THE ADVENT OF MODERN COMMUNICATION GADGETS: IMPLICATIONS FOR NIGERIAN JOURNALISM

 

 

ABSTRACT

          The advent of modern communication gadget –implication for Nigerian Journalism.  The title of this study took a vivid look at the coming of communication gadget, more powerful than the ancient ones to take care of adequate communication outreach to the whole world.  It treats in succession the introduction of communication among the early men, the need for and the introduction of ancient communication gadgets, gradual innovations of the old and the invention of better communication gadgets and the proliferation of the gadgets into what is today know as the global village of communication.

Five chapters were used to achieve our win on this topic.

Chapter one: introduce the topic in forms of background to the study, significance of the study, objectives, definitions of terms and references.

Chapter two- deals with review of related literatures and comments.

Chapter three – in accomplishing this task, we adopted the historical methodology in our research using investigative approach.

Chapter four- analysis of the data collected in chapter three.

Chapter five- we made conclusions and recommendations based on the topic we have studied.

It is our belief that this research is an additional material or knowledge in this area of human endeavour.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER FOUR

PRELUDE TO INVENTION OF MODERN COMMUNICATION GADGETS

THE PRINT MEDIA –PENMAN TO PRINTER

TELEERAPH AND TELEPHONE

THE PHONOGRAPH MODERN TAPE RECORDERS

THE RADIO

TELEVISION

HUMAN COMMUNICATION GADGETS

INTERVIEWS

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

          communication is so central to human existence and all human activities that it would be fool hardy for any group or nation to put it in the background in its economic, political, social and other activities infact, we are bold to say that communication is the most ustal factor in building an orgnised, unsted and progressive nation; the without it, there will be no national entity and no effective solution to national problems and national development.  All these can be confidently said because of the obvious fact that all human activities take place in cross-five of information flow and communication, whether in inter-personal, group, local, state national or international level.

Man was created to be gregarious and because of these qualities, they have always had to fall back on one another in interaction recognized as human communication.

This refers to the process of transmitting message, idea and attitudes and creating meanings between two and more people usually through the natural facilities of the human voices, sensory organ,s facial expressions, body manipulations and lately machine-assisted channels or devices.  Even now, the import and importance of communication in our modern and sophisticated society cannot be over emphasized.

The awarness for these necessifies introduced mass communication into the world.  It is a process by which a complex organization with the aid of one or more machine produce and transmit message directed at large, nitrogenous, diversified and scattered audience.  It is also the act of communicating to mass audience through the use of mass media such as books, newspapers, magarines, films, radio, television and computers to mention but fees, that the field of journalisma in Nigeria have used as a medium to get information across the audience.  Communication had been in existence all the while but it was never a kind of mass involvement because the world them lacked advanced equipments or gadgets that could carry these messages and information to many people at the same time (mass effect).  The great discaceroes and inmouations of communication gadgets from early 30’s to date has changed communication from primitive kind to modern (mass) kind.

Mass communication gadgets is as old as mass communication itself because the nation of getting people involved in communication in mass would have remained in the background if the gadgets were not modern minced or advanced technological.  Mass communication started with Johannes Gutenberg invention of the printing press.

This invention led to prolofication of the print materials such as books, newspapers and magazines, through these media more people were reached as it concerns communication.  The electronics media communication came on the scene with the invention of such gadgets as radio and television.

 

1.2            SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Due to the valuable and irretrievable use of the mass media and communication devices in all departments of life, one cannot over emphasis the significance of this study.  Being a kind of historical study, it would lead to the integrated narration or description of past ovents or facts concerning all technological devices fashioned to aid communication.

This study is a contribution to already existing work on the course (advent of modern communication gadgets, and its implications for Nigerian Journalism.  Every researcher who is likely to embark on any kind of research on this course would find this study very useful.  This study would also be useful to communication students – it would explain adequately the advent growth and modernization of communication gadgets.Generally the study can be assimilated by all lovers of history with scientific mind of discovery and understanding situations, cases and implications.  At the end of this study; the background growth and modifications of the modern communication gadgets would be carefully treated.

 

1.3            OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The past findings on this issue by various groups have given us greater misprisions and has called to challenge our curious minds.  We have therefore taken up the challenge to share in the glory contributing towards thronging more light on the advent of modern communication gadgets with the following objectives.

1. To gain a clear understanding and accurate accounts of the past as it concern communication gadgets.
2. To gain clearer perspective of the present as it concern communication gadgets.
3. To be able to give adequate companism between the abetment mean of communication (gadgets) and the modern ones.
4. The implication of modern communication gadgets for Nigerian journalism.

 

REFERENCES

1. Parker Edwin,

Implication of news technology mass communication in Nigeria, page 48-52 (1984). Macmillian.

 

1. Mrs. Chinyere Okunna,

Introduction to mass communication, ABIC Publisher (1994). Enugu

1. Ike Chukwu Nwosu

Mass communication and national development, frontier publishers limited. Aba. (1990)

1. Mass communication journal

May 1991. sunshine publishers job

1. Richard Morse

A wold word of communication

(1976) London Harper and Row Publishers

 

1. John Mulching

Communication gadgets in progress Stanford;

Standford university press (1971)

7.       Communication Channels journals

(1967) Longman London

 

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF “GATE KEEPING IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE MEDIA: A CASE STUDY OF COSMO FM AND RADIO NIGERIA ENUGU

ABSTRACT

The study was to assess the gate keeping functions of the two media ownership in Nigeria (Government and Private media) and to highlight their points of differences.

In doing this, two media, the Radio Nigeria, Enugu and the Cosmo Fm Enugu were surveyed as a case study in which wide differences in their gate-keeping pattern were discovered.  These difference were supported by the four hypotheses which were formulated for the study and which states that there is a difference in the gate keeping pattern between the two, that privately owned media are more objective in news reporting and news presentation; that there are more stages of news control in the government owned media than in the privately owned media and that privately owned media exercise greater freedom in their gate keeping functions than the government owned media.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUNG OF THE STUDY GATE KEEPING          1 – 3

1.2  COMPARISON BETWEEN PRIVATE AND

GOVERNMENT OWNED MEDIA                                             4

1.3  THE RADIO NIGERIA AS A DEPENDENT

GOVT. OWNED MEDIA.                                                        4 – 6

1.4  THE COSMO FM ENUGU AS A PRIVATELY OWNED MEDIA.                                                                     6 – 8

1.5  STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM                              9

1.6   OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY                                                  9 – 10

1.7   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY                                            10

1.8   RESEARCH QUESTIONS                                                         10

1.9   RESEARCH HYPOLTHESIS                                             11 – 12

1.10       CONCEPTIONAL AND OPERATIONAL

DEFINITION OF GATE KEEPING CONCEPTUAL           12

1.11       ASSUMPTION                                                                        13

1.12       LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY                                   13 – 14

REFERENCE                                                                           15

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2.1    SOURCE OF LITERATURE                                                     16

2.2    THE REVIEW                                                                     16 – 36

2.3    SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW                                37

REFERENCE                                                                       38 – 39

CHAPTER THREE

3.1    RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                                           40

3.2    RESEARCH DESIGN                                                     40 – 41

3.3    RESEARCH SAMPLE                                                            41

3.4    MEASURING INSTRUMENT                                               42

3.5    DATA COLLECTION                                                             42

3.6    EXPECTED RESULTS                                                    42 – 43

REFERENCE                                                                            44

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANLYSIS AND RESULT

4.1    DATA ANALYSIS                                                            45 – 56

4.2    RESULT                                                                             57 – 58

4.3    DISCUSSION                                                                     59 – 60

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDTION

FOR FUTHER STUDY

5.1    SUMMARY                                                                     61 – 62

5.2    RECOMMENDATION FOR THE STUDY                    62 – 63

REFERENCE                                                                    64 – 66

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                             67 – 69

QUESTIONNAIRE                                                            70 – 79

CHAPTER ONE

 INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY- GATE KEEPING

The term gate keeping was first used by an Austrian Psychologist Kurt Lewis who used it to refer to a person or group of persons who govern “the travel of news items in communication channel” the gatekeeper he defined as any person or formally organized group directly involved in relaying and transferring information from one person to another through a mass medium.

As journalism becomes a profession with an expanding scope instead of a sideline for the enterprising printer: the media began to engage more hands in their processing and governing of news travel. They also began to give the audience what they had selected in the midst of so many events which where considered news worthy based on the news selected criteria such as timeliness, human interest, prominence, consequence and proximity.

The gatekeeper was at every stage, determining what the audience saw and heard from these media. They had the power to focus attention on some events and ideas rather than other. This was the reason, white (1964) remarked that the editor “in his position as a gatekeeper sees to it that the community shall hear as a fact only those events which the newsman believe to be true” The mass media select and publicize numerous events such as birthday, speeches, trips, suicides, meetings, crimes etc to shape our image and perception of the world.

The typical gatekeeper’s cha in a modern electronic media house would comprise the reporter, the chief editor, and the controller of news, manager news and the production editor. However, the above arrangement applies to the Radio Nigeria (FRCN) Enugu, even though the positions might assume different names in other media organizations. The above-mentioned people will have to work with other gatekeepers such as the typist, proofreaders, etc to determine what is publishable as news.

The gatekeepers of news not only tries to identify but also keep the public informed by sieving the news from non-news and selecting majors events in the interest of his audience or as permitted by his own prejudice. The audience in the later uses makes their choice of what they expose themselves to through selective exposure. The need for gatekeepers to always have their audience in mind in their news selecting process was emphasized in the argument of Douglas C. Covert (1985 p 133-136) who stated “the visual compositions which please the makers may not be as acceptable to view as in commonly as assumed. This word entail that while journalists perform their function of the surveillance of the environment, socialization, educating of their audience and cultural transmission, journalists themselves would see their jobs as the echoing of every thing, rather than be at core for things.

1.2   A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GATEKEEPING IN

GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE OWNED MEDIA

Before doing a comparative analysis of the gate keeping procedure between the two forms of media ownerships, it is necessary to understand the criteria and philosophies of these media that guides our comparison. It is believed that this enable us understand why the government owned media. The RADIO NIGERIA Enugu, perform its  keeping function quite differently from a privately owned media the COSMO FM Enugu.

1.3    THE RADIO NIGERIA AS A DEPENDENT GOVERNMENT

OWNED MEDIA

From its inception, the electronic media industry had been established to cater for the pleasure of entertaining and informing the colonial masters. It distributed from Lagos through the rediffusion sets, educative, informative programmed from the British Broadcasting co-operation (BBC) London. Apart from performing the above-mentioned functions, it is also a vital tool in running the government activities and serve to protect the interest of the day government.

Progressively as the Nigeria Broadcasting service (NBC) took over the rediffusion services which was later to be transformed into regional radio station such as the Western Nigeria Broadcasting services (WNBS), Radio/Television Kaduna and Eastern Nigerian broadcasting. These stations remained government as their funding come directly from the government and this dependency mark the beginning of their control by the government.

‘The (RADIO NIGERIA) Enugu as a government owned media still works according to the role of protecting and serving as the mouthpiece of the government. This is because as the saying goes, “that he who pays the piper dictates the tune”, RADIO NIGERIA must always strike to the dictates the government in power if it must render its services. Since the concept of freedom of gate keeping has been mortgaged by the financial dependency of these media on government, it does not broadcast anti-government in its various mobilization campaigns in their news. At times,, it goes further to do special reports to highlight problem area for government view on                                                                                                         specific issues. When it tied to report serious matters retraining the government, it did so in such a way that they do not convey the same amount of urgency and seriousness as reported by the privately owned media in such cases. The news reported by the government media (RADIO NIGERIA) Enugu, lack completed accuracy, fairness and objectivity. It becomes mere propaganda agents for the savaging of the image of the government media as Radio Nigeria makes the                                                                                                 understanding of government activities different since what it puts forward as news was (is) no news.

1.4  THE COSMO FM ENUGU AS A PRIVATELY OWNED

MEDIA

Contrary to what seemed like a government monopoly of the broadcasting media overtime, the need for balance reportage and flexibility in programming brought the privately owned media into existence. In 1992, the federal military government under General Ibrahim Babagida regime passed a decree allowing private individual participation in the ownership of electronic media.

The aim being to fill the gap in government owned media reportage and also to generate profit reward for the financier’s enterprise, the privatization gave birth to establishment of private media house such as Minaj System Radio/Television, Cosmo FM, African Independent Television (AIT), Ray power 100.5pm etc mention but few.

Unlike the Radio Nigeria, which is owned and controlled by the government, Cosmo FM operation is independent of the government. The government does not determine the programs that are carried on this medium and because if this relative freedom, it is possible for it to comment critically and more objectivity on government matters that media owned by the government. This forms the base for the audience greater confidence in the privately owned media strive at in their gate keeping process which is public confidence as means to retain them.

Another area where the radio Nigeria Enugu differs in its gate keeping from the Cosmo is in the aspect of national crises reportage, Radio Nigeria tried to be less keen in reporting the October 22^nd 2005, Belleview plane clash and June 12, 1993 crisis but Cosmo and Minaj system television (MST) did better in carrying such news. At the radio Nigeria gate keeping begin with the head of state and the minister of information before we come down to their reporter, the chief editor, the controller of news, manager news, the production editor and the typist who work closely in the gatekeeper’s chain to determine what is aired as news.

On the other hand, as the Cosmo gate keeping starts with the financiers who may instruct his staff to check the coverage or non-coverage of certain programs. The objective of profit making seriously limits the change of all kind of news going on the screen since the organization has to achieve credibility among its audience foe commercial profit. While sanction on the privately media comes inform of revocation of licenses and closure of the private media hoses the government owned media comes in nature of supervisor or total sack of editors.

1.5     STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

There have been difference in opinion that the gate keeping process in the government owned media differs considerably from that of privately owned media. While some believe that the government owned media take greater interest in some major issues especially those affecting the government, others are of the opinion that privately owned media take greater interest and report more objectively on news events. These assertions are going to be resolved after proper analysis of research data to find out the truth of either of the two statements.

1.6  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. The purpose of this study is to find whether there is really a difference in the gate-keeping pattern of the government and privately owned media organization.
2. The study will also take a look at the two forms of media ownership (government and private) take up the responsibility of informing, and educating the masses. This will then help to direct the audience attention towards a better and reliable media.

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THE IMPACT OF NEWS COMMENTARIES ON RADIO LISTENERS (A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL RADIO CORPORATION OF NIGERIA ENUGU)

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research project is to know the essence of radio commentaries and its impact on the listeners.

The project stars with information which given insight into the historical  back ground of news commentaries.

It processed to examine the impact news commentaries creates to this listens and the distinguishing features.  It then derives into detailed exposition of relevant literature formation of research question and hypothesis.

The research question was formulated to properly address the problem on radio commentary in relation to its listens.  Questionnaire were administered to the sampled respondents. The findings on the study reveled that news commentaries have less impact on some resident of the country as a result of low level of awareness and illiteracy.

The research recommended that radio news commentaries should create enough awareness to control the effect of illiteracy level of respondent and also further studies should be encouraged.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background of the study

1.2            Statement of problem

1.3            Objective of the study

1.4            Significance of study

1.5            Research question

1.6            Research hypothesis

1.7            Definition of terms

1.8            Assumption

1.9            Limitation of the  study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     Source of literature

2.2            The review

2.3            Summary of literature review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1     Research  method

3.2            Research design

3.3            Research sample

3.4            Data collection

3.5            Data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Data  analysis and result

4.1            Data analysis

4.2            Result

4.3            Discussion

CHAPETR FIVE

Summary & recommendation for further study

5.1            Summary

5.2            Recommendation

5.3            Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix

Questionnaire

CHAPETR ONE

INTRODUCTION

The history of radio news commentary in Nigeria dated back to the 1930’s when what was known as radio receiver was just a wooden box and as amp liter.  The audience has thrilled by these live commentaries run by various pioneer commentators.

Ever since the tradition of running radio commentary has remained with radio to this day.

In presidential democracy such as ours news commentary whether on the  radio newspaper or television do not only serve as surveyor of public opinion but also serve as a requisite for bridging the credibility gap between government and the governed.

Perhaps, it might be necessary to draw a line of distinction between news and news commentary. A news caster presents straight news without additional comment.  While a news talk provides background information to the new.  Writing on the uses of radio, Richard Aspinall said that:

“with limits radio can persuade   and effectively influence large  audience thereby contributing substantially to the thinking of the nation”

in the Nigeria media house today news commentary has become a ferment feature.  Airtime is allowed to news commentary immediately after major news- bulletins perhaps as an attention gaining strategy.   The media house not only give air space to commentaries written by its own staff but also uses those written in the additional headlines of various  new papers this giving freedom of expression a chance.

Today the media house news- commentary not only interpret the news but sometimes comment on societal problems but what happens to the problems or issues of the society and the views expressed by the news- talk after these Tracie broadcasts as in the media house?

Do they influence the attitude and an opinion of the country’s listening public?

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Perhaps 50 percent of each radio news commentary listeners who forget to fund their radio during commentary do so are more accustomed to the news paper additional page to which they can easily refer may be and may be not we shall find cut through survey in the subsequent chapters.

Owing to the fact that news- commentary are aired to  listeners and are not seen we have therefore taken it upon ourselves to present at least except of two news commentary aired by ESBS  and FRCN

Is it not often said that seeing is believing? Indeed sight or vision is an indispensable in learning and retention –vision is said to aid the memory to produce previously retained content.  And for quick remembrance of past new-talks by respondents these excerpts shall serve as basis for our analyses.  We shall present them to our respondents for answers

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

A country like Nigeria with diverse culture and human resource & need radio commentaries or news talk capable of interpreting events bordering global and societal issues. Obviously these news-commentary are staunchly provided to listeners on a daily basis

Unfortunately about 80% of radio listeners ignore news- talk once they have listened to actual news broadcast but radio listeners are 100% attentive to sport commentaries. If all radio commentaries are said to interpret events occurring earlier on illuminating the hidden fact (news behind the news) to the layman then it is  to be preferred to actual broadcast.

Moreover generally the Nigeria audience seems not to appreciate radio commentaries as their western counterpart who listen to radio and write feedback to their radio stations such as BBC which in turn  offers them a round the clock service.

1.3            SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The foregoing objectives apart the present study must be seen to be significance or relevant to mass communication at least on two grounds.

First, it focuses on Nigeria media consumer on news- commentaries which is a medium essentially designed for news broadcast and its obligatory effort interpreting new to its listeners through commentaries.

The second point or relevance of this study is its typology. Being an audience research this study seeks to emphasis that communication without feedback is incomplete.  We might wrap up this relevance of feedback   in the words of Quall and Brown

“ In any commumcation system feedback from receivers to a communicator is

a necessary ingredient fro maximum efficiency.  Ti is the only true indicator of the effectiveness to reach the people and it provides the only safe basis for alteration of any format”

1.4            RESEARCH QUESTION

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CAMPAIGN FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT IN NIGERIA: IT’S STRATEGIES, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

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ABSTRACT

Women! Power! These two words when spoken in connection with each other produced an unpleasant sensation, often leading to rejection and disgust. The context seemed queer and indeed to the general male populace today. More so, In Nigeria, they should be rarely be united. So read the thoughts of the offended. The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpation’s on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her.He has compelled her to submit to laws, in the formation of which she had not voice…

He never permitted her to exercise her inalienable rights to the elective Franchise. He has made her, if married, in the eyes of the law, civilly dead… she is compelled to promise obedience to her husband, he becoming to all intents and purposes, her master the law giving him power to deprive her of her liberty, and to administer chastisement. If simple, and the power of property, he has taxed her to support a government which recognizes her only when her property can be made profitable to it. He has denied her the facilities or obtaining a thorough education…He has monopolized nearly all the profitable employments, and from those she is permitted to follow, she receives but a scanty remuneration. He has created a false public sentiment by giving to the world a different code of morals for men and women. He allows he in church, as well as state, but a subordinate position…

He has endeavored, in every way that he could to destroy her confidence in her own powers, to lessen her self-respect, and to make her willingly to lead a dependent and abject life.Such thoughts stimulate the need for attention re-orientation of sense of justice and rights, greater respect to the woman, not for what she is (a woman) but also who she is (a human).

Campaign for women empowerment in Nigeria leaves no part of their strategy unaffected, unaltered and untouched. The question now is how far having women fared in campaigning for their empowerment: This is the object of this study.

In chapter two, the researchers review literatures having relevance to the subject matter. Chapter three specifies the methodology adopted for the study. Chapter four is on data analysis and presentation, while in chapter five; the researcher summarizes the whole exercise makes recommendations on how to tackle the problem with a view to extricating women from the predicament they find themselves.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION                                                                  1

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY                             1

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE STUDY                                 10

1.3       OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY                                 11

1.4       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY                              11

1.5       RESEARCH QUESTION                                            12

1.6       RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS                                       13

1.7       CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS15

1.8       ASSUMPTIONS                                                          17

1.9       LIMITATION OF THE STUDY                                   18

CHAPTER TWO

2.0         LITERATURE REVIEW                                             20

2.1    DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES AGAINST WOMEN21

2.2       WOMEN AND EDUCATION                                                21

2.3       WOMEN AND POLITIES                                            24

2.4       WOMEN AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ADVANCEMENT28

2.5       WOMEN AND COMMUNICATION                                     34

2.6       WOMEN AND RELIGIOUS PRACTICES                 37

2.7       OBNOXIOUS AND DEHUNANIZING

CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS                                 38

2.8       WOMEN AND LEADERSHIP POSITIONS              45

2.9       STRATEGIES USED BY WOMEN                                     48

2.10    PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE CAMPAIGN52

CHAPTER THREE

3.0         METHODOLOGY                                                       63

3.1    RESEARCH METHOD                                                         63

3.2       RESEARCH DESIGN                                                 63

3.3       RESEARCH SAMPLE                                                          64

3.4       DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS                     64

3.5       EXPECTED RESULT                                                 65

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0         DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION           66

4.1    ANALYSIS OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA                             66

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0         CONCLUSION, SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1    CONCLUSION                                                             71

5.2       SUMMARY                                                                            71

5.3       RECOMMENDATIONS                                              72

REFERENCE                                                              74

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                                   79

APPENDIX                                                                            83

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is believed that over the years, through the cultural norms in certain societies among which is Africa, and in particular, Nigeria women have been marginalized in the scheme of things making them feel unappreciated in spite of the contributions they make. Women are told that they could be seen and not be heard. As such, they are reduced to mere chattels in the homes is their husbands.

In some cultural setting here in Nigeria, women are subjected to undue hardships and torture as a result of the death of their husbands as if they contributed to their husband’s death. They are denied possessions of their husband’s property, and are even asked to give account of their husband’s possessions where the perpetrators fail top recover from the widows as much as they expected from them. Some women are forced to sit on bare floors for the duration of their husband’s burial periods of the day and also forbidden to take their baths or eat except at approved periods.

This, societal laws reduce female to a state of powerlessness, Okoye (1995) on the country, when the wife dies, the husband is adjudged free from all blame and is allowed to move about at will. Christianity has tried to correct these ills in certain communities, but they still prevail in others.

Historically and culturally too, women had hitherto been seen as mere appendages to men, indeed as the man’s woman. Women have often been referred to as the weaker sex and this informs the superior stance of men. The fact that women are judged by their gender rather than by their experience, ability and intelligence does not prove that there is inferior to men but portrays the prejudice against women.

One of the most obvious determinations of success is ability. We have some female politicians who, if given the chance, will perform more creditably unlike the male counterpart who are interested in embezzling of public funds.

The women liberation movement has conditioned a lot of women and young girls to believe that they are independent and can do everything. This attitude has led many women to use “double-barreled names” because they do not want to loose their identity and surrender to their new role to motherhood.

In the process of trying to achieve their aspirations, women have had to contend with a lot of prejudice, cultural bias and male chauvinism. It is common knowledge that educated women are often castigated as “acatas”. These so called acatas are labeled “unmarriageable”, while some are accused of over-shadowing their husbands. It is also noticed that some women who runs hotel business in other to help their families are often regarded as prostitute even those into politics are also seen as flirt.

These are some of the problems women encounter in the process of campaigning for their empowerment. Can you imaging!

Still, some women especially the educated ones adopt an undaunted posture in the face of castigations and unsavory remarks knowing that it is part of the price they have to pay for the upliftment of womanhood.

In its publication of 4^th October 1997 the German Alumni Newsletter posits “there is abundant evidence that women are more apprehensive about the adequacy of their performance than men”.

The prescription for improving women’s lot does not involve turning women into men. If the women intend to deep abreast of their men-folk, there should be that ambitious spirit.

Women have come a long way politically, socially and educationally. Even in sports, women have displayed their potentialities in football, wrestling and even boxing (sporting events previously reserved for the men folk).

Women in leadership positions have also recorded tremendous achievements that should not be swept under the carpet. They have exhibited committed sincerity, tolerance and humility. Their sense of sincerity of purpose and tolerance enable them to achieve tremendous successes in public offices they administered as president, prime ministers, chairmen, administrators, commissioners and permanent secretaries. Infact, for a long time to come, people would wish to have more women in public offices.

It to demoralizing to find out that in this present generation, girls in this part of the world still go in for early marriages without being educated. Female circumcisions are also performed with pomp and pageantry, sometimes with the use of unsterilised knives or pieces of broken glass.

This calls for serious seminars and workshop on health care delivery, which should X-ray the inherent dangers which include: Pelvic and urinary disorders, increase sexually transmitted diseases, complication during child birth and even death.

Rather than indulging in what may be termed “abuse of womanhood” by showing nude women by way of advertising while their male participants are well dressed, the broadcast media should help to inculcate good virtues by promoting chastity of women.

Some of the major problems also against women empowerment are lack of access to credit facility. It is very vital to have the economic strength to be able to participate in any action, whether political or economic. Women in Nigeria lack the resources and that is their greatest problem. If they get to it, it will be the beginning of the realization of their own fundamental human rights, they have to go out and fight for economic emancipation to be effective partners in national development, lack of economic power has been effecting them in terms of concretizing their contributions.

Women have used so many strategies in the realization of their goals. They have formed some Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) that concern themselves is with women activities.

These organization include:

WOCI – The women’s organization for gender issues

WILDAF – Women in law and development in Africa.

CEDAN – Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women.

WLLN – Woman legislative lobby network.

This network is made up of women activist who are specially train o present the case of women and to see to it that women’s issues are considered in every legislature.All these strategies have helped women in their campaign for empowerment. The strategies adopted have in stoppage of female genital mutilation and other kinds of violation meted out to women.Another strategy, which the women have used, is organizing of seminars and workshops. These seminars and workshops have help in intimating women on the need to live up to their expectation, to know their rights and claim them. These seminars and workshops which have been organized by the educated women to other women and most especially to the illiterate ones in the rural areas have helped them to know their rights and also know how to work towards achieving their aims.In 1995, a fourth world conference was held in Beijing, China, and it focused on a plan of action implementation regarding the advancement of women in context of equality and sustainable development.

The historic Beijing declaration, called for the appointment of women into at least 30% of elective posts in the country or states.Women are looking forward to when they will be allowed fully in the participation of some elective political posts, which are kept only for man. Posts like president, vice president, chairman and other political posts.They want a situation where the issues of female genital mutilation will be stopped final even other related matters like the preference of male child to female child in the cultural setting.The kind of punishment a widow receives according to culture and tradition must be totally scrapped off.Women hope to see the time when they will be rated the same as men.With the new millennium already with us in the country, Nigeria women should now be given a chance to place their role in national development which will adversely affect other things they have been campaigning for which has been against them.

1.2       STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

It is amazing that in spite of the educational, political and social-economic level attained by women and the contributions they make in the society, they are yet to be appreciated in the scheme of things.This situation has generated a lot of controversy the world over, culminating in series of global meetings whereby women demand an enabling environment in which to thrive. This demand seems to be gaining grounds worldwide, and it is the creating of this awareness as well as the need to improve the standard of living of women, both those that are living in urban and rural areas that the researchers are going to X-ray.

It is therefore, necessary to find how effectively women have been or are able to perform this function, the strategies, problems and also their prospects. It is the need of this assessment that aroused the interest of the researchers to delve into this study.

1.3       OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. This is intended to find out if women have been treated as they are supposed to be treated or not.
2. This is also to find out whether the campaign for women empowerment is necessary or not.
3. To highlight the strategies used by women in their campaign for empowerment.
4. To ascertain the effects of government interference in this campaign for women empowerment.

1.4       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is significant because it would reveal the problem bedeviling most of our women folk, even in this 20^th century.

Using women in Enugu metropolis as a point of reference, it is anticipated that they study would succeed in bringing to focus the strategies women have employed in achieving their empowerment, the problems they encountered and the prospects for their campaign and whether the strategies have helped or are helping in improving their lot. The findings and recommendations of this research work will be useful and serve as a guide to girls that are coming up and also to government in formulating laws and policies relative to the effectiveness of the women empowerment.The study will also be significant in examining the achievement of women in the presence of increasing problems confronting them. The study will provide a database for future researcher in women empowerment; it’s strategies, problems and prospects and add to materials outstanding in library.

1.5       RESEARCH QUESTIONS