Attitude of Female Caritas Towards Journalism as a Career.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study

Journalism  is  the  collection,  preparation  and  distribution  of  News  and

related commentary and feature materials through such media as pamphlet, News letter, magazines, radio, motion pictures, television, Bill Boards the internet and Books.

Journalism according to World Book encyclopedia (Vol. 11) is the profession of recording events they maybe of interest to the public. It is therefore both World-wide in scope and as limited as the territory covered by the smallest weekly paper. Men and women who are engaged in this tremendous News gatherings task call themselves journalists and such modern journalists use every means of communication to report the News of the world to Newspaper, Magazine and the New Rooms of Radio and Television.

According to Lambenr and Lambenr (1964), an Attitude is a composite of how a person understands, feel about and act towards the given object person or issues, events and objects.

The earliest known Journalists product was a News sheet in Ancient Rome called the ACTA DIURNAL published daily from 59BC, it was hung in prominent places and recorded important social and political events. Journalism in the 20^th

2 century was marked by a growing sense of professionalism. In our society today it has been observed that female student journalists have negative attitude towards taking Journalism as a career, but before going into that we look at history of the NUJ.

History of the Nigeria Union of Journalist (NUJ)

The Nigeria Union of Journalism (NUJ) birth was linked to the struggle for the independence of Nigeria. The struggle, it could be re-called gave birth to many

protest groups, all yearning for the co group came in various shades, some were political in na Youth Movement”ormforthe Nationalists,platfothers were Trade Union and

Professional groups. It was the collective activities and efforts of the Nationalists

and Journalists in elledtheBritishearlyColonial Government1950‟s tha to grant Nigeria independence without shedding blood.

Apart from writing editorial comments and reporting the activities of the Nationalists, Trade union students and bodies involved in the struggle for independence on the pages of Newspapers, the journalists however, had no central body through which they could take any action like other groups. What they could not express as a body was done through Newspapers. When Journalism started in Nigeria, the industry was not totally professional affair. However, most of the

3 persons who ventured into the field were those of great reputation and integrity; persons who had the calling, competence and skills to do so.

Eminent Nigerian statement such as Herbert Macurly, Nnamdi Azikiwe, Adamu Ciroma, Ernest Ikoli, Lateef Jakande, among others, all started as journalists, through which they made their indelible marks on National development. This goes to shows that journalism is not for quacks, charlatans or dropout, who have now invaded the industry, claiming to know what they do not know. In essence the Nigeria Union of Journalist (NUJ) of this present time should therefore, beef up their watch dog function to confront the menace with all seriousness. The union must wake up and come up with radical measures to check this situation that smears the integrity and reputation of hardworking journalists. The union should also devise means of encouraging real reporters to draw the attention of events organizers to the presence of fake Journalists in their midst. Media houses need to co-operate with the NUJ in tacking the challenges posed by the fake journalists.

They can do this by highlighting reports about quacks in the industry and punishing the impersonators apprehended. This is the only way to bring about the desired respectability to journalists and indeed respectability to journalists and indeed, the Nigerian journalism industry.

Having looked at the history of the NUJs, this Negative attitude of female student journalists is highly reflected in the Number of mass media houses. Almost

4 all institution of higher learning in Nigeria offer Mass Communication courses leading to the awards of various degrees and certificates, including National Diploma, Higher National Diploma, Bachelor and Master Degrees. The increase in the Number of female graduates from all these institution are not reflected in the media of communication in the country.

Each year, hundreds of female students graduate as Mass Communicators. A close look shows that the Numbers of female Journalist students surpassed the Number of their Male counterpart. But in the field today, a good number of these female graduates are not seen working in the various media houses scatted all over the country. Reference to the convocation booklets from these schools revealed that good Number of female Mass Communication students graduated from those schools. In the year 1997, about 86 female Journalist graduated from the Ogun State Polytechnic, about 150 female Journalists graduated from Federal Polytechnic Oko, that same year the Institute of Management and Technology (IMT) Enugu had about 120 female graduates in the year 2011.

Similarly with other Mass Communication schools in the country for instance in the year 2008, Nnamdi Azikiwe University (NAU) Awka turned out about 58 female graduate from department of Mass Communication Between year 2008, Caritas University Enugu graduated over 50 female journalist. Presently, in my class we are 56 students in Number, 49 out of the 56 students are females while only 5 are male.

5 In other levels, the Numbers of female students surpassed the Number of

Male students in the department of Mass Communication with great difference.

In recent year, Media houses in the Western countries lack trained journalist in the various communication activities. Invariably, it has been the same in Nigeria and this could be seen in most cases of the media houses in Nigeria. There has been an imbalance in the number of female and male trained Journalists working with them. Those who are worried about this situation said that if there were more women that men seeking Jobs in the media houses and they all have the same ability and background, more men get the job (Women in communication, Pg. 8) she noted that women could only be awarded a job if they are hardworking and qualified, they must be awarded or offered a job in the journalism professions.

Further more, the Enugu Television Authority has about twenty seven trained journalists on its staff, five out of the twenty seven are female. The situation is similar in other media institutions through out Nigeria and in most Western countries.

• Statement of the Research Problem

According to  Omenugha (2004. P, 4)   “one   thing  thethat   i

Nigeria media is the near absence of Nigeria women as Newsmakers”.   Thou

Nigeria is developing, it got to stage where the female journalists and their male counterparts should be competing in the media houses. The number of female

6 journalists in the field is very fern compared to the number that graduates from journalism schools and universities. This study was undertaken to analyses the low participation of the female journalists, it was observed that good number of trained female journalists go into the profession but very few of them practice the career.

IMPACT OF WESTERN TELEVISION PROGRAMMES ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF OUR YOUTHS

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THE ROOTS

Why are we what we are? Third world!

There are two broad competiting paradigms or models of theoretical understanding that seek to explain why some countries are poor and other are wealthy, why some are “first world” and others” Third world”. These broad competiting paradigms are theory of “modernization” and the theory of “imperialism”. Each paradigms has its own “clue concepts” or key explanatory categories” (Hagen 1962).

For modernist theorists the determinant of the social economic situation of any country is the concept of “modern” and its permutation and big categories such as “institutional differentiation” “development” “development”, “nation building”, “economic growth” “advanced industrial societies”, “Westernized” , “backward”, “primitive”, “tribalized” and many more.

On the other hand, those who employ the theory of imperialism have as their concepts such terms as “dependence”, “colonialism”, “liberation”, “Exploitation”, “late capitalist societies” or “societies in the stage of monopoly capitalism”.

The backbone of the theory of modernization has been derived from a convergence of sources in the social sciences in the western societies over a long period of time.

What modernization theorists most often end up with is ethnocentric piratical recipes which admonish the poor societies to imitate them all the way and they would acquire a sudden leap into the 21^st century. In order words, join the Calvinistic cruet and you will experience a sudden leap into modernity.

The theory of imperialism on the other hand derives its concepts from Marxist sources. In a nut shell, the wealth and poverty of nations result from the global process of exploitation. This is the situation that Andre Gunder Frank (1969) refers to as the “the development of under development”.

The problem of the poor countries with particular reference to Nigeria is not the lack of technological know how, cultural traits conducive for development, or modern institutions, as is touted by modernists theorists, but that they have been subjected to the exploitation of the international capitalist system and its special imperialist agents, both domestic and alien.

The fundamental conceptual instrumentarium of the critique of imperialism is provided in lenin’s theory of imperialism.

“Imperialism: the highest stage of “capitalism” (1916). The basic pronouncement in the book seems to be that the evils associated with foreign capitalist penetration of the poor countries are the necessary concomitants of capitalism in its present stage.

Nevertheless modernization theorists have also continued to argue that the present influence of the west is not the result of their exploitation of the third world countries. They state that this particular argument gives the poor societies” a moral legitimacy” to demand aid or trade concessions. Sort of “reparation” from their alleged exploiters. However the agree that rich countries depend on poor ones for certain raw materials but that this dependency is declining, and that a great decline in this dependence is expected in view of technology innovations and search for alternative resources nearer home.

Whatever may be the case the fact remains that the fattest profits for developed countries come from their overseas investments. Offiong (1980) argues that it would be wrong to say that the industrialized nations will decrease their dependence on raw materials on the third world nations.

“They will continue to maintain a global policy designed to protect the sources of their crucial raw materials and markets for their finished products”.

MAINTAINING THE EDGE

          It is true that bourgeoisies social scientists in the west (The united states being the headquarters) and even in third world countries have gone out of their way to discredit the Marxist-Leninist theory, social scientists in the west must have undertaken the actions as a sort of strategy. But for those in third world only ignorance could answer for their action.

          Indeed the Euro African connection from it’s inception, some five centuries ago to the independence decade (1960s), visited Africa with the holocaust of slaving, the trauma of invasion and conquest the humiliations and complexes of occupation, and with a systematic and continuing impoverishment:

          In the 1960’s and 1970’s, it became apparent that the west European Expansionism was retreating. The question then, according to Chinweizu (1978) was “were the Europeans retreating forever or were they retreating to regroup for another assault upon the rest of us”. From the situation in the current dispensation, it is clear that the answer to Chinweizu’s question is that the west Europeans were retreating to regroup for another assault against us.   The difference is that today the united states of America (who came out of the second world victorious) is the leader of the regroup. Again the assault is now more subtle but less no powerful than physical assault.

The genesis began with the acceptance and adopted of the modernists solution to underdevelopment. One of such theories which relate to this subtle method of assault-international communication is given by Lerner (1956). In his concept of “empathy”, Lerner states that the inhabitants of third world nations must learn to empathize with the west for modern transformation of their societies to be possible.

          Schramm (1964) on the other hand developed an interesting model in which he equates the level of social development to various nations. Access to these modern mass media (Radio, Television, Films, Telephone and newspapers) is also linked to individual modernity.

          Nigeria and other third world countries have reacted to these findings by inventing a substantial amount of their foreign exchange earnings to import radio and Television transmitters and sets. Thus setting the stage for imperialism.

Thomas L. MC phial (1981) described this new form of imperialism through the media as “Electronic imperialism”. He stresses that over the years, there have been but a few major trends in empire building. The first era which occurred during the Greece-Foman period

IMPACT OF ADVERT AND PRODUCT PROMOTION ON CONSUMER PREFERENCE (A CASE STUDY OF COCA-COLA IN NIGERIA)

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ABSTRACT

Many people have attempted to produce formulars and philosophies for effective advertising. In any way, this is not only dangerous but also a rather arrogant thing to do, because the formular work only some of the time.

This seems that advertising is the communication of sale propositions; it holds no brief to be funny, or clever. It needs only to achieve reaction on the part of its audience which will lead to a purchase of the products. Present an advertising must conform to certain basic requirements if it is going to achieve this.

This must justly, speak to the right people. This is the fundamental principle of advertising communication accurate audience definition.

Secondly, it must speak to its’ defined audience through appropriate media. As MCluhan says, the medium is the message which means, despite its’ frequent mis-Interpretation, merely that unless you speak through the right channels the message in the world means nothing at all.

Thirdly, the message itself must be appropriate to its audience in several ways. It must bed couched in language which the audience can understand, it must appeal to feelings, either latent or obvious, which the audience is known to have, and it must offer a real benefit expressed in comprehensible terms. Hence the essence of this research work.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 introduction

• Background of the study
• Statement of research problem
• Objective of the study
• Significance of the study
• Research questions
• Research hypotheses
• Theoretical frame work
• Definition of terms
• Assumption
• Scope and limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review

2.1 Source of literature

2.2 Review of relevant literature

2.3 Summary of literature

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research methodology

3.1 Research method

3.2 Research design

3.3 Research population

3.4 Research sample

3.5 Instrument for data collection

3.6 Method of data analysis

3.7 Expected result

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Data presentation and analysis

4.2 Testing hypothesis

4.2 Discussion of finding and result

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Summary of the findings

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

Bibliography

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OR STUDY

The earliest record of activity that could pass for advertising and product promotion dated as far back as the existence of man; Although its identification as a business factor originated from the roman imperial days when hired heralds were used to proclaim, often, state announcement, for a fee.

However, the need to promote one’s goods or services to the primordial ages of man, and only the tactics and the modes have continued to improve with civilization.

Through the ages, from the Roman empire to the Tuareg Caliphate, what today called advertising had been used in different cultures as a boom to man’s major occupation, and commerce. As newer life style evolved so did man’s quest for self sustenance and independence. With these grew the desire to obtain means of livelihood, outside the direct gains from the surrounding society.

With this trend grew trade-first by barter, and later by media exchange, like the talent through time to the cowries, the Manila and today’s currency. Commerce begot competition, and competition begot advertising.

Consequently, advertising is a group of activities aimed at and including dissemination of information in any paid non-personal form concerning an idea, product or service, to compel action in accordance with the intend of an identifiable sponsor Advertising and product promotion is a deliberate means of influencing the consumer to accept a product or reject it through communication in the form of dissemination of information regarding an idea, product or service.

The essence of embarking on advertising by an organization is not far from compelling buying action of a product (Coca Cola) services or the acceptance of idea, to change buying attitude of the consumer to a product sustaining these position dispositions and attaining constant acquisition of the patronage, evaluating and reviewing the above antecedent so as to remain abreast with performance. Because of its salient role in marketing, advertising and product promotion, is viewed as a key marketing support and an inevitable arm of any enterprise that aims at being successful.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF “GATE KEEPING IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE MEDIA: A CASE STUDY OF COSMO FM AND RADIO NIGERIA ENUGU

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ABSTRACT

The study was to assess the gate keeping functions of the two media ownership in Nigeria (Government and Private media) and to highlight their points of differences.

In doing this, two media, the Radio Nigeria, Enugu and the Cosmo Fm Enugu were surveyed as a case study in which wide differences in their gate-keeping pattern were discovered. These difference were supported by the four hypotheses which were formulated for the study and which states that there is a difference in the gate keeping pattern between the two, that privately owned media are more objective in news reporting and news presentation; that there are more stages of news control in the government owned media than in the privately owned media and that privately owned media exercise greater freedom in their gate keeping functions than the government owned media.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE                                                                             i

APPROVAL PAGE                                                                  ii

PROJECT TOPIC                                                                     iii

DEDICATION                                                                          iv

ABSTRACT                                                                               v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT                                                         vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                          vii – x

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUNG OF THE STUDY GATE KEEPING         1 – 3
• COMPARISON BETWEEN PRIVATE AND

GOVERNMENT OWNED MEDIA                                             4

• THE RADIO NIGERIA AS A DEPENDENT

GOVT. OWNED MEDIA.                                                      4 – 6

• THE COSMO FM ENUGU AS A PRIVATELY OWNED MEDIA.                                                                     6 – 8
• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM                             9
• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY                                           9 – 10
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY                                           10
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS                                                         10
• RESEARCH HYPOLTHESIS                                            11 – 12
• CONCEPTIONAL AND OPERATIONAL

DEFINITION OF GATE KEEPING CONCEPTUAL           12

• ASSUMPTION                                                                       13
• LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY                                  13 – 14

REFERENCE                                                                           15

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

• SOURCE OF LITERATURE                                                     16
• THE REVIEW                                                                    16 – 36
• SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW                               37

REFERENCE                                                                       38 – 39

CHAPTER THREE

• RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                                          40
• RESEARCH DESIGN                                                     40 – 41
• RESEARCH SAMPLE                                                           41
• MEASURING INSTRUMENT                                               42
• DATA COLLECTION                                                             42
• EXPECTED RESULTS                                                   42 – 43

REFERENCE                                                                           44

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANLYSIS AND RESULT

• DATA ANALYSIS                                                           45 – 56
• RESULT                                                                             57 – 58
• DISCUSSION                                                                    59 – 60

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDTION

FOR FUTHER STUDY

• SUMMARY                                                                     61 – 62
• RECOMMENDATION FOR THE STUDY                   62 – 63

REFERENCE                                                                  64 – 66

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                             67 – 69

QUESTIONNAIRE                                                           70 – 79

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY- GATE KEEPING

The term gate keeping was first used by an Austrian Psychologist Kurt Lewis who used it to refer to a person or group of persons who govern “the travel of news items in communication channel” the gatekeeper he defined as any person or formally organized group directly involved in relaying and transferring information from one person to another through a mass medium.

As journalism becomes a profession with an expanding scope instead of a sideline for the enterprising printer: the media began to engage more hands in their processing and governing of news travel. They also began to give the audience what they had selected in the midst of so many events which where considered news worthy based on the news selected criteria such as timeliness, human interest, prominence, consequence and proximity.

The gatekeeper was at every stage, determining what the audience saw and heard from these media. They had the power to focus attention on some events and ideas rather than other. This was the reason, white (1964) remarked that the editor “in his position as a gatekeeper sees to it that the community shall hear as a fact only those events which the newsman believe to be true” The mass media select and publicize numerous events such as birthday, speeches, trips, suicides, meetings, crimes etc to shape our image and perception of the world.

The typical gatekeeper’s cha in a modern electronic media house would comprise the reporter, the chief editor, and the controller of news, manager news and the production editor. However, the above arrangement applies to the Radio Nigeria (FRCN) Enugu, even though the positions might assume different names in other media organizations. The above-mentioned people will have to work with other gatekeepers such as the typist, proofreaders, etc to determine what is publishable as news.

The gatekeepers of news not only tries to identify but also keep the public informed by sieving the news from non-news and selecting majors events in the interest of his audience or as permitted by his own prejudice. The audience in the later uses makes their choice of what they expose themselves to through selective exposure. The need for gatekeepers to always have their audience in mind in their news selecting process was emphasized in the argument of Douglas C. Covert (1985 p 133-136) who stated “the visual compositions which please the makers may not be as acceptable to view as in commonly as assumed. This word entail that while journalists perform their function of the surveillance of the environment, socialization, educating of their audience and cultural transmission, journalists themselves would see their jobs as the echoing of every thing, rather than be at core for things.