ATTITUDE OF TELEVISION AUDIENCE TOWARDS COMMERCIAL INTERRUPTION OF TELEVISION PROGRAMMES.

 

ABSTRACT

The attitude of television audience toward commercial interruption in television programmes is a research work carried out through scientific and empirical method in attempt to find out what television commercial interruption is all about and how it affects the audience and suggestion on what to do in order to better the performance of the media houses towards the television commercial interruptions.

It goes a long way to carry out a research on this topic by drawing up questionnaire and interviewing the subjects in their environments. Also made use of library and oral interviews. And our finding shows that uninterrupted television programmes are preferred by the television audience and that the television audience will prefer their unfavourite programmes interrupted. We also found out that commercial that tends to satisfy their needs are recalled faster than commercial that does not satisfy their needs.

Conclusively, the main objective of this study is to asses the attitude of television audience in Enugu towards commercial interruption of television programmes.

This study being an attitude survey seeks to find out the relationship between media content (advertisements) and the society. Therefore, it focused on consumer behaviour, which gives insight into consumer attitude beliefs, perception and culture.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Television industry in Nigeria is still in infant stage comparatively to its counterparts in other parts of the developed world. However, it has metamorphosed remarkably within this short period of its history. There have been some achievement and new dimension in its scope of operation for the past two decodes.

At its inception, television in the country was basically used for information, entertainment and educational purposes. It is different of its ability to combine sound and picture. As a result of these qualities. It is possible for it to attract a large number of viewing audience. The number of television receivers reaching a formidable over 30 million people throughout Nigeria, is proof of the immeasurable impact this invention has had on the lines of millions and on the spread of information.

The value of television, as a medium of mass communication is fast assuming highly important position throughout the world. According to Olusda (1976) “All over Nigeria, today there are over one million people watching television) (p 21)

Television has added another feather to its wing, which is that of persuasion. This singular act by television has made it possible for television to dazzle other media of communication. It now serves as an organ through which governments and advertisers sell their goods and services. It ahs brought the art of product awareness to millions of house holds. It has the selling power for most types of goods and services – detergents, cigarettes, fridge, beer and furniture. Their impact on the country is attributable to network television advertising.

Still talking about what television offers, one cannot but remember educational and entertainment programmes for the audience like cultural dances, drama and comedy programmes. Some of the programmes such as family circle, guilt, Jagwa, Mr. B and Tales by moonlight have been known to force people to go home from wherever they are, so as not to miss the next episode.

While viewers are watching their favouratie programmes, it is a common experiences that television houses often dot in commercials which break the continuity of these programmes to the annoyance of viewers whom these programmes are their favourites. The advertisers often want their commercials to be aired at prime time, while these viewers want their favourite programmes to be uninterrupted by commercials thereby reating conflicts between the interest of advertisers and interest of viewers.

It ahs been estimated that well over 80% of the programmes on Nigeria, televisions are interrupted as a result of commercials, yet Nigeria television houses do not seem to see anything unusual about this situation. On N.T.A. station, there are so many programmes for the week and of the seventeen programmes selected for promotion, none is aired without commercial interruption. According to Opubor and Ore (1979)² The commercials interruptions of most of the programmes are of little relevance to the social realities of the average Nigeria” ³ (p. 122)²

Consequently, television houses often just slot in these commercials even at prime time without considering the interests and feelings of viewers. The viewers are now forced to perceive and consume these commercial when watching their favourite programs, thereby subjecting them to the status of captive audience.

According to Nwuneli (1976) Many of the products in Nigeria television are raw. They display things which portray people as naughty, monsters and didactic under stones which are underplayed and viewers lose sight of them (P. 122)³. Some researchers have come up with evidence to show that commercial interruption could induce aggressive tendencies in people. According to Greene (1965) a former Director General of the British corporation television is being misused and that broadcasters are betraying their responsibilities (p. 124)⁴

There is no gain staying the fact that television stations need the money realized from these commercial to remain in business. The corporation has to under take commercial broadcasting in order to make money to supplement the subtrahend, sponsors need the television station as a medium of communicating information about their goods and services to the ultimate consumers with the sole aim at arousing their interests for the goods. But as new television stations are established and more stations introduce the modern broadcasting, the need to interrupt programmes at the detriment of the viewers will be further aggravated. Unless something is done now, this will be another ugly incident and further alienation of television audience.

The points mentioned above have acted as stimuli for this research which is to find out the attitude of television audience towards commercial interruption in television programmes. Attitude is here defined as ways of thinking or feeling towards something, in this case towards commercial interruption in television programmes. This attitude survey is very crucial because it embraces a lot of things. For instance, it transcends effects of commercial interruptions on television audience because it is only after a subject has observed the effect of a phenomenon that the subject can form a reasonable attitude towards that phenomenon.

According to Parker (1974) “The sooner each new technology is studied, the greater the chance of bringing to use research results to influence policy in a meaningful way (p 123). We can deduce from these that it is necessary to examine audience attitude towards commercial interruption by Nigerian televisions at this embryonic state of televisions industry when the institutional and economic structures of broadcasting are still being formulated.

Finally, this study will also find out whether television audience will prefer uninterrupted programmes to interrupted programmes whether these commercial programs increase or decrease the viewers interests. In short, it will come up with suggestion on how Nigeria television stations can best serve their audience.

 

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PUBLIC RELATIONS AS A MANAGEMENT FUNCTION PROBLEMS AND IMPACT (A CASE STUDY OF THE ANAMBRA STATE EDUCATION COMMISSION AWKA)

ABSTRACT

Public Relations through sometimes over looked is a concept that is almost as old as mankind, the early man in all his naivety built public relations principles in his action he went in search of food.

While the woman held forts in the home he led his life alongside animals in the force that is to say that he maintained cordial relationship between his self and the animals in the forest that I think is public relations at its incipient stage.

The beginning in spite of this early Development is Publics Relations the concept seems to have down malpractice especially commission a body charged with the management of an really three hundred secondary school in the state in the state with its man power and other implications.

The Commission and at time the Directors seems them selves and the supreme authority accountable only to them selves with power to make law for the daily administration of the resource at its commend.

To some of these administrations there is little need for public relations input in management decisions since some extent in the art of communication.

The research questions decide from the objective of the study the proposed hypothesis tested.  The findings recommendations and conclusion will be seemed in the last part of this work.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                            1

ORIGIN OF THE MANAGEMENT                                       1

PUBLIC RELATIONS                                                            1

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY                                                 6

RESEARCH QUESTIONS IN HYPOTHESIS                       9

DEFINITION OF TERMS                                                      11

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE VI REVIEW                                                   12

CHAPTER THREE

SAMPLE SIZE AND SURVEY DESIGN                               18

METHODOLOGY                                                                  18

METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS                                          20

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION                          21

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY                                                                            39

CONCLUSION                                                                       40

RECOMMENDATION                                                           40

REFERENCES                                                                       42

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Every a public relations officer must or will was faced the problem of lack of confidence.  Not so much in himself as in the value of the job he has to do.  In some causes, this is because of a failure by those in the management to appreciate fully the purpose and objectives of public relations in others, it is because of the appointment of the incompetent wrong officer who does not understand the subject or lacks the personality to convince those around him of its importance.  Yet in others there is a misguided sense of economy, which postulates that public relations is an expensive luxury.  This line of thought often leads to the appointment or the transfer of a man or woman to the post on the ground that he or she likes meeting the public or some other poor reasons.  Modern public relations practice is an indispensable instrument of any management public relations principles into management decisions.

The public relations department in any organization should serve as the fight hand of management advising it in much the same way as a lawyer counsels his clients on legal matters.  Since there appears to be people dependent on it for existence, such organization should always strive to take the interest of this public into consideration in all its decision this is necessary because all organization decisions have public relations implication.  The decision to increase the prices of goods to change the trademark or even to change the school calendar or increase the school fees could lead to dissonant behavior from the public.  Public relation’s input therefore becomes a very significant factor in the decision making process.

There is something to be said about making the public relations unit in the ANSEC a separate entity able to advice and guide without fear or favour.  In Anambra State Education Commissioner is important to enable the public relations officer to be able to persuade others in the management while arguing on equal level.  Ideally the public relations officer (P.R.O) in the ANSEC should attend all the management meeting.  All (Commissions Meeting) these have a bearing on the commission policy and as head of his own department he is then in a position of being able to give advice free of restraint this is against the present position where the commissioner’s principal public relations officer (who is the highest in the hierarchy of the commission’s P.R.O.S) is ill informed on commission’s decisions and at times is merely briefed.

All new educational policies need public relations consideration.  How will the public react to them?  How can they be explained how easily will they be understood the earlier the advice the greater the chances of success.  It is even possible that with a better orientation, the ANSEC management might abandon some of its objective if public relations advice indicated a positive chance of public rejection.

Each objective, each decision, poses the question, how do we tell the public and what will public’s reaction be public relations in the Anambra State Education Commission involves a great deal more than the more giving of information which is a passive role.  It is almost useless appointing a public relations man or woman and then ignoring the advice given.  There is a seemingly tendency to regard the commission public relations department as a “Post Office” an agency for the distribution of pamphlets or News releaser.  This is how not to appreciate the in the period before Christ King used to ask for the advice of aides on how best to deal with their subject.  This is it self show that the concept of public relations is as old as human history and has continued to exist among people.  Present day from of public relations practice however data back to 1923.  However in 1948 following the public relations in Britain alongside the public relations Society of American the Management concept of Public Relation was introduce concept ideal behind the introduced was to enable organization consider the interest of their public in decision making process through the building public relations principles in all decision that are likely to have implication for the long and short term goals of the organization this feeling to have public relations department serve as the right hand of management was encapsulated in the definition of public relation by some mass communication scholars one of such definitions.  Sees public relations as a philosophy and function of management which evaluates public attitudes, identifies the policies and procedures of an individual the policies and procedures of an individual or an organization leaders and implementing planned programme of action which will serve both the organization and the public interest from the above definition.  It can be seen that the concept of public relations as a management function was built into the definition of public relations and is therefore an indispensable instrument of any management.

In Nigeria however public relations practice is yet to be perceived as a management function this is due to the failure of some organization chief executives to establish, public relations as an organized part of their activities due mainly to their considering.  It is to the their own personal responsibility to project the personality of the concern to the outside world.  Many of these chief executives regard them selves as their organization’s chief public relations officers and react instinctively against any suggestion that this important function should be delegated to any one how ever in the art of communication who could be better than the chief executive to explain the complex policy to the press radio and television or to Ifitedunu located within the Anambra State capital territory the highest in the hierarchy of the public relations officers in the commission in the principal public relations officer whose office is at senior information officer who co-ordinate the activities of the others office hand at the headquarters.  These is also a place in the other commission zone officer, public relations officer who on day to day basic teal with the number commission is public both internal and external for example.  The zonal public relations officer at Ifitedunu all issues that are likely to have public relations implication, like complaints against transfer by teachers threats a place in mind what should be done to boost their I made this practically to all other public relations officers representing the commission in the others zones.

These problem highlighted by the zonal P.R.O are now table before the management officers the management would then deliberate o the issues and come out at times with far reaching solutions depending on the principal public relations unit would them service means of reaching out to the effected public on the issues e.g. through press release handouts public announcements and visits to affected areas etc.

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

One of the aims of the researcher is that this work will help public relations practitioners build on their knowledge and role and role as the right hand of management.  To this extent, this study will serve as a reference documents for other organization and public relations officers.  In knowing how to apply the management concept of public relations in their organizations.

It is the aim of this study to find out the role expectation of the public relations department in a government parasite the State Education Commission to the growth and continued existence of the organization the study would also find out whether the management of the commission, otherwise called the board is interested in the ideal role definition of the public relations department and the extent of its interest with regard to encouragement and integration in the management through the decision making process for the smooth running and ultimate building of goodwill between the organization and its publics.   Stock holders and others likely to be interested chief executives thought this attitude reflects the appreciation of the importance of public relations by organization leaders the chief executive should set the obviously he cannot spare the time to control the whole of the organization to passes the necessary ability and experience.  He there fore needs to rely on export advance, by public relations practitioner.

In Anambra State Education Commission, a body charged with the management of secondary school in the state (focus of my research) the practice of public relations as a management function has not been done appreciated, since its establishment in 1980, not much has been done in area of recognized the role definition of the public relations department.  This has been to its imperil –since the organization has a vast public which includes, the parents, teachers, association, the Board of Governors, Banks, Higher Institutions, Students, etc. The diverse nature of its publics make it very necessary that public relations input should be continually built into its policies and programmes.

The result of its failure to utilize the services of public relations in the management is the spate of thane cruelty and other negative manifestations in the secondary education sector in the state.

This state of affairs presupposes that the board of the state education commission should make the public relations department an organized part of all its policies and programmes if the education in the sate is to be up graded.

 

 

ARRANGEMENT OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN THE ANAMBRA STATE EDUCATION COMMISSION

An appraisal of public relations in the Anambra State Education commission showed the bureaucratic structure of the public relations unit of the commission is located at the Ifitedunu headquarters in the final analysis this study will highlight area of further study on this case study or similar aspects of the ideas and would make recommendations where necessary.

 

STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM 

LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

Just like in most similar inquiries a number of problems were encountered while working on this study.  They include paucity of materials on the theme and the uncooperative attitude of some respondents among others.

For case of the assignments, I used State Education Commission Headquarters Ifitedunu and its internal and external public participated.

 

 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What position does the public relations officers occupy in the Management in the Commission?
2. How do some public of the Commission perceive the role of public relations in the Organization
3. To what extents are public relations impute utilized in Management decision in the Commission.

 

RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

1. The public relations officers of ANSEC should be part of the management to be able to improve the image of the organization and build good will and understanding with its publics.
2. Unless the public relations officer of ANSEC are integrated into management and their advice taken into consideration, the image of the organization will basic before its public.
3. Ho ——– unless the before public relations officers are at the right hand of management its policies and programmes may be disagreeable to its public.

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS HYPOTHESES ARE

Public this is any group of people with whom an organization deals with e.g. the parents the teacher’s students and employees of the commission (IMAGE Reputations of the organization P. R. Public Relations P.R.O Public Relations Officer.

MANAGEMENT:  The body that organization the effort of the commission in order to achieve its aims and objective (ANSEC Anambra State Education Commission.

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GOVERNMENT USE OF EXTRAL LEGAL MEASURES AGAINST MEDIA PRACTITIONERS (A CASE STUDY OF SANI ABACHA REGIME)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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CHAPTER ONE

Background of the Study

Statement of the Problem

Objective of the study

Significance of the study

Research questions

Research hypothesis

Definition of terms

Assumptions

Limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

Research design

Research sample

Measuring instrument

Data collection

Data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary and Recommendation

References

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The media as the watchdog of the society eliminates its light on the society not for getting its responsibility of entertainment, information and educating its audience as to keep them abreast of the dynamism of the world, condemning the ills of the government and the governed, all geared towards a better society.

Media practitioners by implication cover all the people who are trained in the art of journalism and work in radio and television station, newspapers and magazines and other medium through which people get informed. The concept of the media developed right from the time the printing press was invented five centuries ago. The invention revolutionized man’s ability to communicate ideas and information. But from that time, there was always this desire of those who had control of political authority/power to create barriers against the free flow of ideas and information, which they believe could threaten their rule.

Press freedom as a concept of libertarian philosophy is always assailed by those who use quo maintained, hence, use of extract legal measures against media practitioners, which was colossal during military era. For media practitioners to carry out their duties effectively and efficiently, they should be granted certain degrees of freedom hence absolute freedom is unattainable. Media practitioners in trying to meet with its expected roles have encountered great unhealthy confrontation ranging from harassment, intimidation, and deterioration to censorship, which is more pronounced during military dictatorship.

This work is restricted to late general Sani Abacha military jilts who revealed in gagging and muzzling the media using state securing apparatus despite the fact that modern constitution endeavours to safeguard basis freedom which the military had always defied, flouted, suppressed add violated with impurity. This government use of extract legal measures against media practitioners can be traced back to the infamous decree. No 4 as promulgated by general Buhari (ltd) in 1984, which endeavoured to strangle press freedom. The Decree becomes the sword of Damocles of dangling over the head of every journalist. Of course, the two of Nduka Irabor and Tunde Thompson were detained for violating the infamous Decree No 4 otherwise known as “the Public officers protection from false Accusation” Decree 1984 for publishing about changes in Nigeria High Commissioner in Britain who is to be withdrawn and replaced by Rtd General Hannaniya. They refused to divulge the source of their information. They were later charged to court, tried and convicted under the provisions of the Decree on April 1984. They were jailed for 18 months.

In 1995, the quarter of Mrs. Chris Anyanwu, Kunse Agibade, George Mba and Ben Charles Obi were detained in different prisons across the country on 15 year jail sentence each by a special military tribunal headed by Brigadier General Patrick Aziza for allege coup plot which has to do with reports carried by their magazines on the alleged Coll Groadabe coup of 1995. In another development, security agents swooped on Onome Osit-Whiskey and whistled him away on November 9, 1997 with his colleagues at Tell headquarters at the mercy of invading security agents who had come for the previous week edition of the magazine which was titled why Abacha won’t hand over’ Tell premises was sealed off and the staff who were around beat a hasty retreat. Thinking that a parted delivery van continued he magazine in question the operative brought in a tow-van and forcefully removed it to their operational base.

 

THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY RADIO BROADCASTING IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF RIVER STATE 2 FM STATION)

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ABSTRACT

The objectives of this project is to examine or find out whether community broadcasting (Radio) is an effective tool of dissemination of information that would facilitate the attainment of community development in River state by the RSBS.

The chapter one of this study covers the background of the study, the history of the Rivers state Radio Station, Area of study, scope of the study.

In chapter two of this study, the researcher treated the literature review and chapter three contains the methods of study population of the study, Sample and Sampling Techniques, Limitation of the Methodology, Administration of Instrument and Data Collection.

In chapter four, the researcher presented the data analysis and its results. While in chapter five the project cover s the Summary Recommendation, Conclusion and Bibligraphy

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

• Background of the study
• A Brief History of River 2fm
• Area of study
• Statement of Research problems
• Objective of the study
• Significance of study
• Research questions
• Research Hypothesis
• Scope of the Study
  • Conceptual and operational Definition
  • Limitation of the study
  • Theoretical frame work

Reference

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review

2.1 Summary of Literature Reviews

Reference

CHAPTER THREE

Research Methodology

3.0    Method of study

3.1     Population of study

3.2     Sample and sample Techniques

3.3    Measuring Instrument

3.4     Data collection

3.5     Data Analysis

3.6     Expect ional Result

3.7     Administration of Instrument and Data Collection

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Data Analysis and Result

4.1     Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1    Summary

5.2     Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix I

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Berlo (1960:10) defines communication as a process that involves all acts of transmitting messages to channels which link people to the languages and symbolic codes which are used to messages, the means by which   massages are received and stored, and the rules, customs and conventions which define and regulate human relationships and event.

Daramola (1997:50) gave many definitions of communication that illustrate the use of the terms in relation to two ways communication process. He said, that “communication is the broad field of human interaction which takes place through symbols. The symbols may be gestureral, pictorial, plastic, verbal or any other symbols which operate as stimuli to behaviour which would be evoked by the symbol itself in the absence of special conditions of the person who responds”

Communication is at the heart of all social intercourse. It maintains and animates life. It is the motor and civilization. It leads from instinct to inspiration through variegated processes and systems of enquiry, command and control. It creates a common pool of ideas strength thens the feeling of togetherness through exchange of massages and translation thought into action reflecting every emotion and need from the humblest test of human survival to supreme manifestation of creativity or destruction.

 

PUBLIC RELATIONS AS A TOOL FOR INDUSTRIAL HARMONY (A CASE STUDY OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN ENUGU STATE)

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OR
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form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND OF STUDY

        It is the responsibility of every industry to have a cordial relationship with their employees and their external environment ie the general public. With reference to relationship as regards the employees, it involves a harmonious co-existence between the employees and the management for external environment ie the general public, it is done by feeding the public with the necessary information they need about the industry as well as making their polices and programmes clearly understood.

According to British institute dictionary; “ public relations is defined as a liberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain understanding between an organization and it’s public”. Again, another definitions was put forth by Philip Leslay. According to him, public relations is a thing that helps an organization and it’s public accommodate each other”. Moreso, the American association of public relation practitioners defined public relations as “Doing the right thing and letting people know about it ie applying the golden rule in our every day activities.

From the above stated definitions, it is worthy of note that the importance of public relations department in an industry cannot be over –emphasized. Thus, it aids in the sustenance of understanding and harmony amongst the employees of an industry as well as that of the general public. Moreso, it makes much for industrial harmony especially during a period of crises and depression. Furthermore, there is need for public relations department in both public and privately owned industries. This is because this department acts as a link between the industry and the audience in that it monitors the feedback process and applies the necessary tools and techniques needed towards the achievement of mutual understanding through constant communication.

This research is aimed at working into the importance of public relations department in an industry, the practice, activities and objectives of public relations in an effort to maintain industrial harmony amongst the industries and the general public the problems encountered by this department and the possible solutions to those problems.