A COMPARATIVE COVERAGE OF URBAN RURAL NEWS BY NIGERIAN NEWSPAPERS (CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THIS DAY AND THE DAILY CHAMPION NEWSPAPERS)

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION                                            1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY                                            1

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM                     6

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY                                                          8

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY                                            8

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION                                                                    10

1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES AND NULL HYPOTHESIS                  10

1.6.1 HYPOTHESIS                                                                         10

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS                                                                   11

1.7.1 CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS                                              12

1.7.2 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS                                             12

1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY                                                                   14

1.9 ASSUMPTION                                                                           15

1.10 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY                                         15

 

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW                                18

2.1 SOURCE ES OF REVIEW                                                                  18

2.2 SUMMARY OF REVIEW                                                                   19

 

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY                                                34

3.1 RESEARCH METHOD                                                              34

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN                                                                35

3.3 TARGET POPULATION                                                           35

3.4 SAMPLE SIZE                                                                           36

3.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE                                                                  36

3.6 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS                                                37

3.7 THE CODE SHEET SAMPLE                                                   37

3.8 DATA ANALYSIS                                                                     39

3.9 EXPECTED RESULT                                                                39

 

CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS RESULT                                              40

4.1 CONTENT ANALYSIS                                                             40

4.2 TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS                                                     77

4.3 DISCUSSIONS / RESULTS                                                       89

 

CHAPTER FIVE:

5.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION                                92

5.1 SUMMARY                                                                                92

5.2 RECOMMENDATION                                                              93

5.3 CONCLUSION                                                                           94

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                                                       95-98

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLE

 

TABLE                                                                                             PAGE

4.1     DISTRIBUTION FREQUENCY OF NEWS VARIABLES    78

4.2     PLACEMENT OF URBAN AND RURAL NEWS STORIES          80

4.3     DISTRIBUTION FREQUENCY OF LOCALE                       81

4.4     FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL NEWS

EVENTS ORIGINATOR                                                        83

4.5     FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF NEW VARIABLES      85

• FREQUENCY OF PLACEMENT OF URBAN AND

RURAL NEWS STORIES                                                      86

4.7     FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF NEWS LOCALE           87

• FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL NEWS

EVENTS ORIGINATORS                                                      88

CHAPTER ONE

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The imbalance of new flow is a complex and varied phenomenon which can occur in different forms and exist in all media; the newspaper, magazine, radio, film and television e.t.c.

Communication is a part of the general process that provides the needed link between planners and their goals. No nation can service without workable information to the various parts of the nation and he effectiveness of information lies in its getting to the recipients in proper from.

Knowing it there is the existence of any information imbalance between our rural and urban population is of great importance for on it, depends the trend of our study.

Communication facilities are often inadequate within developing countries due to lack of finance and other resources and the few that are readily available concentrates more on the urban areas at the expense or detriment of the rural dwellers. The distribution of facilities does not provide the information of the people in Nigeria, as well as most third world countries and few developed countries.

The imbalance of information flow between the urban areas and rural areas seen, like an information flow between the rural majority and urban minority in the sense that news, flow from the developed urban areas to the undeveloped rural areas.

According to Professor Humphery Nwosu (1990) “People living in urban areas have more dependable infrastructural facilities than their counterparts in the rural areas until recently, the circulation of newspapers was an obligation carried out only in the township”.

Nevertheless, rural poverty regrettably frustrates what should otherwise have been a most laudable achievement of modern technology.

Illiteracy completed the vicious cycle started by poverty and lack of infrastructural development and facilities as a large proportion of our rural population are prevented from information flow by the above factors. This has reduced the rural people to a state of passive receivers of information which incidentally is packaged by a few people.

As we pointed out earlier, the imbalance of news flow exists at all levels in our countries. At the international level, news flow from the industrialized countries to the third world news to impose western attitude on the developing countries.

Opubor and Nwundi (1985) quoted the managing director of Daily Times newspaper as complaining that;

“While he has detailed knowledge of foreign places and people such as ministers, other personalities and even crooks through flowing information gotten from international news agencies, he knew little about his own neighbors and neighborhood in Africa and all other world countries”.

Apart from one-way flow of information, the little news on the third world is often distorted and centered on crisis. The third world countries always complain that the bulk of information they receive do not serve their actual information are either irrelevant or destructive to their culture, besides, news on famine, wars, crisis, ridicules them as being primitive. In other words, it only the add events from the third world countries that qualify as news events to the western media.

A foreign correspondent said it all or asked it; Why the hell should anyone be interested other than a specialist in Congo, when there is no crisis there.

The developing countries are not happy with this imbalance. The accumulated anger and frustration, surfaced during the oil boom of the 1970’s when they found a strong economic bargaining power in oil and they advocated for a balance in the flow of information based on population distribution and national aspiration of cultural independence.

This call, debates, conferences and symposia under the auspices of UNESCO and the setting up of the international commission for the study of communication problem in 1977 under the chairmanship of Sean macbrite.  This commission after their deliberations recommended for a new world information and communication order (NWICO) which should replace the old order characterized by imbalance distortion and one- sided.

From the forgoing, it is clear that there is the existence of imbalance flow of information in the world. This problem is also reflected in our country Nigeria today just like there is imbalance in news flow between the developed countries and third world countries, there is also imbalance flow of information between the urban and rural areas in Nigeria.

It is against this background, that there is a need for a comparative study of coverage of urban and rural news by Nigerian newspapers. For the purpose of this study, t6wo Nigerian newspapers; this day and the champion newspapers were chosen.

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM 

Wilbur schranrm (1964) said that even in the highly developed countries, information is more readily in the great cities because of the concentration of information materials in such cities. But this not what it should be especially now that a new information order has been called for, one that would have a the potential to remove imbalance in news coverage at all levels.

The 1990 constitution of the federal Republic of Nigeria in section 39 guarantees freedom of expression, information and expression of opinion. It is therefore expected that the pattern of information flow in Nigeria will reflect an equitable coverage of all parts of the country.

In Nigeria, the communication between the rural and his urban counterpart is still at it’s lowest ebbs. The research problem for this study focus adequately on lives and activities of the population. Instead when such events are reported, they are either given small space or no space at all. Sometimes, these news reported are “halt truth”.

While undergoing a research work on the study of coverage of urban and rural news by Nigeria newspapers, the following problems will be tackled.

1. That Nigeria newspaper are deprecating in important new content.
2. That the news content of Nigeria newspapers reflect a bias for some region to the detriment of other regions.
3. That there is inadequacy in the news coverage of rural areas by Nigerian newspapers.

 

1.3OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.

This study centers on how Nigeria newspaper ration out their news content and it understands these objectives will help.

1. To find out it there is news flow imbalance in Nigeria as it is the case of international news flow.
2. To find out it the urban areas receive coverage than the rural areas.
3. To find out it the bulk of news-events reported about rural areas are relevant to them or it they are negative news.
4. To know it the Nigeria pres and other third world countries are quilt of news flow imbalance of which the western media are accused of.

 

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Contemporary, empirical research tradition in the centered on three main headings. Firstly, there is a research on the effectiveness of persuasive power of mass media secondly, the research is concerned with general effects the media and lastly is research concerned with general social effects of the media and lastly, research is concerned with the contents of the mass media (publications).

 

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Do Nigeria newspapers contain little space about areas?
2. Do Nigeria newspaper tend to give rural news front page coverage?
3. Do Nigeria newspaper report new event from urban areas more than they report new events from rural areas?
4. Are the news report from rural areas generated by high government officials?

1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS AND NULL HYPOTHESIS

1.6.1 HYPOTHESIS.

H₁  Little space only are mapped out by Nigerian newspaper for rural areas.

H₀  Little space only are not mapped out by Nigeria newspaper for rural areas.

H₂ Nigerian newspaper gives rural news front page coverage.

H₀ Nigeria newspapers do not give rural news front page coverage.

H₃ Nigeria newspapers report news event from urban areas more then they report news events from the rural areas.

H₄ News reports from rural areas are generated by high government officials.

 

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERM

It is necessary to give an appropriate definition of all terms used in this research work as to remove doubt and misunderstanding of all elements contained.

 

 

 

 

1.7.1           CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION AND OPERATIONAL CONCEPTUAL

DIRECTION:                                   The quality of news

FRONT PAGE COVERAGE:          Placement of news story on the first

page of newspaper.

HIGH GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL: The printed publication in Nigeria that report information on events usually on daily basis.

RURAL AREAS:                              The comtryside or the grassroots of a

nation.

RURAL RESIDENT:                        Person who live in rural / non urban

areas.

URBAN AREAS:                             The developed part of a nation.

 

1.7.2 OPERATION 

DIRECTION;                                    This pertains to the favorability,

Unfavourbility or neutrality of a news

Story.

FRONT PAGE COVERAGE;          This refers to the news events that are Considered important enough to be Published on the first page of the

Newspapers.

HIGH GOVERNMENT OFFICILS; person like ministers, commissioners

who take part in decision making and administration of a state and who represent the head of state.

NEGATIVE EVENTS;                     Reports on crisis, diseases crimes etc

which indict the people involved

rather than boosting their morals.

NIGERIAN NEWSPAPERS;            The two newspapers being analyzed

this day and the Daily champion

newspapers.

RURAL AREAS;                              The less developed communities were

farming is usually the major

occupation, where more of the

countries population live the major

occupation, which more of the

country’s population live and where

a large numbers of illiterates are

usually found.

RURAL RESIDENTS;                      These people who live permanently

In the village and are usually farmers

and fisherman.

URBAN AREAS;                             The developed towns where

Government ministries and

Establishment are concentrated and

Where the professional are usually

Found.

 

1.8     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Apart from the time and financial constraints, other limitations are based upon social, political and economical changes that have taken place during the period of the study.

 

• ASSUMPTION

Due to time constraint, it will be difficult to carry out a detailed study of all the newspapers in Nigeria. Due to this, following assumption was made.

1. This Day and time Daily champion represents all the newspapers in Nigeria.
2. That the content of the tow newspapers represents the coverage of rural and urban news by all Nigeria newspapers.

• That both this day and the daily champion are the most widely read newspapers in Nigeria.

 

1.10       DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is limited to the coverage of urban and rural news in Nigeria. It is also limited to the contents of two newspapers; this day and the champion newspapers that contents were analyzed and the items also analyzed on specific report of events.

 

REFERENCES:

1. Sean Macbride et. al: Many voices, one world Nigeria, Ibadan, university press 1981 P.36.

 

2. Humphrey Nwosu “Birding the urban-rural information imbalance for even development: A government perspective” in E. Nwosu ed, mass communication and National Development, Aba, Nigeria, frontier publishers 1990 P. 106.

 

 

3. Aifres Opubor Onuorah Nwameli: ed mass communication in Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria fourth Dimension publisher 1985, P. 47.

 

4. William A Hatchen; muttled Drums; the news made in African, Annes, lowa and the lowa state university press 1971 P. 83.5

 

5. Wilbur Schranmn, mass media and National Development Stanford University press. 1964 P. 69-70

 

6. The constitution of federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 section 39.

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

This project was intended to give a comparative e study of coverage of Urban and rural news by Nigerian newspaper.

This study has become necessary because of the call for a balance in communication flow. There has been an age long accusation by the third world countries against and quantity of news that they report about them. It is ironical that the same offence which the developed countries were accused of is being practiced in the developing countries.

This media are being accused of under reporting events from the rural areas. They emphasize that there were an imbalance in the quantity and quantity of news from the rural areas when compared with news from the urban areas.

This accusation is what necessitated, this study in order to find out whether this accusation is true or met. Two newspapers. This Day and the Daily champion were selected for a comparison on the report of urban and rural news by both newspapers. The content analysis was for a period of six years.

The project was divided into five chapters. Chapter one is made up of the introduction.

Chapter two is the literature review which is based on what other authors have research on related topics, while chapter three is the methodology.

The data analysis and the result were discussed in chapter four whereas chapter five was made up the summary, recommendation and the conclusion.

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EFFECT OF MODERN NIGRIA FILM ON NIGRIANS

(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU URBAN DEWELLERS)

ABSTRACTS

          Television in modern world is the major part of entertainment. In 1956 a videotape was used for the first with help of video tape, events are recorded for later broadcast.

In ninety – Ninety, the coming of home videos in Nigeria, has enabled a massive local film production and these films are almost taking over the position of foreign films in most Nigeria homes.

Thus this present study aimed to find out the effect of Nigeria film on the ethnicity problem in Nigeria and how Nigerian film audiences are affected through the contents of these film produced. Recently much have been written on the impact of television programmes especially the modern Nigeria films on Nigerian.

The local films which is said to be proliferating almost every day some without bases is suggested to undergo through scrutiny before making it for peoples consumption since this studies, objectives is to find out the effect of Nigeria films on Nigerians it  will all so avow or disput “Ousemen” who states that cinema in African play a negative role that majority of films shown in African are product of cultural alienation.

Infact the theories and studies revised produced effective background for better and countermary result to effect changes in Nigeria film production.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Background of study

Statement of the  research problem

Objectives of the study

Significance of the study

Research question

Research Hypothesis

Conceptual and Operational Definition

Assumption

Limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

Review of the Literature

Source

Review and Summary

CHAPTER THREE

Research method

Research Method

Research Design

Research Sample

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Results

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Analysis and presentation

Results

Discussion of Finding

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary

Recommendations

References

Bibliography

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1    INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

          Film is an instrument of communication that informs and educates through entertainment. It is also a motion picture, which as a reflection  of the society reproducers the action of human being in thin – coated roll or sheet of flexible materials used for  photography.

Researchers for a long time now, have focussed their minds on television viewing and parents – children perception of violence. The attitude exhibited by parents and children after watching violence programmes on television some researched on the effectiveness of Nigeria television drama, other researched the effects of Nigeria audience on television programmes and effects of the exposure to electronic media on English language pattern of Nigerian children as well effect of mass media programmes on rural development.  Nigeria films that sprang up in early do’s as an electronic media that covers effects of television programmes, language formation, violence, rural development via electronic media programmes.

This project topic is chosen to streamline the effects of Nigeria film on Nigeria citizens using Enugu Urban dwellers as sample. Cinema by now should mean both motion pictures for theatres and film for television is simultaneously an art and industry because it means of creation and its system of distribution involve expensive technology. This has been true since the early days of public viewing parlor when percent illuminated a 50 foot –long scene. Modern distribution of colour television into living rooms for a 50 second commercial only infacts the problem in terms of the cost involved and the relative quality of the production.

What effect film as artistic, social and economic phenomenon has on the cultural values of both creators and viewers is an international problem of the first magnitude, since cinema or felm is a world wide language that can be grasped by the iluterate as well as by the educated. Nothingless than the control of man’s minds and emotion is at stake. Aesthetics, in others case, has become linked both with economic and with political action responsive to the uses of visual communication is cinema or films. According to international encydopedia of social science is the major cultural force in the second half twenty century.

The relation between chose who create the picture and those pays the cost is conflict between the front office and second stage as complex as shakespeares efforts to gain the good graces of his patrons. What film is the degree of interdependence between artistry and finances.

The question cannot be dismissed as a matter of preference. What  is art to one may indeed be an industry to another and vice versa. The inseparability of the equation makes it difficult to evaluate. Infact, the Under of film art and picture industry seem as  though a marriage contracted in hell, lived on earth and rewarded in heaven.

 

1.2    STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Films influence have relation with problems associated with film production which starts with a motion picture. An impovenshed painter may start his work once he has brushes, he can even steal hair out from a cut to make a bush, but a film director will find that cameras, lenses, lights, developing tanks editing apparatus are relatively inexpensive compare with actor salaries, set construction, or shooting on location.

Film is the only art form solely dependent on machinery. The electronic extension of motion pictures and television is more expensive and involves more machinery. Never before in man’s artistic history has an artist been so sub – ordinate to the means which shape his ends, and conversely, never before has the patrone or sponsor or producers been dependent on talent for the utilization of his machinery for production, distribution and exhibition. Thus influence the viewers or audience.

A write – director in cinema or film is like an orchestral conductor, his scrip, or score cannot be expericenced without the collaboration of mynad different craftsmen employing different instruments. They should ideally be hired for their specific competence in dealing with a special challenge. This is a problem of correct casting of craftsman, under strict Union regulations of specialty or seniority the write – director is obliged to accept the run of mill workers who is not generate include to support artistic adventures. Also, the numbers of employees allotted to an assignment are prescribed by union rules. There are qualitative considerations discle from the quantity of workers assistance and collaborators.

Since the basic concepts a motion picture must be filtered through many individuals before the picture reaches its final version and since these concepts are primary visual, the relation of the number of individuals involved to the degree of aesthetic coherence in the picture’s imagery is obviously crucial. This influences the film make up and production output and again effects the audiences the audiences who are beneficiaries of the output conematic laws are postulated and films are censored even in Nigeria that started film production recently infact, the greater the number of collaborators in the creation of a motion picture or films the less coherent it’s imagery will be. The imagery then is as well influenced to the vieners.

One will ask, to what degree close the production problems of cinema or films influenced the cinema or films, since it has been found that there are problems faced by the director of the sources” which is either a story or body of factual materials. The sources usually may be a novel, a play, a short story or an” original treatment “. It may even be a social essay a political theme, or a report on actualities.

The authors of the sources will usually have this ideas and emotions translated into script by other writers, the final shooting script may be prepared by yet another batch of writers including dialogue specialists. Such has been the prevailing pattern in Hollywood’s films and television studios , the same is true of italy, France, Yugosslavia, poland, the soviett Union, Japan. Nationallist China and Chinese peoples Republic before the advent of Nigeria films in 1990’s though there hand been existence of drama on stage, on television screen and on and on and  radio. Thus, scripting of any drawn affects it’s audience to the communication medium chosen in dissemination.

Again, scripting of any given film affects it’s audience ideas depending on the pre –conceived ideology, norms and values of the society.

1.3    OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The mass media as an institute have been with certain manifest generate functions entertainment, information, education and survellance important as  all the functions may be, according to lany Banker in his book communication” it is primary soured and used for the their (mass media) revenue (1) entertainment has been severally defined as “treatment of occupying attention, agreeable, that can afford interest of amusement (2) or satisfaction of wants (3) and an entertainment medium banker said it’s one  that provides the consumer with some sort of escape or diversion from the results and anxieties from the realities and anxieties of study daily living(4).

Among the films that offer entertainment to the Nigeria audience includes such films as comedy films, Epic, true  life stories, advenuous films and light fiction.

Despite strong arguments by various people including social commentators on Nigerian film, it’s themes as avenue of Nigeria entertainment can influence such entertainment on Nigeria audience, it is perhaps certain that entertainment from mass media is of globas importance and attracts incrediblel following because of the mass appeal they have among heterogeneous group cutting across ethic boundaries.

The most prominent in the  mass media is television. Television, despite  being considerably new as a  height in entertainment, which is primarily due to it’s ability do use audio visual means of communication and lately colour. Films and few seconds advert presentation have become the major tools of television industry in offering entertainment. Television also provides the secreen for private view of films at homes and at individuals leisure times. Therefore Nigeria Television stations in much of their air – time are filled with locally produced films which are produced by private film companies like, moving movie production, producers of Rattle Snake, Andy best production that proceed God’s incarnate, Christopher Anyanyi, producer and director of “my soul”

However, some drama series have been produced in the past by the Nigeria television stations

Introduction unit,which contributed immensely to the advent of Nigeria made films.Examples of such drama series arw “mirror in the sun” sponsored by the lever Brothers Nigeria PLC

“Super story”    also sponsored by  lever Brothers PLC   Checkmate sponsored by lever Brothers PLC.

The popular television comedy “ Bassey and company” produced and recorded by old anambra Broadcasting Services Television channel 50 Enugu by  the saros international productions limited. The drama, which appeared on television in April 1985, kept many viewers glued to the Nigeria television Authority (NTA) every Wednesday by 8 30pm .

Bassey and company while exposing the chicaneries of the typical lagosian, it also managed to generate enough fun and laughter to put across the bitter message. In a larger context, the drama series mirrored Nigeria as  well as wrappeed up common extents which happened daily in government, business and social interactions. The same thing is with the Nigeria films produced and watched today. The only difference today is that films and drama producers do not seek air time sponsors because they producer and sell them directly to the masses.

The aim of thus study therefore to x – ray the role and effect of Nigeria film productions generally, but the study will not use any film in particular to measure the  effectiveness of Nigeria film production on t he Nigeria audience it will go a along way to evaluate the response of the Nigeria audience towards themes of Nigeria film produce recurring to the mind what economic status can do any countries film produce.

1.4    SIGNIFIANCE  ON THE STUDY

The effects of film production of Nigeria audience have  been the sources of controversy some of the controversies stem from the fact that adults addicted to watching films are regard as being mentally Immature to the negative influenced on children especially violent films. Others also stand at any point in time to prove that language formation. This project will either be bed to disprove those nations or prove it right with more convincing points.

Again, some believe those effects of film is confined to reader himself and seldom involves any attclude change and therefore is never accompanied by any overt be behaviour, this work is aimed towards enunciating the overt behaviour as  it regards films made in Nigeria and watch or viewed by Nigerians

Equally of note is that such content used as entertainment will have been proved wrong or right that it provides rescation and diversion to point vicarious ties of depicted behavours and socially innocuous release of aggression from one person to another

Though, in a study corducted by Joseph Igbinedwn on the “Audeicne Attitude towards films on Nigerian television” Resulted that more men (45%) prefer entertainment programmes than women (27%) women on the other hand 73%) prefer educational programmes to any form of entertainment than men (59%)

Based on these controvesies for and again of film as an entertainment medium. This study also tries to study among other things the films production problems of finance , that is economical factor influence on films made in Nigeria and economic influence on both the Nigeria as well as the importance of Nigeria audience through the attempt made to study audiences characteristics of Nigeria films.

Furthermore, the study will be important in assessing the effectiveness of Nigerians films on Nigeria audience as regards social changes. Nigeria film will be said to be a new development, which has not up to a clecade . So research have not. Focus their attention to it, to evaluate it’s effectiveness it audience. This is the aim and aspiration of this study.

1.5    RESEARCH QUESTION

This study, the effect of Nigeria films on the Nigeria a audience, posed many questions out of  which are following:-

1. How does economic situation in Nigeria influence film production.
2. Does the effect of Nigeria economy on Nigeria film influence Nigeria films audience.
3. To what extent does Nigeria film director/ producers utilize the available human and natural resources to cause social changes in the lives of Nigeria film audience
4. To what extent have Nigeria films provided entertainment as a sources of relaxation to it’s Nigeria
5. To what extent has Nigeria film promoted cultural values of different Nigeria ethnic groups in fostering nationalism.
6. RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

A  hypothesis is a statement of relationship between or among variables which are subject to scientific test or study  thus  for  the  purpose of this study the following hypothesis were postulated.

H₁ Nigerian films affect it’s Nigeria audience positively.

H₀  Nigeria films affect it’s Nigeria audience negatively

H₂ Nigerian films reflect good image of good societies and thus societal changes.

H₀     Nigerian films reflect bad image of the societies though proffer punishment to evil doers but does not cause societal change.

H₃ Nigerian films offer good entertainment to it’s audience

H₀ Nigeria films is not a good entertainment medium.

 

 

1.7    DEFINITION OF TERMS

          CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS:

1. Aesthetic: In appreciation of the beauty of arts such as film and motion picture.
2. Audeicne: Gathering of persons for the purpose of hearing a speaker, singer etc and viewing an act on film or threatre. Then persons may not be together but may be within hearing viewing.
3. Camera: Apparatus for taking still and motion pictures. It receives light images and transforms them for broadcasting live, videotapers or prints.
4. Censor: Authority to examine books, play film etc and to cut out anything regarded as immoral.
5. Cinema : Is motion pictures as an art form or an industry. It is also a theatre in which films are shown.
6. Cinematic Law: Is a photographic rules and regulations as regards to motion pictures.
7. Compose: This is the act of making up or forming parts into whole example pictures or sentence into a whole study.
8. Commercial : Financial by changes made for advertising a product in a film, television or radio.
9. Communication: This is the act of disseminating information or ideas that may have be sourced.
10. Evaluation:- An act of finding out the value of acceptance of a particular message by decoders from encoders.
11. Factual material: This is material that is based on facts.
12. Film: Is an instrument of communication than informs and educates through entertainment with motion pictures.
13. Film production: The act of putting together of motion picture for entertainment
14. Dialogue specialist::- A person who specialize in writing in the form of a conversion of talk.
15. Interdependence: This is dependence of any and / from another.
16. Influence: Power to affect somebody or person’s characters, beliefs or action through examples, fear admiration etc.
17. Lens: piece of glass like substance with one or both sides curved for use in camer as
18. Motion pictures: Moving causing pictures or photographs to start moving. It is called cinema, film or movie.
19. Nigeria film: Films made in Nigeria by Nigerians.
20. Original Treatment: Films produced as a result of the conters though or expression accordingly .
21. Picture: Film shown in cinema or what is seen on a television screen.
22. Picture Director: A person who tells or gives instructions on how pictures or film would be produced.
23. Picture producer: A person who arranges in sequential order the pictures into films.
24. Shooting on location: The location at which a particular scene or act is short and acted.
25. Scrip writing: hard writing cursive characters in initiation of handwriting. It is also writing manuscript or typescript of an actor’s apart in a play, talk, discussion, drama etc. to be broadcasting.

ASSUMPTIONS

1. Nigeria films are nationally watched
2. Nigerian films are industrially produced by Nigerians.
3. Nigeria films are instruments for national developments and social changes amongst the citizenry.

1.8    LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

          The work is expected to come up with a better result that will uphold communication. Through entertainment has it’s limitation, which are limited as follows.

1. Poor Research information: Information that would have given an evaluation to findings the effectiveness of the issue is poorly available. This is owing to the newness of the issue, few criticism or appraisal of Nigeria film has been written.
2. Finance: This study is interesting but due to the fact that researchers of this study are students with limited financial researcher one could not exploit all the exploitable to bring out It’s perfect result, unless he foreign a lot of the which we intend to do to our best.
3. Time constraints: Time plays an important role in everything man does and we not an kokoclast to the times affect to main’s nature.

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ASSESSMENT OF NEWSPAPER AND MAGAZINE READING HABIT AMONG NIGERIAN STUDENTS

(A CASE STUDY OF INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (IMT) ENUGU)

ABSTRACT

This study: Newspaper and magazine reading Habits among Nigeria Students;

A case study of institute of management and technology (IMT) Enugu

The main objective of the study was to:

(a)     Find out whether student’s course of study influences their newspaper and magazine reading habits

(b)     Whether student’s economic background affects their newspaper and magazine reading habits.

©       To asses whether male students read newspaper and magazine more than the female students and to know what content of the page students prefer most.

A       20 questions questionnaire was used as an instrument for gathering data. The data for thus study came from a sample population which comprised of hundred (100) students of institute of management and technology (IMT) Enugu. Random sampling method was used.

Some of the findings of the study revealed that 25 present read newspapers and magazine for information, 7 percent read for enlightenment while 68 percent responded to all of the categories. It was therefore recommended that some percent should provide their hard with adequate financial aids to enable them buy newspapers and magazine. Also newspaper and magazines should be provided in all the departments of the institution.

Finally, the library should be stocked with national newspapers and magazines to be used by the students.

CHAPTER TWO

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of study                                                               1

1.2     Statement of problem                                                              3

1.3     Objective of study                                                                             3            

1.4     Research question                                                                             4

1.5     Significatance of the study                                                      4

1.6     Limitation of the study                                                           5

1.7     Definition of terms                                                                   5

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

• Introduction                                                                              7
• Brief history of the development of newspaper and magazine         7
• Review of attiudual behaviours towards newspaper and magazine 14
• Theoretical frame work                                                           21

 

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1     Introduction                                                                                      22

3.2     Target population                                                                             22

3.3     Sample size                                                                             23

3.4     Sample technique                                                                     23

3.5     Source of data                                                                          24

3.6     Instrument for data collection                                                 24

3.7     Method of data analysis                                                           24

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

1.4     Data analysis and discussion                                                 25

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1     Summary and conclusion                                                        37

5.2     Recommendations                                                                             39

         

References                                                                               40

Bibliography                                                                           41

Questionnaire                                                                           43

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Several investigative and analytical studies have been carried out on student’s views on newspapers and magazines. Equally their readership among our tertiary institutions with, reference to institute of management and technology and (IMT) and Enugu? This enormous work as was know has been embraced by a plethora of man with varying degree of intellectual property.  Some tried to make a difference by the shape and colour of bath; others created the mental and physical picture of the content of the papers in terms of thee type of information being circulated by such papers. Honored, this study in addition to seek deference information on newspaper and magazine readership habits among our tertiary institutions, finds out thee astray age, sax, income and educational standard hare contributed to the discrepancies in their readership knowing fully thee some media organization and born with the nitration of housing some kinds of information, some are rooted towards educational aplifcmenl, some politicked and other religiously propagated. I am poised to know how these facers influence students’ readership with particular reference to institute of management and Technology and (I M T) and Enugu.

Meanwhile thee newspaper as meet doggie and (1977; 10) rightly pointed out, is institution developed by modern civilization as a means of information dissemination and to cedar public opinion and furnish that check upon government which it has never been able to provide. Magazine in its own nature means a sort of bound material with a paper caver and usually large-sized pages which contains write-ups, photographs and advertisements usually, on a special subject and sold weekly or monthly

According to Hilliard and (1956;7), it is acclaimed that the first prototype newspaper was established about 1909, probably in Braymer, paper and magazine in the would only  in 1959 did one spring up in our country-Nigerian. As a mat car of history, journalism made its giant stride in the country by 1859, with the establishment’s tofu Iwe-iromia, a bi-mouthy newspaper published by Reverend Harry Townsend. This newspaper nastiest printed and published in abaokuya in the Nigerian language of Yoruba by the Christian society press. The objective of the first newspaper, according to Reverend Harry Townsend was to gal the people to read, seek and disseminate information. Knowing the importance of education in building the socio-cultural elm-education status of the country, iweirofrin pared way or acted as an inspirational objective to other newspapers which later surfaced before it’s demist in 1867.

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The development of mass media has invariably emphasized a basic problem faced by human beings; the problem of accounting available time among the various things they have or need to do. Students are not left and of this problem. There have been doubles on the readership habits of Nigerian students which could be as a result of their economic backgrounds, sax, and newspaper and magazine canyons. Despite the nigh level of readership of newspaper and magazine among students, people are stile of the view that their readership habit is in law ebb. The issue now. Is, if it is low, why is it so? Therefore the basis of this study is to find out thee extort studier’s course of study influence their newspaper and magazine reading habits. To what extent does the economic background of students affect their newspaper and magazine rending habits? In addition, to examine the relationship between sax and rending habits of students and where contact of the newspaper and magazine interacts student’s mast.

 

• OBJETIVE OF THE STUDY

(1)  TO determine to what extent the student’s course of study influence their newspaper and magazine reading habits.

(2)  To examine breather stonecats economic background affects their newspaper and magazine reading habits.

(3)  To assess breather the make students read newspaper and magazine more than the female students.

(4)    To assess the cortex t of the page students preferred most.

 

1.4    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The researcher is of the  view that much  studies have been carriers out on studies readership habit as it ought to be it is this reason that gingered the researcher going into ‘’ Students Readership Habit’’. A case study of institute of management and Technology (I M T) Enugu. This study is necessary because thee auditors the press and the students will benefit from it this study will in no small massacre help the auditors to know what their readers like in their publication  and why they read it with this at the back of their mind they will re-structure their magazine and newspaper content. It would offer justifies basis for assessing students reading habit. Basso the general public would cure a lot from this. It will be of importance to people carrying out a research on similar topic.

 

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTION.

(1)     To what extent do students course of study influence their newspaper and magazine reading habits?

(2)     To what extent does the economic background of the student affects their newspaper and magazine reading habits?

(3)     Is their any relationship between sex and reading habits of the students?

(4)     Does newspaper and magazine when as students reading habits?

 

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

It is important to bring up some of the hypothesis or hypothetical statement which forms the basis of the study while, conducting this study. It is in attempted to find solutions or gather still validate or refute this hypothesis that girds justification of the conclusion dawn in this study. Hypothesis itself is once of crux. The main aspects that will man or undermine the study are:

Hi:    student’s course of study influence their newspaper and magazine reading habit.

H₀:    students course of study dogs not influence their newspaper and magazine reading habit.

H₂:    Economic background o f student affects their newspaper and magazine reading habit.

H₀:    Economic background of students does not affect their newspaper and magazine reading habit.

H₃:    There is relationship between sex and rending habits of students.

H₀:    There is no relationship between sex and reading habits of students.

H₄:    Newspaper and magazine enhances student’s readership habit.

H₀:    Newspaper and magazine does not enhance students reading habits.

 

 

• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

In this course of study aerating problems will be encounters and such is usually the case with all human and devours. For the fact that the researcher is amateur and this is her first attempt at caring out a scientific study on her own, there are situations where respondent will be reluctant to answer questions. And where they so, they so it haphazardly and related tenthly and art after insincere in their responses. Secondly, the school library is in adequately stroked with books for refinance purposes. There is also the problem of time watt to the short duration of this semester, have there is hardly any time for any manifold research on this topic. Finally, the financial constraints have also posed a serious drawback. There is no money to visits other places where materials for this project round have been collected like interact.

 

• DEFINITION OF TERMS

CONCEPTUALLY.

NEWS PAPER

This means a set of large printed sheets of paper containing news, articled advertisement and published everyday or every week.

MAGAZINE 

It is defined by the severed learners Dictionary of current English as periodic publication of large this book with a paper cover that you can buy every week or month, containing arties photographs, advertisement etc. after on particular topic-headline.

 

AUDIENCE

The groups of people who have gathered to watch or listen to something like a play concert or somebody speaking.

 

OPERATIONALLY

                             NEWSPAPER

It implies to this work as periodicals containing informational material of studier’s interest. The newspaper can also be defined as a who some package of news, events and views of a day in a given area of circulation or readship of students frequeray of publication is mainly daily or weekly.

 

 

MAGAZINE      

          Here, it implies a sort of bound material with a paper cover and usually large sized pages which contains write-ups, advertisement etc. usually on a special subject and product for targeted group of students, printed and sold week, weekly, or monthly.

 

AUDIENCE

The group of people who have gathered to watch or listen to something like a ploy, concert or somebody speaking.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

REFERENCES

 

1. Nwuneli, D and Olatuaji, D Mass communication in Nigerian {ed} fourth Dimension publishing limited Enugu 1977, P 80.
2. Sadetter, L public Opinion in Sumerian socially, New York, Harper and Brothers publishers 1969, P 2, 8.
3. Ogunsiji, M. A. introduction to print Journalism Ikeja, Nelson publishers, 1989 P. 50
4. Klapper, J. The Effect of mass communication Glencoe, Illinois, the free press.

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IMPACT OF DRUG TRAFFICKING AND ABUSE IN OUR NATIONS IMAGE, CONTENT ANALYSIS OF SELECTED INTERNATIONAL AND LOCAL MEDIA CONTENTS ON NIGERIA.

ABSTRACR/PROPOSAL

 

I choose to write on Drug and trafficking because it has assumed a global concern, even in the sporting sphere, it is being questioned.  The press has devoted lots of its spaces and airtime to attack the monster its impact is very disturbing and divesting without concerted efforts of all and sundry it may be a scourge that may threaten the entire world for the rest of this millennium and beyond.

The phenomenon is a problem for youths everywhere nowadays, parents, teachers and neighbors to have problems with drugs, know many Nigerian adolescents many bright promising young boys and girls have been effected by drug abuse, the luckily once temporarily, the unfortunate once for long periods.  Many adolescent are doing time in the prisons for engaging in drug trafficking.

In spite of the above facts, this issue is not only peculiar to youths alone, some adults have found solace and fortunes in drug abuse and trafficking, and encouraged the young minds with their spurious financial backing as they serve as barons, this has constituted a great image problem with the crusading attacks from world press on this nation.

This is why I inquisitively and painstakingly chose to bring out a well research work in a very lucid and practical manner.

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction                   1

1.1  Background of study                                                                         1 – 2

• Statement of the research problem                      3
• Objective of the study                             4
• Significance of study                        4 – 6
• Research Questions                                 6 – 7
• Research Hypothesis                                7 – 6
• Scope and Limitation of the study                                 8 – 9
• Definition of Terms                         10 – 13

 

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review                                              14 – 15

2.1  The meaning of Drug Trafficking and Offence                                     15 – 17

• Drug abuse trafficking Global Tends         17 – 19
• Research for Drug trafficking                                                     19 – 20
• The effects of Drug Trafficking on the nation’s image         20 – 21
• The effects of Drug Abuse on the Nation        21 – 22
• The good intentions of government to drug control       22 – 24

And fight against drug trafficking

• The Role of the media in the fight against       24 – 25

Drug abuse and trafficking

• Eradication of Drug Trafficking                             25 – 27

 

CHAPTER THREE

• Methodology                     28

3.1  Research Method                                                                                 28 – 29

• Research Design      30 – 31
• Population sample                                                                              31
• Measuring Instrument           32
• Date collection     32 – 33

Reference                                                                                             34

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• Date Analysis and Results                                              35

4.1  Analysis of Demographics                                                         35 – 41

• Test of Hypotheses/Research Question    41 – 45
• Results/AS in Appendix                                              45 – 51
• Discussion   52 – 53

References                                                                                            54

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary and Recinnebdatuibs                                                          55

5.1  Summary                                                                                             55 – 56

• Recommendation for further study                        57 – 60

Reference                                                                                   61 – 63

Bibliography                                                                                       64 – 66

Appendix                                                                                            67 – 74

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION

The term drug scientifically denotes any substance other than food, which by its chemical nature and implication when taken affects the normal function of the living organism.  This term may also include any number of household, industrial chemicals and even agricultural substances in other words, to physician; an abuse of the drug is inflammatory.  Socially speaking, the reactions to the use of drugs are based on emotional responses rather than on factual information placing it in the right perspective.

Drug abuse could also denote the excess use or wrong of self-administration of drugs without the doctor’s prescription.  This may have an effect on the central nervous system and so on the mind, mood, behaviors and eventually, the total health and personality of the individual.

 

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Drug abuse and trafficking in Nigeria dates back to many years ego, in the colonial era, during their administration introduced many of educated

 

 

Nigerians into the taking of hard drugs like cocaine, heroine and the most common Indian hemp in consonance with the then manual labour in order to ginger them to put more and more of their efforts on the job.

Subsequently, drug trafficking began to spread even after the colonial masters left the country.  Then in the two decades, it became a major economic activities among Nigeria who see the monetary gain of drug trafficking and then came the act of peddling in drugs for this monetary gain and some times for definite consumption which could be from one part of the country to another.

Consequently, the impact of this act of abuse of the drug or trafficking is as strong an impression on something and the stemma of being ear marked as a drug addict or peddler.

Against the negative implication of drug abuse and trafficking, the background of this study is aimed at assessing the impact of drug trafficking and abuse on a nation’s image – with particular content analysis of selected international and local media content on Nigeria.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

The Nigeria society has been crawling with all forms of social maladies.  This ranges from picking pockets, cultism down to drug abuse and trafficking these activities of non – social status is the work of our teeming youths and graduates, who have wondered on streets of Nigeria cities and find no job opportunities in the saturated labour markets where you must have strong connections to be able to join the market.  Some of those who perpetrate the drug trafficking are the ones who have lost their jobs due to some minor problems they had with their employers.  These undue attitudes and behaviors of the Nigeria citizens pose a serious problem to the Nigerian.

Government, thereby hindering the socio-economic growth and development in recent times, more so even those political office holders at the helm of government sponsor some of the youths who engage in these unwanted activities.  Therefore, against this ugly backdrop, this study on “impact of drug trafficking and abuse on a nation’s image, with particular focus on the content analysis of selected international and local media content in Nigeria was necessitated”.

 

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this research study are as follows:

1. What are international and local media saying about the Nigerians on the issue at stake?
2. To ascertain what implications drug abuse and trafficking have on us, politically, economically and socially.
3. To determine the effects of drug abuse and trafficking on Nigeria
4. To identify the basic problems that necessitates the act of drug abuse and trafficking in Nigeria.
5. Suggest possible solutions to the problem of drug abuse and trafficking in Nigeria.

 

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

What makes a nation great is hard work leading to economic viability this enabling environment and credibility in the eyes of the right-thinking members of the community – neighbors?  Therefore, the significance of this study cannot be over emphasized.  The topic in question has been in the mass media for a very long time, and much has been written and the government is worried about it, that an agency was created i.e. National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA).

Huge chinks of money being spent to fight the menace.  Likewise chinks of hard earned that could be used to transform our society are expended to fight drug war and to rehabilitate victims of drug abuse, and communicate image rebuilding efforts with huge sums paid to foreign media to wider good public relations in the international community circle are enough signal to inform any mind of the importance of this study.

As citizens of this country, we lament the embarrassment method on our nations and extended to our respected dormitories and public officers at the other countries port of entering.

Therefore, by the research I entered to get to the root of the study and further alert the readers on the very need to solve this problem.  It would not be solved by adhoc measures, but through a concerted effort to re-shape our image.

This issue has portrayed us a pariah nation and we are being treated as people with leprous and therefore, need to be dig out the facts and fathom good and workable solution.  As the issue effects even foreign investment and caused us capital flight and disinvestments to our economic well being.  Therefore, I consider such issue as this, which affect the national life paramount and should be treated seriously two.

This research is sign cant, in that it will help solve the impact of drug trafficking and drug abuse problem and help clear the menace it created.  Reeducate the press, internationally and locally on the real issue and help create positive thinking that it may be involve and engaged, the media to be faithful allies to reap the society off problem and re-educate the international and local community of the true of the problem.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The main research questions in the light of this study are:

1. Is it quite true that drug abuse and trafficking have serious negative impact on Nigerians?
2. Can a nations image be tarnished due to record of drug trafficking and abuse?

 

3. Is mass unemployment the prime cause of drug peddling and abuse among Nigeria Youths?
4. What actions are taken to correct the act of abuse of drug trafficking?
5. What appropriate measures should be adopted to minimize the inherent problem of drug abuse and trafficking in a nation like Nigeria?
6. Are there machineries put in place to check these drug defaulters?
7. How far has the government responded to the rapid increase in the case of drug abuse and trafficking?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

Having identified what is to be observed (that is the problem), the following are being hypothesized:

Ho:  A nation’s image cannot be tarnished due to record of drug trafficking

Trafficking and abuse.

H1:  A nation’s image can be tarnished due to record of drug trafficking and

Abuse.

Ho:  Mass unemployment is not the prime cause of drug peddling among

Nigerian youths.

H1:  Mass unemployment is the prime cause of drug peddling among

Nigerian youths.

Ho:  There are no machineries put in place to check these drug defaulters.

H1:  There are machineries put in place to check these drug defaulters.

 

1.7  SCOPE AND LIMITED OF THE STUDY:

Drug abuse means, and is limited to the abuse of drug which has an effect on the central nervous system (CNS) and so the mind, mood, behaviors and eventually the total health and personality of the individual-Chief medical director, psychiatric Hospital Yaba.

Drug trafficking and subsequent wide two decades assumed a major socio-economic phenomenon with attendant culture problems and eventual devastating effect on the nations health care delivery, human capacity utilization and a drain on the nations wealth.

Few factors have since been postulated as the root causes of drug trafficking in Nigeria. The out standing being the economic gain drug peddlers realizes in the illicit trade that offers then quick sources of wealth.

 

However, great majorities of people are still ignorant about drug trafficking and abuse in Nigeria.

Since my work is initially centered on monitoring reviewing, collecting and relation to determining the impact of drug trafficking and abuse on a nations content analysis of selected international. It believed that my method of research shall be basically content analysis and from which L could draw conclusions, having studied the facts closely comparing as selected materials. It then means that I shall not administer questionnaire in my research effort study.

My intention is not to go deep onto drug function but to limit ourselves with the substances trafficking and abuse and why? The conveyance of such information through the media, local and international, and is its effect on a nations image, particularly Nigeria. This will be treated on segmented five chapters and proffering suggestions that will help to elucidate the topic under review.

 

 

 

1.8  DEFINIITION OF TERMS:

Scientifically, a drug is any substance other than food, which by its chemical nature affects the structure or function of the living organism. From this perspective, the term may include a number of household, agriculture, and industrial chemicals. To a physician, a drug abuse, the term becomes inflammatory. The meaning of drug becomes social rather than scientific. In its social sense, when the term abuse or problems are attached, the word takes on negative connotation, this many of our reactions to the use of drugs are based on emotional responses rather than on factual information placing it in the right perspective.

“Drug abuse means and is limited to the abuse of drug which has an affect on the control nervous system (CNS) and so on the mind, mood, behaviors and eventually the total health and personality of the individual” Chief medical director, psychiatric Hospital, Yaba.

Drug trafficking and subsequent wide spread abuse in Nigeria has within the last two decades assumed a major socio-economic phenomenon with attendant cultural problems and eventual devastating effect on the nations health care delivery, human capacity utilization and a drain on the nations wealth. This is the act of peddling in drugs for monetary gain, or for definite consumption, which could be from one part of the country to another. It could be from Port Harcourt to Kano, which could be manufacturing or serve as a transit ground, from where it is pushed to consuming nation.

However, there is need to se beyond the above and reconsider other terms the featured in this treatise from another conceptual approach. The oxford Advance learning Dictionary of current English by A.S. Horn by defines “impact” as a strong impression or effect on something, to have effect on something. “Drug” as a substance used for medical purpose either alone or in a mixture, substance that change the state or function of cells, organs, or organisation.

It is a substance (often habit forming) including sleep or reducing stupor, or insensibility e.g. opium, cocaine etc.

In this vein the word trafficking is simply defined by same as movement of i.e. illicit trading in illegal drugs etc.

Abuse therefore means to make a bad or wrong use of or to ill-treat, or deceive.

 

Nigeria is a large community of people sharing different history and language and living in a particular territory under one government, while “image”, represents general impression that a person, firm, product e.t.c. give to the public reputation. Therefore the above collectively means country’s reputation as viewed in the eyes f the right-thinking individuals in the word community.

In the same token, “content” have signified that which is written or spoken about in a book, a programmer, a speech.

While “selected” is the past tense of select meaning: carefully chosen, especially as best out of a longer group or as most suitable.

“International”, existing between two or more nations, across nations boundary, while local is defined. Belonging to a particular place or district by the same token, “Media” means of mass communication e.g. radio, TV, Newspaper e.t.c.

According to these authorities it could be summarized by defining the entire topic in question to mean effect of drug (substance) trafficking (peddling either for monetary gain) and abuse (for definite consumption, and while the same is being used for ulterior motile, dangerous for the health for user, and problem both for health and ethnical value of the social), as it refracts on a country’s analysis (article examined) of selected (chosen out of numerous facts reported in the media) international  (across nations boundaries) and local (community) media (radio, TV, Newspapers e.t.c.).

Many drugs are abused apart from the already mentioned ones, there are abuse of illicit drugs which can be classified as stimulants, and of accepted medical value e.g. cocaine (herm, igbo) and heroine.

Abuse of drug like, caffeine (cigarettes) and alcohol, which because of the speed use, and their revenue value, which have became socially acceptable and not under international control.

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Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
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Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

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THE EFFECT OF TELEVISION ADVERTISEMENT ON THE BUYING HABITS OF CONSUMERS (A CASE STUDY OF BOURNVITA BEVERAGE)

ABSTRACT

 

This research work, is aimed at giving an insight into the Effect of Television Advertisement on the Buying Habits of Consumers.  It deals generally on the concept of Advertising and narrows it down to the roles advertising plays in this beverage, Bournvita.

Careful empirical studies have uncovered that advertising actually influenced people’s choice and consumption of goods and services, as well as their buying habits.

Again, it has been founded that advertising has a lot of pleasure, amusement and entertainment, and produces changes that ultimately affect the likes, dislikes, achievements and development of consumers.

More so, this study will guide the producers, marketers and advertisers of products, especially, Bournvita to understand the best technique to reach their prospective consumers.

This study tends to show the significance for unique selling appeal and repetition of the television messages.

Chapter, unravels the definition of advertising.  Objective of the study, research problems, continuing, and explanation is made on the significance of the study, and later one, a hypothesis was stated, tested and analysed.

Chapter two traces down the development of modern advertising.  The same chapter continues by completely x-raying the literature works of eminent scholars, their views were used to back up my personal contributions and arguments.  The complete meaning of advertising was given, then traced down to the perceptual process of receiving the advertisement messages.

In chapter three, I stated the research designs and methodology, for the research work.  the sample size taken was 400 people.

Narrowing it down, chapter four gives the analysis and presentation of data.  The three hypothesis were tested.

Finally, chapter five gives a summation of the research findings.  Recommendations and conclusion were made.  There was also the questionnaire page – getting the views of respondents.  Then was the bibliography of the authors, which rounded-off the whole research work.