THE ROLE OF PRINT MEDIA COMMUNICATION IN SPORTS DEVELOPMENT (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE)

 

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PREFACE

A baby’s first attempt at walking is sometimes very calamitous, when not properly guided, indelible sears are left as a result of bruises sustained from “Childish” falls. In the same vein, as green horns in the act of writing books for classroom and professional use, the debut may be riddled with a lot of errors which make it fall below the standard set by the giants in the filed.

This being the case, we pray you, in the name of Jesus Christ, to consider’s us as a baby’s first attempt at walking. Do not crucify us.

The flaws notwithstanding, this project with a Nigerian background has come to address the Chronic and unimaginable vacuum left unexplored by many scholars.

The project is about the expected role of print media communication in sports development of society like Nigeria. However, for the purpose of Clarity and easy been divided into five chapters.

Chapter one deals with the introduction, the statement of problem, purpose of study, definition of terms, limitations.

In chapter two, the literature review and hypothesis are discussed.

Chapter three explains the methodology and instruments used. Chapter four features the analysis of the information got from the questionnaire while Chapter five, concluded the study and offers recommendations.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Preface:

Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• Statement of Problem
• Purpose of Study
• Definition of Terms
• Limitation of study

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review
• Hypothesis

CHAPTER THREE

• Methodology
• Instrument Used

CHAPTER FOUR

• Results and Analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

• Conclusion
• Recommendation
• Bibliography
• Appendix 1 – Sample of the Questionnaire

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

The fact that communication regard at area of print media is an indispensable factor in all aspects of human relation, is now too obvious to require any emphasis. As it was, the world revolves around the forum of communication networks.

In the communication network, the print media serve as the bedrock, supplying all the necessary ingredients for the smooth and uninterrupted flow of information. Indeed, the role of print media in the communication process is very vital in the development strategies of any nation.

Generally, the print media of mass communication, viz. Newspapers, magazines. Handbills etc are very important modern social processes. They bring public issues to the fore before wider readers other than can be reached by public meetings or inter-personal communication. For instance, the print media play an active part in broadening our enjoyment of life, furthering our knowledge

of things in our immediate as well as distant environment and getting information to us which stimulates individual and group action. Through these varies thrust, the process of social change is given more impetus by the print media.

The aim of this research is to find out “the role of print media in sport development” print media as a veritable source of information, entertainment and education is like the weather. And like the weather, it is always with is and providing us with constant material for conversation and adverse comments.

The history of communication regards to print media is itself originated during the mediaeval period, it is full of flash points and wonder points signifying vital landmarks in the domain of human relation. It is a notation of milestones and critical discoveries which has continues to power the engine of development to greater pedestal across time.

The history of modern sport however, can be originally traced to the ancient Greece about (778BC). At first when the City State sent only their aristocrats to the game, the sport were then conducted in a spirit of amateurism. The aristocratates possessed the money and leisure time to practice for the strenuous events. Popular sports in ancient time include foot racing, wrestling, boxing, archery, discus and javelin throwing. But as the advent of print media began to pervade the games, the city-states took to subsidize their best sportment.

There are many print media in Nigeria today: Newspapers, Magazines, Computer Cable wire etc, all trying to process and package sport news in a way that will attract and hold the interest of their readers. They vary in the kind of sports news stories they carry.   While some key emphasis on foreign sports news there are still others that package more of local sports news stories. This diversity in the kinds of sports news stories print media carry is just to satisfy the interest of the heterogeneous group of people in the country.

Many sports lovers, fans and readers of sports news, will find it difficult to imagine sports life and existence without print media communication. Just think how it would be like if Nigeria were in South-Africa for the African cup of Nations and the match story is not carried by the Newspaper or magazine. Or you rush tot he street or any departmental store to check for Newspaper or magazine that carried the match, yet no newspaper or magazine carried the story. If such would occur many sports lovers would feel that the world was in the grip of some cataclysm.   Many of the readers of sports news story would not want to experience such deprivation more than once in their life.

Several avenues exist for analysisng roles of print media in sports development, this study focuses on why some people love to read sport story and others ignore it. The kind of printing medium that attracts people describes their attention, habits and the degree of interest one has on sport also plays a part on how one will appreciate the role of print media in sports.

In addition to finding the role of print media in sports development, this study is also projected toward finding out what will happen to sports if there is no print media industry like Newspaper and Magazine etc.

Since there is other, existing literature on the subject matter, this work therefore is intended to serve as a reference, not only to interested sports lovers and research students who might in future carry out studies on the importance or role of print media in sports but also to remedy the chromic and unimaginable problem left in this interesting aspect of human endeavour.

THE INFLUENCE OF NEWSPAPER POLITICAL REPORTS ON THE VOTING  BEHAVIOUR OF ENUGU  LOCAL GOVERNMENT ELECTORATES

 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of content

 

CHAPTER ON:  INTRODUCTION:

1.1     Background of the study

1.2     Statement of Research

1.3     Objective of the study

1.4     Significance of the study

 

CHAPTER TWO:        REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

2.1     Source of literature

2.2     The review

2.3     Summary of review

BCHAPTER THREE: GENERATING RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

3.1     Research hypothesis

3.2     Assumption of the study

3.3     Scope and Limitation of study

3.4     Conceptual Definition

3.5     Operational Definition

CHAPTER FOUR:       METHODOLOGY:

4.1     Research methodology

4.2     Research Design

4.3     Population and sample

4.4     Data collection

CHAPTER FIVE:        DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT:

5.1     Data analysis

5.2     Test of hypothesis

5.3     Interpretation of data

 

CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION:

6.1     Summary

6.2     Recommendation

Notes / Bibliography

ABSTRACT

This study is aimed at finding out the influence of Newspaper political Reports on the voting Behaviour of Electorates. It aimed at determining through opinion survey, the degree at which the voting behaviour of electorates is effected by their exposure to newspaper political report, using Enugu state local Government Areas (North and South) as a case study.

An empirical survey of five (5) of the twenty (20) wards in Enugu local Government was conducted. Two newspapers Daily Star and the Newsman were used while collecting the data in determining the influence, their political reports have on the voting behaviour of their audience readers.

The sample was randomly selected across five of the twenty wards to find out those who voted during the Governorship Election of March 2003, using stratified sampling technique in terms of the location.

For the theoretical framework and guide for the study, related literature especially in mass communication, psychology and political science, were extensively reviewed. Moreover, three-research hypothesis were tested and analyzed, using statistical table and simple percentages.

As regards the results, it has been discovered through this study, that newspaper political reports have some effects on the voting behaviour of Enugu electorates.

Similarly the exposure of the electorates to newspaper political reports creates certain awareness on them.

Meanwhile, the study showed that a combination of factors like interpersonal communication, party affiliation, information from other media, in addition to newspaper political reports, were the principal determinants of the voting behaviour of Enugu electorates. Finally, the finding of this study will be of help to politicians, political reporters and media executives in determining how to channel their political messages to achieve desired effects.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of study:

It is a commonly held view that mass media play unquantifiable roles in matters of public interest, public opinion and formation of attitude. According to James Curran et al (1977), “pioneer investigators accepted popular impressions of the media as omnipotent and capable of being employed for manipulative purposes”, Thus, Edwin Emery et al (1974), said, “newspapers everywhere are available channels through which political leaders express their views and seek to rally public backing for their policies”.

Many researchers have been conducted on the effects of mass media on the audience. The unfortunate thing, however, is that none of these studies has bothered on the effect of newspaper political messages on the audience. This is pertinent, especially as newspaper predates all the other media of mass communication as well as exerts tremendous impact on the society.

The newspaper performs the primary functions of informing, entertaining, educating, and serving the propaganda needs of the society, with regard to the propaganda needs of the society, the newspaper generally plays a critical role in National development, especially during political elections.

The powerful role of the press in political institution has also been highlighted by the great American leader, George Washing ton. He once remarked that if he were asked to choose between a government without the press, or press without government, he would opt for the latter. According to Sunday Olagunju, a columnist with the Times International (September 23, 1985), “great leaders such as Lenin of Russia, Bismarck of Germany, Attorturk of Turkey, Napoleon Bonar parti of France and even Chamberlain of Britain, succeeded because of their unalloyed recognition of the powerful role of the press”.

The tremendous political knowledge generated by political reports in newspapers have probably had a lot of impact on the growth, quality and development of political activities in the society. This is given credence by frank Ugboaja, who asserted in his “communication policies in Nigeria” (1980), that “Nigeria therefore had its newspapers to fight the cold wars that eventually led to the lifting of the shackles of colonialisne on 1st October, 1960, after having been under British colonial tutelage for nearly half a country.

Consequently, Nigeria gained her political independence on the powerful “wings” of the press.

Influence of Television Violence on the Behaviour of Children (A Study on Awka Metropolis, Anambra State)

 

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Abstract

This study is conceived to investigate the influence of television violence on children; a focus on Awka metropolis, Anambra state. The aim is to know the extent to which violence on television influences aggressive behavior in children and sort to enlighten parents on the need to monitor the content of programmes their children watch or tune to. The survey research method was employed in carrying out this work. The researcher drew up questionnaire items and prepared interview questions with which she went to the field. With those measuring instruments for data collection, the researcher was able to come back with satisfactory data that revealed that programmes on television and other related medium do have strong negative influence on children more than the positive. Television also makes the children see the world as a mean dangerous place to be. The researcher recommends that parents should watch and evaluate programmes before allowing their children to watch them. The researcher concludes that television affects both adults and children in subtle ways and that television violence was identified as an effective tool in stimulating learning with a strong impact for change.

 Chapter One

Introduction

• Background of the Study

Television has been regarded as the most effective spontaneous electronic message carrier of our time since its inception.

It was the early motion pictures that first inspired questions on the impact of the entertainment media on society. They debate on whether media portrayal of violence and newspapers pages are tools for influencing violence. According to Encyclopedia Britannia, the word “Television” was derived from a Greek world “Viedre” meaning “to see”, television has the power to bring into focus pictures and sounds of events form around the world to millions of homes. Concern about television violence on television began in the earliest days of the medium in the late 1940’s and its explosive growth in the 50’s families with children were among the first to acquire television sets and children tended to watch a lot of television programmes like cartoons and comedies which contains violent scenes.

According to Oladapo (1992), television is the most powerful means in which most children get influenced by what they watch on it. Most children try to imitate what they see on television, violence is shown on television everyday and this violence should therefore be minimized. In Nigeria, most children witness lots of television violence without control or being controlled. Television violence on Nigeria television station can come also in form of foreign action movies, local television programmes etc. Television violence exposes children to violence in real life; therefore it is usually condemned as bad influence in the society.

Parents become worried that their children would imitate and adopt some of the violent programmes they watch, besides cartoons and adult programmes. Children were watching more violence films than their parents had experienced in their youths.

However, broadcast become sensitive to the issue when in 1951 the first television code was enacted in America which had a paragraph or violence in the section of children programmes. It asserted that “television programmes were glorifying violence and had long been encouraging aggressive behaviour on children. The general viewing pattern is one of the steady rises in the number of hours viewed from early childhood through preadolescence and then a sharp drop in viewing during adolescent years. The nature of violent scenes differed (ie. contextual differences could vary) and as such, the content viewed is considered more important than the number of viewing.

Television violence that is glamorized, sanitized and trivialized, teaches that violence is a solution to problems as a result of this, children now tend to be violent, aggressive and disrespectful to any body. However, the concern about violence as well as the way men and women are portrayed, and also how ethic minorities are portrayed and various concerns about advertising and other content issue have continued to this day but our major concern here is television violence and its influence.