television, as a medium of mass communication is fast assuming highly important position throughout the world. According to Olusda (1976) “All over Nigeria, today there are over one million people watching television) (p 21)

Television has added another feather to its wing, which is that of persuasion. This singular act by television has made it possible for television to dazzle other media of communication. It now serves as an organ through which governments and advertisers sell their goods and services. It ahs brought the art of product awareness to millions of house holds. It has the selling power for most types of goods and services – detergents, cigarettes, fridge, beer and furniture. Their impact on the country is attributable to network television advertising.

Still talking about what television offers, one cannot but remember educational and entertainment programmes for the audience like cultural dances, drama and comedy programmes. Some of the programmes such as family circle, guilt, Jagwa, Mr. B and Tales by moonlight have been known to force people to go home from wherever they are, so as not to miss the next episode.

While viewers are watching their favouratie programmes, it is a common experiences that television houses often dot in commercials which break the continuity of these programmes to the annoyance of viewers whom these programmes are their favourites. The advertisers often want their commercials to be aired at prime time, while these viewers want their favourite programmes to be uninterrupted by commercials thereby reating conflicts between the interest of advertisers and interest of viewers.

It ahs been estimated that well over 80% of the programmes on Nigeria, televisions are interrupted as a result of commercials, yet Nigeria television houses do not seem to see anything unusual about this situation. On N.T.A. station, there are so many programmes for the week and of the seventeen programmes selected for promotion, none is aired without commercial interruption. According to Opubor and Ore (1979)² The commercials interruptions of most of the programmes are of little relevance to the social realities of the average Nigeria” ³ (p. 122)²

Consequently, television houses often just slot in these commercials even at prime time without considering the interests and feelings of viewers. The viewers are now forced to perceive and consume these commercial when watching their favourite programs, thereby subjecting them to the status of captive audience.

According to Nwuneli (1976) Many of the products in Nigeria television are raw. They display things which portray people as naughty, monsters and didactic under stones which are underplayed and viewers lose sight of them (P. 122)³. Some researchers have come up with evidence to show that commercial interruption could induce aggressive tendencies in people. According to Greene (1965) a former Director General of the British corporation television is being misused and that broadcasters are betraying their responsibilities (p. 124)⁴

There is no gain staying the fact that television stations need the money realized from these commercial to remain in business. The corporation has to under take commercial broadcasting in order to make money to supplement the subtrahend, sponsors need the television station as a medium of communicating information about their goods and services to the ultimate consumers with the sole aim at arousing their interests for the goods. But as new television stations are established and more stations introduce the modern broadcasting, the need to interrupt programmes at the detriment of the viewers will be further aggravated. Unless something is done now, this will be another ugly incident and further alienation of television audience.

The points mentioned above have acted as stimuli for this research which is to find out the attitude of television audience towards commercial interruption in television programmes. Attitude is here defined as ways of thinking or feeling towards something, in this case towards commercial interruption in television programmes. This attitude survey is very crucial because it embraces a lot of things. For instance, it transcends effects of commercial interruptions on television audience because it is only after a subject has observed the effect of a phenomenon that the subject can form a reasonable attitude towards that phenomenon.

According to Parker (1974) “The sooner each new technology is studied, the greater the chance of bringing to use research results to influence policy in a meaningful way (p 123). We can deduce from these that it is necessary to examine audience attitude towards commercial interruption by Nigerian televisions at this embryonic state of televisions industry when the institutional and economic structures of broadcasting are still being formulated.

Finally, this study will also find out whether television audience will prefer uninterrupted programmes to interrupted programmes whether these commercial programs increase or decrease the viewers interests. In short, it will come up with suggestion on how Nigeria television stations can best serve their audience.

 

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