INFLUENCE OF OPINION LEADERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

• Background of the study

In the post-second World War years, development co-operation was based on transfer of technologies to developing countries. According to the model of social labour division in western cultures, technical knowledge transferred by extension services and utilized by farms (Roth, 2001). The introduction of western technology to non-western farmers was intended to increase production capacity and improve the market position of agriculture.

According to Israel and Wilson (2006), developing an understanding of extension sources and channels used by clients to obtain information is a pre-requisite for efficient educational programming because messages that go unheard or unseen cannot lead to change.

Though early extension effort based on direct communication with clients, changes in society and technology have resulted in programmes using diverse array of communication channels to reach clients, both directly and through surrogates.

Many clients, especially other people continue to rely on more traditional channels for agricultural information while using newer technologies as a complement (Howell and Hebron, 2004, Vergot et al, 2005, Boz and Ozca, 2010).

In a very concise way, development communication is application of the process. In other words, development communication is the use of the principle and practice to exchange ideas in order to fulfill development objectives. It calls for a point where we should stop thinking for the people in a patron –client form but should start thinking with them to meet

1

with their needs and wants to succeed (Nwosu, 1990). Development communication as a concept dates to the 1950s.

However, the attempt did not stop there; several research efforts have been put in place in order to authenticate the application of the concept of development communication. It is, therefore, considered a wise option in the pursuit of national development, as against the centralized media system where only the interests of the urban minority are taken care of (Okenwa, 1997).

In this dispensation, opinion leadership as it concerns the rural setting in the realization of the concept of development communication become not only important, but also very necessary. This is because, the rural dwellers thrive in an environment of interpersonal form of communication, opinion leaders assume priority and importance. In this respect, village and community opinion leaders serve as the linkage between their people and those that package development communication information and messages.

Communication in this regards, includes those situation in which a source transmits a message to a receiver with conscious intent personal life and also important in different fields such as business, education, agriculture,

rural development and other situations where people encounter each other. Unlike message sending, communication requires response of others. There must be sharing of meaning for effective communication to take place (Baron, 2002).

According to Ekumankama and Nwankwo (2002), the poor exposure of farmers to appropriate agriculture information is one of the major reasons for low yield recorded by many Nigerian farmers. This has been of great concern to agricultural communicators and policy makers in the country over years. This study therefore sought to ascertain the role of

2

opinion leaders in the development of arable crop farming in Odekpe in Ogbaru Local

Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria.

• Statement of the problem

Nigeria  has  elaborate  agricultural  research  and  extension  systems.  A  wealth  of

research results therefore exist in the agricultural research system in Nigeria. However, these results are not fully made available to the end-users, the farmers. Committee for Transformation of Anambra State (CTA, 1998) has identified limited accesses to agricultural development in West Africa. These implications, therefore, call for research as to find out which communication channels are available and which ones are being used to disseminate farm innovation messages to farmers? Which of the channels do the farmers prefer but are constrained in use? What is the relative usage of the channels by farmer? To what extent are messages relevant to agricultural information needs of the farmers?

• Purpose/objectives of the study

The  general  purpose  of  this  study  is  to  ascertain  the  sources  of  agricultural

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MASS  MEDIA  AND  THE  MANAGEMENT  OF  HUMAN   RIGHTS  ABUSES  IN  NIGERIA.

ABSTRACT

From  all  indications,  it  has  become  obvious  that  the  mass  media  has  a  great  role  to  play  in  the  management  of  human  rights  abuse  in  Nigeria,  taking  into  cognizance  their  role  in  the  society  which  includes  surveillance  of  the  society,  correlation  of  the  various  ideas  and  transmission  of  the  various  interplay  of  ideas  amongst  the  different  segment  of  society.  This  is  where  the  mass media’s  role  comes  into  play.  In  that  they  (populace )  are  better  enlightened  about  their  rights  and  privileges  as  citizens  of  Nigeria;  so  that    as  a  people  they  can  ultimately  know  what  ought  to  be  and  what ought  not  to be.

And  the  government  also  will  be  better  positioned  to  its  roles  as  custodian  of  the  people  as  government  is  meant  for  the  benefit  of   the  greater  good  of  the  people,  that  is  respecting  the  rights  and  liberties  of  individuals  as  citizens  of  this  great  country  Nigeria.

Unless  and except  the  mass  media  lives  up  to  its  responsibilities,  it  cannot  and  will  not  be  an  effective  tool  in  the  management  of  human  right  abuse  in  Nigeria.

Finally,  we  acknowledge  the  contribution  and  understanding  of  the  members  of  the  group,  working  together  has  been  a  wonderful  experience  and  for  every  other  person  who  contributed  one  way  or  other,  God  bless  you  all.  Amen.

CHAPTER  ONE

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………1

• BACKGROUND OF  THE  STUDY……………………1
• STATEMENT OF  PROBLEMS…………………………2
• OBJECTIVES OF  THE  STUDY………………………4
• SIGNIFICANCE OF  THE  STUDY……………………5
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS………………………………6
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS……………………………6
• DEFINITION OF  TERMS………………………………7
• ASSUMPTION OF  STUDY……………………………9
• SCOPES AND  LIMITATIONS  OF  STUDY…………10

CHAPTER  TWO

LITERATURE  REVIEW

• THE REVIEW…………………………………………12
• SECRIONALISM AND  MASS  MEDIA  PRACTICE  IN  NIGERIA………………………………………………15
• MEDIA FREEDOM  AND  HUMAN  RIGHTS  ABUSES  IN  NIGERIA………………………………………………20
• CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH  METHODOLOGY

• INTRODUCTION………………………………………30
• RESEARCH METHOD………………………………30
• RESEARCH DESIGN…………………………………31
• RESEARCH SAMPLE…………………………………32
• DATA COLLECTION…………………………………32
• METHOD OF  DATA  ANALYSIS……………………33

APPENDIX 1.  QUESTIONNAIRE…………………………35

CHAPTER  FOUR

DATA  ANALYSIS  AND  DISCUSSION…………………40

DATA  ANALYSIS…………………………………………40

PRESENTATION  OF  RESULT…………………………41

DISCUSSION……………………………………………59

CHAPTER  FIVE

SUMMARY  AND  RECOMMENDATION

• SUMMARY………………………………………….64
• RECOMMENDATION…………………………………66

BIBILOGRAPHY…………………………………………….68

CHAPTER  ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND  OF  THE  STUDY

The  political  entity  called  Nigeria  has  continued  since  independence  under  one  form  to  the  other.  Especially  with  military  rulers  who  have  had  to  be  rule  through  decrees  thus  suspending  the  constitution  that  guarantees  the  citizenry  their  fundamental  human  rights.

It  there  makes  it  obvious  that  the  basis  for  government,  which  is  for  the  ultimate  good  of  the  people,  is  defeated  when  their   rights  are  not  guaranteed.  And  indeed  authoritarian  rule  has  not  helped  human  right issues,  as  abuse  has  been  recorded  time  and  again  even  in  the  mass  media  bizarre manner.

This  is  where  the  mass  media  comes  into  focus ,  as  through  it,  the  government  and  the  governed  are  better  be  informed  about their  various  privileges  and  limitation  as  it  is  entrenched  in  the  constitution  of  the  federal  republic  of  Nigeria,  albeit  only  under  a  democratically  elected  government.

The  mass  media  serves  as  the  cornerstone  of  any  progress  in  the  society  both  economically  and  politically.  And,  because  it  serves  as  an  essential  ingredients  in  the  successful  management  of  human  right  abuse  all  over  the  world.  It  is  therefore  that  their  role  as  societal  watchdogs  should  not  be  abandoned  for  some  mundane  issue.

For  a  society  that  it’s  citizens  cannot  be  guaranteed  the  protection  of  their  fundamental  human  rights  cannot  be  said  to  be  free  in  the  real  sense  of  the  word.

The  mass  media  has  always  been  a  channel  through  which  human  right  abuses  has  been  exposed  to  the  public.  But  there  are  times  human  right  abuses  have  been  quite  intractable  for  the  mass  media  to  manage  either  due  to  tribal  or  religious  sentiment  or outright  ownership  interference.  In  such  cases,  the  citizens  whose  rights  have  been  abuses  are  unfortunately  given  the  short  end  of  the  stick.  The  mass  media  should  be  able  to  effectively  manage  the  issues  of human  right  abuses  as  they  unfold  in  the  society.  Considering  the  fact  that  they  most  times  set  the  agenda  for  public  discourse.  They  should  in  the  process  to  be  able  distinguish  what  should  be  known  and  what  should  not  be  known.

Expect  in  that  case,  they  want  to  leave  the  role  of  agenda  setting  to  the  government;  which  is  this  case  means  that  the  people  are  indolent  and as  Plato  stressed  “they  look  up  to  the  leaders  of  the  state  to  say  what  goes”.  Despite  the  inability  of  the  mass  media  to  at  times  manage  human  right  abuses  in  Nigeria,  they  have  at  other  times  pre – empted     the  activities  of  human  right  groups  in  the  past,  thus,  leading  to  clampdown  on  members  of  the  groups.

• STATEMENT OF  THE  RESEARCH  PROBLEM

The  management  of  human  right  abuses  by  the  Nigerian  mass  media  is  what  is  being  looked.  The  main  thrust  of  this  research  is  to  bring  to  the  fore  the  role  of  the  various  variables   in  the  proper  management  of  human  right  abuses.

The  issues  of  political  human  right  abuses  and  the  various  ethnic  and  religious  factors  have  seriously  short – circuited  the  proper  management  of  human  right  abuses  will  be  perused  with  a  view  of  finding  a  way  out  of  them.

• OBJECTIVES OF  THE  STUDY

1. This study  sets  out  to  see  what   extent  the  mass  media   has  been  able  to  manage  human  right  abuses  in  Nigeria.

1. It also  aimed  at  putting  in  the  right  perspective  the  order  of  management  of  human  abuses  by  the  mass  media.

• This study  set  out  to   know  whether  religious  and  ethnical  consideration  is  responsible  for  how  the  mass  media   in  Nigeria  manages  cases  of  human  right  abuses.

1. Finally, it  is  to  find  out  whether  ownership  factors  plays  any  role  in  the  management  of  human  right  abuse  in  Nigeria.

• SIGNIFICANCE OF  THE  STUDY

This  study  is  out  to  make  known  the  benefit  of  the  effective  management  of  human   rights  abuses  by  the  mass  media  in  Nigeria.  Further,  it  will  enhance  the  knowledge  of  various  players  in  the  mass  media  on  their  role  in  effective  and  effectual  reportage  of  human  right  abuses  in  Nigeria.

Also.  It  will  now  put  the  mass  media  owners  in  the  know  about  the  limitation  of  their  interference  on  reportage  of  news.

• RESEARCH QUESTION

The  various  questions,  which  this  research  sets  out  to  answer,  are  as  follows;

1. Has the  mass  media  been  able  to  manage  human  right  violations  in  Nigeria.
2. Has human  right  abuses  reportage  been  without  censor.

• How has  government  policies  affected  the  reportage  of  human  abuse?

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H1:   Privately  owned  media  outfits  report  more  on  human  right  violations

H0:   Privately  owned  media  outfits  do  not  report  more  on  human  right  violations.

H2:   The  government  owned  media  are  professional  in  the  reportage  of  human  right  abuses.

H0:   The  government  owned  media  are  not  professional  in  the  reportage  of  human  right  abuses.

H3:   Mass  media  really  manages  human  right  abuses  in  Nigeria.

H0:   Mass  media  does  not  really  mange  human  right  abuses  in  Nigeria.

• CONCEPTUAL AND  OPERATIONAL  DEFINITIONS

In  the  course  of  this  research,  there  are  terms  that  are  the  foundation  on  which  this  research  is  based.  The  words  such  as  mass  media,  management  and  human  right  abuse  will  be  looked  into,  for  they  are  to  be  a  proper  understanding  of  the  research.

MASS  MEDIA

Mass  media  which  is  the  main  means  of  communication  with  large  number  of  people   especially  through  television,  radio  and  newspapers.

The  main  thrust  of  the  mass  media  is  primarily  to  inform ,  educate  and  entertain,  It  is  an  agent  of  change  as  it  most  times  sets  the  agenda  for  national  discourse.

MANAGEMENT

Management  as  a  fold  of  knowledge  seeks  to  systematically  understand  why  and  how  men  work  together  systematically  to  accomplish  objectives,  set  objectives  as  laid  down  by  an  organization  for  it  to  continue,  to   exist  or  still  be  in  business.  Management  in  the  media  context  has  primarily   to  do  with  how  the  mass  media  practitioner  handles  issues  that  comes  to  his  desk  so  as  to  aim  the  media  organizations  aim  of  educating  and  informing.

HUMAN  RIGHT  ABUSE

Human  rights  are  immutable,  unalienable  right  that  cannot  be  denied  anyone.  They  are  right  and  privileges  that  are  given  by  nature  to  man  by  virtue  of  being  a  human  being .  These  right  include  right  to  life,  freedom  of  association,  freedom  of  speech,  freedom  of  movement  etc.  And  they  are  enshrined  in  the  1999  constitution  of  the  Federal  Republic  of  Nigeria.

It  is  the  duty  of  both  the  government  and  the  governed  to  respect   the  provisions  of  the  constitution  as  it  concerns  human  rights.  When  we  talk  of  human  right  abuses,  we  are  talking  of  a  situation  were  human  being  are  denied  their  natural  rights,  rights  that  are  inherent,  that  are  natural,  that  were  not  created  by  the  state.  They  are  not  allowed  to  exercise  these  rights  on  their  own  either  through  the  instruments  of  the  state  using  them  to  dent  them,  depriving  them  of  their  free  rights.

• ASSUMPTION OF  THE  STUDY

1. It is  presumed  that  ethnic  tendency  influence  the  reportage  of  newspaper  in  Nigeria  as  it  concern  human  rights  abuse.

1. The researcher  assume  that  ethnic  biases  plays  a  considerable  role  and  most  times  precede  the  objective  coverage  of  political  issues.

• It is  also  assumed  by  the  researcher  that  tribal  sentiments  will  naturally  prevail  over  rational  writing  in  the  reportage  of  human  rights

1. Ownership considerations,  the  prominent  role  in  the  reportage  of  human  right  abuses  especially  when  it  does  not  favor  the  owner.
2. Assumable, ethnic  biases  to  a  reasonable  degree  affects  the  creditability  of  the  various  media  houses  across  the  country.

• LIMITATION OF  THE  STUDY

This  research  work  was  without  its  constraints.  Notable  among  them  was  the  issue  of  gathering   materials  for  the  work.  It  was  a  tedious  process  that  was  not  helped  by  nonchalance  or  should  I  say  un- cooperative  attitude  of  some  staffs  of  the  mass  media  houses  visited.

Another  constraint  was  time.  Due  to  the  shortness  of  available  time,  we  could  not  really  lay  our  hands  on  enough  materials.  As  there  were  other  class  work  and  assignments  to  be  taken  care  of.

Financial  constraint  did  not  help  matters.  Finance  really  limited  our  scope  of  coverage,  as  we  could  not  move  around  a lot.  Therefore,  we  had  no  choice  but  to  scales  down  on  the  rage  or  scope  so  that  we  can  be  able  to  meet  with  other  schedules.

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comparative study on the performances of government owned and privaely owned media organization

Abstract

This project examines the comparative study of the performances of government owned and privately owned broadcasting media organization (A study of FRCN and Raypower Radio stations Enugu). To achieve this, the survey method was adopted as the research method while the instrument of data collection was the questionnaire. The sample size was drawn using the stratified sampling technique. Two hypothesis tested were accepted leading to the conclusion that the emergence of private broadcasting media in Nigeria improves broadcasting generally and that the entrance of private broadcasting is a challenge to government owned broadcast media in Nigeria to a great extent. The researcher recommends among others that private individuals should enter into broadcast media ownership in order to further improve broadcasting in Nigeria especially in the rural areas (rural broadcasting).

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of he Study

The role of the broadcasters and the broadcast media as agents of rural and national development, especially at the information dissemination level is now generally recognized and accepted by experts and policy makers. What seems quite unresolved in many developing countries is how best to utilize the potentials of the broadcasters and their media to achieve developmental objectives (Nwosu, 1990:119). In Nigeria, there are three main types of media ownership namely; government ownership, private ownership and partnership. In the case of government ownership, the government establishes controls and finances the media outfit, private ownership is when an individual or a group of persons establish, control and finance the media outfit in partnership both the government and private individuals are into some sort of co-ownership regarding the establishment, financing and controlling of the media house. There is a symbiotic relationship between the media and the society. It is in the interest of the society to have strong and robust mass media as it is in the best interest of the media to uphold the values and protect the interest of the society from which they derive their impulse, support and patronage. No media institution can survive if it is perceived to be working against its own society (Onukaba 2005:3). It is the duty of any media institution to keep the public aware of what is going on around them by providing accurate, factual and timely information at all times. It is also the duty of the media to warn and alert the public about impending dangers to interpret events or provide information needed by the public to make every day decision that will make them participate actively in the political, economic and social activities of a community and to assist the public in determining current trends. Media institutions are also expected to use their products to educate, entertain, modify public opinions, reinforce attitudes and set agenda for the society. In many societies, people depend on the media to know where to find jobs, where to shop, where to eat, seat out, who to note for etc it is therefore, safe to say that the influence of the media extends to every aspect of human life and society. But for media institutions to be able to play these roles effectively, they are expected to uphold the values of objectivity, fairness, justice, accuracy, balance, moderation and decency. The reason governments have often given for their involvement in the media is that the private ones cannot be trusted to faithfully uphold these values of the profession. They accuse them of fostering unrealistic expectations among the populace, heightening anxieties about conditions in the country, mongering etc. of course, these are general criticisms against all media institutions, whether private or public. State media institutions are set up ostensibly to address these weaknesses of the private media as well as to bring government programmes and policies closer to the people and promote peaceful co- existence among the different groups in the society in which they operate. But they are usually limited by their methods of operation (Onukaba, 2005:5).

The “battle cone” seems to be drawn unflinchingly that the best way to use the broadcast as a facilitator of development in the third world is to have them owned and controlled by the government and those that believe that the best result will be achieved by making the electronic media dominantly a private sector affair. It is on topic finds it footing, hence “the comp government owned and privately owned br study of FRCN and Ray Power Radio). Somewhere between the two extreme rolls are those who belong to what seems to be more pragmatic position that government ownership and control of the media should co –exist with private media ownership and that commercial broadcasting should exist with private media to facilitate the job of broadcasters in the area of socio- economic development of their nations. The origin of the current government ownership and control of the broadcast media in Nigeria can be traced to the history, purpose and nature of colonial broadcasting services. It was mainly used for catering for the information and entertainment needs of the predominantly colonial political and educated elites in colonial Nigeria as well as the needs of the very few Nigerians educated elites (Nwosu 1990: 120-121) Nigeria has since had its independence in 1960 and has undergone many changes that make it imperative that the broadcast media should change its operations and structure to reflect the change situations. Although, the broadcasting system of Nigeria has changed or broaden its aims, objectives and mode of operation but the ownership and control structures or pattern still remains the same. So many reasons have been given by many Nigerian experts and policy makers for the perpetuation of the ownership and control status quo. One of such reasons is that the airwaves are limited and should, therefore, be regulated by the government to ensure equity, order and fairness it has also been argued that the role of broadcasting as an instrument of nation- building and development is so important that it should not be left in the hands of private individuals or organizations. The fear has also been expressed that because radio and television are powerful instruments of politicization, they careful into the hands of some unscrupulous politicians or political groups who may misuse them to gain and hold political power unfairly or propagate parochial political ideologies or ideas. There is the question of funding proponents of government control and ownership insist that broadcasting in Nigeria can never survive financially if it does not depend on its government for financial subventions.

It is believed in many quarters that it is the above reason given for exclusive government ownership and control broadcasting in Nigeria that has kept the system unchanged until 1992. Hence, many Nigerians have yielded abundant reasons in support of privatization of broadcasting.

The dominant belief of those who advocate privatization of broadcasting in Nigeria seem to be that the electronic media practitioners would render the best service when those media are operated as privately owned business or a commercial enterprise. Among the reason given for making this conclusion is that the electronic media would then be able to avoid unsuitable government influence

that content of broadcast news or curren politically biased.

The point that some people make is that private ownership of broadcast media allows for healthy competition which could lead to improved services to

26

the masses of Nigeria. Related to this service of the masses is the argument that privately owned broadcast media encourages diversity in production, programming and other areas of broadcasting.

By 1992, there was a lot of debate and protest against the monopoly of the government in broadcasting business. Thus, there were clarion calls for deregulation and decentralization of broadcast media establishment and ownership. Hence, it was the contention of the people that a media system that does not suffer undue restrictions and interference from government would definitely become the best for the development democracy in the country (Nwosu 1990:22)

It was not until 24^th  of august 1992 that the federal military government

under Babangida’s administration promulga established privatization of electronic media. It was in view of this that Dr.

Raymond Dopkesi; established Raypower which started broadcasting in Lagos and later established Enugu station which is one of my study focus.

It is the development that gave rise to the contention as to which system of ownership is preferable, hence, the relevance of the study at hand.

• Statement of Research Problem

Ownership of the media house, its control and recruitment of its principal

staff has formed the influential factors consequent upon the programme quality of the media house since the owners of the media house usually determine the aforementioned factor. The media ownership has in some ways influenced the media progrmames and this has posed problems to journalism as a trade.

In this case, the broadcast media have to function in tune with the whims and caprices of the owner(s). Nothing runs the broadcast media practitioners

down as having the option of either following the dictates of he owners or face the bitter music of being sacked. Ownership influence

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