THE EFFECT OF NEWS COMMERCIALIZATION ON NEWS CREDIBILITY IN THE BROADCAST MEDIA (A CASE STUDY OF FRCN AND NTA ENUGU)

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 5000 NAIRA OR $10 , 

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR WEBSITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction
  • Background of the study
  • Objective of the Study
  • Statement of Research Problem
  • Research questions
  • Research Hypothesis (including the Null hypothesis)
  • Definition of terms
  • Assumptions
  • Limitations of the Study

References

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review

2.1     Sources of Literature

References.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Reassurances Methodology

• Research method
• Research design
• Measuring instrument
• Data Collection
• Data Analysis
• Data Analysis
• Expected Result

References.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     data analysis and results

• data Analysis
• Hypotheses testing
• Interpretation and discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary and recommendations

5.1     summary and conclusion

• Recommendations for further studies

Bibliography references.

Appendix   i

Appendix   ii

Appendix   iii

Questionnaires

PROPOSAL ON THE EFFECT OF NEWS COMMERCIALIZATION ON NEWS CREDIBILITY IN THE BROADCAST MEDIA

This prefect work tends to assess the effect of news commercialization on news sedibility in the broadcast media , with particular reference to Federal Radio corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) National Station Enugu and the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) channel 8 Enugu, using them as a case study.

The study intends to find out whether the commercialization of news affects its credibility and objectivity and equally to know if it encourages the “Brown envelope syndrome, accuracy, balance, fairness etc. whether those who cannot afford to pay the media the opportunity and chances to broadcast their events on air via Mass media of communication, such as the electronic or broadcast media.

This study, will also enable the researcher to known if the news managers, News editors and Reporters (journalists) persistently carryout their gate – keeping roles and at the same time still carryout their watchdog roles.

In other words, whether they still maintain the ethics and laws of the profession or not or they are being influenced by the news sponsors and their money.

The study will also endeavour to Findus if the audience / publics have it in mind that the news they listen and watch in these broadcast media are owned and are pared for by the sponsors since they are not normally mentioned during news broadcasting and information dissemination.

The work will be divided in to five   chapters. The first chapter starts with the introduction and background of the study, (the research problems and research questions, hypotheses and definition of terms, objectives, significance, limitations and assumptions of the study).

Chapter two will look into the literature review. This means that the researcher will consult the works of different authors in the course of this study. Whereas, the third chapter will focus on the research methodology making use of survey method and designs.

Chapter four will analyze data collection and interpretation, the findings and results finally, chapter five will deal on the summery of the study and recommendations for further studies.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUNDOF THE STUDY

          News according to the advanced learner’s dictionary means, a new or fresh information, reports of recent events. It has so many different definitions. From different authors and scholars.

According to edition Ude in his book introduction to Reporting and news writing 1998 defined news “ as the timely report of facts or opinions that hold interests or importance or both for a considerable number of people.” Also, Nkem FAB – Ukozor 2003 in her book: Fundamentals of interpretative and investigative Reporting, defined news “as something new and unusual. Stressing further, news according to Kamath (1980: 33) “is any event, ideas or opinions that is timely, interests, or affects a large number of people in a community and that is capable of being understood by them”.

The standardized coterie for judging news value as discussed by Nkem Fab – Ukozor encompassed the followings: consequences / impact, prominence, proscinrity, timeliness, Action, novelty, conflict, Human interest, and currency. – consequence is the most important cnterion in determining news value. It has to do with news events that affect the lives of the largest number of people. It should be considered at every level, both for good news and bad. It is the grater effects.

• prominence deals on the well known people (important personalities), institutions in the society etc. proximity bothers on the events that happened within the locality of the deadens /audience.
• Timeliness means that news should be reported to the public which it is fresh e as soon as it unfolds lest it become stale news.
• Novelty means the unusual or odd issues that happened in the society (oddity).
• Human interest has to do with stories that most often touch human feelings.

The technical committee on privatization and commercialization (TCPC) decree no 25 of 1988 grouped the FRCN and NTA as a partially commercialized enterprise, during the president Ibraluin Badamasi Babangida’s Military refine. The chairman of the then commercialization committee was Dr Hamza R. zayyad. He opined that these organization really will cherish some high level of autonomous mode of operation and in accordance with the decree establishing them, having the authority to operate on strict commercial basis and subject to regulate powers of the government be able to among others fix rates, prices and charges for goods and services.

The commercialization of news in the simplest form means that news reported or aired in these media is being paid for. It is referred to as “let them pay (LTP) in NTA and News commercialization in FRCN.

The issue of LTP in NTA according to the Assistant Director news, Mr Lay Ademokoya is the out come of the dwindling of the federal government. This is because, the subventions from the federal government are insufficient in assisting the activities and operations of its parasols where it concerns funding.

Initially, coverage of certain events like Animal general meetings of different companies were free of charge. But these companies in their journals cannot promote NTA or assist them financially for these humanitarian Siroccos.

The practice has greatly reduced the social and public services roles of the media organization. Nigerians do not know that news commercialization as FRCN and LTP as NTA would put it is not the same with advertising. Though these stations disguise adverts as news, in broadcast industry, the much effect adverting on its news bulletin has been during commercial break. But centrally not to disguise commercial items as part of the news aired for its social and news value.

The then assistant director of finance, FRCN Enugu Mr J.C Egbu posits that “commercialization was made possible due to the harsh economic circumstances and government inability to maintain the organizations any loryer.” Because of this, the government subvention insufficient to run these organizations, hence the Commercialization of news.

With this members of the public such as government ministries, communities, individuals, Public and Private organizations can only have the Services of the media when they can pay some stipulated fees. Although, these media are government owners, its agencies are amongst those who should pay, but this has limitations because they can still negotiate. The radio link network Phone- in -proframme in FRCN is a typical good instance. This proframme is an avenue through which Public office holders showcase their image.

One of the system employed by these media before an individual or organizations news can be aired, is that it will be included in either the network news bulletin as news analysis only if they are able to pay.

Network commercial news are in the three categories as A,B,C. category A encompassed quoted companies and parasols which attract quite some huge amount of money which is said to be half of what set a pays. Whereas the C category comprises of charity and no – profitable organizations of which the amount they pay is negotiable.

In the words of with Nnorom (1994) “News commercialization is a Phenomenon whereby electronic media reports news or news analysis, a commercial messages by an unidentified sponsor, by giving the audience the impression that news is fair, objective and socially responsible.” Viewers and listeners see this as a cheat on the audience and look on such practice as the same to the much condemned brown envelope journalism.

The payment for news stories is said to be the official brown envelopes which are paid to the media house, as forbids the one given to the reporter at the scene of his beat. This is contrary to the code of conduct of journalism which states that “ it is the duty of the journalists to refuse any reward for publishing or suppressing news or comment”.

The news commercialization negates the basic principles of the ethical precepts in journalism. This implies that it is unethical for different broadcast media to accept any payment from news sources before their items are aired or covered. Such news stories are aired with others which editors have selected for their pure news value and the unsuspecting audience internalize such information as pure news instead of as an advertisement.

Researchers have seen that new paid for affects the objectivity and thus credibility of such news as well as encouraging the brown envelope syndrome. This is because the editor will like to satisfy the client.

In the highs of the foregoing, this paid news are many attains unedited by the radiators which makes them to deviate from the gate-keeping roles. Making the mass media to loose their credibility as the watchdog of the society.

This study is therefore to show how news commercialization affects the professional ethics. And how it has as well affected the gate keeping functions of the news editors. Equally to know, if the publics are aware that FRCN and NTA news are commercialized.

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS’ SATISFACTION (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN AIRWAYS ENUGU)

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 2500 NAIRA OR $10

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR SITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

ABSTRACT

This study is aimed at pointing out the function of pubic relations officer in customer’s satisfaction in Nigeria Airways Enugu.

Research method: The data for this study were collected through questionnaire.

Thereafter the data collected were analyzed using chi – square method (X2) = (0 -e)

E

Which served to out qualitative characterizes

In the data into numerical form and relationships.

The research finding the essentials of public relations officer in an establishment.

The effect of public relations in promoting the image of an organization.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                                  II

Approval page                                                            III

Dedication                                                                 IV

Acknowledgement                                                      V

Abstract                                                                     VI

Table of content                                                                 VII

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                      1

• Background of the study 9
• The objectives of Nigerian Airway 10
• Statement of research problem 12
• Objective of the study 14
• Significance of the study 15
• Research questions 17
• Research Hypothesis / Null Hypothesis 17
• Conceptual of Operational Definition 18
• Definition of terms Operational 20
• Assumptions 21
• Limitation of the study 22

CHAPTER TWO:

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• The origin and concept public relations 23
• The place of public relation in an Organization 27
• Publics 31
• Corporate Image 32
• Social Responsibility 34
• The pubic relations practitioner 38
• Summary of Literature review 40

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                                    43

• RESEARCH Method 43
• Research design 43
• Expression Instrument
• Measuring Instrument 45
• Method off data analysis 46

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data analysis and interpretation 47
• Table 1: Measurement on image problem

of Nigerian Enugu                                              49

• Table 2: Measurement on the role played by the public relations                                         50
• Table 3 :- Measurement of the basic steps

top be taken                                                    52

• Table 4:- Measurement of effects of

political interference                                           55

• Discussion 57

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary and recommendation for further study 62
• Recommendations 65
• Conclusion 68

Bibliography                                                               71

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

In any organization, the need to maintain the image of the organization is in our contemporary societies a private one hence this study survey the role of public relations in enhancing consumer’s satisfaction. We set out to find   whether Nigeria Airways Enugu, has in any way satisfied or disssatidied the total number of people or customers that have been satisfied or dissatisfied by the organization. This study will also x – rays how far the PR roles have helped or will help to co-ordinate the organizations perception of the Nigeria airways image when determined are bed, them the researchers would be in a better position to advise and make necessary recommendations in order to enhance it’s image. And also, to contribute to the knowledge of mass communication and indeed to the acknowledge of geniality of Nigerian in their quest for the effect of customers satisfaction in government and in parastatals.

The Nigeria Airways is a public interest and business enterprise and as such is required to succeed.

        As a public institute devoted to the servicing of the public interest , it must have its customers, satisfactions as its prime motive to enhance and achieve public co-operation and acceptance. As a business institute, the Nigeria Airways must use business principles to operate in such a way that it be comes economically strong enough to depend and sustain its independence against crumbling.

Against the background the Nigeria Airways, instituted the public relations department to help foster the activities of the organization in order to achieves it aims and objectives. This is so because no business oriented organization can make any meaningful achievement without the it is easy identifiable that the basic philosophy underlying public relation practice is prime importance in all spheres of activities. The public relations man engages himself in doing he has done. This involves winning friends, keeping them and influencing them, as well as others it also involves looking good by building and sustaining good image or goodwill through good deeds that will wim favourable consideration for Nigerian Airways Enugu among members of the public.

Public relations by definition according to frank Jefekins states “that public relation is the process of assessing consumer wants establishing communication fastening good will so that consumer wants or needs can be profitable satisfied”. I

Another definition of public relations according to the editors of public relations news, PR is a philosophy and function of management, which evaluate public attitudes, identities the policies of an individual or organization with public interests and execute a programme of actions to earn public understanding and acceptance”.

 

CHANGING HOSTILE ATTITUDE OF OIL PRODUCING COMMUNITIES THROUGH, EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION (A CASE STUDY OF SHELL PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT COMPANY)

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 2500 NAIRA OR $10

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR SITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

ABSTRACT

This study aims at investigating the techniques being used by shell to avert and keep under control, the cases that frequently Ioccur between it and the host communities in which it carries out its oil exploration and production activities.

Apparently, problems have continued to exist in oil producing communities which is the nations treasure base owing to oil production and consequence under development in the area as witnessed in the communities where the operations exist and the entire oil producing communities as a whole is it ironically indeed the fact that the area is largely under developed and eh majority of Nigeria wealth comes from there.

In the process of finding out strategies employed by shell, the largest oil company operating in the oil producing communities, hypothesis bordering on the peoples perceptions of the situation the degree of shell’ is involvement the company’s public relation efforts relevance and satisfactory level were evaluated and recommendations proffered. These data were collected from questionnaires and interviews responses from indigenes of Port- Harcourt and shell public affair department staff.    The findings were a bit more positive than negative.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background study and history of case study
• Statement of problem/ purpose of the study
• Significant of the study
• Research questions
• Scope
• Definition of terms

References

CHAPTER TWO

• REVIEW OF LITERATURE

CHAPTER THREE

• Research methodology
• Research design
• Areas of study
• Population and sample of study
• Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     data analysis and presentation

4.1     analyses

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary,
• Recommendation
• Conclusion

Bibliography

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Petroleum is as of now, the bedrock of the Nigeria economy. It provides 80% of the nations revenue and 90% of its foreign exchange with a production rate of two million barrels a day, the country is Africa largest exporter of crude oil and among the top ten oil producing countries in the world of today in the world. Ever since the oil boom era of 1970s, the Federal Government has depended on the income generated has depended on the income generated from petroleum to develop and sustain the nation and its people. As such the petroleum industry is a entree of attraction for all Nigerians.

Oil prospecting in Nigeria began as far back as 1908 by the German company, Nigeria Bitumen corporation in the Araromi areas of the present Ondo state in western Nigeria, but is was not until 1956 that the shell followed by the first oil exports two years later, ever since than, news on petroleum exploration drilling and marketing have become indications as to how buoyant and stable the Nigeria economy is every interest of this nation for these activities to continue smoothly. So far this has not been the case as these oil related activities have been constantly disrupted in the past four to six years. This is the major reason why the interest has manifested into the research world developed.

There are oil-producing companies in Nigeria who have licenses to explore, drill and market petroleum jointly with the Nigeria national petroleum corporation (NNPC). The NNPC is the federal government representative which implement governments polices and directives and at the same time controls and supervises the activates of the oil- producing companies.

Petroleum which sustain Nigeria is derived from the lands and territorial waters of Nigeria. The people form these oil prosodic areas claim ownership of this mineral since it derived from their soil. In this light these communities demand royalties for petroleum drilled for their land, compensation for any environmental damage such as oil spillage and pollution as well as kind rents and other levels.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF “GATE KEEPING IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE MEDIA: A CASE STUDY OF COSMO FM AND RADIO NIGERIA ENUGU

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST 2500 NAIRA OR $10

. A FRESH TOPIC NOT LISTED ON OUR SITE COST 50,000 NAIRA ( UNDERGRADUATE) OR 100,000 FOR SECOND DEGREE STUDENTS. $500. PLUS  FREE SUPPORT UNTIL YOU FINISH YOUR PROJECT WORK. CONTACT US TODAY, WE MAKE A DIFFERENT. DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.  DESIGN AND WRITING IS OUR SKILLED.

Note: our case study can be change to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

                                   ORDER NOW

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

 

Note:  We accept bank transfer, ATM cash transfer , Online payment using your ATM , Western union bank transfer.  We will respond to you anytime of the day. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

ABSTRACT

The study was to assess the gate keeping functions of the two media ownership in Nigeria (Government and Private media) and to highlight their points of differences.

In doing this, two media, the Radio Nigeria, Enugu and the Cosmo Fm Enugu were surveyed as a case study in which wide differences in their gate-keeping pattern were discovered. These difference were supported by the four hypotheses which were formulated for the study and which states that there is a difference in the gate keeping pattern between the two, that privately owned media are more objective in news reporting and news presentation; that there are more stages of news control in the government owned media than in the privately owned media and that privately owned media exercise greater freedom in their gate keeping functions than the government owned media.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE                                                                             i

APPROVAL PAGE                                                                  ii

PROJECT TOPIC                                                                     iii

DEDICATION                                                                          iv

ABSTRACT                                                                               v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT                                                         vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                          vii – x

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUNG OF THE STUDY GATE KEEPING         1 – 3
• COMPARISON BETWEEN PRIVATE AND

GOVERNMENT OWNED MEDIA                                             4

• THE RADIO NIGERIA AS A DEPENDENT

GOVT. OWNED MEDIA.                                                      4 – 6

• THE COSMO FM ENUGU AS A PRIVATELY OWNED MEDIA.                                                                     6 – 8
• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM                             9
• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY                                           9 – 10
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY                                           10
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS                                                         10
• RESEARCH HYPOLTHESIS                                            11 – 12
• CONCEPTIONAL AND OPERATIONAL

DEFINITION OF GATE KEEPING CONCEPTUAL           12

• ASSUMPTION                                                                       13
• LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY                                  13 – 14

REFERENCE                                                                           15

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

• SOURCE OF LITERATURE                                                     16
• THE REVIEW                                                                    16 – 36
• SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW                               37

REFERENCE                                                                       38 – 39

CHAPTER THREE

• RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                                          40
• RESEARCH DESIGN                                                     40 – 41
• RESEARCH SAMPLE                                                           41
• MEASURING INSTRUMENT                                               42
• DATA COLLECTION                                                             42
• EXPECTED RESULTS                                                   42 – 43

REFERENCE                                                                           44

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANLYSIS AND RESULT

• DATA ANALYSIS                                                           45 – 56
• RESULT                                                                             57 – 58
• DISCUSSION                                                                    59 – 60

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDTION

FOR FUTHER STUDY

• SUMMARY                                                                     61 – 62
• RECOMMENDATION FOR THE STUDY                   62 – 63

REFERENCE                                                                  64 – 66

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                             67 – 69

QUESTIONNAIRE                                                           70 – 79

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY- GATE KEEPING

The term gate keeping was first used by an Austrian Psychologist Kurt Lewis who used it to refer to a person or group of persons who govern “the travel of news items in communication channel” the gatekeeper he defined as any person or formally organized group directly involved in relaying and transferring information from one person to another through a mass medium.

As journalism becomes a profession with an expanding scope instead of a sideline for the enterprising printer: the media began to engage more hands in their processing and governing of news travel. They also began to give the audience what they had selected in the midst of so many events which where considered news worthy based on the news selected criteria such as timeliness, human interest, prominence, consequence and proximity.

The gatekeeper was at every stage, determining what the audience saw and heard from these media. They had the power to focus attention on some events and ideas rather than other. This was the reason, white (1964) remarked that the editor “in his position as a gatekeeper sees to it that the community shall hear as a fact only those events which the newsman believe to be true” The mass media select and publicize numerous events such as birthday, speeches, trips, suicides, meetings, crimes etc to shape our image and perception of the world.

The typical gatekeeper’s cha in a modern electronic media house would comprise the reporter, the chief editor, and the controller of news, manager news and the production editor. However, the above arrangement applies to the Radio Nigeria (FRCN) Enugu, even though the positions might assume different names in other media organizations. The above-mentioned people will have to work with other gatekeepers such as the typist, proofreaders, etc to determine what is publishable as news.

The gatekeepers of news not only tries to identify but also keep the public informed by sieving the news from non-news and selecting majors events in the interest of his audience or as permitted by his own prejudice. The audience in the later uses makes their choice of what they expose themselves to through selective exposure. The need for gatekeepers to always have their audience in mind in their news selecting process was emphasized in the argument of Douglas C. Covert (1985 p 133-136) who stated “the visual compositions which please the makers may not be as acceptable to view as in commonly as assumed. This word entail that while journalists perform their function of the surveillance of the environment, socialization, educating of their audience and cultural transmission, journalists themselves would see their jobs as the echoing of every thing, rather than be at core for things.