PROBLEMS OF BROADCASTING MEDIA IN ADVERTISING PROCESS

(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE BROADCASTING SERVICE, ENUGU)

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

Background of the study

Statement of problem

The purpose of the study

Scope of the study

Research questions

Researcher Hypothesis

Significance of the study

Definition of terms

CHAPTER T WO

Review of related Literature

The concept of advertising on advertising process

Sources of generating find for effectiveness of advertising process.

Effect of qualified personnel on advertising process

Importance of sound equipment on advertising process

Impact of government intervention on advertising process

Summary of Reviewed Literature

CHAPTER THREE

Research Methodology

Research Study

Area of Study

Population of study

Sample and sampling Techniques

Further analysis of research work

Instrument used for data collection of data Method of data analysis

Expected results

CHAPTER FOUR

List of table

Data mesentation and results

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion, implication and recommendation

Discussion of results

Conclusion

Recommendation

Suggestion for Further Study

Limitation of the study

References

Appendices

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research to study the problems of broadcasting media in the advertising process.

To carry out this study in a three research question were formulated.

In carrying out the study, I designed questions from each of the three research questions.

Each research question attract four  question in the questionnaire was designed types and distributed  to the area of study,  this is to gather vital information on t he topic question. The stratified random sampling was used in the selection of the selection of the respondents from the broadcasting house. The reason was because I could act a comprehensive list o population of study. A total of fifty – two (52) questionnaire was administered, not of this, forth eight (48) were returned .

Percentage method was used in analysis the research question were accepted while nor neither accepted nor rejected. The not come shows therefore that   well adducted and trained staff are vital in any advertising department.

Findings were made from the results based on the findings recommendation were made as well.

Finally conclusion were made based on the findings and recommendation. The conclusion encompasses all that was written in the project work  and also other areas  were being suggested by me for further research .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGOUND OF THE STUDY

          Advertising is all around us. Whether we like it or not acknowledge it or not, were or nowhere, conscious or not conscious of it, we do engage and practice advertising.

Advertising is involved in our everyday human activities. The need for advertising arises and grows as the society move from agriculture and self sufficiency (subsistence) economy to industrialization.

In the olden days, man at subsistence level. They grow food for their own consumption, make their own cloths and build their houses and tools. There was no advertising because these was no exchange. As society adverse, man realized that he could not provide his need and wants single handedly. He has to exchange what he has for what he has not.

Exchange become prominent when man produce more than he requires and less than he needs. The fact that people have need and wants does not fully defined advertising. Advertising emerges when products there are needed to satisfy needs and wants are presented to the  target and once .

In the past in the history of the nation, the more of advertising products was very around but these days it has changed drastically. Whether in the olden or modern society the aim of advertising is to reach the target which is being referred the as the target market.

According to Kotter, he defined advertising as a paid form non- personal presentation and promotion of ideas \, goods and services by identified sponsor. The key phrase in advertising which is universally accepted is that it is a paid form of non personnel presentation and promotion of ideas goods and services by identifed speonsor.

According to Nicholl, without advertising we would not know the range of product and ser5vices available in any filed to buy or choose from.

Meanwhile the outstanding case in this study is the problems of broadcasting media in advertising process. In recent times there are mummerous problems which face the respective media house in the country concerning advertising. This has to be extended to the activities and problems of Enugu State Broadcasting media advertising in Nigeria as well as the world.

Therefore, thwsh research of the Enugu State Broadcasting service will be conducted to reach a reasonable conclusion. The information which will be used for the study is the primary sources data via and interview and questionnaire.

Both methods will be directed mostly to the staff of Enugu State Broadcasting services for final hand information.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In expansion of the study, are coruts say that advertising started long ago in the gaven fo the first human the first or trees they  exists in the garden. This is because God to want to create crocrencess  to the first parents on the existence of the trees of vegetation in the garden. The creation of awareness of awareness is the brain behind advertising, but the why difference between that crude form of advertising and now is that advertising are done though the prints media and electronic media.

Under the prints , media, we have newspapers magazines and under the electronic media, we have the radio and television. In prints media, we have visal messages in advertising. These visnal message contain powerful suggestions of  message there is beyond what is actually said about the product.

Apart from the aforementioned, advertising came to linelight during the era of industrial revolution in Europe. Among this period there was crises in production is the manufacturers and industrialist produces at a high proportion without corresponding incenses in the rate of consumption. As a result, the whites explores now came to blank content in research of market two their products. During that period, exchange became eminent when man produces more than he requires and less than he sued. Though, the fact that people have needs does not defined advertising. Advertising  emerged when goods and services are needed to satisfy used and wants are presented to the target audience.

Because of the     above reasons advertising was presented as a socializing forces in the marketing culture that aids in the serving of products images, values, goals, concepts of who we and who we should be. In addition, advertising shape our attitude and our attitudes shape our behavour in making purchases.

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Modern media advertising has come a long way in the world of advertising but if is relatively a new method of arousing the interest of people to a product.

Advertising is a means of presenting goods and services to boost awareness to the target audience . The ideas of target audience is very imperative as the clientele can only be build in the eyes of interest edness in the product. The product here is both tangible and untangible products. The maxim “ tell me that you are there, else I would not know” hold true in driving home the ideal of advertising.

One can advertise one’s services such as hoteling, culture, education, warehousing,  shipping, cleaning and founding, foodstuff using broadcasting media vis television and radio or prints media via newspapers, magazines and posters.

The wage and incessant advertising of goods and services in the society effect on the broadcasting media. The essence of any innovation is to eliminate the problems of man, and this cannot be done except by process of enlightenment that such product is in existence

1. The lack of specific skill by workers credit problems for the broadcasting media.
2. Broadcasting media houses require fund for the up keeping of the house and maintenance of the equipment .
3. Lack of sound equipment and skill full workers could also be a hindrance to broadcasting media.
4. Lack of patronage by the produces could contribute hindrance to the broadcasting media.
5. Advertising of goods and services grows as day goes by. As a result of his there are competition among producers of new products increases in number. Therefore, producers now required broadcasting houses, sound equipment as well as well skillful workers that could hanble the spreading of  the product to the target audience.

Therefore, competition among broadcasting media themselves also hampers the effectiveness of broadcasting services.

This project work however attempt to examine the inherent effect of advertising performance and level of opportunities in  the commercial department of Enugu State Broadcasting service, Enugu.

1.2   

          Radio being audio have the capability of arousing the interest of an average level man and intensive advertising of goods and services through broadcasting media which can reach the removed ignorant fellow for better living. These has been any of intruding advertising that price charge by media house is for high that many average producers  cannot afford to pay especially is this ugly situation of our country.

1. The reason therefore for embarking on this work is to examine whether broadcasting house is lacing the necessary equipment that enhance advertising function.
2. To determine the effort made the broadcasting house, individual and government as well as to reduce the high cost of advertising.
3. To determine also the capabilities of the workers under the department.
4. To evaluate ways of improving the lots of our people by bringing enough advertising services at their door steps
5. The extents of patronage by producers to the broadcasting house.

PURPOSE FO THE STUDY

          The interest of economic development of any nation is the idea of distributing wealth to all hands. A nation without efficient methods of wealth distribution is sound to fall so no matter how blessed it may be. Any country with good distribution frame work will think that the citizens are strong enough to stand the hazards of economy that are likely to come up anytime there is a turn down in the economy of such country.

Looking at the present position of situation of our country are can  conclude that the nation lack behind in economic development. That cannot be linked to the neglect in agriculture and much concentration of Oil sector in our foreign exchange earning as acclaimed in informed section of the diverse society but one chiefly to the none distribution of the national resources for even development.

Every problem I believe has a cause. There is no better ways of spreading information to  every books and crannies of a society performing to the distribution of wealth if not through broadcasting media.

Television being audio – vision and addition.

STATEMENT PROBLEMS

          Furthermore, advertising being a means of creating awareness of goods and services to the consumers of products i.e to say for the consumers to be properly informed the consumers needs advertising. In this one  can say informed chince is based on adequate information.

But moreover, these cannot be advertised in most our media as a result of some of the reasons that have posed themselves as a transfer in advertising process. These are as follows :

(a)     Unskillful workers:- Because of the lack of skill by some of the advertising personnel some of the self of the self acclaimed processionals Damsels into copy right. To be free from the copy right issue the advertising agent should have his own others people’s work. An adverse workers should at should at all times provide a substance amount of original text or picture. The advertising worker should that slogans and other shot phrases and expressions cannot be copy righted.

(b)     Lack of found:- Necessarily,  according to a biblical allusion that says that money answers all things, one can see clearly money  cannot detached from the process advertising in advertising industry. Especially in to day rearming of the establishment.

In the area of e equipment maintenance and purchasing, it cost the advertising house large amount of money to import, shipping and handling of broadcasting houses lacks financial missile to cope, they still remain with absolute equipment in their dissemination of information.

©       Absence of patronage :-  Advertising don’t just inform its job is up new brands to the consumers. For instance a soap manufactures will not spead millions in advertising juts to buy any soap, you convince them to bring your brand i.e  your brand is more desirable than any other.

Apart from the a free mentioned necessary early among competition also weakens advertising.

This work however tends to show advertising performance in the marketing department of Enugu state broadcasting service.

• SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this work is centred on the problems of broadcasting media face in the process of advertising and Enugu State Broadcasting services as the case study for the study of Nigeria as well as the third  world.

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

As we know the main purpose of advertising our products is for the creation of awareness of the existence of such goods and services.  The other hand, the main purpose of using broadcasting media is for the spreading of the information to every nooks and  cranries of the nation. Therefore to guide this work, I made a detailed study of question drafted to get response from workers of Enugu State Broadcasting services Enugu.

As a result the  following question would be addressed.

1. To what extent does broadcasting house lack necessary  equipment and good   workers that enhance advertising process ?
2. To what extent does high cost of in advertising affect the broadcasting house

3. What is the relationship between the broadcasting house and government on how funds are generated .
4. What is the relationship between the broadcasting house and the government in ensuring adequate provision of  equipment to the media

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

          The research hypothesis are drawn from the research questions. As a result the hypothesis are  as follows.

 

1. Hypothesis 1

• Broadcasting house does;nt lack necessary equipment and good workers that enhance advertising process.
• Broadcasting house lack necessary equipment and good workers that enhance advertising process.

2. Hypothesis 11

• High cost is advertising a change doesn’t effects the broadcasting house.

3. Hypothesis 111

• There is effectiveness in the relationship between the broadcasting house and the government in ensuring adequate provision of equipment to the media .
• There is no effectiveness in the relationship between the broadcasting house and the government on how fund are generated.

4. Hypothesis 1v

(a)     There is effectiveness  between or in the   relationship between the broadcasting house and government in ensuring adequate provision of equipment to the media.

• There is no effectiveness in the relationship between the broadcasting house and the government in ensuring adequate provision of equipment to the media house .
  • SIGNIFICNACE OF THE STUDY

This research work just like every other worth while study is significance. There, I work like to evaluate some of the benefits of media advertising and how they are brought as out.

First, I know that the every essence of understanding any venture is primarily profitability. The innovation needs money to lessen expresses and for personal rewards, One needs to be communicated to the rightful users. These cannot be possible without very good means of discrimination of information and broadcasting media play this role efficiently. This boast ago of the producers and encourage the person for improvement of the products and services.

Beside, the technicalities if any in the usage of the products  most be fully communicated to the users. Things like the expiring dates, dosage in case of drugs, the descerity of manufactures and many more pieces of information useful to the users of the products and services need communication.

It figers up the confidence the users have on the producers and their products.

The broadcasting houses have opportunity to put on their activities and range of reaching out as people conrtess being motivated by the in easing advertising. Enugu Sate Broadcasting services owned is on the path of refurbishment o its equipment and of course activities to  encourage the patronage.

This has an advertising of increasing the response its activities

Through the comment of people the quality of advertising is assessed for betterment and confidence of the media is restored in the eyes of the people.

This has an advertising of increasing the reposes to its activities and reducing the charge.

With the aim of aim of this, it will enable the broadcasting media in Nigeria to examine whether they are achieving this purpose to satisfy the needs of both the producers and target audience as well as  strengthens the links existing between them and their audiences.

• DEFIMNITON OF TERMS

Here I would like to define some terms which I encountered in the course of writing which I suppose could pose as threat to some readers of this work.

ADVERTISING

This is the sum total of all ways of methods of stipulating prospective buyers and also a process of locating them.   The process of advertising.

CLIENTELE

These are the group of clients that patronise the broadcasting house to seek for one pieces of advise or the other.

PRIMARY DATA

          This is a raw and indiluted piece of information collected from sources which has not been used by a second hand. This includes questionnaires and oral interview.

SECONDARY DATA

          This is information collected from already documented piece. It includes, books, magazines, journals and newspapers.

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THE RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH IN THE PRACTICE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN THE OIL SECTOR: A CASE STUDY OF PORT HARCOURT REFINART COMPANY (PHRC) ALESA. ELEME RIVERS STATE

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

 

BACKGRAUND TO THE STUDY

Public relations in Nigeria began in the government sector, what is now known is ministry of information was then known as public relations department later, the united African company (UAC) established public relation department and HMS be came pioneer of public relations practices in the private sector in Nigeria, it basic objectives woke to inform business and commerce about business activities as well as to project UAC as a major Nigerians industrial theatrical and commercial company involved in the stability of the economic life and progress of Nigeria. Shall as the pioneer oil company in Nigeria then followed and became the pioneer in PR practice in oil industry in Nigeria After shell, other companies followed industry NNPC e.t.c. In NNPC, public affairs started on small scale, it was a protocol unit in the office of the managing Director and cooked after by one of his special or technical assistance April 1980, mocked the begging of the development of public affairs in NNPC. When oghvefi Alex Ezeoha Nwokede book over the unit, the function was mainly protocol that is arranging that is arranging for the comfort, of the members of the Nigerian delegation of OPEC etc. NNPC public Affairs today, is full department consisting.

1. General management
2. Manager
3. Deputy manager
4. A number of Assistant and expertly.

Chief and over twenty of various cadres. The department and it’s responsibility have grown tremendously from protocol unit to embrace all fact of public affairs politic. The outfit can currently be compared very favorably with an P.R organization in and international oil industry. The NPPC public affairs consist of a press section communication.

The P.R practice of Port Harcourt refining company (PHRC) Alesa, Eleme is an offshoot of the NNPC own. This is because PHRC is a subsidiary of NNPC. The P.R department here is called public affairs service and head of public affairs readies it. It companies eleven personal the emphasis here is no community relations in the host communications Eleme and Okmika. These committees work in conjunction with the PR. A fours service by way of communicating the people’s need and problem to the management through this PR unit. The above therefore show that public relation is of immense Benefits in the practice of PHRCS public relation.

 

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Recently, our media report has been donated with news of various forms of violent dashes between oil companies and host communities. In the same vain, investigation also revealed that problem emanated. From complaint by indigoes that they have nothing in terms of employment opportunities and social amenities in compensation for the exploration and exploitation their époque resources including the degradation of their environment, this show that the current soured relationship between the oil industry and the host communication is rooted basically in the negligence of cooperate social responsibility by management as a result of lack of regulation aunnon-applieation of research to public relation this study in using nizance of the above investigation the relevance of research in oil sector, using port-Harcourt reefing company (A subsidiary of NNPC) Alesa eleme as the case study.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY     

To determine the relevance of research of research in the public relation practice of port-Harcourt refining company, Alesa-Eleme.

To examine the research methods and techniques used in the public relation practice of PHRC.

To ascertain if the formulation of PR policies and programmers of PHRC is dependent upon research findings.

To find out whether public relation research help in identification of co-operation social responsibility in PHRC, Alesa-Eleme.

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY           

The findings of the study will unravel the essence of research in public relation practice in oil sector, particularly in Port Harcourt refining company Aleas Eleme. To this end, it will assess in the enhancement of effective public relation practice by the management of port-Harcourt referring company, Aleas – Eleme. On the other and, the study would help in enhancement of the literature on public oil industries such as shell Elf, chevron e.t.c.

Apart from these the fending of this study would be an added stock of maternal for educational advancement. In other word, it serves as a reference maternal for future researchers in the ramification of study. 

 

RESEARCH QUESTION

Is research relevant to public relation practice in PHRC, Alesa Eleme?

Do PHRC employ any method and techmques in its public relation researcher?

Is the formulation of PR policies and programmer in PHRC research based? Is PHRC having to its social responsibility to the host communities? Has PR research in PHRC helped in bifurcation of corporate social responsibility to the host communities?

 

RESARCH HYPOHESIS              

In the study the following hypothesis there tested.

H₁ research is relevant to public relation practice in PHRC Alesa Elema.

H_o research is not relevant to public practice in PHRC Alesa Eleme.

H₂ PHRC employs some methods and techmques in its’ public relations research.

H₀ PHRC does not employ any methods and techmques in its’ public relations research.

H₃   the formulation of PR pochecies and programmer in PHRC is research based.

H₀ the formulation of PR policies and programmer in PHRC is not research based.

H₄ PHRC is alive to its’ social responsibility to the host communities.

H5 PR research in PHRS has helped in identification of co-operation social responsibility to the host communities.

H0 PR research in PHRC has not helped in identification of co-operate social responsibilities to the host community.

 

 

 

CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINATION OF TERM   

In respect of this study, the terms below would mean the following.

Organization      

Conceptual divination:

Is a stable system of individuals who work together to achieve/ through a hierarchy of rams and devotion of lab ours common goals?

Operation definition: organization operationally means the venous departments and their subordinates community:

Conceptual definition:

A group of people of the same religions living in one place, district ort country considered as a whole. Operational definition: community means all the people living in Alesa Eleme, both indigene and non-indigene. Community Relations:

Conceptual Relation definition.

This is the relationship between organization and the community in which it is situated.

PHRC

Conceptual definition: Port Harcourt refinery company limited (A subsidiary of NNPC) Alesa Eleme.

Operational definition

PHRC is a company in Port Harcourt that refines petroleum NNPC.

Conceptual definition

Nigeria National petroleum co-operation operation definition

NNPC means a Nigeria co-operation the clears on petroleum such as refinery co-operate social / Responsibility. Conceptual definition refers to the responsibilities companies the community for use of its’ resources.

Operational definition.

Co-operate social responsibility means constructing of network of road scholarship for the community etc

Research:

Conceptual definition:

Refers to fact funding operational definition refers to sample survey.

Publics

Conceptual definition:

Frank jerkins  (1992) see it as those groups of people internally and externally with who on organization communicates.

Operational definition:

Publics mean all the inhabitants of Eleme including the local media and the staff of PHRC Alesa Eleme and their families.

Corporation.

Conceptual definition:

Corporation refers to group of parsons authorized to act as an individual for example, for business purpose.

Operational definition:

Corporation means Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation.

Management:

Conceptual definition:

Management could be defined literally as the process of getting things dour through and with people.

Operational definition:

Management means the people who control the organization such as boards of directors, HOD etc.

ASSUMPTIONS.    

It is assumed that research is relevant in the practice of public relation in PHRC Alesa Eleme and that research is conducted using basically the formal method.

It is also assumed that research has helped in identification of co-operate social responsibility, which brought about, the enhancement of public relation practice of this company.

SCOPE/ LIMITATION OF STUDY

In the order to ensure effective research their study is restricted to Port Harcourt refinery company (A subsidiary of NNPC) Alesa Eleme. In more description term this study would be limited to ascertaining the relevance of research in the public relation practice in the oil industry this study was limited by time and financial constraints.

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TELEVISION AS A POSTIVE CONTRIBUTOR TO THE SOCIALIZATION OF CHILDREN

ABSTRACT

 

In times past, a great deal of research has been carried out at various levels in the impact of Television on the socialization process of children in several parts of the world by mass communication scholars

Contrary what is regarded as the norms, this present study is specifically addressing itself to the positive contribution made by television on the socialization process of children.

In obtaining a scientific conclusion, the research method adopted was the multi-staged sampling techniques and systematic random number were adopted in sample selection. With data collection through the questionnaire method presentation, coding and analysis the researchers found that the result of this study gave credence to the fact that the television is a positive contributor to the socialization of children more especially when supervised by parents

It is therefore recommended  in this study that parents should pay particular attention to what children watch and the national Broadcasting commission (NBC) should regulate the kind and times of procreated, especially for children.

In addition, any future replication of the study should be carried out at the national level as to ensure a more national spread and applicability since this a closed circuit study.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

• Statement of the problem
• Significance of the study
• Objective of the study
• Research questions
• Research hypothesis
• Definition of terms
• Scope and limitations

CHAPTER TWO

• LITERATURE REVIEW
  • Summary of literature review
  • References

 

CHAPTER THREE

• Research methodology

3.1     Measuring instrument

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Presentation and analysis of data

4.1     Summary

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Conclusions

• Recommendations
• Bibliography
• Questionnaire

HYPOTHESES

 

Hi:     Children who watch approved television features experience positive socialization

Ho:    Children who watch all television programmes experience negative socialization

Hi:     Children who watch television programmes too often way not develop good interpersonal relationship

Ho:    Children who seldom watch television programmes develops good interpersonal relationship

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION.

The effect of television on the audience especially in children have seen the subject of a great deal of research and have for need out to be a matter of deep concern ever since the shift expansion of television in the 1950s. new intervention and innovations such as cable networks, the internet shop screens, in recent times, have further complicated the issue because children have at their disposal all sort of movies and musical programmes to select from at will.

A general motion strongly held by observers and analyze alike shows clearly that despite the medium tremendous impact on education, information and entertainment, the viewers most times run the risk of being transformed into a violent generation thereby producing sex maniacs and monsters who generally assume a wrapped standard of conduct, rape and use of foul languages including notorious western habits were pat of the social vices that have formed the lives of these children as a result of indiscriminate television viewing. It was noted that “Children have the capacity to give themselves over completely to the world created by the pictorial media. Such intense involvement often leads to strong emotional responses.

In times past, experiments have been carried out aimed at observing and measuring behaviors of the audience after watching a programme. In 1974, some experts were able, through their laboratory experiments to show that their exists a positive causal relationship between watching violent portrays on television and levels of aggressiveness in individuals viewers.

A look at all these researcher, students and experiment would clearly reveal that the scholar are basically interested in looking at television as a positive contributor to the socialization of the children in the audience

 

          STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Considering that a lot of research has been done on the effect of television on children, these researchers have mostly dwelt on the negative effect of television viewing and have drawn the inference that television is a negative contributor to the socialization of children.

This study is basically interested in highlighting the ways in which television viewing can aid and enhance the process of socialization of children in our society. This of course does not totally over rule the fact that the medium does not in some ways or cases actually contribute to socialization.

The problems therefore is to investigate whether television viewing after all contributes positively to the socialization of children.

 

          SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Basically, the major question to be answered here is whether television is really harmful to its viewers especially children and to establish the level if any of its contribution to the process of socialization in children. In other parts of the world, cumulative studies have shown television as an important influence, both positively and negatively to the socialization of children. This case of Nigeria will be investigated different people and institution may already have an established belief as to the level of contribution of the medium but this study will go through investigation to reveal whether negative contributions are more than positive contributions.

The result of the study is expected to act as a guide for parents and guidance to control what their children watch especially with recent introduction of cable networks and satellites systems, ensuring that only that which will bring about positive reactions and behaviors from them is viewed.

Through this, the children can concentrate watching only those programmes that will enable them turn out to be properly socialized beings, leaving off those that tend to bring out the word in them and do not in any way attest to the reality or true state of affairs in the real world. Television programmes planners can through this, consider the need of children while programming.

 

          OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this study is multi-facted. The study is first of all aimed at establishing the fact that the vertical theory of mass communication which suggests that the audience is a “Mass of  disconnected  individual” looked up to the media with instance powerful effect, has become obsolete in the world of communication.

Children are not, by any stretch of imagination sponges indiscriminately soaking up any things and every thing they see or hear. This study will assess the situation that television broadcasting and media values generally are under going a steady self examination and revision towards a more responsible definition of what interests the children on our society. This study will show that the main effect of television is one of the socialization that aids in cultivation of stability and tranquility. This, of course is not with other major cultural institutions and agents of socialization. But the television gives credibility and potency to other medium of communication and can match through its ability to reach both literate and illiterate audience and its unique blend of auditory and visual impact. It is expected that at the end, this study would enable and encourage planners to consider the structure of their programmes and organize to suit and enhance the process of socialization of children.

Finally, the work will enable the national Broadcasting Commission (NBC) to properly regulate and check certain programmes that may be harmful to children and also call to book the television establishment that would violate the standards set by the commission.

It is with earnest viewers that when this is completed, television viewers in Enugu and  indeed Nigeria, especially children will tap the benefit inherent in this wonderful and dynamic medium.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

          The study shall be guided by the following research questions

1 Does television viewing contributes to socialization of children

2. Does television viewing contribute positively to socialization of children
3. Does television viewing contribute negatively to socialization of children
4. What is the level of contribution television programme viewing has to the socialization of children
5. Do children belie what they see on television.

 

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following research hypothesis shall be put for further testing., they shall also help in collection of data and construction of te questionnaires

Hi:     Television viewing contributes to the socialization of children

Ho:    Television viewing does not contribute to the socialization of children

Hi:     Children who watch television features experience positive socialization.

Ho:    Children who watch all television programmes experience socialization.

Hi:     Children who watch television programmes too often may not develop good interpersonal relationship

Ho:    Children who seldom watch television programmes develop good interpersonal relationship

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS

TELEVISION

CONCEPTUAL: The medium used in transmitting a view of events, films etc,

OPERATIONAL: The medium through which message are brought to audience as a form of entertainment education and information.

POSITIVE CONTRIBUTOR

CONCEPTUAL: Definite joining with others in giving help to something or some one.

OPERATIONAL: Having a share in something without giving room for doubt.

SOCIALIZATION

CONCEPTUAL: Peaceful co-existence among individuals for the norms and values of the society.

OPERATIONAL: Living in groups and making a definite efforts to fit into that group by observing the laws that govern the inhabitants.

CHILDREN

CONCEPTUAL: Unborn or newly born human beings boy or girl

OPERATONAL: Young individual between the ages of 1day to 17 years

 

          SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The problems being investigated in the study is such that touches on the lives of children all over the world and as a result, required that the cope takes a national or international nature. However as a result of the existing constraints, this study shall be limited to Enugu state Nigeria. In Enugu, the population is found to be too large, so the size shall be reduced to the tans-ekulu and Ogui new layout areas of Enugu state.

The former represents low density area and reflect people or samples in the high economic and social class while the latter represents high density area and reflects sample from low and average economic and social class. The sample has limited demographic and geographic area and characteristic and should not be adequate to generalize the whole country. Suing a combination of experimental and observational methods could lead to a more scientific result, but as a result of the limited period of this study, this could frustrate long time observation of tendencies of these children to be used in the study. Neither can there be a way of ensuring the previous knowledge of television programmes of these children placed in a controlled environment.

Financial constraints distribution and collection of the measuring instrument are other factors that could limit the smooth process of this study.  So that the possibility of getting an accurate result from such an experiment is almost impossible.

THE INFLUENCE OF NEWSPAPER POLITICAL REPORTS ON THE VOTINGBEHAVIOUR OF ENUGU LOCAL GOVERNMENT ELECTORATES

CHAPTER ON:  INTRODUCTION:

1.1     Background of the study

1.2     Statement of Research

1.3     Objective of the study

1.4     Significance of the study

 

CHAPTER TWO:        REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

2.1     Source of literature

2.2     The review

2.3     Summary of review

BCHAPTER THREE: GENERATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

3.1     Research hypothesis

3.2     Assumption of the study

3.3     Scope and Limitation of study

3.4     Conceptual Definition

3.5     Operational Definition

 

CHAPTER FOUR:       METHODOLOGY:

4.1     Research methodology

4.2     Research Design

4.3     Population and sample

4.4     Data collection

 

CHAPTER FIVE:        DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT:

5.1     Data analysis

5.2     Test of hypothesis

5.3     Interpretation of data

 

CHAPTER SIX:  SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION:

6.1     Summary

6.2     Recommendation

Notes / Bibliography

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

This study is aimed at finding out the influence of Newspaper political Reports on the voting Behaviour of Electorates. It aimed at determining through opinion survey, the degree at which the voting behaviour of electorates is effected by their exposure to newspaper political report, using Enugu state local Government Areas (North and South) as a case study.

An empirical survey of five (5) of the twenty (20) wards in Enugu local Government was conducted. Two newspapers Daily Star and the Newsman were used while collecting the data in determining the influence, their political reports have on the voting behaviour of their audience readers.

The sample was randomly selected across five of the twenty wards to find out those who voted during the Governorship Election of March 2003, using stratified sampling technique in terms of the location.

For the theoretical framework and guide for the study, related literature especially in mass communication, psychology and political science, were extensively reviewed. Moreover, three-research hypothesis were tested and analyzed, using statistical table and simple percentages.

As regards the results, it has been discovered through this study, that newspaper political reports have some effects on the voting behaviour of Enugu electorates.

Similarly the exposure of the electorates to newspaper political reports creates certain awareness on them.

Meanwhile, the study showed that a combination of factors like interpersonal communication, party affiliation, information from other media, in addition to newspaper political reports, were the principal determinants of the voting behaviour of Enugu electorates.  Finally, the finding of this study will be of help to politicians, political reporters and media executives in determining how to channel their political messages to achieve desired effects.

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

 

INTRODUCTION

• Background of study:

It is a commonly held view that mass media play unquantifiable roles in matters of public interest, public opinion and formation of attitude. According to James Curran et al (1977), “pioneer investigators accepted popular impressions of the media as omnipotent and capable of being employed for manipulative purposes”, Thus, Edwin Emery et al (1974), said, “newspapers everywhere are available channels through which political leaders express their views and seek to rally public backing for their policies”.

Many researchers have been conducted on the effects of mass media on the audience. The unfortunate thing, however, is that none of these studies has bothered on the effect of newspaper political messages on the audience. This is pertinent, especially as newspaper predates all the other media of mass communication as well as exerts tremendous impact on the society.

The newspaper performs the primary functions of informing, entertaining, educating, and serving the propaganda needs of the society, with regard to the propaganda needs of the society, the newspaper generally plays a critical role in National development, especially during political elections.

The powerful role of the press in political institution has also been highlighted by the great American leader, George Washing ton. He once remarked that if he were asked to choose between a government without the press, or press without government, he would opt for the latter. According to Sunday Olagunju, a columnist with the Times International (September 23, 1985), “great leaders such as Lenin of Russia, Bismarck of Germany, Attorturk of Turkey, Napoleon Bonar parti of France and even Chamberlain of Britain, succeeded because of their unalloyed recognition of the powerful role of the press”.

The tremendous political knowledge generated by political reports in newspapers have probably had a lot of impact on the growth, quality and development of political activities in the society. This is given credence by frank Ugboaja, who asserted in his “communication policies in Nigeria” (1980), that “Nigeria therefore had its newspapers to fight the cold wars that eventually led to the lifting of the shackles of colonialisne on 1st October, 1960, after having been under British colonial tutelage for nearly half a country.

Consequently, Nigeria gained her political independence on the powerful “wings” of the press.

Since Nigeria secured her independence in 1960, the press in this country has been accused of deviating from its militant journalism to a mere tune-dancer of the drums beaten by its owners.

It was in the light of the fore-going that we deemed it necessary to study the influence of newspaper reports on voting behaviour of electorates, taking cognizance of the fact that even though studies have been conducted on press coverage of political campaigns, not adequate report has been given on the voting behaviour of the electorates. Thus, this study is set out to inquire the extent to which newspaper political reports influenced the voting behaviour of the Enugu electorates during March, 2003, Governorship election in Nigeria.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

          Undoubtedly, communication is essential for the conduct of polities. Some scholars have called it the nervous system of the body politic, transmitting messages among the various parts. An event that is not communicated is like the hypothetical tree that fell in the market place and nobody heard about it. Just as the fallen tree fails to be heard, so the excommunicated event fails to have effect.

However, there have been doubts on how much the newspaper as a print medium of mass communication, has been able to contribute to one of its primary objectives of inducing behaviour.

Election is a socio-political affair which is initiated for then change of government. It is a civic responsibility of all and sundry to participate in the election of political leaders. To do this therefore, the electorates need some kind of orientation in the political affairs and electorate procedures. Newspaper constitutes major medium through which this political orientation could be disseminated.

Again, the content of such messages invariably affects their assessment by the electorates as either favourable, unfavourable, credible or incredible.

Those who use newspapers as a medium for dissemination of political reports must have reasoned that it confers some usefulness and thus, have some impact.

In the light of these, therefore, our intention is to find out the extent to which newspaper political reports affects the voting behaviour of the Enugu electorates, at least within the period of February to March, 2003.

That very period was characterized by intense political struggles, reports of election malpractices and party campaigns, with unquantifiable promises, all in attempt to win voters consciences in the Governorship election.

The study is prompted by the fact that newspapers are believed to be able to damage the prestige of any party or candidate, add its own interpretation to a political newstory, give stance to favour a candidate  or political party, and above all, influence public opinion.

It is hoped that answers to our findings will help to ascertain the influence of newspaper political reports on the voting behaviour of Enugu electorates.

This study drew some of its parameters from studies of Bernard R. Berelson, Paul F. Lazarsfield, H. Gandet amidst other scholars.

 

 

 

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study aimed at finding out through opinion survey, the voting during the March, 14, 2003 Governorship General Election, as influenced by the newspaper political reports.

It is our intention to find out the degree of such political reports on the electorates. Do the stories, articles and other political reports influence the voting actions of the electorates? Or, are the newspaper political reports not just enough to induce a change in the electorates voting behaviour?

 

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

          A lot of researches have been conducted on the influence of mass communication on the behaviour and attitude patterns of audiences. Unfortunately, there has been none done on the influence of newspaper political reports on the voting attitude of electorates. The necessity for this study, therefore, stems from the fact that the use of newspapers as avenue for political policy dissemination, has not been fully developed and utilized.

Factors like inter-personal communication and party affiliation still seem to have a predominant influence on the voting behaviour of the electorates. Thus, we intend to discover the extent to which newspaper political reports influence the voting behaviour of electorates. That is whether newspaper political reports create awareness, induce or change opinions, or whether these reports are not just enough to induce a change in the behaviour of electorates, or still, whether such political reports facilitate or reinforce political decisions on the electorates.

We hope that the result of this study will help the government and it’s agencies in making decisions on the best way to channel political education and help the media organizations understand the appropriate way of structuring political information for their audiences.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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THE ROLE OF RADIO IN MOBILISING WOMEN FOR POLITICS IN NIGERIA.PERIOD OF STUDY: (1961 – 2004)

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ABSTRACT

          The aim of this project is to analyse The Role of Radio in mobilising Women for politics in Nigeria period of Study from 19961 – 2004.

The system of Communication through Radio plays a major role in mobilisation of woman for politics on Nigeria, Improving lot of Nigeria women is a prime target.

In Nigeria with the regard to women politics and information awareness, radio plays major parts then any other means of communication. Meanwhile, women in the rural areas are more closer to radio, because it is cheaper and less expensive to maintain with radio information’s related to women mobilization for politics are easily communicated.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPROVAL PAGE     

DEDICATION            

ABSTRACT                

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1     CHAPTER ONE

• NIGERIAN WOMEN MOBILIZATION IN THE PAST

• CHAPTER TWO
  • FEMINISM IN MAXISM

• CHAPTER THREE
• CHALLENGES TO WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION AND USE OF INFORMATION THROUGH THE RADIO

• CHAPTER FOUR
• NIGERIAN WOMEN AND THE RADIO

• CHAPTER FIVE
• CAPACITY BUILDING AND THE DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION
• CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

This systems of communication that is Radio pays a major role in mobilisation of women for politics in Nigeria. For majority of women groups in Nigeria, improving the lots of Nigeria women is a prime target for many of them also, the experience of the management of women is all facts if life is feasible to cultural practice of gender relations within the Nigeria Society. Let for many of the enlighten women in Nigeria, these practice have become acceptability of life and are not to be questioned.

The radio, because it is cheap, have become affordable easy access and have become a base means of mobilizing Nigeria women for politics. One thing that is glaring today in some of the Radio Stations in Nigeria is the presence of Nigeria women as news-makers. The women groups in Nigeria this have the greatest task of carrying out enlightenment campaigns over the Radio to educated Nigeria Women on their right and what constitutes violation of such right, some of these women groups that carries out campaign for women empowerment and participation of women in politics are viz.

WOMEN IN NIGERIA (WIN), NIGERIA

WOMEN’S RIGHT WATCH, CIVIL RESOURCE AND DOCUMENTATION CENTRE (CIBDDOC).

WOMEN’S CONSORTIUM OF NIGERIA. (WOCON). The list is not exhaustive.

The zonal workshops on women in Governance and Decision making network and working as a group was covered by the Imo State Radio and Radio Nigeria in Imo States. The zonal network groups are following capacity building framing activities designed to provide and contribute to the broader goal f empowering and advocating for the full participation of women and potential women leaders in governance and decision making interactive from the South Eastern States OF Nigerian and in particular from Imo State.

In Imo State within the last six months two senatorial zone were selected for intral zone networking workshops. The zonal networking workshops take place over three days. The first workshop was held in Orlu, East and Orlu west, while the other senatorial zone was Owerri Municipal local governments.