EFFECT OF MASS MEDIA CAMPAIGN ON THE HIV/AIDS MENACE IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

• Background of study 1

1.1     Historical aspect of HIV                                                                   3

• Statement of the research problems 7
• Objective of the study 9
• Significance of the study 10
• Research hypothesis 14
• Research hypothesis                                                               13
• Definition of terms           14
• Assumption 15
• Scope and limitation of the study                                           16

CHAPTER TWO                  

• Source of literature 17
• Literature review 18

CHAPTER THREE

• Research method 21
• Research design 22
• Sampling procedure 22
• Measuring instrument 23
• Data collection 24
• Data analysis 24
• Expected results 25

CHAPTER FOUR       

4.1     Data analysis and result                                                          28

• sample characteristics 28
• discussion 37

CHAPTER FIVE                                     

Summary and Recommendation                                                       40

• Summary 40
• Conclusion 42
• Recommendations 43

Questionnaire                                                                          45

References                                                                               48

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.0     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The media as had been established can provide for audience members information on Varity of issue.  By emphasizing certain topic stressing particular interpretation and projects specific themes the media creates some distorted impression with their “ definition” portraying  reflection of the real society ie if sexual promiscuity is  regularly portrayed as widely practices and accepted in this sense, the viewers  may accept such definition as normative in the society  because of media definition when somebody defines his/ her own over behavior in such a situation norms  internalized from media sources may guide his/ her  conduct.

The media has gone a long way in teaching people some behavioral practices and pervading them to internalize the norm. the presence of media has attended the nature of societal communication norms

Large advance has concentrated on the media to provide a continuos flow of news entrapment    political commentaries and other types of messages people depend on te media for various forms of gratification open content and if denied such communication they feel deprived and show (Benelson 1950:887-898) the potential effect of the media in shaping attitudes and  behaviors of people has been the subject of considerable debate because many faction both good and bad aspects modify media influence.  It is clear that the media to have at least  and indirect influence on people attitudes and this is by making them aware of events outside their immediate experience / knowledge.

We    have learned through research that the images and world carried by media determines within the limitation posed by intervening  factors  opinions  of people and this actions woodier wilson  1998” said “unless you get the right thing go wrong it is believed that the perfect world there is often a vital step to finding the cure for many social ills.

In this it is believed that extensive coverage and true  information from media houses on the Hiv / AIDS campaign will  reach and perhaps touch on the sexual   habits of youths  particularly in Enugu  environs.

The backgrounds of this study reflect that this epidemic is called Hiv/ Aids when a disease is sexually transmitted the public and efforts to eradicate it are fortified because of its effect to the society.  As at present one may say that AIDS is our published, it is the worst disease to have  struck human rale since the plaque of the 14^th century.

Some health experts are saying that this will cause even more deaths and destruction then the black plague while experts are looking for remedy to this dreadful disease others claim to  have the  capability and even cure for Aids  victim  but was said to have  lacked scientific proofs.  Mean while statistic should that is million people are with this disease and do not know  it for year (VAN IMPT 1987 P.1)

 

1.1     HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF HIV/ AIDS

The devastating  disease “acquired immune  deficiency syndrome” (AIDS ) and human immune virus  (HIV )  came  into the world in 1981  when Dr  Michael Gottle  of the university of California  noticed   unusual  disease “Pnemocystiscarini prieumonia “ in four patients that were homosexuals and all below 40years  age (Njoku, 1989) .

The world health organization (WHO) explained it to be a virus of  “undermined geographic origin” the  first case of HIV / AIDS  were identified in the U.S.A in  1981  and  the disease was first recognized in  Uganda in  1982, but cases of it  had been observed in the early 1970’s before  it was fully identified.  The virus  causing  it HIV – was discovered in 1983 it was  not up unit march 1986 that the second  type of AIDS virus named  HIV –2  were discovered (Njoku obi 1989) the first confirmed Aids case in African was  reported in 1984 in Nairobi kenya apparently  AIDS   came  from  green  monkeys in Africa.  This is the theory and scientific proof and it moves to what  is known as the “species barrier” from animal to humans this has terrible effect on human and its gotten  through monkeys but  or bestiary (sexual activity between a human and an animal) but the shocking thing is that one person of American has committed such acts with  animals (VAN IMPT 1987:29)

RISK

It is estimated that among couples where one partner is a carrier there is one in four chances that if  carriers is male he will infect the female  and one in ten possibility that the female will infect the  male (THE CUARDIAN JULY 2 1992) prognosis (force cast of problem development ) current statistical report suggest that if a person becomes  HIV positive (A) there is a 60 tendency of developing in AIDS within 10 years of diagnosis.  The figure is based on studies of group of HIV individuals who were inflected 10 years ago.  The remaining 40% many suffer  health  problem such as skin and  genital  diseases one as person  has been diagnosed as having full blown  AIDS life  expectancy  is an average of 20 months ( THE GUARDIANS, JULY 2, 1992)

DISTRIBUTION

HIV /AIDs is common homosexual intravenous drug abuser hemophiliacs and recipients of blood transfusion and heterosexual partner of AIDS victim.  Among the risk groups Homo’s constitute about 75% of the victims’ intravenous drug abusers constitute about 15% and the remaining 10% is distributed among other groups (Njoku obi1989)

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

          HIV /AIDS can be transmitted through sexual relationship (homosexual or heterosexual) blood transfusion and meternofetal (before ordinary or after birth) This certain  individuals  are placed at a very high risk of being exposed to the disease (Njoku obi, 1989)

INCUBATION PERIOD

 

It  takes on the average of 29 months and 12 months between exposure to the virus and  manifestation of AID in adults and children respectively.  The virus can however, remain dormant  in an individual for up to Aid  in children partly explain the time high estimate risk of AIDS is children compared to adults although their immune system and blood value  may be relevant says Prof. Njoku (Njoku obi 1989)

THE NIGERIAN SITUATION

On the 24^th  of June1986, the then honorable minister for health  Prof. ransom  kuti, uncapurated   the national “Expert advisory committed  on  AIDS (NEACA) to advice him  on the statue   of  AIDS in  the country and possibly measure  to  control it’s spread  up to the end of 1988, NEACA has screened over 25,000 person which proved positive  for.

The first person to die of AID was a thirteen  years old girl  who was discovered to be Hiv carries  in 1996 there was total infection of AIDS victim  which toll up to 22.6 million’ where as 6.1million died of this AIDS. And if the epidemic is unchecked the figure will go up by the tear 2005. Over 300 people infected  daily 3% are  male while the remaining 7% are female (THE GUARDIANS JULY 31, 2000 )

Last week  it was  reported to  deputy  governor of cross river state chief John Okpat  that  150 person tested positive in the others state of the  federation.

Obviously,  AIDS is  no respecter of person.  Any body can fall victim to it at any time except of one  play  safe by using condom or by abstaining  totally from anything  that will expose one to the disease or victim. earlier researches done or this subject have shown that the greatest numbers infected  are from the age of  20- 40 yrs. This disease that touches the most intimate and most private past of human lives without vaccines for prevention and cure demands our greatest concern effort and our utmost attention.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS

The  role  of mass media in a society cannot be over emphasized.  It gives beyond the ordinary art  and science of new gathering  and  dissemination to shaping  opinions and  attitude of people  accurate analysis and interpretation of news event through their information education entertaining   and socializing function the mass media affect people attitude and behavior (Graham mitten 1983 32 )

In  this topic however the effect of mass media campaign on  HIV /AIDS menace  in Nigeria is knowledge acquire through frequency of firm, and coverage of  campaigns behavior instincts  and  knowledge of  sexuality supporting a  programme  and  other factors are employed to  measure persuasion campaign effectiveness.  In view of there programmes it therefore becomes necessary to take a had look at the role of the media in the HIV / AIDS menace in our society especially  in Enugu metropolis.

However research  is  a systematic  search of  knowledge facts with the primary aim of finding solution to existing  problem.  Proper identification of the problem  (s) steaminess the direction of the study.  Therefore the problem this work aims at solving are

Research work aim at solving are.

1. To know the effectiveness of media toward informing  people on the ills of HIV/AIDS
2. To determine the major sources of information regarding to HIV /AIDS
3. To effect exposure to HIV/AIDS campaign on the sexual behavior of the people in Enugu

 

 

 

 

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of studying the effect of media campaign on the HIV/ AIDS  menace in Nigeria  is  to  know  what  AIDS  really means and also  to let people know that AIDS is  real

Furthermore to know whether the number of  AIDS victims are increasing or decreasing with  the campaign on the above the study of this topic will also help us to educate the people, on  the  various way AIDS can be contacted because  many people  engage themselves in dirty activities which they don’t  know that it is a way of  contacting AIDS for   instance a woman infected  with AIDS virus transmit it to her  future during  pregnancy or to her baby during  breast feeding blood transfusion using one string to inject so  many people manicure  and pedicure barbing  different people with are razor blade  all these are the way people can contact AIDS.

Another reason for embarking on this topic is to assist in spreading the gospel on the threats of AIDS

The topic at the end will help the general public in Enugu to know murch people have   being infected with AIDS and it will also help them to know whether this compassing has any effect or .  the reason  for embarking on the topic can never be over looked because it will help us to know whether the number of people affected in increasing or decreasing for instance according to press release by Dr Tony Eloike, Enugu co-ordinate  of AIDS  campaign said  that  from what is on the ground with AIDS in Enugu state expect projection is that by  this year we will be contending with AIDS in Enugu state  expect projection is that  by the year we would be contending with 130,000 new HIV infection per year, 11,00 cases of AIDS per  year  3,000 AIDS   death per year 10,00 AIDS related  orphan  per and the age is 20 – 24 years of age.

The study is interested in the audience especially the youth  the question is do  their sex and age affect the way they perceive the message  are they really getting the information about the consequences of the epidemic.

 

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The research work will be of great value  to the people of Enugu and the entire nation at large.  It is during this research that we come to  understand that even in the remote village  here (Enugu) people are affected with HIV/AIDS  because they refuse to lake the advice given by the campaign coordinator and ministry of health.  The compassing as we have see is still  to achieve many purpose on the people because they still think  that the compaign is meat only for those who engage  themselves in sexual immorality not knowing that there are  so many ways one can  contact HIV/AIDS, these are according to “A  Guide for survived” published by hairs country medical society and Houston Academy of medicine.

1. Sexual contact: This means having sexual intercourse (vagina or and ) with intercourse can lake place between a man and a woman or because the  penis can invisibly tear  in the tissue of the rectum  allowed  infected serve to the blood stream  It occurs as well as vagina though not often
2. Blood contamination:- This happens when the HIV/AIDS get directly  into the blood  stream  through the transfusion of infected blood  into uninfected
3. Mother to child: A woman who is infected with the HIV/AIDS virus may spread the disease to her baby  during pregnancy or during child birth.  There  also the possibility of passing it on to the child through  breast
4. Use of unsterilized razor that has been used on an infected person is another means of transferring HIV/AIDS.

Therefore you can see that if the person of Enugu can adhere to the campaign the number of people that are yet to be infield will decrease because according tot he compaign coordinator no medicine has been found  for the cure of the disease.

If the Enugu people  and the gender public adhere to the compaign it will be benefic to both the youths  and adults because the disease is no respect of any body.

 

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Do people get most information about HIV/AIDS through the mass media?
2. Does exposure to HIV/AIDS comparing discourage youths form sexual promiscuity?
3. Do youth that are single expose themselves more to HIV/ AIDS then those who are married?
4. Is the campaign helping in decreasing or increasing the number of AIDS victims in Enugu ?

 

1.6     RESEARCH HYOTHESES

The research hypothesis for this study is derived from research question they are

1. Hi most respondent will get information about  AIDS through mass media.

Ho:  most respondent are not likely to be informed about HIV/ AIDS.

2. H₂: Exposure to HIV/ AIDS campaign will tend to discourage youth from sexual misconduct.

Ho:    Non exposure to HIV / AIDS will tend to encourage youth to sexual promiscuity.

3. H₃: youth who are single will expose themselves to HIV/AIDS more than those youths who are married.

­H₀:     youth who are single will not expose themselves to HIV/ AIDS more  than those youths who are married.

4. H₄: The campaign is helping in decreasing the number of AIDS victims in Enugu

H₀:     The absence of the compaign will bring about increase in the number of AIDS victims in Enugu

 

1.7     DEFINITION OF TERMS

MASS MEDIA :- This concern with all organ of communication concerns with the disseminator  of  information about the HIV/AID. These include the print media (Newspaper magazine ) and  electronic media (Radio  and television)

COMPAIGN :- This can be defined as a  serve or organized actions in support of a cause in the area of our study it can be defined  as an organized action  taken towards eliminating HIV/AIDS in our society.  It can come in form of rally workshop seminar advert and also in a dramatically from  aiming  towards educating  people on ills  of HIV /AIDS.

HIV: The human immune virus it is the virus that goes with AIDS when one is infected with the HIV the nest thing is AIDS itself.  It can stay for a long time on the body before manifesting to a full blown AIDS.

AIDS:- A –Acquired mean the diseases is an  infection one that infect through contact with an infected person. It is not hereditary in  nature.

I – immune – The bodies defence system which prefects us from disease.

D – Deficiency: This means not working normal when it affects the immune  system it stop it from fighting  against disease

S – syndrome:- A group of symptoms which  when  they occur  together you know that the immune system is week.  And the person involved has a particular disease or condition

MENACE: – A threat on something or to cause  injury or damage on something. AID menace means a great threat on the people which may do much more harm on the people.

METROPOLIES This means that the study is base on the capital city of Enugu or main town in Enugu

 

1.8     ASSUMPTIONS   It  is assumed that the respondent not only have assess the mass media (Newspaper magazine television and Radio ) for information but at the same  time are exposed to HIV / AIDS  news commentaries, Advertisements and jungles  it is also  assumed that the respondent to the questions are informed sufficiently to understand the  question.  In this regard therefore effort should be made to frame question as simple as possible and straight  to the  point.

Finally it is assumed that the respondent are of age understand what sex entails.

 

1.9     SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

We should have give to all the remote villages in Enugu but we couldn’t do that due to the fact that the money was not at reach

Due to the limited time we have to prepare this these we did not go fat together all the necessary information we  needed for this work that is why we used Enugu metropolis as a case study.

Another hindrance  we had that the co-ordinates of the campaign in Enugu  here is a very busy  man who travels far and wide to carry out the campaign against HIV/AIDS so  that he could not  provide its with all the necessary information needed.

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THE ROLE OF TELEVISION IN THE POLITICAL MOBILIZATION OF RURAL AREAS IN NIGERIA

CASE STUDY  OF NJIKOKA L.G.A

ABSTRACT

This study is geared towards finding  out the  role of television in political  mobilization of rural areas in Nigeria with special reference to Njikoka Local Government . For this study, five rural towns  in Njikoka Local government Area were studied.

The  important of television as the most mobilization  media of mass communication is universally acknowledge, the  use of television is limited  because of some factors  that militate against its full  utilization, such as high cost of  television, maintenance cost and power supply. Most rural communities   are not connected to the electricity. Non availability of television has made some rural communities  to  resort to the old traditional methods of transmitting  information which is counter productive and mockery of  democracy, especially now that we  are at the stage of entering into the new century.

Television has the advantage of audio and visual facilities,  hearing and seeing makes for a lasting impression. Political  and   governments could exploit television to get across their political activities  and agenda to the people politician  could  use it to market their political, ideologies, programmes   and by so doing, win followers and supports through creating awareness and political enlightenment in Nigeria.

This project is a survey research and primary source of data collection for the study in the questionnaire  which is formed  from three main research question. The researcher made use of oral interview also to get across to the illiterate dwellers also to get balanced  data and ensure credibility’s,  reliability of information supplied.

Data collected were analysed and interpreted. The finding reveal that the impact of television in not yet  fully and enjoyed by many in  Njikoka zone because of the high cost of television and lack of electricity supply for those who own TC sets. In this democratic era,  rural, dwellers needs political, education, awareness and enlightenment. The government should therefore do something to improve the economy of the nation to enable may to be  position to own T.V sets. They should also embark on rural electrification and political education. Ministry of information and that of public utilities  should consider the possibility of providing and developing rural television viewing centres for the general public.

Adult services should be encouraged and established  in rural  communities to eradicate illiteracy.

Television authorities  should run more programmes to carry rural dwellers along.  The researcher hoped  that the suggestions would enhance political mobilization and public enlightenment.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background of  the Study                            1

Uses of Television                                       3

Assessment of various media                               4

• Statement of the research problems 6
• Purpose of the Study 7
• Significance of the Study                            15
• Research Questions 16
• Research Hypotheses 16
• Definitions of Term 18

Conceptual Definitions                                         19

Operational Definitions                                        20

• Limitation of The Study 20

CHAPTER TWO

• Source of Literature review                         21
• The Review
• Summary Review 23

CHAPTER THREE:  RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Research Method 26
• Research Design 27
• Research Sample 28
• Measuring Instrument 29
• Data Collection 29

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data Analysis 31

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY                                                          43

RECOMMENDATION                                            47

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                   48

QUESTIONNAIRES                                              50

                               

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

                        INTRODUCTION

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

 

This study will delve  into an in-depth appraisal  of role of television in the political mobilization of rural area in Nigeria. However, the Nigeria Electorate in recent years has  always been in intensely individualistic  group. Hence political  parties  will always confront profound culture  differences. Given  the cultural structure of the Nigerian electorate, the important of television programmes cannot be overemphasized. The role of television in political mobilization in the annulled 1993 presidential is one of   the  greatest challenges facing the electorate especially  those  in the rural areas. This also is  a typical case of   election  malpractices that have been  the lot of Nigeria elections.

Television  on it’s own part is an electronic gadgets wit the combination of sound and pictures. It  is mot effective spontaneous  message carrier of our time. Its  conciseness  brings to the masses especially  the rural dwellers in on the spot account of the event  making it number one when  compared to any other medium. Admittedly television  may  be expensive  as to have it in every home or to be affordable  to most people in the rural  areas but when its ability to satisfy curiosity by allowing you see for yourself  is not just  an overstatement.  Again its ability  to disseminate  information in our various dialects also serves as atomic  to  language barrier. Television as an integral  part of the  fourth estate of the realm, is expected as usual to play its traditional role as a watchdog  of the society and as agent of change and innovations. In rural areas advertisement role  on political  trend aspirant responsiveness to the medium has become a  major feature of campaigns for public office at national state and local  government level. Most rural dwellers are known to be financially poor because of their low education status and cannot afford television sets. This  has often been a problem to efficient and effective use of television in achieving  political  mobilization in the rural area. All things being equal, the term, television and political mobilization refers to all kinds of political  services rendered to the  populace  to bring about information, Education, entertainment and influence in the rural dwellers. Apart from the general  rile, it enhance and encourage through its  various programmes the acquisition  and pursuit of knowledge thereby  promoting national consciousness  and acts as a powerful means of social mobilization.

1. USES OF TELEVISION: Television has many uses other than broadcasting programmes at the home. For example, school, businesses, hospitals and many other Organizations use closed   circuit   In closed circuit Television, signal are set by way of wire to only certain television sets rather to all sets within the area that broadcast signals could reach. Since the late 1970s, such equipments  as video cassette record, video dis players and personal computers have changed the way people  use television in their homes. For example, television sets may be used for such purposes as playing electronic games and receiving televised information services, documentaries, discussion  or talk shows and all kinds of sports events.  Considering the fact that television  is not only the means of communication let us have an  overview of the  various media of communication.
2. ASSESSMENT OF THE VARIOUS MEDIA :-Radio, Television magazine, pamphlets, posters, brochures and audio – visual aids  are important media for conveying information simultaneously  to a large population. They easily open the eyes  of  the people to the fact  of mobilization. Radio especially, can reach people and be effectively used in many countries as instrument mobilizing   Television with its sight  and sound characteristics  can create insight which radio cannot. But   Television has its  limitations, its use is hampered by its very cast, only very few rural  folks can afford the luxury of buying sets.

According to Rogers and Shoemaker, less reliance  on mass media channels in less developed nations may be attributed to

Low literacy

Lack of relevance of messages in the mass media channels  that do exist (Op.cit, p.258) An overview of this assessment reveals to us that upon the benefits according  to each of these  media, there are still  loopholes which stop them from doing perfectly the work for they are meant for  considering these loopholes, one  may be tempted to ask what is the future  of television.

iii.     THE FUTURE OF TELEVISION:- The future  of the  television will be one  of the constant and somewhat  unpredictable change. The zapper, the hand-held remote  control or changing the channel for muting the sound or  changing  the channel without leaving the chair  or couch will continue to trouble advertisers  and they will actively explore alternative   media. Another  aspect of television feature is that  it  is too difficult  to predict its technology.

Looming on the horizon are a number of technology systems that will vastly extend the number of choices  viewers will be able  to make their homes. These includes a number of new ways of deliver. The signal  via optic   cables and telephone lines. Other innovations will enlarge and clarify the picture that viewers see.

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:- Television is one of the most persuasive and effective media of the mass communication, but it has not been accepted in Nigeria as popular medium. This owning to its relatively high costs, irregular electricity supply and  ownership patterns  that have made them the sole preserve of either government of a few wealthy individuals. The people mostly affected are those in the rural areas including Njikoka Local Government Area. Apart from the fact  that they appear to be under- reported, most of them cannot afford the price of television and the few that have one do not often receive the message because of the  irregular power supply.  As a result of this, the rural dwellers resort to the primordial   system of using the town crier to disseminate information. The use of television in mobilizing the  political life of the rural  dwellers have not been achieved because of poverty on the part of the villagers and lack  of sufficient support from Government.
• PURPOSE OF THE STUDY :-To know the extent to which television programmes have gone in mobilizing and persuading voters in the rural areas during election. Since television is mostly employed by candidates as a means of reaching the people. To know whether television medium has in any way contributed positively to the political life of the people, especially the rural   To provide easy  access to developmental information diffusion at the grass root.

We must have that full and unrestricted  access to all facts and ideas.

This  democratic  idea  can only be realized when the citizens are able to receive, internalize  and apply  information  in such a way as can enable  them participate fully in the political process. While  it is the    fundamental  accessible  to the  electorate in a demarcate system, it  is also  necessary that the  target public  is able to take advantage of such information  which will from the  basic ingredient of its political  judgment. The  essence  of information lies  in its ability to reduce or eliminate uncertainty by  eliminating  societal as well as environmental complexities in terms of political evolution. Information seeks to explain  political  issues, tends and phenomenon  of which the recipient  has  hither  to been ascertain  or completely   obvious. Thus, the value of information is determined by the extent to which it has  helped us to gain new knowledge and  insight into issues over which we have been puzzled, thereby, reducing our anxiety or ignorance. It is in this regard that  H. pross (1972; 21- 31) has defined information as “a co-relate of uncertainness”. While it may be impracticable  to generate total mass participation of the electorate in  the  political  process of any policy, it  is  still desirable that a   greater percentage of  the enfranchised  citizenry exercise their   political sights  and obligations by demonstrating what L Mibratt (1996 5;60) call “rotational   activities  such as holding public and party offices”

Transitional  activities  such as attending       political  meetings and spectators  activities such as wearing  party’s sticker, vest and face-cap and finally voting. It  is when individuals are capable of being exposed and  alive to political stimuli transmitted through the mass media such  as radio, television, looks, papers, posters, stricken bill boards etc. That the  political  aspirant  can expect to communicate with them in terms of selling himself and his manifestos in other to achieve mutual understanding   and good will, acceptance and patronage.

And enfranchised  citizenry that  is  illiterate or pauperized to make meaningful use of these media forms will not be expected to participate  in the political process in any  of the categories already mentioned. As  has been stated   by Donotive  and C Olien (1970, 197- 209) with increased  in flow of information into a social system, segments of the population with  highest levels of education often tend to acquire this information at a faster rate than segments with lower levels  of 2:2 education. According to them such a situation will lead to increasing gap in knowledge between these  segments it then  becomes pertinent to ask   if certain mass media  stimuli cannot  be given different and often distorted  inter predations by the different  individual  and groups that  constitute a society that is ethnically  and culturally divergent. And  if the old saying that “knowledge is  power is still relevant” it then means that those segment of the society that are not able to take  advantage of information (which  produces knowledge) with not have  the kind  of power which the well informed and exposed often do enjoy.

1975. Robinson (1975.288) has gone a stop  further by saying that in  cases where recipients may be fairly educated but economically  disadvantage even though  they may develop strong impressions about places,  personalities and over all condition of the country. They  may still be lacking in the sophistication to follow (or care about the specifies   of individual political ) new story. It should be noted that if only a tiny segment  of the Nigeria society i.e. able to make effective demand and use  of information transmitted through the mass media faster than the  rest, there is  a considerable gap in knowledge of political  affairs between it and the largely in active majority.

But according to Oknokwo:   Since  it is the unformatted citizenry that can be asked  to express his opinion always  on contemporary issues of public interest. It becomes  necessary to intensify efforts in providing information education and entertainment to ensure maximum  participation of the populace in social, political  and economic lives of the nation.

• THE REVIEW

From the   above, we can  that information  is very essential  for overall mobilization of those in the rural areas. Since television is seen as the most effective medium of reaching these people and so many of them have not been able to put one but rather depend on  opinion leaders for political  as they  do not  know their political  sights and obligation.

According to Akpan (1987:22)   media information has a tremendous energy for change. Change in this  context refers learning, which manifests in the needed  most in the rural areas where a good  number of the  people are allowing in ignorance. They therefore need media information to improve in all aspects of life. For instance, in  ion to improve  in all aspects  of life. For instance, in political  aspect, they need  media  information to participate fully in elements because through the media, they will fully in elections because  through the media, they  will learn their political rights and obligations. In the economic  aspects, the media will teach  them how to use modern implements  in farming so as to make a good yield.

Akpan (1987:124) does a step further  by stating that television can be very good medium for mobilizing and Educating the people. It can used for the    transmission of knowledge the instillation of values  and  the mobilization of intellectual, physical, social and artistic skills and competence. Its ability to talk, more and be seen makes television very  unique.

Akpan (1987:125)  also sees television as a very  powerful visual aid in teaching   or learning process. According  to him  with television the learner can see demonstrations at close quarter. For instance, the  political  aspirations  carry out their campaigns  in the television.  The candidates  are also seen  television, advertising themselves  with this, people can then decide on whom to vote for television therefore, has the  capacity to pass knowledge thus,  the occurrence of learning.

In this case,  he is trying  to tell us that  television being audio visual could be a good medium for mobilizing  and Educating the  rural  dwellers  on political as  it    makes them  to  see for themselves rather than being told. Emphasizing  more on the need for television  in the  political process.  Gerald  ford, 1976 has this to say

The presidents campaign must be

Television oriented

We must change  the perception

of literarily millions

of voters and this can  only be done

Through the mass media with the

Principle emphasis on television

From  the above, we can understand that  the best medium through which we can carry out campaign  is the television. It is also a good medium for mobilizing   political aspirants  who wish to sell themselves so as to win people over, especially those in  the rural  areas. The writers

1.4   SIGNIFICANCE  OF THE STUDY

The study will help to create an awareness on the need for proper use of  television in political mobilization  of rural areas. It will enable  television procedures to give  equal coverage to  both urban  and rural dwellers it will help to create  a more co-coordinated socio-political  and socio- economic  awareness on some burning  issues  at the grass roots. It  is also hoped  that the  research will help in promoting political participation and national  consciousness. It will ensure continued  education for the rural population.

1.5   RESEARCH  QUESTIONS

1. Are the people of Nijiokoka Local Government Area exposed to political advertisement and activities
2. Does exposure  to television programme affect their  voting pattern
3. Have television programme been able to create any positive impact on the political  life of the people.

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

 

The functional   theory that is   mostly related to this  study is the two-step flow hypotheses .

Ho    : The theory  holds the view that  the mass media often transmit ideas directly to opinion  leaders who  formulate opinions and in turn pass some to less interested and more poorly informed  voters.

H1    : T hat much  of the effect of the  mass media were found to be more powerful that had been perniciously  assumed  and also noted that much of  media effect was indirect since they were interrupted  through  interpersonal interaction.

H2 : The  research found that opinion change among those  individual   who engaged  in interpersonal communication that is their voting was more influence by other people  than  by media message.

Ho    :Those individual  who influenced the voters were  labeled  opinion leaders.

H1    :Those opinion leaders rely heavily on media for  political  contents, in contrast tot those voters who rely more on opinion leaders to  make up their minds.

H2    :The researcher  exactly finds, the inhabitants  of Njikoka Local Government Area, majority of who rely on the opinion  leaders for decision – making, both political and otherwise. The regards were highlighted in the concept that was  originally coined by laze field and other  1984 as part of the two- step model whereby they describe the following social characteristics  to opinion leaders.

1. They occupy positions, which their communities regard as giving them special competence in the matter at hand
2. Accessibility to many people
3. Contact with relevant information coming from outside their immediate circle.
4. Opinion leaders are like to be exposed to the media appropriate, to the sphere in which they lead. The two-step flow hypothesis”, therefore is the  pivot on which this research work is based.

1:7   DEFINITION OF TERMS

There are some outstanding terms used it is work and  for the purpose of clarity, their definitions are given but where necessary, descriptions  are used in place of definitions.

 

 

CONCEPTUAL  DEFINITIONS

MOBILIZATION : It can be define as encouraging people  to come  together to pursue common development objectives.

POLITICAL: Is defined as the science or art of Government politics  is not confined to state but can  take  place in other associations and institutions.  

RURAL AREA: Are men and women who live in different urbanized communities   of any country in contrast  to the urban people who live in the towns or in a more developed environment.

TELEVISION: Is the method of broadcasting still and  moving picture and  sound over a distance  by means of electrical waves  moving through the air.

Through  television, viewers  can see and learn about people, places and things in far  away lands.

 

 

 

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

MOBILIZATION :This means to work together in order to achieve a particular aim.

POLITICAL: Art  of Governing  for letter and more  rewarding life

RURAL  AREA: Any  undeveloped area, in this project Njikoka Local Government Area.

TELEVISION: The medium for transmitting mobilizing information /value  for the rural areas.

 

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Apart from the inherent problems encountered in a study   of this nature, the researcher is a beginner in the field and so, one cannot hold  the  result  of the  study to be absolutely conclusive. There is  likely  to be absence of comprehensive list of voters and finance poses   a big problem too.

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PUBLIC RELATIONS, AS A TOOL FOR ERADICATING CULTISM IN NIGERIAN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS

(A CASE STUDY OF INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (IMT) ENUGU

ABSTRACT

Evaluation is a prelude to strategic action. Strategies once identified must be evaluated to determine whether it is serving the purpose.

However, this topic is based on “The use of public relations as a tool for eradicating cultism in Nigerian tertiary institutions: A case study of institute of management and technology IMT, Enugu”. The main data-gathering instruments were questionnaire questions. Frequency and percentages were utilized in analysis of data.

The major findings of the study were:

1. Cultism activities are spreading like wild in all the institutions in the country.
2. Immediate implementation of strategies has to be put in place to control the spread.
3. Government should assist school authority in fighting the war.
4. Identified cult members should be expelled from school without concession
5. Cultism is a crime to man and God. So, should be avoided.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                  1

• Background of study 1
• Statement of research problem 15
• Objectives of study 16
• Significance of study 17
• Research question 18
• Research hypothesis 19
• Conceptual and operational definition 20
• Assumptions 22
• Limitation of the study 23

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE                               24

• Sources of literature 24
• Literature review 24
• Summary of literature review 37

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY                                                        39

• Research method           39
• Research design 39
• Research sample 41
• Measuring instrument 41
• Data collection 42
• Data analysis 43
• Expected results 44

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSES AND RESULTS                          45

• Data analysis 45
• Results 45
• Discussion 53

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

• Summary 56
• Recommendations 58

REFERENCES                                                            60

APPENDICES                                                             62

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The study is on public relations as a veritable tool for eradicating cultism in Nigeria tertiary institutions having the institute of management and technology, IMT, Enugu as a case study. To say how public relations could achieve this feat, examining its history becomes inevitable. This is justified in George Santayama’s quotation when he said, “those who cannot remember the past are doomed to repeat it”. As long as this study focuses on public relations as a tool for eradicating of secret cult in Nigerian tertiary institutions especially in IMT, it is then essential to examine the history of secret cult, their mode of operation, their aims and objectives, their method of recruitment and their names and headquarters in Nigeria. It is when all these facts about secret cult and public relations are being taken into consideration that solution to it could be recommended in IMT using public relations as its chief tool.

Public relations is as old as mankind. Public relations affect almost everyone who has a contact with other human beings. All of us, in one-way or the other practice or experience public relations daily.

In the ancient times, priests served as public relations advisers to their kings. They were experts in public opinion and persuasions. The kings consulted them before any major decision or important ceremonial events were under taken. Also the priests conducted literature, poems of praises and lamentations and edicts to govern the people.

Julius Caesar was a master of persuasive techniques, faced with an imminent battle; Caesar would rally public support through assorted publications and staged events. There were also the establishment of the daily newspaper called the “ACTA BIURINA” or daily record containing government decrees and other information.

The public relations in Nigeria has come a long way, its beginning has been linked with the Second World War.

 

As presented by Nigerian institute of public relations (NIPR) 1988 anniversary publication “25 years of public relations in Nigeria”. The colonial government before World War II was concerned with collection of taxes and the running of a police force to maintain law and order in three protectorates amalgamated into Nigeria in 1914. If there was any public relations practice before the World War II, it was merely maintenance of relationship with the traditional rulers world war however, the need arose for the colonial government to set up an information officer, which was later known as the public relations officer of the government. According to Adebola 1992) “the public relations office was primarily set up to publicize the colonial war and to encourage the youth to join the war.

 

Mike Okereke, one of the pioneers of modern public relations in Nigeria, declared recently in a speech that the profession is about 30 years old.

In the post independence era however, there was significant development in government public relations activities. The NIPR (1988) anniversary publication reveals that government took the advantage of the information ministry and utilized effectively the machinery at the federal level to build its image. Since political culture allowed autonomous control of information channel at the state level, the party in power effectively utilized the machinery to promoter its image.

There were Liaison officers in each state and during the Shagari administration (1979-83) the ministry of information became a part of the office of the resident. Even with the advent of the military in 1983 the federal government believed in the power of public relations in the act of governance.

 

In the private sector many organizations have contributed to the growth of modern public relations practice in Nigeria. For instance, in 1949 the United African company, UAC, established its public relations department and thus became the pioneer of public relations practice in the private sector in Nigeria. It basic objectives were to inform business and commerce about business activities as well as to project UAC as a major Nigerian industrial, technical and commercial company involved in the stability of the economic life and progress of Nigeria.

 

People associated with large organization often are unaware of what is happening with the institution that affect their interest and as a result, serious misunderstanding occur between management and its publics and thus, goodwill is sacrificed. To explain corporate policies, actions and bring about better understanding with workers, students, management requires public relations technique.

Public relations have grown as important as institutions recognized that they have social responsibility to serve the public. In the past corporations existed solely to make money for their owners but today, corporations function as a creator of employment, social institutions and benefactor of education, patrons of arts and advocate of good government.

Modern public relations involve research, communication, complex activities and evaluation. It involves doing right and talking about it, all in a planned and systematic manner. It is not lobbying, talking about ourselves all the time without backing our talks with concrete actions. Public relations is not window dressing, vicious propaganda or lies, unnecessary details and shallow gimmicks, it does not mean putting beautiful women in the front office, expecting them to perform public relations wonders with their smiles and charms. Planned PR is moving effective than fire alarm; it also plans ahead for future crisis of the unexpected events.

 

Before we can say what public relations are, let us first understand what PR is not. It is not the HOD, SDDE in his chaffier-driven TOYOTA Lexus, it is not the smooth-talking ladies in IMT offices convincing a group of interested students to pay their stabilization fees, and it is not the mini skirt students flaunting her near-nakedness at bulging-eye admirers etc.

Therefore, what is a public relations? According to British institute of public relations (1945) “public relations is deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its public”. In other hand, we have the recent acceptable definition of PR propounded by cornfield and more that “public relations is a social philosophy of management expressed in policies and practices through two way communication with its public strives to secure mutual under standing and goodwill.

 

The public relations in house exists in between the leadership of a firm, organization or an establishment and the members of the work staff- the led. This relationship talks about the communication of ideas and opinion of the firm by the management to the members of staff, or between the school management of IMT and their students. It may come by means of mechanisms like seminars, conferences, workshop drama, documentaries and rallies etc. It is done to communicate to the students or the members of staff the new decisions, policies and plans of the management in such a way those questions about the status quo is permitted by the management. In such trends, the management is ready to satisfy everyone’s question with an adequate answer.

The tools of this public relations are publicity, press conferences, promotion, propaganda, exhibition, luncheon, public opinion, media relations, calendar, personal communication, seminars, visits to opinion leaders, notice boards, student hand books, workshops, radio, TV and public speaking etc.

 

It is clear to everybody’s understanding the meaning of “secret” as clandestine but when it is places before another word “cult” there is a breach of thought before its can be correctly interpreted. Cult according to oxford advanced learners’ dictionary (1990) it means the system of religious worship, especially one that is expressed in rituals….

 

Therefore cultism would mean cult + isms meaning the distinctive doctrine or practice of cult. It has its rituals, which comes up to sacrifices with animals and sometimes human beings resulting to killings that are rife in the society.

Undoubtedly, IMT, Enugu is one the tertiary institutions in Nigeria but in a doldrums today because of cult activities in the school. The school authority had confirmed that cultism has now gone out of control and the cultist are carrying out all sorts of atrocities with impurity all over the institutions. The basic conditions for sustained academic culture are no more. The institution has fallen into disrepute. In place of academic rigor and search for truth, strange, anti-social cult and inglorious fraternity have taken over IMT. Examination malpractices, banditry and sundry vice now stock IMT.

Some of the bogging questions are:

1. Why cultism in IMT
2. What can be done to curb it?

 

Before attempting to answer these questions, it is pertinent to sketch a historical background on how cult was initiated in Nigerian high institutions.

The idea of campus confraternity began in 1953 when Prof. Wole Soyinka established and registered the pirate confraternity. The idea started with the formation of the eagles. A campus magazine devoted to fighting colonial regressive as represented by the Bug, a journal committed to promoting ideals of white supremacy, at the same time reducing the grandeur of Africanism.

 

Thus Soyinka, Pius Olegbe, Ralph Opara, Aig-Innokhuede, Ofoghale Armata Oyelola and two others came together with the establishment of pirate confraternity, which was registered at the university of Ibadan. The noble laurette wrote in a small treatise on the formation of pirates and said “one thing we agreed was that there would not be any room for colonial mentality I the club. Thus, the pirate confraternity was born. We were going to be a sort of counter-revolution against colonialism”.

The first initiation took place behind Tedder hall in 1953 at university of Ibadan, where Soyinka was chosen as the captain. The group had a symbol of mystery, which was Krola, a kind of soft drink at the time mixed with beer.

 

The group was not really a secret cult. Soyinka further noted “most of the rites, ceremonies and mysteries surrounding the club activities were later-day innovation of future generation who identified with ideals of the club at the time”.

In 1942 however, there were minor skirmishes within the pirates fold for ideological differences. The fight was between those who embraced radical politics and others who had ice-cream consciousness and also those who betrayed the ideology of the pirates’ founding fathers, which the claimed should be substituted with indecent conduct and abuse of the pirates’ status on the campus.

 

Confrontation ensued many pirates were suspended. They formed the Buccaneer with the sole aim of destroying pirates’ legacy. Despite the skirmishes, the two groups maintained a relatively peaceful co-existence and even carried out humanitarian gestures. But, events took a new shape around 1987 when pirates pulled out of university campuses after a grandiose midnight meeting at Nsukka, Enugu state.

 

Since then cultisms in Nigerian tertiary institutions have changed to terrorism, many devilish things have happened. Recently, an IMT student, popularly known as “Nature” was murdered in cold blood at campus II. Rival cult members at the Trans Ekulu area while going to visit a friend killed another student. Similar incidents like this had happened in other Nigerian tertiary institutions all over the country.

Worst still, female secret cults like Black Brassiere, Amazon and Daughters of Jezebel have emerged like a rash. The female secret cults are as violent as their male counterparts.

 

Some of the names and headquarters of these secret cult are: the black bee and black cat at UNN, the buccaneers at ESUT, the sea dogs at UNEC, the Ogboni confraternity with headquarters at ESUT, the Ondo state university; the Red Dogs, the Mafia group with headquarters at UNIPORT; the Eckanka, the Mgbamgba Brothers with headquarters at UNIZIK; the Black Beret; the Free Masonry Fraternity with headquarters at UNICAL; the Vickings with headquarters at UNIPORT; the Amazon, the daughters of Jezebel with headquarters at Edo state; Black Brassiere, Temple of Elders, Burkina Faso revolution, Trojan Horse, Neo-Black movement etc.

 

This packaged programme will be communicated to people of IMT community whom the project is meant for. Finally, evaluation of the programme will be under taken to know the success or otherwise of the programme and also to know if an alternative solution would be sort.

Some identifiable causes of this cultism in IMT are:

1. Adolescent delinquency, in those days you had more matured students who even have families back home but these days the reverse is the case.
2. The triple effect of cultism on the larger society. Some of these students are themselves secret cult members, so their children or students copied from them.

• Also the free time available to these students of IMT occasioned by the inadequacies in facilities and equipment are equally responsible.

1. Other reasons why some of IMT students may join secret cults are for reasons of self-protection and security. Some are even lured by friends to join and some are forces into cults.

 

Finally, the management will be informed and encouraged to establish a functional library for gainful engagement of the students in full-scale academic work hence no time for cult activities.

 

• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

The basic conditions for sustained academic culture have been eroded in IMT. The institution has fallen into disrepute and the product of the institution are no more what they used to be. Cult activities are seriously affecting all academic activities.

Sometimes, students are attacked in hostiles, classrooms, bus stops etc. Daylight and gang raping becomes the order of the day; killing of students by members of cult is no longer news, therefore the need to eradicate this problem in IMT through public relations communication becomes imperative.

Public relations as problems solving communication is expected to create the necessary enlightenment of the students of IMT and awaken them to what is needed of them in an academic community like IMT, especially now that various levels of government and the general overhaul of all Nigerian tertiary institutions. During the ministerial nominee on June 22, 1999, in the senate floor; some of the screening questions bordered on the economy, education, and general decay in the educational system and cultism.

In order to tackle this problem successfully, both the students and the general public of IMT and even the government should take the challenge upon themselves and give the IMT management an unalloyed support for the actualization of the laudable programme. No doubt if this programme is well packaged and implemented the problem of cultism in IMT will come to pass.

Problem of this study include the following:

1. Name information of the IMT publics about the problems and dangers posed by cultism in IMT.
2. Inadequate policies and programmes of IMT management to the students against cultism in IMT, Enugu.

• Inadequate mobilization and encouragement of the students to support the crusade against secret cults.

1. Now programmes that will help students to resist any persuasion from friends to join secret cults.

 

• OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The aim of this study include the following:

1. To find out the extent of non-information on cultism and its dangers to IMT students.
2. To ascertain the extent of adequacy of mobilization and encouragement of the students to support the crusade against cultism.
3. To examine the adequacy of policies and programme of IMT management on cultism to the students.
4. To find out if there were laws that will help students resist joining of secret cults.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The relevance of this study cannot be over-emphasized in that, the research will help to excavate the evolution and the remote causes of this problem and proffer an enduring solutions to it in IMT in particular and the whole nation at large.

This study is also significant because it will awaken the IMT management and other educational institutions of the importance of public relations as an effective and wonderful tool for solving any institutional problems of whatever ramifications.

The study is equally significant because it will make one know the modus operandi of these secret cults nation wide. Also their names and headquarters are equally covered by this study.

The study is significant because it will show when public an private organizations acknowledged the importance of PR in business.

And finally, it will clear areas people so have misconceptions about public relations and also touch and highlight what public relations is not.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTION

To guide this study four-research question was formulated as listed below:

1. To what extent has non-information on cultism and its damages to IMT students?
2. To what extent are the mobilization and encouragement of the students on cultism adequate to support the crusade against it?
3. To what extent, policies and programmes of IMT management adequate on cultism?
4. What laws of the IMT prevent the students from joining secret cult?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H1     The non-information on cultism has cursed a lot of damage to IMT students.

H0     The non-information on cultism has not cursed any damage to IMT students.

 

H2     The public relations department of IMT has been mobilizing and encouraging the students to support crusade against cultism.

H0     The public relations department of IMT has not been mobilizing and encouraging the students to support any crusade against cultism.

 

H3     The schools authorities has put up a policies and programmes for IMT on cultism

H0     The schools authorities has not put up any policies and programmes for IMT on cultism

H4     There are many laws developed by the school authority of IMT to prevent the student from joining secret cults.

H0     There are no laws developed by the school authority of IMT in preventing the student from joining secret cults.

 

• CONCEPTIONAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS.

CON:          Public- is any group or segment with which the organization has relations or interacts with in the course of its corporations or practices.

OP:   Public- the segment the organization has relations or interaction with: the workers, students and management.

CON:          Public Relations- is a deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its public.

OP:   Public Relations- Any form of techniques employed by the school authority influencing students and promoting good will and favorably reputation among its public.

CON:          Tool- is anything that helps one to do one’s job.

OP:   Tool- The tools that helped the public relations to achieve their success are publicity, press agency, media relations, student handbooks, public opinion, personal communication, visit to opinion leaders and seminars.

CON:          Eradicating- is a way to destroy anything completely of completely or put an end to something.

OP:   Eradicating- the techniques adopted by the school authorities to stop it are expelling of students, open confession and to champ-down cultism activities in the school.

CON:          Cultism- is an association of people that come together to form a religious body having common belief, mode of worship and activities are done in an isolated and private place, because their way of worship connote evil against humanity such as using human being for rituals.

OP:   Cultism- they attack students in the hostiles, classrooms, bus stops, gang raping and killing of students.

CON:          Tertiary- it is the third in order, rank, importance, eg the universities, polytechnics and college levels.

 

• ASSUMPTIONS

It is assumed that the respondents to the questionnaire are informed enough to understand the questionnaire since attempts were made to frame questions to be as simple as possible.

It was also assumed in this study that single of the population will be a representative one since the institution understudy is a well known institution.

 

The result gotten from the sample will be used to generalize the entire tertiary institutions in Nigeria.

 

• LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

Although this study has accomplished the purpose, which it set out to achieve, one of the very limitations is that the validity of the results or findings is depending on the honesty of the respondents in providing the needed information.

Due to constraints of time and money, it is difficult to carryout the research extensively. This led to the limiting of the scope.

 

Cognizance was also taken to the fact that the academic calendar was too short and academic workload was enormous, as a result of this, no time to run around for the work.

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THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN PROMOTING FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMMES

(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU METROPOLIS)

ABSTRACT

In the  olden  days, it was  a well  known  fact, that a  rich  and wealthy  man is  known  by the  number  of  children  and  yam  barns he  had  but  recently, the  reverse  is the  case  in that  a rich  and  wealthy  man is  known  as  a man  with  lesser  number  of   children  who  he  taken  greater  care of.

The  mass media  had  played s a  contribute  role  recently  to educate  parents  in  particular and  the  public  in general  in family  welfare  through  family  planning  programme. This  work  however , is  no  how  the  mass media  family  planning  programme have  reached  the  target  audience  and  moreover, how  they  feel  about  it.

The  research  work  has some  to  prove  that  the  family  welfare  programmes  as  shown  on the  screen  or  published  by the  audience  had in on  way  or the  other  charged  the  attitude   of some  families  positively  towards  eradicating  poverty.

CHAPTER  ONE

• Background of the  study                                                      1
• Statement of the  research  problem                                      2
• Objectives of the  study                                                                   3
• Significance of the  study                                                     3
• Scope of the study                                                                             4
• Research hypothesis                                                               5
• Assumptions 7
• Concept and definition  of  terms                                          7

 

CHAPTER  TWO

• Literature review                                                                                11
• Role of the media  and  programmes  strategies                    17
• Summary of  literature  review                                                          25

CHAPTER  THREE

• Research method                                                                               27
• Research design                                                                                 28
• Research sample                                                                                 28
• Research instrument                                                               29
• Data collection                                                                                   29

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• Analysis of  demographics                                                     31
• Results                                                                                               34
• Discussion 35

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary and recommendation                                                          36

Bibliography                                                                           40

Appendix                                                                                            42

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.1       BACKGROUND  OF  THE  STUDY

The  family  welfare  as a concept  of  a  world  social  order  is as well as  man  himself. It  could be   said  to be  means  poverty  eradication  and   family  caring. The  term  family  welfare “ was  carried  out  by  the  family  planning  programmes  only  to  applied  to the  ageless  phenomena  when the social effect  abandoned  bodies. Due to  illegal  misconduct  and  problems  of poor  family  began  to  bother  the  minds  of  sociologist,  health   organizations  and  government.

Through  family  planning  that  family  welfare  received  media  coverage  around the  world  since  its  inception in 1966. initially  people  reacted  against  it  due to  misconception  and  ignorance  of  their  objectives  and  values  of  family   welfare   organization , but  as  the  a issues  developed  of  reveal  to people  and their  relationship  with  family  welfare  become   cordial  and  their  reception  more  enlightened. Internationally, the  United  Nations (UN) through  an  agency, the  world  health  organization  ( WHO)  has   championed  the  publicity  campaign  for  the  introduction and  the  development   modification and  sometimes  outright discontinuation  for  some  aspect  for the importance  for the  world   demographic  and  economic  ranging.

 

1.2       STATEMENT  OF  PROBELM

It is  important  to  make  it  clear  that  welfare  is  just  for  satisfaction of   wants  only  but  that  is  also for  economic  development  and  health  caring  service  including  child  training.

In Nigeria, evidence  show  that  family   welfare  is  understood  as  limiting  child   birth  and  economic  distribution   but  it  is  rejected  a by  some  segment  of  the  society  ( religious  and d traditional  beliefs) who  believe  that  it is  sinful  to  integer  with  God’s  plan  for  economic  classification  that  poor  to serve  the rich  and  women  should  giving  birth  to all the  children  in her  womb.

The  government  evidentially  considers  family  welfare  as  indispensable  factors  in controlling  the  population  and  economic  growth   in the  country.

 

1.3       OBJECTIVES  OF THE STUDY

The  objective  of this  study  is to  of examine  the  role  of  mass media  in  promoting  family  welfare  programmes  and the  effect  of such  coverage  on the  attitude  of  family  in Enugu  State  towards  the  media.

 

1.4       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The  research  work is  aimed  of  findings  out   whether  media  coverage  of  family  welfare  programme  in  Enugu  state  metropolis  has   helped  the  people  to  know  their  conditions  or  welfare  and  adopts  it.

Again, what   more  could  be  alone  and in   what  areas  to reach  the  people  with  enough  and d timely  information  and  facilities  on  family  welfare. Since  the  families  of  most  poor  people  in Enugu  are  known  as  to  be  over  populated  and  low –  income  earners,  the  application  of  family   principles  is  considered  of  importance d cutting  down  on the  tide  of the  excessive  family  level.

A  national  population  growth  and  employment  scheme  enhance  by family  welfare  programme   is  believed d to  be  necessary  to make the  government  realize  the  objectives   of  efficient  and  even  development  of the  nations  on all  phase  of  life. The  results  of  this  research  will  help  family   welfare  organization  such as  national  poverty  eradication  programme  ( NAFAP) and  United  children  education   fund( UNECEF) to  know the  most  effective  strategies  in disseminating  information  concerning  families.

 

 

 

1.5       SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Enugu metropolis area  is  the  case   for  study. The  result  of  the  study  will be  generalized  for d the  state. The  study is  believed  to  have  high  validity  in that  it  can  carried  out  in  an  other   place  with a  reasonable  identical  result  provided  that  factors  like  social,  religious  economics  political  influencing  the  values  system  of  each  are  taken  into  consideration  and  adequately  adjusted.

 

1.6       RESEARCH  QUESTIONS

1. In what ways  have the  media  helped  families  in  Enugu
2. How does   some  families  in  Enugu  adopt  the  techniques of  family  welfare  that  are   being  promoted  through   FRCN, ESBC, NTA  and  Cosmos Fm.
3. How many  number  of  time  one  visited d family  welfare  organization  programme?
4. Are viewers  of  television  campaign  against  family  welfare
5. TO what extent  does  education  affect  the  adopting  of  this  family  welfare programmes.

 

1.7 HYPOTHESIS

Hi:       The  media  played  a major  role  in promoting    welfare  programme in  Enugu  metropolis.

Ho:      The  media  have  not played  a major  role  in promoting    welfare  programme in  Enugu  metropolis .

 

H2:      The  mass  media  have  motivated  some  families  on  adopting  of  family  welfare  programmes.

Ho:      The  mass  media  have not motivated  some  families  on  adopting  of  family  welfare  programmes.

 

H3:      The  number  times, one  visited  family  welfare  clinic  changed  one’s  attitude   of the  adoption  of  family  welfare programmes

Ho:      The  number of  times, one  visited  family  welfare  clinic  changed  one’s  attitude   of the  adoption  of  family  welfare programmes.

 

1.8       ASSUMPTIONS

The  research  assumed  that the  respondents  of this  study  have  across  to  radio,  television, newspaper,  and  magazines. It is  also  assumed  that  they are  exposed  to media  programmes  on family  welfare.

There  is  also an,  assumption that  the   media  education campaign  has a  very  high  research  objectives d of  reaching  all  its  target  advices.

 

1.9       CONCEPTS AND  DEFINITIONS  OF  TERMS  CONCEPTUAL

1. MEDIA: It is the   means  of  communicating  with  large groups  of  people  who  lack  reinformity  especially  television, radio newspaper, etc.
2. 2. MEDIA STRATEGIES: These  are  plan  designed  by the  media  for  achieving  a  particular
3. FAMILY: It is a group  consisting   of  one  or  two  parents  their  children
4. FAMILY WELFARE: It is a  process  of  proceeding  a range  of  free d services  to people  who  need  them   like  child being  and  financial  help.

 

 

 

 

OPERATIONAL

1. MEDIA

Media  is used  in  this  research  is all  form of  mass   information  dissemination. They  include  radio,  television, newspaper,  magazines d posters, and  books.

 

 

 

2. 2. MEDIA STRATEGIES 

In this  research,  it  means  the  various   techniques  by the  media  to  attract  their  target.

 

3. FAMILY

A  regard in this  work, it  means a  primary  social  group  consisting  of  parents  and their  offsprings.

 

4. FAMILY WELFARE

It is  a means  by  which  government  and d private  organizations  provide  free  services  to  many  families  and  also  encouraging  them for  economic  and  health  development.

 

5. FAMILY WELFARE  PROGRAMME

In this  research, it d means  those  programme  of  FRCN, ESBS, COSMOS FMN and  NTA  used  in  promoting   family   welfare  objectives.

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THE IMPACT OF NIGERIAN PRESS ON SHAPING THE COUNTRY’S POLITICAL STRUCTURE

(PERIOD OF STUDY 1999 TO 2004

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the role or the impact of Nigerian Press on shaping the country’s political structure period of study 1999-2004.

A general study of Nigeria is because it happens to be the period when we witness a transition to civilian rule. Many library materials constituted the sample source and literature review. Dates were also collected through extensive reading of information material on the government administrative policy.

There findings showed that by the period of 1999, government activities in respect to the policy of administration supposed to have passed the stages of mobilization to that of execution, and that newspaper will not only covered those activities by use of newstones but also comment on the policy formulation and application through the use of feature articles and editorials. The newspaper also identifies problems that should be solved for the government programmes to succeed.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION                                                 1

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 4
• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS 5
• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 7
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 7
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS 8
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 8
• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 9
• ASSUMPTIONS 10

CHAPTER TWO               

LITERATURE REVIEW                                          11

• POLITICAL STRUCTURE AND MEDIA DEVELOPMENT11
• PRESS VOICE OF THE VOICELESS 12
• BANNING NEWSPAPERS 14
• HOW FREE IS THE NIGERIA PRESS 15
• ROLE OF THE PRESS IN THE SOCIETY 16
• CHALLENGING OF PRESS MAN 20
• PRESS VIEW ON POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT

OF NIGERIA                                                       22

• PRESS AND POWER IN NIGERIA POLITICS 28
• THE PERIOD OF MUTALA/OBASANJO

MILITARY REGIME                                              29

• SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW 34

CHAPTER THREE    

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                                 36

3.0    RESEARCH DESIGN                                            36

• RESEARCH SAMPLE AND PROCEDURE 36
• MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 37
• DATA COLLECTION 37
• DATA ANALYSIS 38
• EXPECTED RESULT 38

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0    DATA PRESENTATION AND RESULTS                    39

• SUMMARY OF RESULT 44
• DISCUSSION 46

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0    SUMMARY                                                          48

• RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDY 49

REFERENCE                                                       51

APPENDIX                                                         53

 

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE I     INFORMATION MATERIAL USED

TABLE II    AGGREGATE INFORMATION MATERIAL USED

TABLE III   NEWS COVERAGE OF SPECIFIC GOVERNMENT

TABLE IV   FEATURE COVERAGE OF SPECIFIC GOVERNMENT POLICY ISSUES

TABLE V    EDITORIAL COMMENTS ON SPECIFIC GOVERNMENT POLICY ISSUES.

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

PROSPECT FOR NIGERIA POLITICS IN MODERN ERA (PERIODICAL CASE).

In all aspects of social life, the onset of a new decade triggers an effort to summarise and charactrised what happened 2-5 years ago, and to look forward to changes. The onset of a new era. The press stands as a bridge between the old and the new (History). The experience of the past in relationship to the new events. When a new regime arrives in power, it can blame its predecessors in government for many economic problems. The newly arrive uses press to compare its record in funding popular services with the previous regime and reminds the public in periods of time and unpopularity about how much worse off or more dis-granted they felt when the current opposition themselves held power. All these tactics cannot work effectively without the press. Even at this period of time.

The periodic Nigerian press has been on important source of government policy news for opinion leaders and decision makers or takers within a political structure as well as for the public at large. Since most people in decision making position of this country never come into direct contact with international communities that are the basis for foreign policy, they most rely on the press information about the particular issue.

This chapter surveys a segment of the Nigerian press during a series of related national policy decision made by Nigeria in the period of loss of sovereignty and company rule in Nigeria to the present civilian rule. (1999-Date).

However, citing when as one country, Nigeria came into being in 1914 as a result of amalgamation of North and South protectorates under the governorship of Lord Fredrick Lugard. This means that the political units that came together to form this nation were the old kingdoms whose people had a complex system of interaction (communication) before they ever made contact with the Europeans. Though comparing this old political history with the present, one can deduce that more political units are in vogue now than that of the old political units.

Moreover, the how and why the Nigeria press defines situations as it did and some possible implication of the behaviour of the press for rational national policy decision making influences the political structure. The press a surveyors of information can easily influence or control the behaviour of the society politically. In this regard, any political institution that under-estimates the power of the press does so at its own peril. In the frame work of the institution of the press freedom, the media must be so regulated and guarded especially in this democratic period that the desired judicious application of their power is assured.

The press council must be given appropriate legal status and power to impose sanctions and fines on media houses that erred. The council also should be given emergency power to regulate media activities in all election period. The aim of such emergency power will be to assure that press do not become tools in the hands of politicians to the detriment of the concept of free press and fir play in the time of elections.

 

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The dilemma and challenges facing Nigeria today after her Military handover are many. The elite Nigerians must be an active participant in the democracy o our nation. They should not wait for the war class before they join in restructure of our socio-economic and political systems. History has taught us that both human and natural resources alone do not make a great nation but by development and utilization of these resources are responsible to achieving greatness.

To any dispassionate observer, this country is endowed with greatness but appears to be at war with each other. Money and wealth appear to be the only recognized value in our society whose elite citizens are one of the most unproductive in the world. So many educated Nigerians has cost hope today despite their skills. They are not inspired by any hope and should not be a tool of enslavement, inequality, and corruption against the poor deprived masses of this great country. The mobilization of our resources and constructive forces must be a creative contribution of these elites in the life and growth of our country.

In our new Nigeria, men must refuse that bank of justice and opportunity is finished. Public enlightment system in this regard must be utilized effectively informing appropriate authority of any need for cleaning environment of jungle discord and transforming our nation into a symphony of brotherhood and love.

 

• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS

Information available indicates that Nigerian press was born in freedom. When Rev. Towsend established “Iwe Irolin”, he “said that his objective was to get people to read and cultivate the habit of reading and seeking for information through newspaper. The appearance of the newspaper started the first phase of History of the Nigerian press which graduated and lasted up till today. Then, the government us control of the press until about 1930’s, which still exist. (Government ownership).

The 1930s saw the emergence in Nigeria of political parties and the beginning of creating mass awareness in political matters. Private ownership began to emerge with the return of Nnamdi Azikiwe from the gold coast and realizing the impact of the press in political mobilization, established the Zik’s press limited, a newspaper chain that is all over the federation in Nigeria.

The problem now is to investigate the impact of Nigeria press in shaping the political structure of Nigeria. With this period as a case study.

This Eva/period is selected because of the unique role the political Actors played especially in pioneering the press as a great weapon to fight for the benefit of the country. The appearance of Enugu metropolis of Eastern Nigeria outlook and Cameroon star which are the oldest newspaper in the East of the Niger and therefore is expected to lead the rest of Nigeria press in the coverage and interpretation of political issues. Eg. The sun, Guardian, vanguard etc.

 

• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this study are:-

1. To ascertain the political structure of this period in sensitizing and creating awareness among people towards press information as it relates to political programmes.
2. To find out the extent the political period played in highlighting issues of political importance in the country.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study will be a useful reference work to our political administrators, policy makers, students of mass communication and political science in polytechnics and universities in Nigeria.

It will also guide the federal and state government in planning their future political programmes.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTION

The research problems involved in this study is to ascertain the magnitude of impact the press has on shaping the political structure of Nigeria especially in this period.

The scientific problems there include preempting of the historical data etc.

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The investigation will be based on the following hypothesis:-

Hi     The present political period played an impact on shaping the Nigeria political structure through various information material.

Ho    The present political period did not play an impact on shaping the Nigeria political structure through various information material.

Hi     That Nigerian citizens highlight problems, roles and impact encountered by the press in shaping the political structure in this present period.

Ho    That our people did not highlight problems, roles and impact encountered by the press on shaping the country’s political structure in this present period.

 

• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study centre on the impact of Nigerian press on shaping the country’s political structure. It is limited to this present period of politics in Nigerian metropolis as a country who witness sense of political turmoil. The founding may not be a representation of the entire Africans. Most of the countries are more turbulent or peaceful than Nigeria.

Secondly, many number of government officials in the service of Nigerian government are now living in their various locations and because of our present transportation increment and school activities, we were able to reach some of them for an interview.

 

• ASSUMPTION

When the chips are all down, the assumptions made in the research work are as follows.

1. The research assumes that the press has a very important role to play in the political structure of Nigeria.
2. Also the research, assures that without the press the political structure of Nigeria is left dead – and – alive.

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