CREDIBILITY OF NIGERIA BROADCAST MEDIA

(A CASE STUDY OF NTA ENUGU)

ABSTRACT

 

CREDIBILITY OF NIGERIA BROADCAST MEDIA

(A CASE STUDY OF NTA ENUGU METROPOLIS)

This will be research work designed to take a look at credibility of Nigeria Broadcast media with special emphasis on NTA Enugu in Enugu State.

This study is attempts of evaluate the position of Nigerians towards the Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) it is intended to prove empirical data on NTA, and how media play a vital role in the life of people.

Reviews of related literature clearly examine in great detail the factors surrounding the credibility of broadcast media.

Several data gathering techniques were employed; these included a survey of opinion of television viewer’s questionnaire and direct personal observation.

The finding indicates that broadcast organizations and its programmed use to be trust and accepted to the people for their truth objectivity and elimination of boas they met. It also indicates that although Nigerians accepts other media as an organs of information dissemination, people in Uwani prefer and rely more on NTA television network for reliable and dependable news.

Based on these finding, this study recommends broadcasting objectives which other media will follow to redeem its image enhance acceptability.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  INTRODUCTION                                                                             1

• Background of the study   1 – 3
• Statement of the problems       4
• Objectives of the study                               5
• Significance of the study 6 – 7
• Scope and limitation of the study 7 – 8
• Definitions of terms                            8 – 9

References                                                                                         10

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                  11

• Place of broadcast in society     11 – 15
• Effect of broadcasting               15 – 16
• Criticism of broadcasting     17 – 18
• Autonomy of broadcasting                                                     18 – 21
• Performance in terms of quantity     21 – 22
• Performance in terms of quality     22 – 24

References                                                                               25 – 27

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY                            28

• Area of study                   29
• Data gathering techniques     29
• Population of the study 29
• Sample size and sample techniques                    30 – 31
• Scale of measurement 31
• Reliability of the instrument 32
• Other data gathering techniques                                         32

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0  PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OD DATA                             33

• Introduction      33
• Questionnaire distribution                                            33 – 44

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• SUMMARY OF FINDING,

          RECOMMENDATION AND CONLUSION                                45

5.1     Summary of findings                                                              45 – 46

• Recommendation 47
• Conclusion 47

Bibliography                                                                           48 – 51

Questionnaire

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

 INTRODUCTION

The media play a vital role in communication and understanding of service to a wide audience. Both broadcasters and Journals can benefit from a constructive, relationship, based on a mutual respect for each other’s respective role broadcasters can assist research in going public recognition for their work.

Credibility of Nigeria broadcast media is the key to success of Nigeria broadcast. The NTA must continue to have editorial independence to produce and accurate, objective and comprehensive programming. People will listen to the broadcasters only if they believe them. Credibility in Nigeria broadcast media depicts the honest and competence of NTA when it commerce to commenting on a particular issues. Although, there may be opinions about a range of topic

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

For the purpose of this study, the researches considered UWANI metropolis, Enugu, because of its strategies location.

Television newer ship has fallen off in recent years, credibility ratings for the major TV news outlets have remained relatively stable. As was case in 1998 and 1996, NTA is related the most credibility TV news source. Roughly four in ten people in Uwani who are able to rate it (39%) say they can believe all or most of what they see and hear on NTA.

Since the mid-1980’s, Nigeria have become increasingly skeptical of what they see, hear and read in the media and almost no major news outlet has escaped this trend. For many media outlets there has been little change in public evaluations in the last four years but ratings for some continue to inch downward.

Different studies in different countries have found that developing countries need the media for evolution of new psychological personality, learners study of the middle East, pools study of the media, Rogers diffusion of innovation, all bear clear and eloquent testimony to the crucial role of the mass media to national development.

Leading credence to this assertion, Wilbur Schramm in his graphic message concludes “Communication is always at the very center of existence, for any society, developing or not that countries in a hurry cannot afford the luxury of an inert mass”.

Defleur Dennis on his part, oberserves, “Traditional societies with limited mass communication tend to develop slowly but when mass media are introduced, changes take place.  This is because the society has grown all the more complex and this has made direct simple communication alone less relevant.

The way media performs its functions would go to support or undermine the claim that they are contributing to national development.  This point is well made by Wilson P. Dizard when he observes that television in some countries has proven a mere boondoggle.

Joseph R. Dominick observes that if a reader or viewer looses trust or stops believing what is being reported, the fundamental contract between audience and reporters is undermined and news organisation cannot survive.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

The main problem of this study is to investigate if NTA Enugu has a source of credible News broadcasting media.

 

The problem of transmitting over a short range and serving densely populated areas with effective broadcasting equipments, e.g. transmitters, antennas, shelters, generators, etc.

NTA Enugu has suffered credibility decline in recent years as a local news station mainly by habitants of Uwani.

As a consequence, there is far less variance in public views of the credibility of major news organizations than in the late 1990s.  Some of the sources that were viewed as the most credible than have seen there numbers fall.

Substantially, and today no news organization stands out from the crowd as a significantly more reliable source of information.

 

• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

When some one has a clear vision for his mission, accomplishment becomes easier.  Based on the problems highlighted above, the objectives of this study is:

1. To find out the attitude of the Nigerian through people living in Uwani towards television against other media (broadcast and print).
2. To find out the types of programmed that appeal to them most.
3. To establish the level of authenticity and credibility of NTA programmed content vis-à-vis their foreign counterparts.
4. To find out measures that can be adopted to bridge the gap between foreign and local media as well as reverse the trend of dependence on foreign media.
5. To find out whether Nigeria public agenda the kind of things people discuss, think, and worry about (and sometimes ultimately press for legislation about) is powerfully shaped and directed by what these foreign media choose to publish about Nigeria.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is important in many ways.  The mass media influences and touches the lives of the populace by what they publish or broadcast.  As the same time whatever they publish or broadcast should reflect the socio-economic and political attributes of the people in their society.  This study will offer us the opportunity to know that Nigerian Television Authority is living up to its duties in the area of the provision of true and factual information.

The nature of the people perception of the Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) will determine whether it is held in a high esteem or whether it has a poor image.  As the NTA has a good image, it means that the people are well disposed towards it and depend on credible source of information.

The outcome of this study will reveal the full consequences of station image and so enable our policy-makers and media planners to improve on their services in the interest of the nation.  Olaleye Theophilus et al observes that “One of the major preoccupations of the policy-makers in a developing country like Nigeria is how to use mass media to create awareness in the people and to mobilize them to contribute positively towards national development and objectives.

This study is important because Nigeria is a developing nation.  Hence Wilbur Schramm observes “the need for information sharing is especially urgent in the new nations in which the task assigned to the communication media are vastly greater than before the time of the development”.

According to Onuore E Nwuneli; “Communication research is still at its infancy in Nigeria and Africa as a whole.  Tremendous gaps still exit in the meager baseline data already collected on broadcasting in the country”.

Therefore this study will extend the frontiers of mass communication research by serving as a stepping a stone to further research work on audience-media attitudes and behavior.

The result of this will help NTA management to undertake a constructive re-appraisal of its activities, more so having been recently commercialized.

 

• SCOPES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study was limited to UWANI in Enugu metropolis.  The depth and coverage of this study were limited by lack of adequate time.  Limited financial resources, lack of indigenous literature and sample limitations at the disposal of the researcher.

However, the limitations were approached with well-articulated and designed strategies capable of dealing with each situation.

 

• DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

The following terms used in this study should be taken to mean the following:

1. BROADCASTING: It is the wireless transmission of information, messages and intelligence.  Generally, broadcasting which is referred to as radio, television cable and satellite transmission through space by means of radio frequencies signals capable of being received orally or visually or both by the general public.
2. MASS MEDIA: The mass media are the organs of information and communication in the modern society.  They form the crux of the institutions through which messages, knowledge and influences are transmitted to people within a specified place.  They are the medium through which information, messages, ideas and attitudes are transmitted to a wide and heterogeneous audience simultaneously.
3. CREDIBILITY: Credibility is a set of perceptions about a source or sources held by receivers or audience.
4. SOCIETY: Society refers to a nation, a state composed of individuals in various cultural, political, social and religious group, associations or organizations.  It equally includes the existing major institutions like education, business, economy, science and technology etc.

 

 

 

REFERENCES

 

Rogers D.W, Joseph R.D (1987);     Mass Media Research:

An Introduction.  California Belmont

Publishing Company.

Schramm W. (1964);                       Mass Media and Natural Development:

The role of Information in

Developing Countries.  Stanford

Publishing Ltd.

 

Olaleye Theophilus et al (1983);    History of Nigeria Broadcasting

Corporation.  Ibadan University

Press Limited.

 

http://www.google.com: A Broadcasting strategy to Win Media Wars – SPRING 2002.htm.

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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON THE ROLE OF BROADCAST MEDIA AND INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN MORAL MOBILIZATION OF MBU COMMUNITY IN ISI-UZO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

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ABSTRACT

The goal of the research is to assess the role of broadcast media and interpersonal communication in rural mobilization especially in the area of decision-making. One hundred and eighty ruralites were randomly selected for the study. Residents of Mbu town in Isi-Uzo local government of Enugu state were used.

It was found that Mbu residents had their first contact with information dissemination through broadcasting media It was also found that interpersonal communication is more effective than the media in persuasion and decision making.

This was due to three major factors according to the result of the survey.

1. Face to face communication is more flexible and provides immediate response to instantaneous feed back.
2. Interpersonal communication is likely to raise argument of                      immediate personal relevance to the listeners

111.When one field to a personal influences in making a decision, the reward in terms of approval is immediate and personal.

It was also found that there is no relationship between what the people in mbu believe and the ownership of the source of such message in the light of the foregoing. The research was able to recommend as follows

• That media messages must be simple accurate and easy to understand.
• That more vernacular should be used than is at present.
• That the message must be geared to the interest of the rural listeners or viewer.
• That the Government should consider setting up more television viewing centers.
• That interpersonal channels must be vigorously used to complement what ever broadcast media effort being used.

The project was divided into five chapters with introduction, which extensively discussed in chapter two and subsequently, methodology, data analysis and conclusion in chapter three to five.

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

ABSTRACT

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

DEDICATION

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

• Background of study
• Statement of the research
• Objectives of the study
• Significant of the study
• Research questions
• Research hypothesis
• Conceptual and operational definition
• Assumptions
• Limitations of the study

CHAPTER TWO

Review of the Literature

2.1 Sources of Literature

2.2 The review

2.3 summary of literature review

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

3.1 Research methodology

3.2 Research design

3.3 Research sample

3.4 Measuring instrument

3.5 Data collection

3.6 Data analysis

3.7 Expected results

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Analysis and Results

4.1 Data analysis

4.2 Results

4.3 Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary and Recommendations for further studies

5.1 Summary

5.2 Recommendation for further studies

5.3 References

5.4 Appendices (Questionnaire)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The study of broadcast media and mobilization has been a quite busy field in communication studies in many developing and developed nations. Western scholars propounded the early development theories. Many third world nations experimented with these theories believing that the large – scale adoption of broadcasting in their countries will invariably lead to development or mobilization at both the structural and individual levels.

Over the years, these western derived theories have come under intense scrutiny and critics. This is because the anticipated benefits supposed to have accrued from the adoption of the western oriented models have not materialized. Many third world nations found themselves large drunks of their money into the modern media technology only to find out that the expected corresponding modernization were not forth coming.

Coming nearer home, it has often been said that the media were adopted into Nigeria without their being adopted to the socio-cultural values of the nation. The sixties to the med-seventies witnessed a massive expansion in the mass media hand facilities in Nigeria.

But while the mass media hardware developed at a tremendous rate, the software component media with an African and Nigeria cultural content (Nwueli 85)

Despite this short coming, it is commonly and widely known and accepted that the organ of communication plays unqualified roles in the matters of public interest, opinion, mobilization and development. Many well meaning scholars accept this and when Edwin Smey said that “Newspaper everywhere are available channels through which political leaders express their view and seek to rally political backing for their policies”. It is obvious of course, that this apparently is true of all other media of mass communication politicians and non politicians alike also recognizes the vital role that the media play in the formation of opinion, they are aware of the dangers in informing the masses and anything hear or see as the case may be, in the media.

People working in the media have held position of social responsibility. Playing key roles in shopping the political economic and social fabric of our lives. Media offers the individual an opportunity to perform services of positive value to the society.

Also in every society, there are people who are looked upon as opinion leaders. The opinion of these persons to a great extent influence the opinion of other members of the society.

These leaders usually are looked upon as conveyor of information transmissions. Messages more often than not reaching these people who in turn transmits such information or messages to other members of the society.

They differ from members of the group in other fields like education and history of the world. They are looked upon for interpretation of any message. They are usually specialists in the area of influent and this influence is limited to their area of specialization. These people infact aim towards mobilizing member of their society through the information they transmit.

The study of the role of broadcast media and interpersonal communication in rural mobilization is peculiar ad unique. Much more in the rural area than anywhere else, the existence and influence of mass media, opinion leaders, family attachments, friends and other variable fact ors play a great role. Pertinent studies in small group research indicate “communications are likely to be transmitted along social lines defined by friendship, by shared interest and particularly by shared opinion”.

 

THE ROLE OF THIRD WORLD NEWS AGENCIES IN GLOBAL DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION (A CASE STUDY OF NEWS AGENCY OF NIGERIA (NAN)

ABSTRACT

The main objective of this study is to investigate the roles of third world news Agencies in the Global Dissemination of Information.  The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) was used as a case study.

A survey research method was used in the study and a sample of one hundred (1000 persons were selected and administered with questionnaire).

Five hypotheses were formulated and tested for the study.  The chi-square was used in the analysis of the data collected from the respondents.  Simple percentage was also used in data analysis.

The result of the study was that the third world News Agencies played great roles in the global dissemination of information.

The researcher also made a number of recommendations to guide further studies in the related are of study.

CHAPTER ONE         

INTRODUCTION                                                                  1

• Background of the study 1
• Statement of the research problem 5
• Objectives of the study 6
• Significance of the study 7
• Research question 7
• Research Hypothesis 8
• Assumptions 10
• Scope and limitations of the study 11

CHAPTER TWO         

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

1. Sources of literature                              12
2. The review 12
   • News Agencies 12
   • International News Agencies 14
   • Third world News Agency 16
   • PAN-AFRICAN NEWS AGENCY (PADA) 16
   • The news Agency of Nigeria (NAN) 17
   • New world information and communication

order (NWICO)                                                   20

• International Debate on new world Information and communication order (NWICO) Argument put forward by the THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES           21
• Counter Arguments put forward by the

developed nations.                                            22

• UNESCO Intervention 24
• Non- Aligned movement 26
• Theoretical foundation of the study, Development media Theory                                       27
• Summary of literature reviewed notes:- 29

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                                 32

• Research method 32
• Research design 33
• Research sample 35
• Measuring instrument 36
• Data collection method of data analysis 37
• Expected results. 40

CHAPTER FOUR

 DATA ANAYSES AND RESULTS

• Data Analysis 41
• Results 41
• Discussion 55

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, RECOMMEDNATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY AND CONCLUSION.

• Summary 58
• Recommendations for further study 59
• Conclusion 60

Appendix                                                            62

Bibliography                                                      67

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.1    Background of the study:

This study sets out to investigate the role of third world News Agencies in the global dissemination of information using News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) as a case study.

News agencies are the bodies responsible for the dissemination are the bodies responsible for the dissemination of world information.  They have correspondents who play the role of carrying news across borders.

Some correspondents such as those working for television and Newspaper report back to media in their own countries and they approach the news from the view points of specific readers and viewers.  Others report to agencies which distribute their news nationally or internationally circulated magazines and they attempt to achieve a more universal outlook including details of interest to readers from many countries.

News agencies are sometimes called wire services.  This is because their offices are literally lived to their clients by wires and cables over which news and pictures flow.  Some sophisticated system also employ satellite networks.

News agencies gather, write edit and send news stories features, analyses and other materials to clients mostly newspaper magazines, radio and television stations.  The service is also available to commercial houses and individuals seeking news such as those wishing market information.  The clients depend on the agencies for the news or information that they cannot gather on their own for economic or other factors.

There are three categories of news agencies.  The first category comprises of those agencies known world wide and often referred to as trans-national news agencies or world news agencies.  The world news agencies include, Associated press (AP) United press International (UPI) felegraphorin Agenstro Sovets Kavo Soiuza (FASKS) Agency France Press (AFP) and Renters.

The second category includes new agencies that have clients and correspondents in many countries but whose services are not spread to every part of the globe like those of the world news agencies.  For example, India Press Trust (INPT) pan African news agencies of individual countries of developing countries.  These news agencies are found in African Latin American and Asian Countries.

The news agency of Nigeria (NAN) belongs to the third would news agencies.  The third world National news agencies act as gate keepers in determining what information from the global flow gets their national media in some cases, deciding what internal news gets into the international system as well.

They are as varied as the third world itself.  Some news agencies still exist mostly on papers and emphasis on development of national agencies by UNESCO and the I PDC quickly out dates printed summaries.

A report to the MAC Bride commission based on data from the India 1970’s claimed that about 120 national had news agencies but that about not, including 24 with population in excess of one million people.  A more recent (SUSSMAN 1982) survey counted 104 third world agencies, there quarters of them operating under three quarters of them operating under some form of government control.

NAN was founded as a state enterprise and began operations for about 8 years ago like most news organizations, its charter callers for it to report news and opinion in a professional and objective manner.

According to one assessment (Ugbaja 1980) NAN” must not act as an institutional opponent to say government or interest, but where it is in the public interest to report criticism or public policy, it must do so in a restrained and objective manner”.

In most developing countries, news agencies are established, funded and controlled by government.  In most cases, they serve as an arm of the ministry of information or at most government information clearing houses especially for the purpose of exporting news about government to local and foreign media.

Initially world news agencies also pre-eminent in the order of the flow were dominated by the European news agencies.  This to alleged unbalance in the news flow and reporting in the third world countries the inadequate and the high cost of telecommunication facilities the greatest obstacles to the foundation of viable news agencies.

 

1.2    STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Communication is the nucleus of all human activities and information dissemination is a vital and sensitive job which requires carefulness and effectiveness in order to achieve the required objective.

News agencies occupy prominent positions and play important roles in carrying information and news across the borders.  Since the emergency of news agency journalism the news flow in international are has improved.  News agencies collate I process, edit and distribute news, news materials and features to subscribers either in the form of fees or exchange depending on an agreement.

The international news agencies have been dominating the gl          obal dissemination of world news.  Agitations on imbalance in news flow led to the emergence of third world news agencies which were most established and controlled by the government.  They serve as information clearing houses in the exportation of news about government to local and foreign media.

Development of news agencies in the third world countries is handicapped by lack of important communication equipment for the easy delivery of the news.  News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) is not left out in this area of concern despite these problems NAN has played active role in the global dissemination of world news.

 

1.2    OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:-

The main objective of the study is to make critical analyses of the role of the third world news agencies in the global dissemination of information using News agency of Nigeria (NAN) as a case study.  The study will look into the functions of NAN, modes of operation, achievement, problems and prospects.  The study will also make a number of recommendations on how to improve the services of NAN as regards information dissemination.

 

1.4    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will provide a comprehensive analysis of the role of the third world news Agencies with particular references to NAN in the global dissemination of information.

The study will be useful to other news agencies media institutions and government of the third world countries in the planning and implementation of their mass-communication policies.

The study will also serve as a reference material to students and other researchers in the similar area of study.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions were asked:-

1. Does NAN report balanced news stories in Nigeria?
2. Does the NAN transmit Nigerian culture?
3. Does the NAN disseminate the world news?
4. Does NAN agenda on international issues?
5. Does the NAN justify its purpose of establishment?

 

1.6    HYPOTHESIS:   The following research hypothesis were formulated to guide the study

H1:    The NAN reports balanced news stories in Nigeria

H0:    The NAN does not report balanced news stories in Nigeria

H2:    The NAN transmits Nigerian culture

H0:    The NAN does not transmit Nigerian culture

H3:    The NAN disseminates world news to Nigerian citizens

H0:    The NAN does not disseminate world news

H4:    The NAN sets agenda on international issues

H0:    The NAN does not set agenda on international issues.

H5:    The NAN justifies its purpose of establishment

H0:    The NAN does not justify its purpose of establishment.

 

1.7    DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Conceptual Definition:-
2. News Agency: – that collects news and sells it to the press.
3. Third World Countries: – This refers to the developing countries of the world.

iii.      Information: –     This refers to message or news stories

1. Global Dissemination: This refers to world or international dissemination of news.
2. Culture: – This is the totality of beliefs, norms, and ways of life of a society.
3. Balanced News Stories this refers to the objective and unbiased report by any media organization or news agencies.
4. Operational Definitions:-
5. News Agency: This refers to news Agency of Nigeria (NAN)
6. Third world countries: This refers to Nigeria and other developing countries like Asian or Latin America.

iii.      Information:       This refers to news stories

1. Global Dissemination: This refers to the international carrying of news from one country to another.
2. Culture: This refers to the beliefs and ways of life of Nigeria nation.
3. Balanced News stories: This refers to the projection and reportage of Nigeria news by the NAN.

 

1.8    ASSUMPTIONS

The researcher made assumption that every staff in NAN office (Head quarters), has the opportunity of being included in the research sample and as such, the sample is representative of the whole staff population of NAN irrespective of sex, education, socio-economic status and other demographic criteria.

The research also assumed that the result got from this study would be generalized to other news agencies in the developing countries.  They assumed also that the questionnaire used in this study is simple enough for easy understanding by the respondents.

The researcher also assumed that this study will reveal many things about the third world news agencies and NAN in particular.

 

1.9    SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The original intention of the research was to study all the third world news agencies but the under mentioned factors compelled her to limit the scope of the study of NAN.

Firstly, time factor is the greatest problem of the research.  A reasonable amount of time was needed for collection of materials especially for the review of related literature.  Individual appointments as well as library deadlines had to be strictly adhered to.  Lectures and class assignments had their own share of the little time at the researcher’s disposal.

The second factor is financial constant.  It is an established fact that research of this nature usually takes huge sums of money and as a student; the research needed money not only for project execution but for discharge of flow academic assignments including payment of school fees.

Finally, there are other factors that impeded this research but they are not mentioned here.

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ABSTRACT
There have been remarkable changes in office machines and the organization. Despite these challenges there are still challenges that are being faced which have an adverse effect on organization productivity. It is on this regards that this study is embarked upon. “Availability of office equipment and its effect on office workers’ productivity”, benefit of using the office equipment, its level of availability in the organization and the problem associated with the procurement and maintenance of office equipment in the organization was discussed. It was discovered that the office equipment is expensive and difficult to maintain. Five objectives of the study out of research question work drawn. A review of related literature was carried out, data work collected from 98 respondents from the organization through structured questionnaire. Using Arithmetic mean for data analysis and interpretation, it was discovered that office equipment enhance production and most organizations are come by converting their office to a modern automated office by enforcing the use of technological and digital office equipment which has enhanced productivity. The researcher recommends among other things to acquire skills and knowledge should be made available to enable employees to remain excessively productive to their employer.

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 3:1 population size
TABLE 4:1 Respondents view on the types of equipment available in the organization
TABLE 4:2 Respondents opinion on workers achievement of maximum productivity from the equipment
TABLE: 4:3 Respondents view on the procurement/maintenance of office equipment
TABLE: 4:4 Respondents opinion on how adequately the furniture/fitting use in the organization
TABLE: 4:5 Respondents opinion on the effect of office equipment on company productivity.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE- Introduction
1.1 Background of the study- – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of the problem – – – – – – 6
1.3 Purpose of the study – – – – – – – 8
1.4 Research questions – – – – – – – 9
1.5 Significance of the study – – – – – – 9
1.6 Scope of the study – – – – – – – – 11
1.7 Limitation of the study – – – – – – – 11
1.8 Definition of terms – – – – – – – – 12
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction- – – – – – – – – 14
2.2 Office Equipment of Concept – – – – – – 15
2.3 Classification of Office Equipment- – – – – 17

CHAPTER THREE: Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction- – – – – – – – – 47
3.2 Area of study- – – – – – – – – 48
3.3 Population for the study- – – – – – – 48
3.4 Sample size- – – – – – – – – 49
3.5 Method of Data Collection- – – – – – – 49
3.6 Instrument for Data Collection- – – – – – 49
3.7 Validation of Instrument- – – – – – – 50
3.8 Administration of Instrument – – – – – – 50
3.9 Data Analysis Technique- – – – – – – 51

CHAPTER FOUR: Data Analysis and interpretation
4.1 Introduction- – – – – – – – – 52
4.2 Data Presentation – – – – – – – – 53
4.3 Major finding- – – – – – – – – 61
4.4 Discussion of Findings – – – – – – – 60
CHAPTER FIVE: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – – 64
5.2 Summary- – – – – – – – – 64
5.3 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 65
5.4 Recommendations – – – – – – – 67
5.5 References – – – – – – – – – 69

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
An office equipment have gone beyond manual typewriter, ink, pot, local storage facilities etc. into more complicated and effective modern office equipment. Some organization has embraced and purchases some of this equipment while others has not. In light of the above, the researcher decided to investigate the availability of this equipment and its effect on workers productivity.

In the early, age office activities which include paperwork was done manually with the use of machine such as manual typewriter, large duplicating machine, collating machine etc. These later developed into new modern office equipment due to the disadvantage which includes noise, bulkiness, lack of speed, waste of energy, time and resources.

Today, office equipment is required in every field of specialization, this is because they facilitate clerical work and preparation of office documents. The use of fax machines, WAP phones, teleprinters, internet and e-mail facilities etc. is now the order of the day. These have now made the work of the office professional more efficient than what it used to be and given rise to what is now known as the modern office. Other equipment include punchers, staplers, electric fan, air conditioners, enhanced furniture and fitting to create a more comfortable and convenient work environment for office activities to be carried out smoothly.

Mills and Ford (2008), noted that office equipment enable workers to work with minimum fatigue. It does not only increase efficiency but boost production process which is the main objective of the organization. Office work is made easier as less effort is put into achieve a greater result. An employee may not have to go from one place to another but can easily sit at his table and carry out his regular office activities. However, today’s office cannot be discussed without relating to technology.

According to Alli and Akinbi (1998), technology is an alteration in the life of an equipment, character, knowledge and method of doing things. The impact of these equipment resulted into acquisition of needed office professionals to effectively operate these facilities in order to be relevant in their labour market.
Pickard (2006), also states that employees who feel good are likely to be more productive. It is easy to instinctively understand that a few standard equipment in the office will make it a nicer place to be for employees feel better as a result. However, when the finance manager wants to know why thousand of money is wasted every year on caring for a few office equipment, it is difficult to effectively demonstrate the bottom line return on such an investment.

Many organizations are being driven by the value systems of office equipment rather than its contribution to the organizations productivity. In recent times, employees learn to operate new office equipment mainly through attending courses, trainings, workshop and seminars during which manufacturers will introduce their products and demonstrate by giving illustrations about their equipment to various operators.

Pickard further stresses that the office is the center of social interaction and the design provide better meeting rooms, open spaces and telecommunication facilities demands serious attention. The stacking plans for the building are equally important, an efficient office layout will take careful operational advances to optimize the use of assets, facilities and function in use.

Boating (1992) state that today’s modern office equipment depend largely on the use of office equipments to maximize and increase organizational productivity. Office equipment help in making office work easier, efficient and time saving and ensures accuracy.

Watson (1999), emphasizes that technology changes has tremendously made an impact in various organizations especially with regards to the office. He points out that office automation product looks nothing like it did just 10 years ago. Outfitted with some of the most modern business systems and equipment, the office today is a contemporary and strict place for business. The sound of noisy and distracting equipment or unsightly machines is now a thing of the past. The quality of output cannot be compared to what it looks like years ago.

Roger (2008), points out that environment now resembles any peaceful environment that you can easily relax in and not feel overwhelmed with huge and bulky machines. Some of the hardware cannot be seen easily unless you look really hard.

However, office professionals need to be trained to be acquainted with the use, procurement and maintenance of existing office equipment as well as know its relevance and benefits to the organization as a whole. This is to enable organization face the challenges associated with it. This is because despite the fact that the technology has changed and transformed the office to a better one. There are still some problems and aspects that cannot be overlooked as a result of those technological changes. The use of some of this equipment has adverse effects on the operators and the organization in general; which can also have effect on its production level.

The equipment has more from the traditional age to the modern age and therefore, there is need for the modern equipment to be available to the users. It is in this regard that the study is embarked on which is titled “An Assessment of the availability of the equipment and its effect on organization productivity.

1.2 Statement of the Problem
The impact of the office equipment is of paramount importance to any organization. However, there are some foreseeable problems along with the numerous advantages of its existence. Many organizations do not put this into consideration especially when it comes to organization productivity.

Office equipment increases the rate of intra and inter office communication, however, the cost of installation and keeping the equipment in a working state is exorbitant. He pointed out that the initial cost outlay and maintenance of the equipment will increase their expenses. As a result of this some organization do not purchase or make use of them without checking the cost effect.

Office

HAZARDS OF JOURNALISM PROFESSION UNDER MILITARY REGIME (FROM 1993 – 1998)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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ABSTRACT

The core theoretical framework on which this study anchors is to assess the legal problems/dangers vis a vis others that exist with the practicing of journalism in Nigeria, under the military with particular reference to General Sani Abacha’s regime. The study revealed that journalists were arrested and detained in their thousands thereby providing little or no room for the pursuit of the TRUTH which is the hallmark of journalism profession. Sometimes they loose their lives while doing their job.It further went down to review the related literature so as to give essence to the work.In order to achieve the objectives of the study, content analysis was used as a research method to show clearly the manifest content of the media. It is an information technique that focuses on historical analysis of available information obtained from, newspaper, magazines, tapes or any other material that can guarantee permanence to information. With this research method, I was able to analyze things and come up with reasonable conclusion.It was found that there couldn’t be meaningful interaction between the government and the citizenry, if the journalists were not allowed to operate freely. When the journalists were intimidated, they will be inhibited from faithfully reflecting the society to those in government and from letting the public know what those in power think or do.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover page

Title page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE- INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Statement of research problem

Objectives of the study

Significance of the study

Research questions

Research hypothesis

Conceptual and operational definition

Assumption

Limitation of study

Reference

 

CHAPTER TWO- REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Sources of literature

The review

Summary of review

Reference

 

CHAPTER THREE- METHODOLOGY

Research method

Method of data collection

Method of data analysis

Reference

 

CHAPTER FOUR- DATA ANALYSIS

Results/findings of the study

Reference

 

CHAPTER FIVE- SUMMAR AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDIES

Summary

Recommendation

Bibliography

Questionnaire

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCATION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Journalism profession in Nigeria encounters a catalogue of problems especially under the military regime. There has been no smooth romance between the journalists and the government in power, rather what was seen then was harassment, detention without trial, of the journalist involved. These hazards/dangers that face the profession were caused by the incessant enactment of repressive press laws by the government.

 

The masses depend on the journalists for information on what is happening in their immediate environment, therefore, the journalists is the link between the rulers and ruled. So any negative treatment on the journalists affects not only the people in the profession, but also the attitude and behaviour of the Nigerian populace in general.

 

Therefore, the hazardous nature of journalism profession under the military era should be looked into so as to discourage the populace not to admit anything like military rule again in the Nigerian society. It was said that the worst loose their lives or jobs.

News watch magazines which was the toast of Nigerians because of fearlessness, independent views and radical approaches to issues was put to stop when its editor-in-chief was exterminated through a letter bomb blast, followed up six months later by a proscription.

 

When the provision for freedom of expression is guaranteed, some stings are being attached to it, which made the journalist not to be free. In some government media houses, the noble profession is forced to dance to the tune of their ‘lords’. While trying to tell unto the ethics of their profession, they are meant to endanger their lives.

 

A time, it became a sort of worry on how the journalists are being intimidated and the clever manner, which the government officials take in denying their own statement in the face of naked truth. At first, the government in power tries to embrace the profession just to get it established and thereafter turns against it. Because the journalists are ready to face their unravel their injustices, they (the military) turns to scrutinize and cripple the press unnecessarily with accumulation of obnoxious laws.

 

STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Usually under military regime, more government owned media were meant to be than private owned. As at the time of Abacha, about six schools of journalism as well as many mass communication departments were in existence. Also, over sixty and fifty radio/television stations respectively and over 157 for newspaper and magazine were in existence as at the time under review.

 

With all these, there supposed to be existence of perfect journalism profession due to the fact that they are being trained properly with polished languages, balanced and fair reporting etc. However, it was still noticed that cases of arrest of journalists by security agents, loss of job under written and unwritten obnoxious laws, were still the hallmark of any military regime, even when the constitutions made provisions for such basic human rights and freedom by the government. The evidence was seen in the pronouncement by the Abacha regime of establishing special court to try indicted journalists sometimes in 1997. The journalist, seeing all the hazards, resorts to dance to the whims of the government or writes himself to jail.