ROLE OF MASS COMMUNICATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NIGERIA AS A CASE STUDY

ABSTRACTS

Topic: The role of Mass Communication in the Developing Countries, The Nigerian Case.

If there have been problems politically, socially and economically in the third world countries, this problem could be attributed to communication gaps between people who are expected to be in constant contract to make two ends meet.

The communication gap which has been causing problems all due to the fact that mass communication in developing countries are termed nothing some times that could be done without. But it is a blatant lie.

This work is expected to show the important roles mass communication can play towards a developing nation. A further insight into the study will reveal the problem associated with this communication, process in Nigeria as it affect all other developing countries of the world.

Our first chapter treats the objectives of the research and what mass communication is all about, furthermore the research question and research hypothesis, assumption and limitation of the study.

Chapter 2 treats roles mass communication has been playing in the developing of these developing countries of which Nigeria is one. This chapter equally identifies those factors, which can help mass communication achieve its developmental roles. And finally in this chapter the problems or limitation associated with mass communication in Nigeria were identified.

In chapter 3, the research produce and methodology used were stated. Also measuring instrument and expected results.

In chapter 4, the analysis and presentation of the data collected was shown.

Finally in the last chapter, recommendation and conclusion were made based on the outcome of the project research.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                            1

• Background of the study 1
• Objective 7
• Research question 8
• Hypothesis 9
• Conceptual and Operational Definition 11
• Assumption 12
• Limitation of the study 13

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THE ROLE OF MASS COMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA’S DEVELOPMENT

• Education 14
• Information 17
• Cultural promotion 19
• Motivation and Mobilization 19
• Factors that make mass communication role realizable22
• Problems and limitations 24
• Mass communication problem and its effect on

development in Nigeria.                                              25

• Mass communication in Nigeria 26
• Channel: related communication problems. 30

CHAPTER THREE

• Methodology 36

3.1    Research design                                                                   37

• Research sample 38
• Measuring instrument           39
• Data collection 41
• Data analysis 43

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data analysis 45

4.1    Results                                                                         50

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary 57
• Recommendation for further study 58

Questionnaire                                                                        64

Bibliography                                                                           62

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Before we delve into the main theme of the topic it will be worthwhile to get acquainted with the key word of the topic, which is communication. After knowing what communication is, we then can get further to know the meaning of the mass attached to it ie mass communication. There is no of communication though is as old as life itself; still remain one of the most important activities of man since the earliest days. Life and willing are premised on man’s ability to communicate. Thus there is no particular laid down definition of mass communication. Several authors have attempted their own definition through different perspectives but generally have arrived at virtually the same meaning.

Communication evolved as a result of the persistent natural human love to promote unity some time and at other times conflict, from this arises the traditional definition of communication as a process or art of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes from the a source to a destination (age etal-1988). The concept of communication has its basic idea transfer transmission or exchange it something from one person to another.

Chinyere Okunna is her book, introduction to mass communication (1994) stated that to communicate, basically means to share ideal information, opinion’s feeling or experience between people, that means communication allows message from flow with way and results to sharing of experience!

More recently Jayawara (1971) defined communication as an interaction process through which persons or group relate to each other and share information, experience, and culture. From the above definition it could be seen that communication is important in the development of any country since it deals with the sharing of information, experiences and culture, which are the basic for development.

In other hand mass means many are involved at the same time of the sharing.

 

Now let us attempt a definition of mass communication, its brief history and the communication processes.

John Bitner in his mass communication. An introduction second edition saw mass communication “as deadline of the investigative journalist, the creative artistry of documentaries, the bustle of a network newsroom, the whir or computer the hit record capturing the imagination of millions the radio disc jockey setting the pace of morning show, and the advertising executive planning a campaign. It is radio, research, recordings resonators and ratings. It is television, talent, telephone and tabloids. It is satellites, story boards system and segues. It is all these and more but not new and dynamic”³

According to Eric Rothenbuhier mass communication is a term use in a variety of way, which depute potential for confusion are usually clear from the context. These include

• Reference to the activities to mass media as a group
• The use of criteria of a concept, massiveness to distinguish among media and their activities and
• The construction of questions about communication as applied to the activities of the mass media significantly only the third or these uses does not take the actual process of communication for granted. Mass communication is often used loosely to refer to the distribution of entertainment arts, information and messages by television, radio, newspapers, magazines movies, recorded music and associated media.

For clearer perception of what mass communication is let us see through the definition Chinyere Stella Okunna, in her introduction to mass communication. She said “A basic way to define mass communication is to say that it is the processes of transmitting information ideas and attitudes to many people usually through machine. It is the scientific study of mass media, the message they produce, (Information, ideas, attitudes), and the audience responses (people) they transmit these message to. In mass communication the source may be one person, but most time it’s a group of people.

Actually we are not new to mass communication, in view of that, we shall skip the channels of mass communication and delve right into the course of research which attempts to discover the relationship of these mass communication components for sharing of information, ideas and attitudes to a developing country like Nigeria. Let us know a little about the country under review-Nigeria.

Nigeria as we all know is a third world country of Africa. It is one of the largest countries in west Africa and as is the case with developing countries, it has diverse ethic and tribal problems.

 

From the afore stated definition and what was derived from them, the need for mass communication in the development of a developing nation like Nigeria cannot be over emphasized.

Basically if not for any other thing we need it to reform our society, to share experiences, information, and diversify and unify our cultural values and attitudes.

Another significant of mass communication is a developing country, is that; it helps in all sectors of the economy. It is as well as educating and informing the masses or populace on these areas. Among the basic roles of mass communication or rather mass media in a developing country as will as seen later in the book are

• Servicing the political system by providing information
• Enlightening the public so as to make it capable of self-government.
• Providing entertainment.
• Safeguarding the rights of individuals by serving as a watch dog against government.

Conclusively, the best objective, aim and role of mass communication to a developing country like Nigeria can best be achieved through ruralization of the media and mass communication processes. Education of the rural ties can equally help in the realization of these objectives.

Furthermore, there should be fewer restrictions on the mass communication practitioners and mass communication itself. A strong body should be organized to regulate the activities of mass communication.

It is equally worthwhile to include in this concluding part of the introduction that political elites have a very vital role to play in any of this developmental stages especially when it is related to the society in which it operates as well as the type of government in control of the press and the theories the press monarchical feudalism, capitalism, totalitarian, social responsibility theories.

 

• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This set of objective was to guide us in the conduct of this research and to limit us to the scope of the objective and these objectives are enumerated below.

• First to identify the possible roles or mass communication in developing countries especially Nigeria.
• The second objective is to know how effective these roles are towards development of the developing countries.
• Our third objective is to use Nigeria as our case study because it is a typical example of a developing country. With the result we get from Nigeria. We then can generalize it to other countries of the third world.
• We believed that there must be some factors that would help role of mass communication to be achieved. To identify these factors was one of our set goals.
• Equally we believed that there could be some problem inherent in Nigeria mass communication practice. Therefore we made it our objective to identify these problems of limitation.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTION

• Has mass communication been playing their role in Nigeria?
• Has mass communication helped Nigeria to achieve any development?
• If yes in question above then in what ways
• What are the effects of mass communication in the rural area?
• Has mass communication failed in its development roles?
• Does mass communication face limitation in Nigeria.
• What aspect of mass communication has been playing its roles?
• Can you compare mass communication in developing countries with mass communication in developed countries?
• What is your view of mass communication in Nigeria by the year 2007?

 

• HYPOTHESIS

H1:    The mass communication been playing their role in Nigeria

H0:    The mass communication has not been playing their role in Nigeria.

H2:    The mass communication helped Nigeria to achieve any development.

H0:    The mass communication do not helped Nigeria to achieve any development.

H3:    The effects of mass communication in the rural area, does it exist?

H0:    Mass communication do not has effect in the rural area.

H4:    Mass communication failed in its development roles.

H0:    Mass communication do not failed in its development roles.

H5:    Mass communication does face limitation in Nigeria.

H0:    Mass communication does not face limitation in Nigeria.

H6:    The aspect of mass communication has been playing its roles.

H0:    The aspect of mass communication has not been playing its roles.

H7:    Compare mass communication in the developing countries with mass communication in the developed countries.

H0:    Mass communication in the developing countries does not with mass communication in the developed countries.

H8:    The view of mass communication in Nigeria by the year 2004.

 

• CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

• Limitation- Apart from usual definition of limitation as the problem of a particular country. It also enable in this research work to ascertain the limitation. Investigation also has different characteristics to Nigeria media to uncover hidden facts to broaden knowledge.
• Limitation- it talks about the problems encountered during this process. These problems may slightly effect dependability of the result of the project.
• Development- this is a country or society’s development in area of machines and equipment that help in the easy procession of thing that were done crudely before.
• Development- because of dialetic/linquistic heterogeneity and language different hidden a lot.
• Survey- this sampling or poling of people to obtain information through questionnaire.
• Survey- we encountered problem of getting the view of an entire population and that was why our sampling was done randomly.
• Scope- The scope of this study range from the roles mass communication play in these developing countries to the problem associated with this concept.
• By scope- we mean areas that the book covers, the people it was made and for what reason.
• Design- For convenience and time we used the people in the Enugu metropolis, most of who were student, in our research.
• Design- By design we mean, the area within which we were able to sample to represent the entire population.

 

• ASSUMPTIONS

It is assumed that federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria carries news and features that stimulate social changes. It is also assumed that the media possess a similarity of psychological as well as other disposition with the rest of the print media that operate in the country. It is also assumed that they have equal roles to society both moral and otherwise.

 

• LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This research topic “the role of mass communication in a developing countries, the Nigeria case is expect to get finding from most of the third world countries which are referred to as developing countries by the Western allies.

It was expected to elicit data more from Nigeria as a whole, which is the case study, but due to cost, time and physical incapability among other reasons we could not cover this area. In view of this, we selected some media set-ups around our vicinity (Enugu metropolis to represent the entire nation.

Download our android mobile app for more materials

ORDER NOW

COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

THE EFFECT OF NEWS COMMERCIALIZATION ON NEWS CREDIBILITY IN THE BROADCAST MEDIA

(A CASE STUDY OF FRCN AND NTA ENUGU)

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction
  • Background of the study
  • Objective of the Study
  • Statement of Research Problem
  • Research questions
  • Research Hypothesis (including the Null hypothesis)
  • Definition of terms
  • Assumptions
  • Limitations of the Study

References .

 

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review

2.1     Sources of Literature

References.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Reassurances Methodology

• Research method
• Research design
• Measuring instrument
• Data Collection
• Data Analysis
• Data Analysis
• Expected Result

References.

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     data analysis and results

• data Analysis
• Hypotheses testing
• Interpretation and discussion

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary and recommendations

5.1     summary and conclusion

• Recommendations for further studies

Bibliography references.

Appendix   i

Appendix   ii

Appendix   iii

Questionnaires

PROPOSAL ON THE EFFECT OF NEWS COMMERCIALIZATION ON NEWS CREDIBILITY IN THE BROADCAST MEDIA

This prefect work tends to assess the effect of news commercialization on news sedibility in the broadcast media , with particular reference to Federal Radio corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) National Station Enugu and the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) channel 8 Enugu, using them as a case study.

The study intends to find out whether the commercialization of news affects its credibility and objectivity and equally to know if it encourages the “Brown envelope syndrome, accuracy, balance, fairness etc. whether those who cannot afford to pay the media the opportunity and chances to broadcast their events on air via Mass media of communication, such as the electronic or broadcast media.

This study, will also enable the researcher to known if the news managers, News editors and Reporters (journalists) persistently carryout their gate – keeping roles and at the same time still carryout their watchdog roles.

In other words, whether they still maintain the ethics and laws of the profession or not or they are being influenced by the news sponsors and their money.

The study will also endeavour to Findus if the audience / publics have it in mind that the news they listen and watch in these broadcast media are owned and are pared for by the sponsors since they are not normally mentioned during news broadcasting and information dissemination.

The work will be divided in to five   chapters. The first chapter starts with the introduction and background of the study, (the research problems and research questions, hypotheses and definition of terms, objectives, significance, limitations and assumptions of the study).

Chapter two will look into the literature review. This means that the researcher will consult the works of different authors in the course of this study. Whereas, the third chapter will focus on the research methodology making use of survey method and designs.

Chapter four will analyze data  collection and interpretation, the findings and results finally, chapter five will deal on the summery of the study and recommendations for further studies.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.0            INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUNDOF THE STUDY

          News according to the advanced learner’s dictionary means, a new or fresh information, reports of recent events. It has so many different definitions. From different authors and scholars.

According to edition Ude in his book introduction to Reporting and news writing 1998 defined news “ as the timely report of facts or opinions that hold interests or importance or both for a considerable number of people.” Also, Nkem FAB – Ukozor 2003 in her book: Fundamentals of interpretative and investigative Reporting, defined news “as something new and unusual. Stressing further, news according to Kamath (1980: 33) “is any event, ideas or opinions that is timely, interests,  or affects a large number of people in a community and that is capable of being  understood by them”.

The standardized coterie for judging news value as discussed by Nkem Fab – Ukozor  encompassed the followings: consequences / impact, prominence, proscinrity,  timeliness, Action, novelty, conflict, Human interest, and currency. – consequence is the most important cnterion  in determining news value. It has to do with news events that affect the lives of the largest number of people. It should be considered at every level, both for good news and bad. It is the grater effects.

• prominence deals on the well known people (important personalities), institutions in the society etc. proximity bothers on the events that happened within the locality of the deadens /audience.
• Timeliness means that news should be reported to the public which it is fresh e as soon as it unfolds lest it become stale news.
• Novelty means the unusual or odd issues that happened in the society (oddity).
• Human interest has to do with stories that most often touch human feelings.

The technical committee on privatization and commercialization (TCPC) decree no 25 of 1988 grouped the FRCN and NTA as a partially commercialized enterprise, during the president Ibraluin Badamasi Babangida’s  Military refine. The chairman of the then commercialization committee was Dr Hamza R. zayyad. He opined that these organization really will cherish some high level of autonomous mode of operation and in accordance with the decree establishing them, having the authority to operate on strict commercial basis and subject to regulate powers of the government be able to among others fix rates, prices and charges for goods and services.

The commercialization of news in the simplest form means that news reported or aired in these media is being paid for. It is referred to as “let them pay (LTP) in NTA and News commercialization in FRCN.

The issue of LTP in NTA according to the Assistant Director news, Mr Lay Ademokoya is the out come of the  dwindling of the federal government. This is because, the subventions from the federal government are insufficient in assisting the activities and operations of its parasols where it concerns funding.

Initially, coverage of certain events like Animal general meetings of different companies were free of charge. But these companies in their journals cannot promote NTA or assist them financially for these humanitarian Siroccos.

The practice has greatly reduced the social and public services roles of the media organization. Nigerians do not know that news commercialization as FRCN and LTP as NTA would put it is not the same with advertising. Though these stations disguise adverts as news, in broadcast industry, the much effect adverting on its news bulletin has been during commercial break. But centrally not to disguise commercial items as part of the news aired for its social and news value.

The then assistant director of finance, FRCN Enugu Mr J.C Egbu posits that “commercialization was made possible due to the harsh economic circumstances and government inability to maintain the organizations any loryer.”  Because of this, the government subvention insufficient to run these organizations, hence the Commercialization of news.

With this members of the public such as government ministries, communities, individuals, Public and Private organizations can only have the Services of the media when they can pay some stipulated fees. Although, these media are government owners, its agencies are amongst those who should pay, but this has limitations because they can still negotiate. The radio link network Phone- in -proframme in FRCN is a typical good instance. This proframme is an avenue through which Public office holders showcase their image.

One of the system employed by these media before an individual or organizations news can be aired, is that it will be included in either the network news bulletin as news analysis only if they are able to pay.

Network commercial news are in the three categories as A,B,C. category A encompassed quoted  companies and parasols which attract quite some huge amount of money which is said to be half of what set a pays. Whereas the C category comprises of charity and no – profitable organizations of which  the amount they pay is negotiable.

In the words of with Nnorom (1994) “News commercialization is a Phenomenon whereby electronic media reports news or news analysis, a commercial messages by an unidentified sponsor, by giving the audience the impression that news is fair, objective and socially responsible.” Viewers and listeners see this as a cheat on the audience and look on such practice as the same to the much condemned brown envelope journalism.

The payment for news stories is said to be the official brown envelopes which are paid to the media house, as forbids the one given to the reporter at the scene of his beat. This is contrary to the code of conduct of journalism which states that “ it is the duty of the journalists  to refuse any reward for publishing or suppressing news or comment”.

The news commercialization negates the basic principles of the ethical precepts in journalism. This implies that it is unethical for different broadcast media to accept any payment from news sources before their items are aired or covered. Such news stories are aired with others which editors have selected for their pure news value and the unsuspecting audience internalize such information as pure news instead of as an advertisement.

Researchers have seen that new paid for affects the objectivity and thus credibility of such news as well as encouraging the brown envelope syndrome. This is because the editor will like to satisfy the client.

In the highs of the foregoing,  this paid news are many attains unedited by the radiators which makes them to deviate from the gate-keeping roles. Making the mass media to loose their credibility as the watchdog of the society.

This study is therefore to show how news commercialization affects the professional ethics. And how it has as well affected the gate keeping functions of the news editors. Equally to know, if the publics are aware that FRCN and NTA news are commercialized.

 

 

 

1.2     STATEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS.    

Critics hare identified distortion of news, imbalanced report and the growing tendency for the public not to believe the media news (lack of objectivity) as a major  problems inherent in the use of the FRCN and NTA for news and other information.

This is the key problems the researcher wishes to establish is this research work.  

          Objectivity as an ethical standard is one of the most pervasive in all of journalism. Objectivity in news gathering and presentation is the reporters aims and objectives,  

What  objectivity is and how the broadcast media have been using it in its news reporting was established in this project.

Different scholars have seen objectivity in different way, but every definition of objectivity revolves arround “the state  of quality of not being influenced by personal bias, Prejudice, feelings and opinions.” objective news reporting is that which lack inferences,  judgement and slanting. New journalism is not altogether a professional practice in which the practitioner became simply independent. That is unthinking feelings and without emotions. Because of this, objectivity remains relative to the system that exists mostly like news commercialization of the FRCN and NTA.

In the course of research, the researcher’s focus is drawn to two opposing schools of thought concerning media objectivity on whether objectivity is food or bad and if it is even possible or not.  With this opposing views, the position used in this study is that objectivity in news presentation is not myth but an attainable media aims of which the journalists must strive for,  even in the face of opposing realities.

The word credibility is the trust worthiness or believability which the individual has on the media disseminating information to him.  In the same vein, a source perceived to be credible is seen as telling the fact and this facts in the source could arise from a number of factors such as perceived objectivity, expertise and attractiveness of the source. In view of these central role which the mass media occupy in every society as professional communicators, their credibility is of great importance in the reception, acceptance and use of the information they provide day in and day- out for the maintenance of human civilization (Edeani : 1990).

In the light of the above, the researcher wants to see how the news commer cialization has affected the credibility of the news source.

The universal dedication of human rights posits that “everybody has the right to freedom of opinion and expression this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any medium and regardless of frontiers.”

The researcher will as well try to know, if these commissioned human rights have been neglected by the Nigerian mass media.

Related to this is the censorship and perhaps the gates keeping problems which commercialization of news institutes for the editor. It affects editorial judgement, because, stories an editor would not have used will be used because the it had been paid for. Even the way in which the reporter would have been written it will no longer be written, due to the same reason. They will like to mite and present the stories in favour of the client which proves the adage that says “he who pays the piper dictates the tune.”

 

 

 

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY   

          The core aims and objectives of this study to assess the credibility of broadcast news in both FRCN and NTA Enugu since its partial commercialization brought the emergence of news commercialization.

Policy of commercialization is not for private and cooperate organizations to be stake holders in media organization but for such means to be sources of fund for the running of the activities of the media, for the fact that government subventions is sacredly seen it is litter or less to keep the organizations afloat. Therefore, the standard set up on news commercialization is another means by which funds can be raised within the media, for the upkeep of the its activities.

What is being argued here is that, the media should made commercial news known for the audience, for them to be aware that news they listened to at that point in time is sponsored, by an unidentified people.

What the researcher meant is that the paid news and news not paid should be distinguished.

Observations made shows that there are limitations in gate keeping functions of the editor.  “the gate keeper is any person or formally organized group directly involved in relaying or bans ferring information from one individual to another through any medium of mass communication.”

Such person or individual has the ability to limit the information the public receives by editing the information, before it is disseminated. Etc.

The researcher equally wants to find out whether the above mentioned is practiced, for the fact that news paid for are edited as the sponsor wanted. Notvinding its news value.

Objective news is an unbiased news which is fair and accurate. The researcher wants to see how objective the mass media are because the commercialization policy is a vital issue in this study.

The study tends to discover how the radio and television audience view and respond to news credibility and objectivity. Message and source credibility are what the researcher puts in to consideration while discussing broadcast news credibility.

Message credibility in this aspect means ability of radio and television news report to be believed by the audience. On the other hand, the researcher will know if the news makers (sources) have any influence on credibility rating of news report. Radio and television audience, do they see them (oracle) as being able to present less credible news.

In a nutshell, the study’s objective is to discover the followings:

1. How the commercialization of news has tend to committee to the perceived low level of media news credibility.
2. How news commercialization has reduced the news objectivity

• Whether news commercialization encourages brown envelope

1. How commercialization policy has affected the gate keeping roles.
2. Whether the commercialization of news has deprived those who cannot pay, access to media.
3. Finally, to know if the eviler publics are aware that they listen to paid news in FRCN and NTA Enugu.

 

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.

Many are unaware that news aired in radio and television are not merely because of its value. In a journalistic profession, there are criteria  for news  judgements which make events, ideas, personalities etc is become news worthy. But these days, such criteria are giving way to a situation whereby “important developments, especially in the country side are pushed aside by unimportant, even trivial  news items concerning urban events and activities of  personalities (Mac Bride report  1980).

The social responsibilities role of the media mostly the broadcast media have reduced drastically, meaning that it is the highest bidder that has access to media. This practice termed “commercialization of news” as distinct from advertising in the media, is the most recent but dangerous developments in the Nigerian media industry dating from 1988 (See Uchenna Ek). Mass media and marketing communication 1996 page 61).

The study is vital because it will investigate on which the radio and television news credibility and objectivity stand.

It will equally enable the Sudanese in drowsing whether to listen to radio/ television news.

Moreso, it may enable the government to reschedule its policy of commercialization.

The study may be of great importance to the media, for them to be working in accordance with the professional code or conduct especially in edify a paid up story.

The study will further be use full in widening the audience audience    horigors on the commercialization of news and the way it affects them.

 

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

          The following questions will be asked by the researcher:

1. News in radio and television, has such news lost its credibility due to commercialization of news.
2. Hare journalists been subjective in their news reporting because of news commercialization ?

• What is the effect of news commercialization on the perceived “Brown envelope syndrome” and how has it affected the news credibility of these media?

1. Has news commercialization, deprived those who cannot afford the stipulated amount access to media?
2. Has the gate-keeping role as the news editor, been restricted to limitations because of news commercialization
3. Do the audience know that the news they listen in FRCN and NTA are paid?
   • RESEARCH HYPOTHESES (ADDITION OF NULL HYPOTHESES)

In the light of the aforementioned stated research questions, a few hypothesis which shall be tested in this study will equally be included.

 

H_I      commercialization of news tends to affect news credibility in the     broadcast media.

H_O     commercialization of news does not tend to affect news credibility in the broadcast media.

H₂     commercialization of news tends to reduce news objectivity in the   broadcast media.

H_o         Commercialization of news does not tend to reduce news       objectivity in the broadcast media.

H₃      News commercialization tends to encourage the  brown envelope    syndrome in the broadcast media.

H₀         New commercialization do not encourage the brown envelope         syndrome in the broadcast media.

H₄         News commercialization tends to deprive those who cannot pay     access to the media.

H₀         News commercialization do not tend to deprive those who cannot pay access to the media.

H₅      News commercialization tends to reduce the gate keeping roles of   the news editor in the broadcast media

H₀         News commercialization do  tend to reduce the gate keeping roles   of the news editor in the broadcast media.

 

1.7     DEFINITION OF TERMS

CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS.

The conceptual definitions of variables or concepts consist the literary meanings. Whereas the operational definition consists the specification of the data representation of the variables or concepts. Furthermore, operational definitions are the working definitions for the study.

 

 

 

Definition of the identified variables are as follows:

1. COMMERCIALIZATION

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION: it is a kind of dourness of fund from sales. Where money in generated from something in form  of sales.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

A situation whereby the broadcast media generate income from the news by selling air time for news instead of broadcasting the news based on accepted news values.

 

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION

Credibility is the which can be believed operational definition: Audience acceptance to believe the news contents of the broadcast media

 

3. GATE KEEPING

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION: Any person or formally organized group directly involved in relaying or disseminating information from one individual to author mass medium via a

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Mass media audience perception of gate keepers incapability to limit information, removal of unwanted areas of the news story and to widen paid stories in the broadcast media.

 

4. BROWN ENVELOPE

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION: A means by which news sponsors give money inform of bribe to journalist and editors.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:    Audience view that editors and journalists collect money in terms of bribe from news sponsors, thereby preventing them from carrying out their unique roles unbiased.

 

5. OBJECTIVITY.

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION:

Not being influenced by personal feelings, ideas, or bias.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:

A state of being influenced by personal feelings or bias.

 

1.8     ASSUMPTIONS

The study assumes that broadcast media news is mostly affected and influenced by the source or sponsors, making it to reduce its coldilility. Even though the editors play their our roles by editing the stories, it is being edited in favour of the sponsor.

That is why the researcher stands on the adage that stays “He who pays the piper, dictates the tune” which is factual in this condition.

The researcher  equally assumes that the brown envelope received by editors and journalists make the news coverage to be done in accordance with the sponsor’s directive. And this makes the broadcast news to loose its objectivity.

It is also seen that the origin of news slants started with the news sponsor.

The study equally assumes that avoidance of those who cannot pay to have soccer to media has make their opinion and ideas to be neglected.

This study too, assure that there is no difference between “commercials per se” and commercial news that audience find it difficult to distinguish between the two ie sponsored or paid news stories are not clearly stated.

 

1.9     LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.

The study concentrates mostly on credibility and objectivity of news in FRCN and NTA news.

These factors will be linked up with the brown envelope syndrome amongst journalists and news editors.  It will look into the gate keeping roles of the editors, in so for that news has been commercialized. It will also center on the way news commercialization has deprived those who cannot afford to the services of the broadcast media.

Due to time constraints and inadequate finance, this study is limited to Enugu necropolis. Where all the findings would be generalized alone for the residents of Enugu metropolis.

Download our android mobile app for more materials

ORDER NOW

COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF

THE FRCN AND THE ESBS RADIOS ENUGU

AGRICULTURAL COMMUNICATION PROGRAMMES OF SHEEP AND GOAT KEEPING PRACTICE ON THE

AMECHI AND UGWUAJI SHEEP AND GOAT KEEPERS IN ENUGU SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Sheep and goat are ruminant animals that bring back food from their stomachs and chew them again. The rearing of sheep and goat is called sheep and goat keeping.

The rearing of sheep and goat can be discussed on their purposes, the breeds and the origin, the management system, the feeds and feeding, the breeding system up to the time of kidding, healthcare in addition to control and prevention of diseases

The main purposes of rearing sheep and goat are either for the meat or income or religious ceremonies and festivities or getting their droppings to serve as a farm yard manure for the plants, or hides and skins for leather works, wool or even for gifts or milk production. Anyanwu et al (1998:168, and 169) therefore emphasized that

 

Goat and [sheep] are mainly kept in the tropics for meat production… few breeds have a fairly good ability for milk production. In the temperate zones… goats and [sheep] are kept mainly for milk production…meat, hair, and skin production are secondary to milk production.

 

Reasoning along the same line of Anyanwu et al, Carles (1983:56) maintained, “there are a total of five major products from sheep-meat, wool, milk, skins and manure”.

There are many breeds of sheep and goat that thrive effectively in all parts of the world. We have the American breed, the Arabian breed, the European breed, and the African breeds. In Nigeria, we have the sheep and goat that can thrive effectively

either in the forest region or the swampy forest region or the savannah region of the country.

In Enugu state and other forest belt, the West African dwarf breed is common among goats. They are short-legged, very hardy with good meat quality. Such breeds are resistant to trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness. They are relatively small in size and can produce twins and tripplings.

In the North, we have the Sokoto Red, Kano Brown, Bornu white while for the sheep, we have the long-legged black sheep that have little resistance to trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness. They are the Uda, the Balami, the Yankasa that are relatively large in size, long-legged.

Anyanwu (pp. 170-171), however, subdivided all [sheep] and goat into two:

 

the breeds found in the tropics to include- the West African Dwarf…the Hejazi of Arabic and the Moxoto of Pernambuco… the Cutch… the Sapel…the Jumnapari and Surti.

 

the temperate breeds to include-the Anglo Nubian…the British Saanen…the Toggen-burg…the Angora and the Kashmeri

 

The sheep and goat breeds existing in communities are the West African dwarf goat while that of sheep are the long-legged huge ones.

Anyanwu (p.169) revealed that the

 

 

…Domestic goat started life at the Asian mountain…but

have undergone changes depending on the environment

and the purpose to which improvement is directed.

 

For Carles (p.6), the origin and the likely area of large scale sheep production is in the “subtropical area… of Middle East (Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq and Syrian)”

The management system of sheep and goat could be the free range or the extensive system whereby the animals are left to roam about and feed themselves. In this system, the rearer does not care for adequate feed, housing among others. This system is, however, practised where there are abundant grazing land or pastures for the animals. During farming season, this practice is not advisable since the farmers whose crops were destroyed may kill the goat and sheep. Moreover, this system may be open to thieves or wild carnivorous animals, like lions, pythons and hyenas among others.

There is also the tethering or the semi-intensive management system whereby sheep and goat are tied with long ropes to poles or pegs in the bush to graze on the pastures. Some supplemental feedings such as kitchen wastes, peeled human food or meals can be given to the animals. It is advisable to hide them in the homes in the night or during rainfall. This is practised where there is much pressure on the land or during the planting season.

The intensive system of management is where the sheep and goat are usually confined in houses or pens. Such houses are built with roof, dwarf walls, sand or concrete floors. In a better built houses, it is good to keep the animals on a raised slated platform with crossbars so that they can be lying on them free from their droppings or dung and urines after feeding on the feeds on the bare concrete or earthen floor. The feeds may be tied on a rope or put in a manger while water will be kept away from the pens to prevent the animals from excreting on them. This system facilitates the easy cleaning of the pen. However, the rearer provides all the feeding requirements to the animals. Anyanwu (p.173) had aptly summarised these three systems of management of keeping sheep and goat to be “(a) tethering (b) semi-stall feeding (c) herding or fencing”.

The feeds and feedings of sheep and goat are comparably inexpensive to other ruminant animals. The animals feed on roughages such as legumes, crop residues, grasses, kitchen wastes, peels and chaffs of human foods.  Supplements such as groundnut cake, palm kernel cake, cotton seed cake, cotton seed and growers’ dried grains are necessary for the provision of both proteins, energy and vitamins to the animals. Some commercially prepared ruminant supplements are marketed within Enugu state and environs which the UGWUAJI and AMECHI sheep and goat rearers can buy at a cheap price. Pregnant and nursing ewe (female sheep) and doe (female goat) need adequate and balanced roughages as well as supplements. Water, more especially clean water is desirable at all seasons. The lamb of the female sheep or the kid of the female goat may not be fed with the roughages, concentrates or supplements immediately. They are usually given the mothers’ milk until at a particular age, they are fed with a particular quantity and quality of feeds and feeding hence Anyanwu (p.174) stressed, “the art and practice of feeding animals take into consideration the age and the type of animals fed”.

Goat and sheep breed throughout the year. The lambs and the kids mature between 6-10 months for both sexes.  Some of the animals mature within 8-10 months but breeding that are allowed from 8-12 months before mating or crossbreeding usually develop fully, more especially the females.  In choosing the breed to rear, people do that based on the physical appearance of the group, birth weight, the rate of the animals’ growth, the multiple birthing ability of the pedigree or the parent stock.  The doe (female goat) or the ewe (female sheep) are mated when they are on heat period or need mating which lasts from1-2 days.  It comes again after three (3) weeks.  The signs of being on heat are restlessness, mounting of other animals, standing still when mounted by the males.

Successful coition results in pregnancy or gestation that lasts from 145-153 days depending on the stock. Signs of gestation are the enlargements of the udder (breast), refusal to be mounted by the male animals, the enlargement of the vulva (vaginal opening).  During the pregnancy period, adequate feeding is required.  As soon as parturition or labour or the female animals are about to deliver their young, adequate cleaning of the pens and disinfecting the pens are necessary.  The lamb (young sheep) or the kidding (young goat) are weaned at 4-6 months when the ewe or the doe stop given their young their milk.  Young males are castrated at 1-4 weeks where necessary to control sex ratio and check indiscriminate mating of the females.  The female goat or doe usually kid three or more times in two (2) years with either one or two or three young per birth depending on the breeding stock. The female sheep or ewe lambs accordingly like the female goat or doe.

The common diseases of sheep and goat are diarrhoea, sleeping sickness, worms, pneumonia and body parasites. The signs of illness are loss of appetite, abnormal pulse, rise in temperature, constipation or too much hard excreta, diarrhoea, difficulty or noisy breathing or coughing, dull looking, starring look, standing apart from others, foreign eyes or discharges, loss of age or weight, emaciation.

The control and prevention of the common disease are available for the sheep and goat rearers.  The peste des petites ruminants (PPR) or small ruminants pest, which comes in form of fever, can be controlled by vaccinating the sheep and goat during the rainy season between February – March or the onset of the harmattan within November and December. A veterinary officer is usually invited by the animal rearers to vaccinate the sick animals. To control all forms of worms, broad-spectrum worm expellers are used once every month during rainy season but less frequent at the period of dry season.  Insecticide solution called acaricide is usually spread on the animal’s pen or bodies to prevent the biting of ticks, mites, or fleas that causes craw-craw, itching skin or swellings. Sick animals can be quarantined. Good sanitation in the animals’ pen and within the surroundings can prevent some of the diseases of the goat and sheep. Overcrowding the animals is usually avoided to minimize disease and pest spread.

Acquiring breeding stock from reputable sources free from any physical defect, disease and stunted body growth is desirable. Crossbreeding between the West African Dwarf goats, the long-legged sheep and other big size breeds for size and improvement of performance should be encouraged.

The Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) Enugu ”Ndewonu Ndi Olu Ubi” started during the First Republic.  The English version was then called “Farmers Forum” which had since stopped.  The programme enlightens the people on gardening, crop planting, vegetable farming and animal husbandry among others.  The Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) Enugu radio news reporting is broadcast every Wednesday at 7.30pm for a duration of 15 minutes.

The Enugu State Broadcasting Service (ESBS) Enugu “Radio Farmer” started in 1988 when it was called the Anambra State Broadcasting Service (ABS). The Igbo version was entitled “Ndewo Ndi Olu Ubi” which was broadcast in the amplitude modulation (AM) frequency while the “Radio Farmer” was broadcast in the frequency modulation (FM) radio wave.  The Igbo version had been stopped while the “Radio Farmer” earlier aired twice a week for a duration of 15 minutes every Fridays by 4.30pm and Mondays by 3.03pm for the same duration of 15 minutes has continued with only that of Monday transmission at 3.03pm for the same duration of 15 minutes.  The FRCN Enugu broadcasts the same varied programmes aired by the station.  Both radio stations use the same signature tune format of combined entertainment – information at the beginning and the ending to motivate all people irrespective of their profession to embrace farming that is the live-wire of any society.  Within the middle of the entertainment could be a straightforward presentation or question and answer programme format for airing the programme which had already been recorded in an audio tape(s).  We are not, however, interested in all the programmes of agricultural news reporting or communication of the stations rather our interest is in that of sheep and goat rearing and management.  The above ideas as presented formed the core information of both radio stations message content.

 

• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

We are quite aware of the efforts of the ENADEP officials and the radio agricultural programmes producers to inform the sheep and goat rearers about the techniques of rearing the animals but the problem is whether most of the animal rearers listen to the agricultural news reporting programmes of the two radio stations (FRCN and ESBS Enugu). If ever the sheep and goat rearers listen to the agricultural communication programmes of both radio stations, did they create any impact on them? Even if the radio stations created some impact on the sheep and goat rearers of UGWUAJI and AMECHI communities, to what extent was that impact?

If they listened to the programme and it created impact on them to a certain level, which radio station’s programme actually created more impact than the other?

 

• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

In every research topic, the investigator has certain objectives in mind while carrying out the research.  The purposes are to:

• Ascertain if most of the AMECHI and UGWUAJI sheep and goat rearers listen to the agricultural communication programme of both FRCN and ESBS radios Enugu.
• Know if they actually understood the content of the programme on sheep and goat rearing of both radios stations and have applied them effectively or need the modification of the content for more understanding.
• Know the level of impact created on the sheep and goat rearers of AMECHI and UGUWAJI communities and which radio stations programme created more impact than the other.
  • SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Some small scale sheep and goat keepers who listened to both radio stations agricultural news reporting may be influenced to plan for a commercial or large scale production of sheep and goat for the benefit. It will also be beneficial to the general public in terms of acquisition of knowledge since any knowledge is not a waste.

The Enugu State Agricultural Development Project (ENADEP) officials who liaise with the producers to present the programme will be receiving visitors to clarify certain issues in the programme. This will indirectly enable both the ENADEP officials and the producers to improve their research as well as the presentation of the knowledge to the sheep and goat rearers. This amount to deep research in addition to the acquisition of more knowledge on their parts.

Industries that may need their raw materials from sheep and goat products could now be referred to commercial sheep and goat rearers for sourcing their needed raw materials.

 

1.5   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Do most of the AMECHI and UGWUAJI sheep and goat rearers listen to both the FRCN “Ndewonu Ndi Olu Ubi” and the ESBS “Radio Farmer at all”?
2. Did the agricultural communication programme on sheep and goat rearing of both radio stations create impact on the rearers.

• To what extent was the impact of the radio stations’ programmes to the target audience?

 

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H₁    Most of the AMECHI and UGWUAJI sheep and goat rearers listen to both the FRCN “Ndewonu Ndi Olu Ubi” and the ESBS “Radio Farmer”.

H₀     Most of the AMECHI and UGWUAJI sheep and goat rearers do not listen to both the FRCN “Ndewonu Ndi Olu Ubi” and the ESBS “Radio Farmer”.

H­₂    The agricultural communication programme on sheep and goat rearing of both radio stations created impact on the rearers.

H₀    The agricultural communication programme on sheep and goat rearing of both radio stations did not create impact on the rearers.

H₃    The extent of the impact of the radio agricultural message to the target audience was high.

H_0­       The extent of the impact of the radio agricultural message to the target audience was not high.

H₄    One of the radio stations created more impact than the other on the sheep and goat rearers of AMECHI and UGWUAJI communities.

H_o    One of the radio stations did not create more impact than the other on the sheep and goat rearers of AMECHI and UGWUAJI communities.

 

• THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The basis for the theoretical framework for the study is to hinge the factors to the development of agriculture through radio listeners by the target audience. From such viewpoints, two theoretical frameworks-the development media theory and the use

and gratification model were, hereby, emphasized for the purpose of media reach, media exposure, media use.

The development media theory according to Okunna (1999:139) “the concepts of development journalism and development communication… (that are) very important in communication in the Third World countries” .Edeani (1993:126) as in Okunna (p. 139).explained that

 

Development communication… is the employment of all forms of communication, and not only the mass media, in the promotion of national development efforts…[while] development journalism is the kind of journalism which pays sustained attention to the coverage of ideas, policies, programmes, activities and events dealing with the improvement of the life of a people…

 

If the public for which the media messages are meant for are not interested in such messages, development cannot be sustained. If, however, the people are interested in such media messages, the second theoretical framework of the uses and gratification model will surface, which Cassata and Asante (1979:88) emphasised that

 

1. The audience being active, seeks out specific types of media content to satisfy its needs,
2. People select their media from cafeteria of all kinds of offerings, including selecting from competing media as well as from different, more conventional, and more traditional modes of needs fulfillment…
3. People are sufficiently aware of how the media satisfy their needs and interest, and are articulate enough to verbalise this.

 

Both the FRCN and the ESBS radios Enugu agricultural news reporting producers know the powers of the mass media and the

tenets of the development media theory as well as the uses and gratification model which, therefore, propelled them to use the radio since according to Okenwa (2000:4)

 

…The radio, no doubt, is enjoying greater popularity especially among rural population because of its reach… Whether reach alone can actually amount to proper use of the radio medium will again call back the issue of the relationship between message dissemination and message reception.

 

• SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

The research study focused on only one hundred and two (102) selected respondents from each of the two communities – AMECHI and UGWUAJI who are sheep and goat rearers.  Moreover, the content of the broadcast information formed the basic questions in the questionnaire.  The study limited itself to the rearing of sheep and goat news reporting of the radio stations and not other agricultural communication reporting of the stations.  The procedures had been followed due to the short period of study and pressure on time.

 

• DEFINITION OF BASIC TERMS

The purposes of defining certain basic terms conceptually and operationally are to clarify some agricultural communication register to aid proper understanding by even a layman in the field.

Conceptual: This is the animal skin got and used for leather.

Operational: This is the dried sheep and goatskins used for shoe, .                      bag, leatherwork etc.

• TEMPERATE REGION.

Conceptual:      This is any area of the world that has mild temperature without much heat or cold.

Operational:      This refers to the European and American countries.

• TROPICAL REGION

Conceptual:      This is any area of the world between the Tropic of Cancer and the Capricon, which have hot climatic condition.

Operational:      This refers to Africa and some desert regions of the world.

• SLATED PLATFORM

Conceptual:      A flat surface raised above the level of the ground or floor.

Operational:      A table-like raised surface above the animal pen usually constructed with crossed bamboo or wooden sticks where sheep and goat can climb and rest after eating so that they are kept away from their droppings, urines etc on the floor.

 

 

• SUPPLEMENT

Conceptual:      These are feeds that supply proteins, vitamins and energy to the animals.

Operational:      These are the same with concentrates which are human meals such as groundnut cake, maize, soybean, oat, coconut cake, palm kernel cake, cotton seed, cotton seed cake.

 

• ROUGHAGES

Conceptual:      These are fibre food like vegetable materials that help in bowel movement.

Operational:      These are legumes, crop residues, grasses, kitchen wastes, peels and chaffs of human meals.

(vii) AGRICULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Conceptual:      This refers to agricultural news reporting that tend to motivate, encourage and sensitise the farmers to techniques of rearing and management of sheep and goat

Operational:      This refers to the agricultural news reporting of the FRCN Enugu “Ndewonu Ndi Olu Ubi” and the ESBS Enugu “Radio Farmer”.

 

(viii) BLOAT

Conceptual:      This is one of the diseases suffered by the sheep and goat due to bad feeding.

Operational:      This is one of the sheep and goat diseases caused by eating wet grasses.

• “NDEWONU NDI OLU UBI” AND “RADIO FARMER”

Conceptual: They are both agricultural news-reporting programmes of both radio stations.

Operational: They are the agricultural news reporting programmes of FRCN Enugu broadcast by 7.30pm every Wednesday and that of ESBS Enugu aired by 3.03pm every Monday respectively.

• PRODUCERS

Conceptual: These are the radio stations journalists who are the overall in charge of assembling particular programmes to be aired to the public.

Operational: These are the radio stations journalists of the FRCN “Ndewonu Ndi Olu Ubi” (Mike Utaka) and that of the ESBS “Radio Farmer” (Osmund Onyemaechi Anidiobi).

 

• ASSUMPTIONS

1. Most of the sheep and goat rearers in the AMECHI and UGWUAJI communities listened to both radio stations agricultural communication programme.
2. The content of the two-radio stations agricultural communication programme on sheep and goat rearing created impact.

• The rate of impact created on the target audience was high.

1. One of the radio stations created more impact than the other on the sheep and goat rearers of the two communities

 

REFERENCES

 

Anyanwu, Ambrose C. et al (1998): A Textbook of Agricultural

Science For Schools And Colleges, Fifth Edition, Onitsha:

Africana First Publishers Limited.

 

Carles, A. B(1983): Sheep Production In The Tropics, New York:

Oxford University Press.

 

Cassata, Mary and Asante, Molefi K (1979): Mass      Communication Principles And Practices, New York: Macmillan Publishing Company Inc.

 

Okenwa, Nnamdi .S (2000): The Mass Media: Uses And      Regulation, Enugu: Bismarck Publication.

 

Okunna, Stella. Chinyere (1999): Introduction To Mass      Communication, Second Edition, Enugu: New Generation        Books.

Download our android mobile app for more materials

ORDER NOW

COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

THE IMPACT OF ADVERTISING IN A CORPORATE ORGANIZATION

A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK  OF NIGERIA PLC

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to X-ray the  uses of  advertising in a corporate Organization  in its  areas of operation which mainly publics. But as  a result of  some constraints, this work has to be limited to the first Bank of Nigeria PLC only which is the case study.

Chapter  one contains a general discussion on background study of first  Bank of Nigeria PLC and Advertising.

The second chapter treats the literature reviews as it  relates  to  advertising and  corporate Organization .

Chapter three deals with the research  methodology and research design of the  study, the method used and techniques  of analyzing the questionnaires.

The data got from the research survey were analyzed and interpreted. Also, similar questionnaires were compared.

Finally, notes, the summary of findings, recommendations and conclusions, even bibliography made by the researchers are all in chapter five.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY                     1
• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM 7
• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 8
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 9
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS 9
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 10
• DEFINITION OF TERMS 12
• ASSUMPTION 13
• LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 15

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE   REVIEW                                                16

REFERENCES                                                     30

CHAPTER THREE

3.1    RESEARCH   METHODOLOGY                       31

3.2    RESEARCH  DESIGN                                   32

3.3    RESEARCH SAMPLE                                    33

3.4    MEASURING INSTRUMENT                          35

3.5    DATA  COLLECTION                                    35

3.6    DATA ANALYSIS                                         36

CHAPTER FOUR

• PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 37
• TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 44

CHAPTER FIVE

• NOTES 51
• SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 58
• CONCLUSIONS 59
• RECOMMENDATIONS 60

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                   62

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

 

For proper understanding and perception of this work, it will be wise to trace the historical background of the bank under case study which is first Bank of Nigeria Limited, in line with background  of uses of advertising .

Founded in 1894 by  a shipping  magnate from  Liverpool, Air, Alfred Jones, the bank commenced as a small operation in the  office of Elder Dumpster and company in Lagos State.  It was in Cor-porated as a limited  liability company on march 31^st, 1894 with head office in Liverpool. It started business under the corporate name  of the bank for British  west African (BBWA) with a paid- up capital of 12,000 pounds sterling after absorbing  its predecessor, the African Banking Corporation, which was established in 1892. due to the impressive growth they worked closely  with  the  colonial government in performing the tradition function of a central bank such as issue of species in the  west  African sub- region.

To justify its west African coverage, a branch was opened in Accra, Gold Coat Ghana in 1896 and another  in free town, sierra-Leone in 1899. These  mark the Genesis  of the bank’s operations. The second branch of the Bank in Nigeria in was in the old calabar of cross – river State in 1990 and two years later, services were extended to Nigeria, with a network of 315 branches  opened throughout the branch network in the industry.

To  satisfy  the needs and services of its customers,  first Bank of Nigeria has diversified into a wide range of banking  activities and  services. These include corporate and retail  banking, Registration  trusteeship and insurance brokerage.  To take advantage on several  restructuring initiatives. In 1957, it changed its name from bank of British west Africa to bank of West Africa.

In 1964, the bank was  incorporated  locally  as  the standard bank of Nigeria limited  in line with the   companies decree of 1968. changes in the name of the bank also occurred in 1979 and 1991, to first Bank of Nigeria limited  and first Bank  of Nigeria PLC  respectively. In  1985, the bank  introduced a decentralized structure  with five regional administrations.

This  was reconfigured in 1992 to enhance  the bank’s operational efficiency in 1996, the bank introduced the FBN century II project to revolutionary  its operations in line with the dynamic  of the environment. The bank has continued to be leader in financing  long term investments  in the economy, which was demonstrated in 1947, when  the first long- time loan was advanced to the colonial government . To  demonstrate its commitment to its   customers and the development of the Nigeria economy, the bank has since broadcast its loan and  credit portfolios to various sectors of the economy.

The bank has tremendously   judging from a number of parameters including  number of branches, growth in deposit base, asset size and size of loans and advances.

BACKGROUND OF ADVERTISING

Advertising is not a new activity of modern industrialism but an ancient  practices  that goes back to the  very beginning  of recorded  history. The diggings of  a choreologists in the countries rimming  the mediate area sea have turned up evidence of the  use of  sign  to announce various events and offers. The Romans painted walls  to announce forth coming gladiatorial  contests and Phoenicians painted    murals on prominent  rocks  along trade routes  extolling the wares they sold, a precursor of modern out door advertising . In pomepeil, w wall has been found praising  a politician  and asking for the people’s vote.

Another early  form of the people’s advertising  was the use of  town cries . In Greece during the   Golden age,  town criers  were paid to circulate messages through  the streets of Athens announcing the sales of stores, cattle’s and other goods as well as making  public announcements.

An early singing commercials used in ancient  Athens went  as follows “for eyes that shinning, for checks like  the dawn, beauty that last after girl hood is gone, for prices  in reason, the woman who knows will buy her cosmetics  of Aschypothes”. These town criers  were the forerunner of radio as an advertising  medium and the car louder speakers used by the modern political candidates.

The third early  form of advertising was the mark placed by artisans on their  individuals good such as  pottery. As  the reputation of particular artisan spread through word of mouth,  buyers began to look for his  distinctive mark just as trade marks and brand  names are used today. They would pay a premium, for example, Osnabruck linen was carefully controlled for quality and commanded a price 20 percent higher  than that of other  westphalian  linens, as production became more  centralized and markets became more distant the mark  or identifying  name took on more  significance.

The turning point in the history of advertising  was in 1450, the year counter berry invented the  printing press. No longer did advertisers have to produce extra copies of sign by hand. The first  know printed advertisement in the English language appeared in 1478. starting in 1622, an important new medium gave  advertising  a substantial  forward push  namely  the first English newspaper,  the weekly  news. Later,  Joseph Addison and Richard Steele published  the  tellers and become devotes of advertising, Addison included this advice to copywriters.

The art  of writing advertising is the finding out the method to catch the  reader, without  when a good thing may pass unobserved or be lost among commissions of  bankrupts “ the September 14, 1710, issue of the  tatter contained competitive advert for razor stops and  patent medicine attempting to convince the  readers of the products super entry over competing products.

Advertising  had its greatest growth in the  united states  rather than English, Benjamin Franklin is often called the father of American becoming the  cradle of  advertising . first America industry led in the mechanization of production, which created surpluses and the need to convince the consumers to buy more. Second  the development of fine network of water ways, highways and roads made the  transportation of goods and advertising  media to the countryside feasible.

Third, the establishment in 1813 of compulsory  public education led to  the decline  of illiteracy and the growth of newspaper  and magazine. The invention of radio and later television created two  more amazing media for the dissemination of advertising.

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE  RESEARCH PROBLEM

Corporate Organization has been embarking on advertising  sells promotion, use of marketing mix even publicity  to reach out to their  public. Therefore, the statement problem is to  know the uses of advertising in corporate organization, using first Bank PLC, as a study.

1.3   OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

Advertising messages  of  first Bann has been on throughout the nation through various media.

THE AIM OF THIS PROJECT IS :-

1. To know how messages advert helps in disseminating the services of first Bank PLC.
2. To Know whether corporate organization should continue in advertising.
3. To ascertain whether advertisement can attract new customers to the  bank
4. To find out whether advertising is expensive or not.
5. To know the effects of advert messages on the publics .

 

 

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study  will be of  immense help to the following consumers, readers and researchers. The study  will be of  great benefit  if first Bank Plc.  Hence, it will help in evaluating the company’s advertising  budget and its  effect to the Bank.

Moreso, the study will be of benefit to the researcher but also to the reader. It will provide an in-depth knowledge for a better understanding in the uses of advertising in a corporate Organization.

1.5   RESEARCH   QUESTIONS

This study  is aimed at providing solutions and  answers to the following research questions. The  growth, expansion and  sustenance  of the case study (first  Bank ) have been questioned as regards the uses of advertising  in the upliftment of the corporate affairs.

1. Does the high rate of advertising that the corporate Organization, such as first Bank embark on determine the high rate of services to the public?
2. Does first  Bank derive her dividend if she embarks on continuous advert.
3. Does the size of corporate Organization determines  the type of media  that is necessary  for advertising?

Meanwhile advertising  is son important to  audience especially  who makes use of the agency  and department.

 

1.6   RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following  research  hypothesis are to be tested so as to ascertain the extent of the effectiveness  of advertising  by corporate Organization, using first Bank as a case study.

 

 

 

1^st    NULL:

H01   The high rate of advert that the corporate Organization such as  first Bank embark  on, do not determine the high rate of services to the public.

1^st    ALTERNATIVE:

HH1  The high rate of advert that the corporate organization such as first Bank embark  on determines the high rate of services to the publics.

 

2^ND NULL

H02   First Bank  does not derive  her dividend if the embark on continuous advert.

3^rd NULL:

HO3  The size of the corporate Organization does not  determine the type of media  that is not necessary for advertising.

 

 

3^rd    ALTERNATIVE

HH3  The size of the corporate Organization  determines the  type of media that is necessary   for advertising.

 

1.7   DEFINITION OF TERMS

USES

Conceptual Definition

Uses means  a  purpose for which something  is being done.

Operational Definition

Uses is the degree of advertising effects on first Bank  of Nigeria PLC customers.

1. ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN

Conceptual Definition

Advertising campaign is  a process of crating awareness of a  particular product  and also persuading people to buy it.

Operational definition

Advertising campaign are messages directed to consumers.

Corporate

Conceptual definition

Corporate means  united in a single group.

Operational definition

Organization

Conceptual definition

Organization share the same ideology

CUSTOMER CHOICE

Conceptual  definition

This is the ability of the customers to decide between alternatives.

Operation definition

Customer choice here is  the ability of the customers of first Bank  to choose  the bank from other Banks.

 

1.8   ASSUMPTION

The researchers  assumed that the respondents in our sample population in this study have access to advertisement on any mass media . and that the advert they either sea, read or hear, have forced them into choosing first Bank  as their banker.

It  is also assumed that they are aware of the  “advertisement” that  first bank  embarks on which this study is interested  in. also we were motivated by the assumed existence of latent desire and  inquisitiveness among respondents advertising acceptance based on media used and elements of the advertising message.

However, we are conscious  of the obvious fact that most of the rural dwellers  do not have access to the media used for this advert but we used the first Bank in Zik’s Avenue  as our focal  point because of the  large population of mixed tribes as sample population. This sample is a concentration of respondent who are  aware of what  this research effort gets.

 

 

 

1.9   LIMITATION OF STUDY

To achieve the aim of this study, we are going to limit the number of the sample  size. We also intend to do that so as to save cost, sometimes  and avoid the problem  of sampling the large size of the population.

The concentration of limited area of study will greatly  enhance out data collection in this study.

Download our android mobile app for more materials

ORDER NOW

COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

BROADCAST NEWS COMMENTARIES AS A STRATEGY FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of problem
• Purpose of study
• Significance of study
• Research questions and hypothesis
• Scope of study/ limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• Early strategies of social change

2.1     Propaganda –an evaluation

• News commentary and propaganda
• Mass psychology and social control
• News and current affairs and news commentries
• News commentaries and other creative articles

 

CHAPTER THREE

• Research design
• Area of study
• Population of the study
• Sample and sampling procedures
• Instrument for data collection
• Validity and reliability of the research instrument
• Method of administration of the research instrument
• Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data presentation and analysis of results
• Test of hypothesis
• Summary of result / findings

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• Discussion of results / findings
• Implication of the research findings
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
• Suggestion for furthers study

References

Appendices.

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

 

• SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES
• SEX DISTRIBIUTION OF RESPONDENTS
• AGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS
• EDUCATION LEVEL DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS
• MEDIA PROGRAMMER INCLUDE NEWS COMMENTRIES
• NEWS COMMENTARIES AIMS AT INFLUENCING SOCIAL CHANGE
• OTHER MEDIA PROGRAMME THAT INFLUENCE SOCIAL CHANGE
• GOVERNMENT OWNED MEDIA
• PRESSURE TO PACKAGE UNETHICAL NEWS COMMENTARIES
• CENSORSHIP LEADS TO LOSS OF OBJECTIVE REPORTING AND JOURNALISM
• CENSORSHIP CAN CAUSE AUDIENCE TO LOSE INTEREST IN LOCAL NEWS.
• LISTEN TO RADIO OR WATCHING TELEVISION ON DIALY BASIS
• ACCESS TO BROADCAST MEDIA
• LISTENERSHIP OF NEWS
• EXETENT OF LISTENING
• MEDIA APPROPRATE IN NEWS TRREATMENT
• TELEVISION AND RADIO CARRY OUT NEWS COMMENTARY PROGRAMME
• AUDIENE ATTENTION TO NEWS COMMENTARIES
• AUDIENCE RESPONSES TO THE MESSAGE IDEA OF NEWS COMMENTARIES.
• SATISFACTION WITH THE INFORMATION FROM LOCAL MEDIA
• INFORMATION FROM LOCAL MEDIA DETERMNE AUDIENCE SOURCE FOR INFORMATION FROM INTERNATION MED.

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

This study examines the crucial role of news commentaries in social change. It accordingly recognizes that its true subject is always the audience, especially, how that audience is constructing social reality in their minds and daily lives. News commentary plays a strategic role in social change because it represents, or rather presents, society as something already under discussion, in the here and now, by media persons (press). In other words, it provides a communications infrastructure for the revolution of everyday life.

However, various obstacles exist in the path of Nigerian journalist that militate against effective performance of his/ her duties. Here lies the role of the press. This study takes a look at what constitutes a social change and the role news commentaries are plating and are also expected to play.

This research work is carried out to help determine and highlight some of the problems militating against the successful production and utilization of broadcast news commentary with special emphasis on broadcast media and the audience within Enugu metropolis. The aim here is to find out if news commentary truly affects social change, its limitations, and recommendations. It also proffers solutions that would help promote media effectiveness, based on the result of the analysis and findings.

This research exercise is divided into five chapters, viz, chapter one deals with the background of the study, statement of problem, objectives, scope, hypotheses and significance of the study. Chapter two deals with review of related literature. Chapter three deals with research methodology and design, while chapter four deals with data presentation and analysis of result. Chapter five deals with findings, conclusions and recommendations and limitations of the study stating some of the problems encountered in the course of this research exercise.

A reference of all library sources, or authors whose previous work were quoted or referred to by the researcher is made available at the end of this chapter. Also in carrying out this research, the major types of data employed include primary and secondary data. The primary data were obtained through questionnaires, surveys and observations, while the secondary data were collected from interviews and appraisal of available literature and documents.

In convulsion this research affirms that news commentary lies are indeed both a potent force and effective tool used to achieve social change. Recommendations were also made.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY.

The introduction of broadcast media in Nigeria was dated back to 1930’s starting with the Radio.

Radio broadcasting in Nigeria started with the colonial policy, which demanded sharing of information between colony and the colonial Lords, in 1932 as British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

The system used them was wired wireless connected to the rediftusion boxes (loud speakers) in subscribers hones. This system was called, Radio Distribution service (RDS)

This era led to the establishment of Nigerian Broadcasting service (NBS) in 1951, that Nigerialization of radio program news reflected the environmental pattern/ culture of the people. It was renamed in 1957 as Nigerian Broadcast Corporation (NBC).

Although the scope of the NBC was designed to cover the regions, radio stations were simulfeneously established by the Eastern and Western regions to   cater for the mass communication needs of their respective region.

The Eastern region established the tasters Nigerian Broadcasting service (ENBS) IN 1963.

The radio was set up not only to supplement NBC’s efforts, but also provided a team of spirit of competition and electivity which are to have tremendous impact on the quality/ quantity of their programmers.

To further ensure effective broadcast performance, the NBC established zonal station to Lagos, to provide impartial broadcast service to the country.

Television transmission in Nigeria also began in Western Nigeria on October 31^st 1959. The service which was initiated by the regional government of the west was not only the first in Nigeria, but the oldest in Africa’s continent as a whole, (Egbon, 1985: 34). The birth of television in Nigeria was accidental having been born out of political motivations. Hitherto, Radio broadcasting in Nigeria was solely provided by the NBC and entirely financed by the government sought to establish its mass media, which it could control and through w2hich it could voice out its opinion independence of the federal Authority.

The new WNBC was set up to provide television and sound broadcasting services, which includes education, i8nformation and entertainment programmers.

These tasters Nigeria Television (ENTV) now NTA Enugu was established in 1963 while others came later. The federal government of Nigeria in 1975 took over all the old regional Television stations.

Television broadcasting was introduced in developing countries recently with its coverage limited to urban centers. The main idea that informed this transfer of television Technology was the view of education and social planners who perceived television as a possible panacea for development and that it may advance modernization and also encourage mass production techniques.

Radio, as the commonest mass media in the third world has proven to have some merits over the last thirty years, radios out reach has expanded cultural communication, television continues to expand rapidly, although from a much smaller and more urban base than radio.  The programmers which those television viewers see continue to be largely imported much of it from U.S.  Therefore, for most countries, television will continue to be an international medium with a high degree of foreign cultural influence to social change.

Broadcast news commentary is however, as old as the news itself. News commentary as the name implies, is the news behind the news. It is a critical interpretation, evaluation and presentation of significant, contemporal social events in such a way as to inform, entertain, educate and as well influence the audience (ie the publics), (Okoro & Agbo 2003: 125).

News commentary was created to fill the vacuum which news story failed to fill, due to lack of time in the broadcasting media. It is certain issues that need to be highlighted or further elucidated, especially, on a social burning issue.

News commentary like news highlights, news analysis, special reports, focus, even editorial opinion etc has contribute much in different aspects of national development and influence change in people’s social lives.

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.

Any nations that needs development without having mass media in her first mind as indispensables and integrate part of development is merely making a mistake.

People have realized the need, especially in Nigeria, for keeping the public informed to tell people what they don’t and would want to know.

Journalists in the other hand have continued to serve as watchdogs for the public (Microsoft) (Encarta suit 2004). News commentary exerted some influence, but even more important is its ability to focus public attention on social problems, political corruption or development programmers, (Encarta 2004).

As a result of these a lot of changes has been going on in Nigeria.

 

PROBLEMS INHERENT IN THE STUDY ARE AS FOLLOWS:

1. Despite the fact that the mass media are all as important as the other in making social change, why is it that some are more effective than the other?
2. Though television sets cost are higher than when compared to the cost of radio sets, why then do majority of people have more access to television than radio.
3. Lacks of packaging and good presentation of programmers sometimes deny the media the opportunity of winning the interest of listener/ viewership.
4. Why television is in its exaggerative nature seems to attract audience more than the radio.

 

• OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

This study is designed to achieve the following objectives:

1. To find out which of the mass media-television and radio that audience are more exposed to.
2. To find out the extent each influence the public in terms of social/attitude change
3. To find out the commonly used media among the two by agents of development/ change.
4. To know the limitations of television and radio in information dissemination.
5. To know the extent broadcast news commentary has impact on people’s social behavior.
6. To draw inference from available primary and secondary data and make recommendations where necessary.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OR STUDY.

This study Broadcast news commentary as a strategy for social change is to ascertain which of the two main broadcast media television and radio is more effective in persuading and influencing social change it is also to find out which of the two is more demanding by the public and other social agents. People stand a better chance to gain from this study as they would.

Always need the best satisfaction from any one of the media they may be exposed to.

The researcher as a final year student will gain a lot from this study also when she joins the media to demonstrate what she has learnt.

Finally, this research study is for the benefit to the entire public of the society whose task is to pay attention to the broadcast news commentary for a better change. They are not left out.

 

• SCOPE OF STUDY OR LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study is restricted to Enugu, which is nearer and more familiar to me. And which l believes is sufficiently repre3sntative of Nigeria.

The scope for this study is limited to Enugu metropolis the audience, while media are the available local channels. The use of Enugu metropolis is because of its feature as composing the Nigeria audience structure.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Does broadcast news commentary influence social change?
2. Government policies effect dissemination of broadcast news commentary?
3. Are people more exposing to radio than television?
4. Are the audiences satisfied with the information they get from local media?

 

• HYPOTHESES

1. H₀: Broadcast news commentary influence social change.

H₁: Broadcast news commentary does not influence social change.

1        H₀: Government policy does not strictly affect dissemination of broadcast news commentary.

H₁: Government policies strictly affect dissemination of broadcast

News commentary.

1        H₀: People are not more exposed to radio than television.

H₁: People are more exposed to radio than television.

1        H₀: Audience is not satisfied with the information they get

From local Media.

H₁: Audience is satisfied with the information they get from local

Media.

Download our android mobile app for more materials

ORDER NOW

COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE