THE ISSUE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

A MUST TO NIGERIAN BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

(A CASE STUDY OF GUINNESS NIGERIA PLC)

ABSTRACT

The concept of corporate social responsibility has generated a lot of controversy our the tears.  While some of business was business alone some strongly believe that business should become more involve with public interest.

This study is thus an attempt to have an insight into the extent of which endless Nigeria PLC has been socially responsible to the needs of the different interest groups in the communities in which it operates.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGRPOUND OF STUDY
• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
• PURPOSE OF STUDY
• THE SCOPE OF STUDY
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
• DEFINITION OF TERMS

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER TWO:       

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• THE ISSUE OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
• THE EXTENT OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN NIGERIA
• THE CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY CONTROVERSY
• THE POWER-RESPONSIBILITY EQUATION
• BUSINESS HARZARD ON ENVIRONMENT
• ETHIES AND MORLIY IN RELATIVE TO SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
• EFFECT OF FAILURE TO BE SOCIALLY RESPONSIBILITY
• PRESSURE GROPS AFFECTING THE CORPORATION

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER THREE:   

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

• RESEARCH DESIGN
• AREA OF THE STUDY
• POPULATION OF THE STUDY
• SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE
• INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION
• VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT
• RELIABILITY OF THE INSTRUMENT
• METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER FOUR:      

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
• SUMMARY OF RESULTS

 

CHAPTER FIVE:       

DISCUSSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS.

• DISCUSION OF RESULT/FINDINGS
• CONCLUSIONS
• IMPLICATIONS OF THE RESEARCH FINDINGS
• RECOMMENDATIONS
• SUGGESTIONS OF FURTHER RESEARCH

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The concept of business social responsibility has continued to evolve and expand.  Today, the efficient use of resources to make profit is still seen as the primary social responsibility of business.

The idea of operate social responsibility began in the early part of the twentieth century.

Interestingly enough, it came from business executives who believed that corporations has an obligations to use their resources in ways that would benefits the entire society.

Although, the role of  business firms is that producing goods and services for a profit, social expectations of business have increased dramatically since the 1960, so that is a need for social response in order to narrow the gap between expectations and response and keep business in turn with society, while an organization is busy establishing its goals, objectives developing and executing strategies for achieving its stated purpose, it should recognize that it operates within an environment which expects it to operates in such a manner that would not disrupt its very essence.

Furthermore, there is little doubt that business must involve itself in social issue broader than producing goods and services not only because it is the best thing to do but because it is in the best interest of business.  In view of these, this study narrow down to Guinness Nigeria PLC which can approximately be described as one of the most prominent and well known company in the brewery industry with branches within and outside the country. The company is the year 2002 celebrated her 50^th years of corporate existence in Nigeria and the demand for its product, no doubt has continue to grow and it was indeed remain consisting high all through years.

This brewery company majors in the production of small and big Guinness stout beer, harp, Gulder, spark, Malta Guinness and Satzen Brau.

Guniess Nigeria PLC operates in various parts of the country until the early seventies precisely (1974) when a plant was established at Ikpoba slope in Benin city.  Till this day, the company has continue to grow and it remains one of the most dominant and prominent company in the brewery industry.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

According to C.C Nwachukwu (1988:227) a majority of Nigeria business organization believed that business enterprise had not shown sufficient interest to their social responsibility.  At present, many Nigeria businessmen’s attitude to social responsibility is characterized by the belief in the doctrine of Laizzez Fair the government is best that governs the lest.  This belief has result in conflicts especially in this era where larger number of people now believe that corporations should actively pursue society responsible goal.  This include reducing pollution, programme for education, public health, employees welfare, environmental protection and in calculating more safety and reliability into the produces.

The issue of corporate social responsibility is treated within the context of this research work in relation with Guinness Nigeria PLC Benin, City activities with respect to consumers, employees shareholders and the community at large.  Perception to this issue by both community members and management of Guinness Nigeria seems to differ based on each group preference needs, motive, values, goals and aspirations.  Guinness Nigeria is constantly maximizing profit but not much attempt have been made in balancing ethics with economics.  Therefore, a balance must be struck between actions of Guinness Nigeria which is profit maximization and the community wants.  In the light of the above this study attempt to determine the extent to which Guinness Nigeria PLC Benin City has socially responsible to the need of it community.

 

• PURPOSE OF STUDY

Social involvement has not replace the basic economic role of business in society, but it does introduce new goals for business to purpose and new constraints on how business will operate.  The study thus, will serve to highlight on these goals and constraints.

The following aims and objective of the study came to mind in the choice of this topic.

1. to evaluate extent of Guniess Nigeria PLC Benin City involvement in social affairs.
2. To have an insight into the role it is expected to play in the area of corporate social responsibility.
3. To become familiar with the effects of social responsibility on a company and the society.
4. To evaluate public impression/opinion/perception on the company.

 

1.4     SCOPE OF STUDY

In order to be able to effectively evaluate the activities of business corporation and the community in which they operate in turns of their corporate social responsibility, that study will narrow down to determine how social responsible Guinness Nigeria PLC is to the community in which it operates hence the emphasis on Guinness Nigeria PLC Benin City and the habitant of Benin  City community.

 

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTION

the following questions have been raised in order to emphatically test the result from the questions in my questionnaire.  The result of the these questions will form the basic for my conclusions and recommendations.

1. To what extent has Guinness Nigeria PLC Benin City improved the living condition in its community.
2. To what extent does the company engage itself in community and employee welfare.
3. Does the gain derive by the community from the company exceed the loss they suffer
4. Does the company meet up with the needs of the community.

Answers to the questions would be of immense benefit in making meaningful recommendations which will aid the business corporation and government in its policy formulation

 

1.6     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

“A healthy business and sick society are hardly compatible” noted Peter Druker (1980:10)

therefore, business corporations must be constantly reminded that exercising responsibility is a way to reduce or avoid public criticism that heads to government regulations and must be made to know that business corporations must respond to societal demands.  This is because the long run self interest of business are served by energetic social responsibility.

Since Guinness Nigeria PLC of a major multinational corporation operating in Nigeria, it becomes necessary to embark on a study of a multinational corporation and its social responsibility with special attention on Guinness Nigeria PLC actions in Benin City.

It is expected that finding would be useful to the organization in decision making and will help government in policy formulation.

Furthermore, this study will serve to broaden the frontiers of knowledge and drop the attention of business corporations in the role they are expected to play in the society in they operate.  The emphasis of this study is on business society relation.

 

• LIMITATION OF STUDY

The limitations of the study are associated with the diverse nature, attitude and perception of managers, most of whom did not consider it worth while offering their assistance in providing answer to the questionnaire majority were skeptical in providing required information.

There were problem of generating information from respondents as most of them were illiterates.  There were also the problem of financial restraints which did not enable me to travel wide and frequent as necessary.  These problems invariably led to time and cost restraints.

 

• DEFINITION OF TERMS

THE CONCEPT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

The concept of corporate social responsibility has attracted increasing attention among business economics and it is firmly based on ethics which is the principle of conduct used to govern decision making.  Now the question is “what is corporate social responsibility?  Various writers have succeeded in providing answer to this questions through their various contribution.

 

One of the pioneering analysis of social responsibility problems was that provided by Peter Druker (1974:694) he defined social responsibility as what business should do or might do to tackle and solve the problems of the society”.

In another work CC Nwachukwu (1988:272) defined social responsibility as “The intelligent and objective concern for the welfare of the society which restraints individual and corporate behavior from ultimately destructive activities no matter how immediately profitable and which leads in the direction of positive contributions to human betterment”

In essence, social responsibility simply refers to role of business in solving current social issues over and above legal requirements.

 

Druker (1978:62) suggested that corporate social responsibility should apply to all types of organizations that order any circumstance should assume responsibility beyond their own performance and contributions

Two terms will be interchangeably used in this study.  They are social responsibility and social responsiveness.  According to Tate and Taylor (1983:63) corporate social responsiveness incorporates, the idea of a firm responding to its multiple constituencies in such a way as to enhance the long term effectiveness of the firm.

In its simplest sense corporate social responsiveness means removing how to manage a company’s relations with external social political and government forces that can effect the company.

Finally, when talk about social responsibility, they are thinking in terms of the problems that arise when corporate enterprises cast its shadow an the social scene and of the ethical principles that ought to govern the relationship between the corporation and society.  They are concerned with the impact of the  corporate on the individual and the possitricities of reconciling big business, big labour and by government with the values

 

REFERENCES

1. Churchman C.W. Averbach and Saclon (1975) Thinking for Decision:

Deductive Quantitative Methods Chicago, Science Associates

2. C.C Nwachukwu (1988) Management Theory and Practice Onitsha-

Nigeria Africana Fep Publishers

3. Ejiofor Peter (1989) Foundation of Business Administration Onitsha

Nigeria Aficana-Fep Publishers

4. Druker Peter (1980) The Practice of management london William

                                      Heinemana LTD

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THE IMPACT OF WOMEN IN ADVERTISEMENTS

(A CASE STUDY OF DELTA SOAP TELEVISION ADVERTISEMENT)

PROPOSAL/ABATRACT

 

A proposal on this topic: The Impact of women in advertisements (A case study of Delta Soap Television Advertisement)

The dominance of the extensive women in advertising system in the Nigerian economy today assumes more attention that question arises as what is actually operating behind the scene for this culture.

The intent of this study is, among other things to find out, the impact of women in advertisement based on the background that women differ from men in behaviour, attitude speech and general approach to issues. According to Robin (1975), she pointed out that women’s speech and language differ substantially from men’s.

Actually, this research also outlined the reasons why women participate in adverts and why advert agencies or advertisers use women in TV adverts.

This research work sampled the opinion of consumers of Delta soap TV advert and found out their feelings and opinions towards these products, and discovered whether the way women who were used in these adverts really appened to their taste.

To comprehend fully how these attitudes, behaviour and beliefs would affect women’s participation in advertisement, available theories and literature of the social science were reviewed.

Based an the above facts the researcher divides this study into five “5” chapters

Chapter one:                  Introduction to the study

Chapter two:        Literature review

Chapter three:      Research methodology

Chapter four:       Data presentation and analysis

Then, the last chapter but not the least will give a summary and conclusion of the entire work.

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Importance of study

1.3 Research problem

1.4 Research question

1.5 Research hypothesis

1.6 Assumptions

1.7 Limitations of the study

1.8 Distinguishing features

1.9 Conceptual and operational definition

1.10 Frame work

 

CHAPTER TWO

• LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Sources of literature

2.2 The review

2.3 Summary of literature

 

CHAPTER THREE

• RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research method

3.2 Research design

3.3 Research sample

3.4 Measuring instrument

3.5 Data collection

3.6 Expected result

CHAPTER FOUR

• DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Data analysis

4.2 Result

4.3 Hypothesis test

4.4 Findings

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

Bibliography

Questionnaire

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is rare these days to see adverts broadcast on television without women playing prominent and visible roles, which range from complementary, subjective, subordinate to major actors in most television adverts. These roles may be ascribed by men who may not only enhance the product being advertised, but add colour, glamour and pleasant feelings to viewers whose interest, attention and patronage are very much sought after.

Thus, women could be seen oftentimes in the background performing seductive roles in Delta soap. The sole attraction and the major actors were the women shown at the pitch where the glamour was most manifest. Although, there were men there, but women was usually the first attraction.

Women are, therefore, beginning to get involved in adverts not only as subordinates but also as major characters and most time found themselves in decision making positions. The term advertising and advertisement can be defined in many different ways. One widely used definition appropriate for many years by no longer so was simple “salesmanship print”.

Perhaps a more precise definition of the subject would be: advertising, the paid use of adoption of a product, service or idea. An identified sponsor could also define it as any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services.

Although, modern advertising is only about 100 year old and the use of advertising actually dates back at least to the 10^th century BC. The use of picture in advertisements is necessary. Advertisements with names and symbols on them are always easy from both illiterates and literates to identify with the developments of printing, advertising made its first appearance in a form more nearly related to its present one.

A small poster by William Claxton 1450 promoted the sale of a service book published. The first known newspaper advertisement also was a book notice which appeared in a German News book in 1591.

It is of note that the common forms of advertising at that time were newspaper, street signs, posters, hand bills. The use was made of by United States Government of advertisement during the civil war to sell bonds.

The radio made its incursion into the advertisement world and began to challenge, seriously, newspapers and other. Television became very controversial because it changed the role of radio, as it became the major source of in-home entainment since 1950¹⁵. The scientific nature of advertising perhaps has created a broad and wide room which impropriated the women folk and exploitation of their  intricate characters and quality women traditionally are seen in terms of their appearance, sexually and domestic relations.

Accordingly, feminist researcher like inch man and busty, conclusively submit that women are portrayed largely in term of their sexuality or domestic city, while men tend to be shown as dominant, active and authoritative.

This perhaps explains to great extent why the role-played by women earlier on were mere subordinate to men. As it has been the practice until perhaps to recent times, the makes take major decisions, handle senior executive parts, think and map out strategies for execution plan on a complementary basis.

Nowadays, the impact of women in advertisements has generated a lot of controversy in many parts of the world. Some argue that women are used as followers in the advertisements. They see women as ornaments that are used to beautify the advertisement. They further went to say that women garnish the advertisements and make the adverts appealing to the eyes. To them the seductive nature of women helps a lot in creating interest in the product.

Perhaps, this accounts for why must advert agencies see or feel the impact of women in advertisements as a powerful polarized force of feminine attraction over masculine, a phenomenon well cherished for quick awareness of advert and sale of product.

The argument here reveals a situation attraction and sustenance as a major factor in any advertisement. These agencies use renowned women, since men and even women alike admire television advertised. There are advanced examples as that of manarch beer and cannon beer, which use women widely despite the fact that men actually consume the product more than the females. Also product adverts like Delta soap, Joy soap etc call to mind what effects womanish roles on advertisements can play on the audience.

The impact of women in advertisements and indeed other endeavors are perceived differently, from community to community and according to position of women in the traditional society to which they belong.

In a country like Greece, women basically occupy themselves with domestic chores and keeping the family religiously alive, while their male counterparts have the duly of providing things from the outside world that deep the family alive and going.

In Germany, women play together role they go to hunt with their male flock, go to war most times with them, farm and prepare the food for the husband and the family. Women here are often times treated same ad men, though both do no enjoy equal rights and privilege especially in inheritance.

The American situation may perhaps be a little different; women were initially subjected to ascribed roles. This gradually began to wane as women liberation movements became rampart and the roles of women in such places became more recognized and appreciated.

To African and Nigerian society, women should remain in their traditional and remain in their background, unseen and unheard. The African society perceives exposure of women as a most unwelcome thing.

In certain parts of African tradition society exposing of a female’s body termed a taboo, just like the Muslim community forbid women from exposing themselves to certain practices which they term evil and ungodly.

Thus, it is not only in advertising by in other fields of endeavor where pronounced roles are unseen at not for women. But in modern times, women are beginning to be exposed and can now engage in activities without much criticism.

Perhaps, advertisements are now so negligently perused that it has glamour or for some other reasons, sometimes sublime, and sometimes pathetic, that women play these controcersal roles in virtually every advertisement broadcast.

This research venture is aimed at not only X-raying impact of women but in everyday endeavor both in modern and ancient times, outlining reasons and explanation and aligning such roles and activities of women in various parts of the globe.

The fields survey research method, which was adopted for this research was deemed appropriate considering the nature of the topics. There was the need to interview men, women and other members of the society on matters relevant to study.

 

 

1.2 IMPORTANCE OF STUDY

The impact of women in television advertisements have for long agitated the minds of people. Sequel to this, this research went all out, therefore, to investigate reasons for such impact, the perception of the society towards these roles for such impact, the perception of the society towards these roles, and equally tested the pulse of the viewers, X-raying the reaction. Feelings and reasons for such reactions. This was done instead of merely depending on assumptions. David Edeani 1999 in one of his lecturers state “There is not only the need to develop opinions and facts in them, they should be cultivated rather5 than depending on assumptions.

Advertisers may also be wondering occasionally about the effect of the impact and roles they have on consumers of these products advertised. Do their presence really attract attention of prospective buyers? If they do, how has it been reflected in their sales?

On the other hand, owners of products being advertised may at times wonder actually the reasons why the advertisers use women in advertising products, which at times are not even consumed by women.

According to Barbara Lyne, an American theorist on the role of women in one of her lecture session at the University of California pointed out that the fact being used to their diriment. She observed that rate at which fashion and model houses engage the services of women and their performance as most alarming with little or no benefit to the women. Yet much women were expected by their employers to perform to extreme ability, irrespective of how the public feel about such roles.

 

1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEMS

Today, we all have strong concepts of what advertising is and we also tend to have very strong opinions and prejudices about it. Definitions of advertising are many and varied. It may be defined as a “communication process, a marketing process, and economic and social process, a public relation process, or an information and persuasion process” depending on the point of view.

The term advertising is the non-personal communication of information, usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature, about product services or ideas by identified sponsors through various media.

From the definition advertising is all about creating awareness about a particular product. Let us take this definition apart and analyse it’s components. Advertising is directed to groups, for example, might be teenagers who enjoy rock music or adults who attend cultural events. But in either case, advertising to these group is not personal or face to face communication.

 

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Are the roles of women in television adverts dependent on ascribed roles by men?
2. Does beliefs, attitude and behaviour exertany influence on women’s participation in TV advertisements?
3. Would the role of women in TV advert be best described as seductively alluring in the background of TV adverts?

 

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

Based on the research question, the following research hypothesis were generated.

H1     Women’s roles in TV advert are dependent on the ascribed roles by         men.

Ho     women’s role in TV advert are not dependent on the ascribed roles          by men.

H2     The participation of women in TV adverts are influenced by beliefs,         attitudes and behaviour of women in the society.

Ho     The participation of women in TV adverts are not influenced by     beliefs, attitudes and behaviour of women in the society.

H3     The role played by women is seductive in TV advertisements.

Ho     The role played by women is not seductive in TV advertisements.

 

1.6     ASSUMPTIONS

The intent of this study is, among other things to findout, the impact of women in advertisement based on the background that women differ from men in behaviour, attitudes speech and general approach to issues, Robin (1975) points out that women’s speech and language differ substantially from men’s women tend to use weaker excessively polite and question rather than make statements the argued further that these differences are assumed within social structure.

Equally assumed was that women are shown in TV adverts as the seductively alluring back grand. The impact of women in advertisements was also assumed to be for reinforcement rather than reduction of prejudices and stero types.

Assumed further was the debasing of womanhood which their participation in advertisements often causes.

This study equally assumed that men ascribe women’s roles and mainly confined to the domestic sphere or else as secretaries assistants and in similar roles ancillary to those of the men.

 

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The impact of women in advertisements is an area that has been sufficiently explored by researcher. Although a lot of topics arrears close to it have been worked on, very little information could be get which bears directly on the impact of women in advertisement.

This however posed a lot of problem since there were very limited sources of empirical and theoretical literature, which bears directly on the topic. Secondly, the fact that this project had a specific period of time within which it was supposed to be ready, time therefore became one big constraint to the researcher. The researcher have not been able to lay hands on it other materials which one relevant to the study within the short time, they have to undertake the project. This problem was also worsened by the consideration of the workload, which the researcher had it content with.

This study also was faced with the problem of finance. Things/materials were costly and posed serious concern.

 

1.8 DISTINQUISHING FEATURES

This research is meant to discover how the society feel or perceive the impact of women in advertisements. The research is centered on Delta soap TV adverts as a case study. Though many research works have been carried out on women and there activities, none has been found to center on these.

Another distinguishing feature of this work lies in the population studied at Enugu in Enugu state constituted this research’s population even if there happened to be a research on the impact of women in adverts in Nigeria, the researcher are sure that such documented research has not be done using Enugu residents are the population.

The research also outlined the reason why women participate in adverts and why advert agencies or advertisers use women in TV adverts and societies perception of these roles.

This research work sampled the opinion of consumers of Delta soap TV advert found out their feelings and opinions towards these products and discovered whether the way women who were used in these adverts really appended to their taste.

 

1.9 CONCEPTUAL DEINITION OF TERMS

Advertising conceptually:  means a salesmanship in print.

Product conceptually: means goods and service been advertise in a any media.

Television conceptually: means a media used to create awareness about a particular product.

 

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Advertising: advertising operationally means a non-personal communication of information, usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature, about a product, services, or ideas by identified sponsors through various media.

Product: product operationally means particular goods or services of a company that been advertise in a television.

Television: television operationally means an electronic media used to create massive awareness about a particular product.

 

1.10 FRAME WORK

The frame work based on the chief researcher’s knowledge of existing theories is that most advertising is paid for by sponsors, using the impact of women in advertisements as a case study of Delta soap television as typical example in this study. Like Bornvita, Omo, Maggi, Coca-cola, Bergedorf and the ordinary fashion house along the street pay money to the media to carry the advertisements we read, hear and see. But some advertisements are not paid for by their sponsors. The motherless babies homes, Red cross, National women societies are only three of hundred or organizations whose messages are customary presented by the media at no charge as a public service advertisement.

A company usually sponsors advertising in order to convince people that its product will benefit them. Most advertising is intend to be persuasive to win converts to a product, service or idea.

Advert in television that involve demonstration like companies that produce soap using Delta soap as a case study in this study used women to illustrated the advert in other to be effective.

Some advertisements, though such as legal announcements are intended to inform not to persuade.

In addition to promoting tangible products as soap advertising is also used extensively to help sell the services of bankers corporate organizations and hotels.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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THE ROLE OF APCON IN PROMOTION OF ADVERTISING IN NIGERIA

PREFACE

The project work is done to set a standard for non development in the profession of Mass Communication. In communication business and practice I choose to do the research work on the Role of APCON in promotion of advertising in Nigeria which has laid a landmark in the profession.

The project work has five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which is the total nameplate of the project work. The second is the research reviews, which involved related facts and comments made by intellectuals in the profession.

Chapter three is all about research methodology. This is the statistical technicalities employed to present the information. Chapter four explains the data analysis and results. These are the explanation and presentation of result made from the research methodology. In chapter five is the summary and recommendations. These are the summary of the project or research work, including conclusion or recommendation made by researchers.

In all the project work is a standard for more academic Education and professional development and growth in the profession of Mass Communication.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

          The study in question is the role of APCON in the promotion of advertising in Nigeria. APCON stands for Advertising Practition Councils of Nigeria.

Advertising gave birth to APCON, that is, to say, advertising is the foundation of APCON.

Advertising is a versatile business practice, it operate in every sector of the economy, be it political, socio-economical, scientific, or technological. Due to the invicacies involved with the practice of advertising, a need arose to set up a body to regulate the practice.

This need for legally and lawfully established body to control. The practice of advertising resulted in the establishment of APCON.

 

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

          Advertising started with the early man when he made some inscription on his care walls. From there, advertising spread to Babylon in 300BC on clay tablet which inscribes for ointment dealers scribes and shoemakers, from there advertising also was practiced in Egypt, Rome and Greeze.

Nigeria as a case study of this work, advertising started properly as early as before the advent of newspaper, then advertising was done by town crying. Town criers were used to disseminate information about wars, disasters, marriages, births and deaths. They also announced dates for important festivals, special visits by the government officials – missing goods and rewards to anyone who could find such goods. Gongs were used as an advertising signal, it draws attention of people.

However, modern advertising started in Nigeria in 1859 when the newspaper (TWE IROHIN) was published by Rev. Henry Townsends. This newspaper advertised births, wedding, marriages, church activities, vacancies for house boy and maids, shipping schedules and social events from here, newspaper sprang up and become the first major advertising medium.

Advertising refers to the printed, written, spoken or picture representation of a person, product, service or movement openly sponsored by the advertiser and at his expense, for the purpose of influencing sales, use, votes or endorsement. This definition is found in the book “The business of Advertising” by Nnayelugo Okoro, 1995.

The above definition was propounded in 1932 by the advertising judges. In this case, advertising information is non-personal. As advertising become an interesting and profitable practice, many media sprang up, such as bill board, radio, television, pamphlet, etc. These made advertising boom in Nigeria. Therefore was great “promo war” about goods and services. This raised the alarm for a body which would control the practices and business of advertising.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF RESEARCH  PROBLEM

          Assessing the effectiveness of the role of APCON in the promotion of advertising in Nigeria has been a controversial issue noteworthy in Nigeria. As regards to the practices and business of advertising in Nigeria, it has been an important fact to have an institution which will control advertising to the benefit of Nigerian Economy and all practitioners. This made the Newspaper Proprietors Association of Nigeria (NPAN) to control advertising in a monopolistic order due to the fact that they have the medium of advertising consequent upon this Association Advertising Practitioners of Nigeria (AAPN) came together to rescue advertising from the hands of (NPAN). This led information and promulgation of Decree 55 of 1988 by the federal military government which established APCON. APCON, that is advertising practitioners council of Nigeria came into effecting December 27, 1988.

However, assessing the effectiveness of APCON and its role in promoting advertising in Nigeria had been the problem in question.

This is because of the legal power given to it to control advertising in all ramifications. Hence, APCON has taken the power from both NPAN and AAPN. Due to this fact, it is noteworthy that we know the effectiveness of APCON in promoting advertising in Nigeria. This is with respect to its efficiency in maintaining discipline, ethical standards and educational development in advertising. This must include efforts made by APCON to improve the practice of advertising in all ramification.

Then we shall examine efforts of APCON in the controlling of advertising in Nigeria and how this has enhanced growth and development in all sectors of the economy.

It is an attempt to expose and project the society how APCON has certainly played some roles to promote advertising in Nigeria.

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

Objective is the basic characteristics of every unbias research work. The objective of this work is to examine how APCON has promoted advertising in Nigeria. Also to make known the contribution and efforts APCON had made so far.

The mistakes APCON has corrected in practices of advertising. The new inventions and all the areas they roghced in promoting of advertising in Nigeria.

Furthermore, to arrive at a conclusion and meaningful decision which will show or portray the purpose of the roles, principles used to achieve the roles by APCON, the administrative codes, APCON in promoting adertising in Nigeria.

Again, to ascertain what has been the condition of advertising, the environment and practice in the Nigeria economy. Also to know the possible ethical standard, practicing standards and every function of APCON.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Advertising had been effective and progressive in the effort here I shall throw some light on the brain behind it. It is therefore hoped that this work would be of immense help enabling the entire society to know that it is the role of APCON and to enable Advertisers to give more effect to enable advertisers to give more effect and sincere in advertising industry.

Furthermore, it is equally, hoped that it will contribute to the existing departments and panel of APCON, principles and functions of APCON, and ethical standards set by APCON in advertising practice and the future prospects of APCON in Nigeria.

This will help future – scholars and researchers on the subject matter with vital statistical information.

Another significant of this work is to build a dependable information which future practices of advertising may utilize.

 

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTION

          I have identified the problems which this research projects it out to solve. I am faced with some research questions these questions includes:

• To which extent has APCON gone in the promotion of advertising, is advertising the same thing as before the advent of APCON. Are these roles really bringing positive and effective change?
• What factors could compel the business environment to favour the idea that APCON is promoting advertising in Nigeria and the businessmen to understand that APCON is doing something?
• What if there are observed changes in the practice and business of advertising in Nigeria, could it be attributed to the roles and efforts of APCON only?
• How effective is the roles of APCON, if compared with when APCON has not been established.
• What are the measures and panels APCON uses in its roles?
• What are the possible problem associated with APCON?
• What are the future prospects of APCON?

 

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

          These are ideas or suggestion and known facts where others may follow in this work of study.

These hypothesis includes:

• Ethical standard – Here the APCON maintains ethical standards in Nigeria.
• Professionalism – Advertising practitioners council of Nigeria (APCON) also do maintain professionalism of advertising in Nigeria.
• Code of conducts – It is responsibility of APCON to make sure that the codes of conducts of advertising in Nigeria are maintained.
• Administrative Codes – APCON has the administrative codes such as APIP, ASP, and APDC etc.

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THE ROLE OF THE MASS MEDIA IN PROPAGATING HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE IN NIGERIAN

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of problems
• Objectives of the study
• Significance of the study
• Research questions
• Research hypothesis
• Definition of terms

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The political entity called Nigeria has continued since independence under one form of governance to the other. The military rulers have had to rule by decrees thus suspending the constitution that guarantees the citizenry their fundamental human rights.

It, therefore, makes it obvious that the basis for government, which is for the ultimate good of the people, is defeated when their rights are not guaranteed. And indeed authoritarian rule has not helped human right issues, as abuse had over time been recorded and even in the most bizarre manner.

This is where the mass media comes into focus, as though, the government and the governed are better informed about their various privileges and limitations as they are entrenched in the constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria, able it only under a democratically elected government.

The mass media serve as the cornstone of any progress in the society both economically and politically. And because they serve as an essential ingredients in the successful management of human right abuse all over the world. It is therefore expected that their role as societal watchdogs should not be abandoned for some mundane issue. For a society that its citizens cannot be guaranteed for the protection of their fundamental human rights cannot be said to be free in the real sense of the word.

The mass media have always been a chamel through which human rights abuse had been exposed to the public. But there are times that human rights abuses have been quite intractable for the mass media to manage either due to tribal or religious sentiments or out right ownership interference. In such cases, the citizens whose rights have been abused are unfortunately given the sthort end of the stick.

The mass media should be able to effectively manage the issue of human right abuses as they are unfolded in the society. Considering the fact that they most of the time set the agenda for public discourse, they should in the process be able to distinguish what should be known and what should not be known.

Except in that case they want to leave the role of agenda setting to the. Government, which is this case Means that the people are indolent and as Plato stressed (Odyseey press 1966:28) “they look up to the leaders of the state to say what goes”.

Despite the inability of the mass media to at times manage human right abuses in Nigeria, they have at other times pre- empted the activities of human right groups in the past, thus, leading to clampdown on members of the groups.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS

          The management of human right abuses by the Nigerian mass media is what is being discussed. The main thrust of this research is to bring to the fore the role of the various variables in the proper management of human right abuses.

The issues of political human rights abuses and how the various ethnic and religious factors have seriously short circuited the proper management of human right abuses will be perused with a view of finding a way out of them.

 

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. This study sets out to see what extent the mass media had been able to manage human right abuses in Nigeria.
2. It is aimed at putting in the right perspective the order of management of human right abuses by the Mass Media.

• This study sets out to know whether religious and ethical consideration are responsible for how the Mass Media in Nigeria Manage Cases of human right abuses.

1. Finally, it is to find out whether ownership factor plays any role in the Management of human right abuses in Nigeria.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is out to make know the benefit of the effective management of human right abuses by the Mass Media in Nigeria.

Furthermore, it will enhance the knowledge of various players in the mass media on their role in effective  and effectual reportage of human right abuses in Nigeria. Also it will now put the Mass  owners in the know about the limitation of their interference on reportage of news.

 

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

          The various questions, which this research sets out to answer, are as follows,

1. Has the Mass Media been able to Manage human right violations in Nigeria?
2. Has human right abuse reportage been without censor?

• How has government policies affect the reportage of human right abuses?

1. Are religious and ethnic factors responsible for the management of mass Media organization in Nigeria.
2. Is the Mass Media in Nigeria free in its coverage?

If these questions are answered without prejudice then we can definitely say that professionalism will enhance. As the various problem that have plagued the profession it would have been. Resolved; thereby helping to produce objective and balanced reportage of human right violations in Nigeria.

 

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H1:    Privately owned Media outfits report more on human right   violations

H0:    Privately owned Media outfits do not report more on human right violations.

H2:    the government owned Media are professional in the reportage of   human right abuses.

H0:    the government owned Media are not professional in the reportage          of human right abuses.

H3;    Mass Media really manage human right abuses in Nigeria.

H0;    Mass Media does not rally Manage human right abuses in Nigeria.

 

1.7     ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY

1. it is presumed that ethnic tendency influences the reportage of newspapers in Nigeria as it concerns human rights abuse.
2. The researchers assume that ethnic biases play a considerable role and most times precede the objective coverage of political issues.
3. It is also assumed by the researcher that tribal sentiments will naturally prevail over rational writing in the reportage of human rights abuse.
4. Ownership consideration, the researcher presumes will interfere or play a prominent role in the reportage of human right abuses especially when it does not favour the owner.
5. Assumable, ethnic biases to a reasonable degree affects the credibility of the various media houses across there country.

 

1.8     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

          This research work was without its constraints. Notable among them was the issue of gathering Materials for the work. It was a tedious process that was not helped by the non – challant or should I say uncooperative attitude of some staff of the Media houses visited.

Another constraints was time. Due to the shortness of time I could not really lay my hands on enough material since there are other class work and assignments to be taken care of.

Financial constraint did not help matters. Finance really limited my scope of converge, as I could not move around a lot. Therefore, I had not choice but to scale down on the rage or scope so that I can be able to meet with other schedules.

 

 

 

1.9     CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATION DEFINITIONS 

          in the course of this research, there are some terms used in this foundation on which this research is based. The words such as Mass Media, Management and human right abuse will be looked into, for there are to be a proper under standing of the research.

 

MASS MEDIA

A Mass Medium, in the words of Hall (1981 :215), “is essentially a working group organized around some device (sic) for circulating the same Message at about the same time to large numbers of people.”

Mass Medium however is a singular concept the plural of which is mass Medium. In the light of the above definition therefore, the mass Media are Modern channels of Mass communication used to disseminate news and information to very diverse CUM large numbers of people simultaneously.

This implies that mass Media Messages easily cut aross geo-political boundaries unlike that of traditional Media that suffer a limited reach. “this, “again, “ Means that with the epoch of the Mass communication system, relatively large audience Members could be quickly reached with specific massage irrespective of their diverse locations in the global, geopolitical and cultural map” (Nwodu,200)

 

MANAGEMENT 

The term management has been variously defined by different scholars. For instance, while Drucker (1983) defines Management “as a multipurpose organ that manages business, Manages Managers, workers and work.” Ibekwe (21984 :12) defines it as the process of utilizing the resources of the firm to accomplish designant objectives.”  And yet another scholar (cited in ibekwe, supra). Simple defines it as “ a decision making process”

However, a dissection of the definitions shows two key elements as inherently constant in management,

1. that management is a process
2. that management involves decision making.

Apart from decision – making, the process involves  basic functions as namely; planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, controlling and more.

Mean while, it is pertinent to point out that in performing its functions Modern management adopts  an analytical approach rather than intuition. This, according Ibekwe 9supra) is what is referred to as scientific Management. It entails defining and clarifying the problems or objectives, assembling and rigorously analyzing all factors critical to the solution of the problem and drawing Logical conclusion from the analysis. Scientific management stresses a constructive and systematized cause and effect approach that provides not only  the problem solving frame work for increasing efficiency and productivity but the mental attitude that enhances performance.

 

HUMAN RIGHTS 

          This is those rights that all people are or should be entitled to. These rights are immutable, inalienable rights that cannot be denied anybody. They are rights and privileges that are given by nature to man by virtue of being a human being. These rights include right to life, freedom of association, freedom of speech, freedom of movement etc. and they are enshrined in the 1999 constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria.

It is the duty of both the government and the governed to respect the provisions of the constitution as it concerns human rights.

When we talk of human rights abuse, we are talking of a situation were human being are denied their natural rights, rights that are inherent, that are natural, that were not created by the state. they are not allowed to exercise these rights on their own either through the instruments of the state using them to deny them, depriving them of their free rights.

 

• THEORETICAL FRAME WORK OF THE STUDIES

There is no doubt, mass communication in Nigeria has not relented in exposing the human right abuse and has gone a long way in ensuring human right protection through promotional programmes in print and electronic Media.

However, the theoretical frame work of this studies is based on different geological and cultural dispositions. It is the fact that leads to different conceptual approaches to human rights. The three major approaches are the naturalist approach, the positivist approach, and the socialist approach. Let us briefly examine each of them.

 

 

 

THE NATURALIST APPROACH

For those who subscribe to this approach, human rights derive from natural law. They are rights conferred by god or nature, which are discernible by human reason. For them, man – made law must. Conform to this natural law this approach means that human rights are unaffected by social principles concerning one’s obligation to society, instead human rights in here in man simply by virtue of being God’s creation. The religious and moral approaches to human right are based on the naturalist conception of rights. Every religion imposes moral standards on its followers in their dealings with fellow human beings or at least co-religionists. The Christian religion,  for example, had a great influence on the early development of human rights in Europe and, through colonialism, settlement, travel, trade and communication, has permeated human rights thinking in other part of the world. Its continuing influence is exemplified in the concept of the ‘social sin’ used in reference to structures that perpetuate social inequality and insecurity, as well as the liberation theology movement in Latin America, which was in the forefront of challenging social inequalities and authoritarian political structures. The natural rights approach has led to the distinction being made by some between “the rights of man” and the “rights of the citizen.” Rights of man are supposed to be those, which one has as a member of the human race, while the rights of the citizen political, economic and social rights- belong to individuals as members of a particular civil society.

 

THE POSITIVIST APPROACH

          According to positivists, human right are those which have become part to the positive legal system, and decide either from the will of the state or the command of the sovereign. The development of this school, following the renaissance, the reformation and the decline of the role of the church in state affairs, led to the corresponding demise of the natural law and natural rights theories. The positivist approach, following in the wake of these changes, secularized the notion of law and rights by removing them from the realm of the supernatural and metaphysical.

While the positivist approach is more realistic than the purely idealist naturalist approach, it has its own short comings. At least its assumptions that human rights are just the will of the sovereign, given and withdrawn at will, and therefore are relative, that is differing from  society to society and from epoch to epoch, are not exactly correct. For one, rights are never given, they are taken in struggle. The history of human rights shows that they are not the benevolent gifts of people in power, instead they have been taken by underprivileged persons and groups in struggle.   Positive law is not the source of human rights, it is only an expression of the out come of social struggles for human. Rights for another, there are still many rights that human beings universally claim. Whether they have been won and expressed in positive law in a society is a secondary issue. The right to life and self- reservation is obviously one of such rights. Certainly, the universality of certain rights is the basis of international declarations, covenants and treaties about human rights that is the belief that certain rights accrue to human beings irrespective of nationality or alter sectarian considerations.

 

THE SOCIALIST OR MARXIST APPROACH 

Marxist theory regards human rights and their evolution as the effect of society’s material living conditions, to gather with their adjuncts of social relations. In class societies, these relations are invariably characterized by the domination of some classes by others. Therefore, human rights always have a class character. The dominant and subordinate  classes necessarily define human rights differently, each seeking to maximize class interests. We can illustrate this with capitalist societies in which the major contradictory classes are the dominant bourgeoisise (capitalists)  and the subordinate proletariat (workers). There, we see that while workers define human rights to include rights to work and a living wage, capitalists prefer to limit them only to those that are advantageous to a    propertied class, such as rights to own private property, to vote and be voted for in elections, to free speech and assembly.

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AN APPRAISAL OF PRESS FREEDOM IN NIGERIA UNDER CIVILIAN RULE (A CASE STUDY OF OLUSEGUN OBASANJO REGIME 1999 – 2004)

ABSTRACT

This topic of research, “An Appraisal of Press  Freedom Under Civilian Rule (A case study) is a top flight, thought provoking and interestingly challenging especially in our contemporary Nigeria which has embraced democracy and has been nurturing it for five years after almost thirty years if military dictatorship or domination of political power since independence in 1960.

Since military incursion in the country’s political calendar on 14^th January 1966 through a coup de-tat led by major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu and four of his colleagues, it has become a recycling decimal in the country’s political history.  Throughout the successive military regimes, the press has had collusion with the rough edge of the law in the pursuit of their profession.  Thus, journalism became a dreaded career fraught with dangers as they were subjected to arrest, incarceration, harassment, threat, physical violence and assassination.

Then there came a new dawn on 29^th May 1999 when the country turned to a democratic rule, journalism takes another dimension, there exists freedom of information though the freedom was not absolute.  The reason was because of the decrees from the military era that found the way into this democratic dispensation.  But there was room for media excellence and the press excels and are still excelling in fulfilling the social responsibility both to the government and the governed.

The aim of this research is to know whether the press has freedom in this present dispensation.  However, freedom of the press is possible only when the rights of the press are protected.  This can never be achieved in an autocratic set-up, except in a democratic environment as our appraisal of press freedom is such dispensation has shown.

This project was written in five (5) chapters in order of their priorities. Chapter one delves into the background of press freedom with an insight to the research question, hypothesis and significance among other.  Chapter two handles the glace and review on the information bill.  Chapter three takes care of the research methods, designs, population and data collection.  Chapter four analyses the data collected from the questionnaires distributed and chapter five treats the summary and recommendations for improvement on making press freedom to be totally absolute.

Chapter one

Introduction

• Background of study
• Statement of problem
• Objective of study
• Significance of study
• Research questions
• Research hypothesis
• Conceptual and operational definition of terms
• Assumptions
• Limitation of the study

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• Sources of literature
• The review
• Summary of literature review

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Research Method
• Research Design
• Research Sample
• Measuring Instrument
• Data Collection
• Data Analysis
• Expected Results

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

• Data Analysis
• Result
• Discussion

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDY

• Summary
• Recommendation

Appendix

Questionnaire

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

For the press to play their basic roles, it must exercise fully its freedom.  In other words, for the freedom of the press to be fully appreciated, we must understand the implication of t citizen having a fundamental right to free access to facts in all matters that directly or indirectly concern him and also the right to express and publish its opinion thereon.

In describing the operation of the press in their book entitled four theories of the press, Siebert, Peterson and Schramn (1985) said that “The Press is not an instrument of government but a device for presenting evidence and argument on the basis of which the people can check on government and make up their minds as to its policy.  It is imperative that the press be free from control and influence so that truth can emerge.

On this premise, the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 14, 1946 declared, “freedom of information is a fundamental human right and is the corner stone of all freedom to which the United Nations is consecrated”.

1. According to the sub-committee of Common Wealth Press Union headed by Lord Shawcross, freedom of the press is “the freedom that is not a special privilege of Newspaper but derives from fundamental right of every person to have full and free access to the facts in all matters that affects him”. With regards to these fundamental rights, the press are expected to be free to gather news without obstruction or restriction to publish the news and to comment on it.
2. The Nigerian Constitution of 1989 Section 38 Sub-section 1 concedes that right to freedom of expression and the press by stating that “every person is entitled to freedom of expression including freedom to hold opinion and to receive and impart ideas and information without interference.

The administration and governance of Nigeria was predominantly military after independence in 1960 and a coup in 1966.  The military ruled the country with successive coups until 1979 when there was a brief democracy, which lasted for four years before another army take-over in 1983.  The military ruled until May 29^th 1999 when it handed over the mantle of leadership to a democratically elected government led by Chief Olusegun Obasanjo.

The media as the fourth arm of government was not spared from the military obnoxious policies.  Their control, which was determined by decrees led to outright closure of media house, death of some media practitioners, intimidation and harassment etc.

3. The closure of Newspaper organizations like Newwatch in April 1987, the Guardian in May 1991, Tell Magazine in August 1993 etc.

The imprisonment of journalists over reports government felt was antagonistic saw the likes of Tunde Thompson and Nduka Irabor jailed under the infamous decrees 4 in 1987.  Others include Chris Okolie, Innocent Okparadike, Editor of the Observe in Benin etc.  All these happening under the military regime did not make it conducive for the press to function optimally.  The military may not be entirely written off as enemies of the media because they ushered in an era that led to competition among various media organizations.  This is because the excessive dictatorial tendencies of the military caused the press to become more daring and committed to seeking its freedom.

The high handedness of the military reduced some media houses into government mega-phone for fear of being harassed or closed down.  Such media who owe their existence, control and sustenance to the government of the day depended on it for subvention as a means of survival.  Mostly affected were the electronic media and some print media owned and controlled by those in power.  This led to the deregulation in 1989 of media houses by issuing operating licenses especially to those who want to own and operate the electronic media.  This development led to the establishment of private radio and television houses in the country thus breaking government monopoly of the electronic media industry.

Coming up on the heels of these deregulations were stations like the African Independence Television (AIT), MINAJ, DBN etc.  Inspite of these welcome developments, the torture on the media houses that were closed down and opened some months before the exit of the military in the governance of the country cannot be quantified.

The military quit leadership of the country in May 1999 and handed over to a democratically elected government led by Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, which has long been the agitation of the press and the entire country.  Under this administration, the press may be said to have an air of freedom in the exercise of its constitutional role as the eye and ear of the society.  Innovations in the operations of the media may have resulted due to advance in technology; enough have not been achieved if any in terms of ownership of the media in the last five years of the current administration.

Although the administration has done its best in initiating policies that can lead to the protection of infant industries and manufacturers, especially the local manufacturers.  It has not done much in the area of information technology or high way that is the order of the day in making the world a global village.

There are still feelings that the news content of the media are being doctored to fit or rather suit the aspiration of those in power.  There is also a feeling that the sectional political nature of the society may have polarized the media in such a that each pursues an agenda favourable to its ethnic origin or its ethnic consideration.

The other school of thought has it that the media has lost its bite and is no longer that which fought for the enthronement of democracy in the country thus, allowing a lot of malpractices to have their way into the nation’s polity.  While most people attribute this to their resolve in supporting the democratic dispensation, others felt that the media for fear of being intimidated, have succumbed to the feelings and aspirations of the government.

These issues therefore make this study very important as we will in the following chapters discuss the operations of the media in the current administration of President Olusegun Obasanjo; the attempt will hinge on providing solutions to some of the startling issues posed in this background.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study under review has the operations of the press at its epi-centre in the current democratic dispensation of Olusegun Obasanjo.  We are going to look at some of the policies that have undermined the social responsibility of the press, as well as policies that have favoured the activities of the press in the aforementioned administration.

Is the word “Press Freedom” in existence in the true reality of life and, if so, how does it function?  Or are they determined by the kind of government in operation from society to society or country to country?

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. To understand the problems militating against press freedom in Nigeria.
2. To understand how the press has operated in Nigeria since 1999.
3. To understand what the future holds for the press in the event of discontinued governance of President Obasanjo.

The result achieved here will enable us to say in concrete terms whether the press should be left free or should not be left free in discharging their statutory functions.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is significant in view of the negative feelings the present administration has received from its citizens and, the belief of what the press have played in the hands of government.  But it no longer carries her activities in line with the constitution that sets them up.  Also is the fact that the present administration tends to intimidate the press on their activities, thus lending credence to the allegation that the press have been bough over.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTION

This will aim at assessing the performance of the press, the atmosphere in which they operate, given this dispensation, which is Olusegun Obasanjo regime period.  They are as follows:

1. Does civilian rule foster brighter prospect for the media?
2. Have the media (press) performed better in this dispensation than any other civilian rule?
3. Has the press been used as an instrument of government under civilian rule?
4. Have the media been controlled by the present Obasanjo administration?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

1. H1: Civilian rule fosters brighter prospect for the media.

H0:   Civilian rule does not foster brighter prospect for the media.

2. H1: The media have performed well in this dispensation than in any other civilian rule.

H0:   The media have not performed well in this dispensation than in any other civilian rule.

3. H1: The press has been used as an instrument of government under civilian rule.

H0:   The press has not been used as an instrument of government under civilian rule.

4. H1: The media are presently being controlled by the Obasanjo administration.

H0:   The media are not presently being controlled by the Obasanjo administration.

 

• CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Conceptual:       This is the assessment of an expert opinion on the value of an issue such as press freedom.

Operational:       To determine the view and evaluation of experts on the value of freedom of press.

Press Freedom:

Conceptual:       This is the fundamental right of every person to have free access to the fact in all matters that directly or indirectly concern him and, his equal right to express and publish his opinion and to hear and read the opinion of others.

Operational:       To know if the press with these rights are free to gather news without obstruction, to publish the comment on it thereon.

Civilian Rule:

Conceptual:       This refers to the exercise of power or authority over a given society or country which does not have its roots or foundation from armed forces.

Operational:       To determine the effect of power under a society that is free from armed forces in its foundation.

Government:

Conceptual:       This refers to the exercise of political authority over the actions, affairs etc. of a political unit or people as well as the performance of certain functions for this unit or body.

Operational:       This is known as the body that have authority to rule a political unit of people including the press and how they go about it.

 

• ASSUMPTION

It is assumed that the press still suffer what they suffered during the military administration in this present dispensation irrespective of the principles of democracy.  It is also assumed that the coertic nature of the society in those days still affect the press in such a way that the content of the media and media itself pursues an agenda favourable to its ethnic consideration and to those in authority.

 

• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Based on the topic of this study, I limited the study on assessing the performance of Obasanjo on the media in the last five years.  Because of the nature of the study, relevant material and literature that would compliment the attempt are not available.  It has nonetheless propelled me into action to ensure that I meet with the requirements of this exercise.

Adequate sampling size is likely to pose a threat to this research.  This is because not all the respondents may have exposure to problems, which the press has encountered presently.  Again, the multicultured nature of our society is such that the press could be said to be concentrated on few hands, thus giving a clear assessment of the incumbent vis-à-vis his relationship with the media becomes a bit difficult.

Financial constrain made me streamline, the research endeavour to meek the available resources.  the time frame in view of the crowded academic activities equally limited my research effort.  These as highlighted above are the handicaps, which I envisaged limited the sphere of this study.

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