COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF “GATE KEEPING IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE MEDIA: A CASE STUDY OF COSMO FM AND RADIO NIGERIA ENUGU

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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ABSTRACT

The study was to assess the gate keeping functions of the two media ownership in Nigeria (Government and Private media) and to highlight their points of differences.

In doing this, two media, the Radio Nigeria, Enugu and the Cosmo Fm Enugu were surveyed as a case study in which wide differences in their gate-keeping pattern were discovered. These difference were supported by the four hypotheses which were formulated for the study and which states that there is a difference in the gate keeping pattern between the two, that privately owned media are more objective in news reporting and news presentation; that there are more stages of news control in the government owned media than in the privately owned media and that privately owned media exercise greater freedom in their gate keeping functions than the government owned media.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE                                                                             i

APPROVAL PAGE                                                                  ii

PROJECT TOPIC                                                                     iii

DEDICATION                                                                          iv

ABSTRACT                                                                               v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT                                                         vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                          vii – x

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUNG OF THE STUDY GATE KEEPING         1 – 3
• COMPARISON BETWEEN PRIVATE AND

GOVERNMENT OWNED MEDIA                                             4

• THE RADIO NIGERIA AS A DEPENDENT

GOVT. OWNED MEDIA.                                                      4 – 6

• THE COSMO FM ENUGU AS A PRIVATELY OWNED MEDIA.                                                                     6 – 8
• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM                             9
• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY                                           9 – 10
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY                                           10
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS                                                         10
• RESEARCH HYPOLTHESIS                                            11 – 12
• CONCEPTIONAL AND OPERATIONAL

DEFINITION OF GATE KEEPING CONCEPTUAL           12

• ASSUMPTION                                                                       13
• LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY                                  13 – 14

REFERENCE                                                                           15

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

• SOURCE OF LITERATURE                                                     16
• THE REVIEW                                                                    16 – 36
• SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW                               37

REFERENCE                                                                       38 – 39

 

CHAPTER THREE

• RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                                          40
• RESEARCH DESIGN                                                     40 – 41
• RESEARCH SAMPLE                                                           41
• MEASURING INSTRUMENT                                               42
• DATA COLLECTION                                                             42
• EXPECTED RESULTS                                                   42 – 43

REFERENCE                                                                           44

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANLYSIS AND RESULT

• DATA ANALYSIS                                                           45 – 56
• RESULT                                                                             57 – 58
• DISCUSSION                                                                    59 – 60

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDTION

FOR FUTHER STUDY

• SUMMARY                                                                     61 – 62
• RECOMMENDATION FOR THE STUDY                   62 – 63

REFERENCE                                                                  64 – 66

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                             67 – 69

QUESTIONNAIRE                                                           70 – 79

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY- GATE KEEPING

The term gate keeping was first used by an Austrian Psychologist Kurt Lewis who used it to refer to a person or group of persons who govern “the travel of news items in communication channel” the gatekeeper he defined as any person or formally organized group directly involved in relaying and transferring information from one person to another through a mass medium.

As journalism becomes a profession with an expanding scope instead of a sideline for the enterprising printer: the media began to engage more hands in their processing and governing of news travel. They also began to give the audience what they had selected in the midst of so many events which where considered news worthy based on the news selected criteria such as timeliness, human interest, prominence, consequence and proximity.

The gatekeeper was at every stage, determining what the audience saw and heard from these media. They had the power to focus attention on some events and ideas rather than other. This was the reason, white (1964) remarked that the editor “in his position as a gatekeeper sees to it that the community shall hear as a fact only those events which the newsman believe to be true” The mass media select and publicize numerous events such as birthday, speeches, trips, suicides, meetings, crimes etc to shape our image and perception of the world.

The typical gatekeeper’s cha in a modern electronic media house would comprise the reporter, the chief editor, and the controller of news, manager news and the production editor. However, the above arrangement applies to the Radio Nigeria (FRCN) Enugu, even though the positions might assume different names in other media organizations. The above-mentioned people will have to work with other gatekeepers such as the typist, proofreaders, etc to determine what is publishable as news.

The gatekeepers of news not only tries to identify but also keep the public informed by sieving the news from non-news and selecting majors events in the interest of his audience or as permitted by his own prejudice. The audience in the later uses makes their choice of what they expose themselves to through selective exposure. The need for gatekeepers to always have their audience in mind in their news selecting process was emphasized in the argument of Douglas C. Covert (1985 p 133-136) who stated “the visual compositions which please the makers may not be as acceptable to view as in commonly as assumed. This word entail that while journalists perform their function of the surveillance of the environment, socialization, educating of their audience and cultural transmission, journalists themselves would see their jobs as the echoing of every thing, rather than be at core for things.

 

 

 

 

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS’ SATISFACTION (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN AIRWAYS ENUGU)

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ABSTRACT

This study is aimed at pointing out the function of pubic relations officer in customer’s satisfaction in Nigeria Airways Enugu.

Research method: The data for this study were collected through questionnaire.

Thereafter the data collected were analyzed using chi – square method (X2) = (0 -e)

E

Which served to out qualitative characterizes

In the data into numerical form and relationships.

The research finding the essentials of public relations officer in an establishment.

The effect of public relations in promoting the image of an organization.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                                  II

Approval page                                                            III

Dedication                                                                 IV

Acknowledgement                                                      V

Abstract                                                                     VI

Table of content                                                                 VII

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                      1

• Background of the study 9
• The objectives of Nigerian Airway 10
• Statement of research problem 12
• Objective of the study 14
• Significance of the study 15
• Research questions 17
• Research Hypothesis / Null Hypothesis 17
• Conceptual of Operational Definition 18
• Definition of terms Operational 20
• Assumptions 21
• Limitation of the study 22

CHAPTER TWO:

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• The origin and concept public relations 23
• The place of public relation in an Organization 27
• Publics 31
• Corporate Image 32
• Social Responsibility 34
• The pubic relations practitioner 38
• Summary of Literature review 40

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                                    43

• RESEARCH Method 43
• Research design 43
• Expression Instrument
• Measuring Instrument 45
• Method off data analysis 46

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data analysis and interpretation 47
• Table 1: Measurement on image problem

of Nigerian Enugu                                              49

• Table 2: Measurement on the role played by the public relations                                         50
• Table 3 :- Measurement of the basic steps

top be taken                                                    52

• Table 4:- Measurement of effects of

political interference                                           55

• Discussion 57

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary and recommendation for further study 62
• Recommendations 65
• Conclusion 68

Bibliography                                                               71

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

In any organization, the need to maintain the image of the organization is in our contemporary societies a private one hence this study survey the role of public relations in enhancing consumer’s satisfaction. We set out to find   whether Nigeria Airways Enugu, has in any way satisfied or disssatidied the total number of people or customers that have been satisfied or dissatisfied by the organization. This study will also x – rays how far the PR roles have helped or will help to co-ordinate the organizations perception of the Nigeria airways image when determined are bed, them the researchers would be in a better position to advise and make necessary recommendations in order to enhance it’s image. And also, to contribute to the knowledge of mass communication and indeed to the acknowledge of geniality of Nigerian in their quest for the effect of customers satisfaction in government and in parastatals.

The Nigeria Airways is a public interest and business enterprise and as such is required to succeed.

        As a public institute devoted to the servicing of the public interest , it must have its customers, satisfactions as its prime motive to enhance and achieve public co-operation and acceptance. As a business institute, the Nigeria Airways must use business principles to operate in such a way that it be comes economically strong enough to depend and sustain its independence against crumbling.

Against the background the Nigeria Airways, instituted the public relations department to help foster the activities of the organization in order to achieves it aims and objectives. This is so because no business oriented organization can make any meaningful achievement without the it is easy identifiable that the basic philosophy underlying public relation practice is prime importance in all spheres of activities. The public relations man engages himself in doing he has done. This involves winning friends, keeping them and influencing them, as well as others it also involves looking good by building and sustaining good image or goodwill through good deeds that will wim favourable consideration for Nigerian Airways Enugu among members of the public.

Public relations by definition according to frank Jefekins states “that public relation is the process of assessing consumer wants establishing communication fastening good will so that consumer wants or needs can be profitable satisfied”. I

Another definition of public relations according to the editors of public relations news, PR is a philosophy and function of management, which evaluate public attitudes, identities the policies of an individual or organization with public interests and execute a programme of actions to earn public understanding and acceptance”.

 

ASSESSING THE USEFULNESS OF MODELS IN ADVERTISING OF CONSUMER PRODUCTS (A CASE STUDY OF NIVEA SOAP)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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                                    ABSTRACT

The project work on the assessing the usefulness of model in advertising of consumers product. The research work shown that usefulness of model advertising has an influence on consumers products and acceptability of a product. It does not only inform but it educate and uses both psychological and sociological appearance in     order to achieve its aims. The literature review of the research work was collected through the primary and secondary source of data collection. Many methods of data collections was employed in order to collect adequate information and analysis, such as research design, population of study, sample size and sampling techniques, measuring instruments, method of data collection and method of data analysis. From the analysis of research findings, it has shown that majority of the respondents believed that advertising have significant and usefulness change on consumers buying behaviour of the Nivea soap. The researcher recommended that since some factors such as price and quality were discovered to the very important in consumers choice of Nivea soap, there is need to emphasize on those factors for advertising the influence consumers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

APPROVAL PAGE

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
• ASSUMPTIONS
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

CHAPTER TWO

• SOURCES OF LITERATURE
• THE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

• RESEARCH METHOD
• RESEARCH DESIGN
• AREA OF STUDY
• POPULATION OF THE STUDY
• DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE
• MEASURING INSTRUMENT
• METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
• METHOD of DATA ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

• DATA ANALYSIS
• DATA ANALYSIS
• TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 3

CHAPTER FIVE

• SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

 

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Most advertising strategies will agree that creating consumers product is fundamental to both profit seeking companies and non-profit organizations. Indeed creating superior consumers product is a necessary condition for a company securing a niche in a competitive environment, not to mention a leadership position in the advert (Day 1990). According to Porter (1980) a company can follow two generic routes to compete in an advert differentiation and low-cost. Day (1990) maintains that both approaches have the same objective to create superior consumers product, because regardless of which of these routes is emphasized, the effort will fail unless significant consumer products is created (Day, 1990: 163).

Day (1990), addressed the issues in analyzing consumers products and proposed that it can be expressed in a “value equation”. Consumers perceive benefits – consumers perceived cost = perceived customers value” (p.142). Although Day’s approaches to consumer product is basically sound, some detail regarding consumer-customers remains under. Example, the process by industrial consumers in detail, but this is only in principle a part of much more complex process of product valuation by consumers. Hence consumers overall product valuation is still missing in the literature. Such a framework should address the issues of how consumers perceive the benefits and costs of products as well as what possible benefits and costs customers may perceive from products in the market.

In addition, the “product”, has discrepant meanings in the marketing literature, especially between its two areas. Marketing strategy and consumer behaviour, what advertising medium mean by customers “value” is quite different from the meanings of the “consumer value”, discussed in consumer behaviour research (Clowson and Vision 1990). Generally speaking “consumers product purchase at the time of buying, while “consumer values” stress people’s valuation on the consumption or possession of production of products. Actually Days, approach to customers value (Day 1990), by emphasizing the customers perception, indicate a direction in which the two different, but related, concepts “value(s) in advertising discipline might be integrated. The current research work helps accomplish the integration by suggestion a model of consumers value for consumer product.

Advertising is part of the flow of communication and information process, which exposes the consumer to variety of stimulus. It is credited with raising our standard of living, lowering unit costs of mass produced goods providing information and helping new forms enter the market place. It is monitored by the industry of mass media consumer groups and government agencies in an effort to eliminate deceptive and unfair advertisement and commercials. Advertising has become a workhouse that serves many communication needs of society.

 

HEPATITIS C VIRUS AMONG PREGNANT WOMENPEOPLE LIVING WITH HIVAIDS ATTENDING CLINIC AT UNTH ITUKUOZALLA

 

• Chapter one

 

• Introduction………………………………………………….1

 

• Objectives……………………………………………………4

 

• Chapter two

 

• Mode of   transmission   and   risk   fac

 

• Pathogenesis and   incubation   perio

 

• Epidemiology…………………………………………………8

 

• Signs and   symptoms………………………………………….9

 

• Diagnosis……………………………………………………..9

 

• Prevention and   control……………………………

 

• Treatment……………………………………………………12

 

• Hepatitis C   virus   and   pregnancy……

 

• Hepatitis C   virus   and   HIV……………………

 

• Chapter three

 

• Material……………………………………………………..18

 

 

 

6

 

• Study population……………………………………………

 

• Sample collection…………………………………………

 

• Method……………………………………………………..18

 

• Chapter four

 

• Results………………………………………………………20

 

• Chapter five

 

• Discussion……………………………………….26

 

• Conclusion………………………………………………….26

 

• Recommendation…………………………………………… References………………………………………………………28

List of tables

 

• Age distribution   of   HCV   in   pregna

 

• Sex distribution of HCV in PLWHA………………………23

 

• Age distribution   of   HCV   in   male   H

 

• Age distribution   of   HCV   in   female

 

ABSTRACT

 

A total of 50 blood (30 pregnant and 20 HIV) samples were obtained from pregnant women and PLWHA attending clinic at UNTH Ituku-ozalla. Samples were screened for hepatitis c viral infection using the rapid one step hepatitis C virus test strip. Two (6.66%) pregnant women were positive and four (20%) HIV patients were positive for Hepatitis C, giving an overall prevalence rate of (26.7%). The infection was the same in male (3) and in female (3). Those aged 23-34 years recorded a higher prevalence of (20%) than those in the age group 19-23. This higher prevalence of hepatitis C suggests that pregnant women and PLWHA may be at risk of hepatitis due to hepatitis C virus. Therefore routine screening of pregnant women and PLWHA should be instituted for early diagnosis and management of cases.

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.1INTRODUCTION

Hepatitis C infection is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV is one of several viruses that can cause hepatitis. ‘Hepatitis’ means inflammation of the liver(Ryan and Ray,2004).It is unrelated to the other common hepatitis viruses (for example,  hepatitis A or  hepatitis B). HCV is a member of thehepacivirus genus in the familyFlaviviridae. There are at least six distinctly different strains of the virus which have different genetic profiles (genotypes). In the U. S., genotype 1 is the most common form of HCV. Even within a single genotype there may be some variations (genotype 1a and 1b, for example). Genotyping is important to guide treatment because some viral genotype respond better to therapy than others (Wilkins et al. 2009).

 

According to Hepatitis C NSW (2010), here are some of the things that can happen once the body contract hepatitis C.

 

 

The body may deal with hepatitis C of its own accord and you may never get sick.About 25% of all people who contract hepatitis C will clear the infection (although this happen less commonly in people with HIV). For a range of reasons, hepatitis C infection is eradicated from the body in these people, usually within 12 months of having been infected.

Hepatitis C may remain present in the body. About three quarters of people who contract hepatitis C will be chronically infected. This means that they have detectable hepatitis C virus (measured by a PCR test) in their blood for a period of longer than twelve months. People in this group may be at risk of developing liver problems over time.

 

The genetic diversity of HCV is one reason that it has been difficult to develop an effective vaccine since the vaccine must protect against all genotypes. It is difficult for the human immune system to eliminate HCV from the body, and infection with HCV usually becomes chronic. Over decades, chronic infection with HCV damages the liver and can cause liver failure. Up to 85% of newly-infected people fail to eliminate the virus and become chronically infected. Infection is most commonly detected among people who are 40 to 60 years of age, reflecting the high rates of infection in the 1970s and 1980s. There are 8,000 to 10,000 deaths each year in the U.S. related to HCV infection. HCV infection is the leading cause of liver transplantation in the U.S and is a risk factor for  liver cancer.

 

Most of the signs and symptoms of HCV infection relate to the liver. Less commonly, HCV infection causes conditions outside of the liver. Symptoms are generally mild and vague, including a decreased appetite, fatigue, nausea, fever. Headache, muscle or joint pains, and weigh loss.Hepatitis C after many years

becomes the primary cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer. About 10–30% of people develop cirrhosis over 30 years (Meisel, et al. 1995). HCV infection can cause the body to produce unusual antibodies called ‘cryoglobulins’. These cryoglobulins cause inflammation of the arteries  (vasculitis) which may damage the skin, joints, and kidneys. In addition, these patients may develop  Raynaud’s phenomenon in which the fingers and toes turn color (white, then purple, then red) and become painful at cold temperatures(Iannuzzella, and Vaglio, 2010).

 

Two skin conditions,  lichen planus and  porphyria cutaneatarda, have been associated with chronic infection with HCV. HCV also is associated with B-cell lymphoma, a  cancer of the lymph system.

 

Doctors use various tests to determine if a person has hepatitis C. One type of test measures antibodies in the blood, indicating that a person been exposed to HCV; the two most common antibody tests are called ELISA and RIBA. Viral load tests measure how much HCV genetic material is present in the blood; the two most common viral load tests are called PCR an…

 

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ADVERTISING ON ORGANIZATIONS PROFIT MAXIMIZATION (A CASE STUDY OF SOME SELECTED HOTELS IN ENUGU URBAN)

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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ABSTRACT

This research work is a survey on the effectiveness of Advertising in the maximization profit, with survey of some selected hotel business in Enugu Urban.

Among the objectives of this study is to find out whether the advertisement on hotel services and products actually lead to profit increase. This problem I necessary in view of the fact that some people do believe that hotels could go on with their businesses with or without advertising.

Respondents were randomly selected from Enugu metropolis and the data they provided were analyzed with simple percentage and the statistics techniques. The result obtained indicated the effective advertising is a necessary stimulant of profit maximization in hotel business.

It also shows that the awareness level of hotel advertising by the public is low. The study was able to show that television remains the most fastest medium of hotel advertising, closely followed by Radio.

Finally with some recommendations proffered. The conclusion was also drawn based on the result of the findings.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

List of tables

Table of contents

 

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

• Introduction
• Statement of problem
• Objective of the study
• Research questions
• Research hypothesis
• Significance of the study
• Scope of the study

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

• Introduction
• Summary of the review

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

• Sources of data
• Sample size
• Sample selection techniques
• Limitations of the study of data analysis techniques

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• Questionnaire distribution and returns
• Analysis of data

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, discussion, recommendation and conclusion

References

Bibliography

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

 

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

• INTRODUCTION

Prior to the era of industrial revolution, the pattern and method of salesmanship was both crude and cumbersome because the gap between the productive and consumption sectors of society was small and manageable. However with the present complication and sophistication among both the producers and consumers occasioned by high level of economic and technological developments, business are now re-shaping, re-focusing, re-positioning and re-directing their operations and marketing strategies in order to face obvious challenges posed but modern day marketing.

Every business concern has a major objectives for which it was established but whatever may be the goal, the overriding force undoubtedly remains profit maximization.

To accomplish the foretasted, these business make conscious efforts of findings out what their customers want, producing them, creating the needed awareness on the availability of these goods and services and offering them at the right place, time and cost. It is by so doing that such a business can assuredly claim greater percentage of the market share and at the center of these activities is the pivot, the stimulant, the propelled, the sole of business called advertisement.

Advertising as one of the strangest promotional tool remains a strong force in the hands of business entities. A popular saying has it that, if you do not blow your triumph, no body is going to do that for you, for only when actually know where you are. Advertising does this and more for organizations especially the hotel business. It creates awareness, package the product services etc. present it to the intended consumer and assists him in making the right choice.

The following definitions and opinions by some authorities and schools of thought on the meaning and roles of advertising, will perhaps give more insight into the concepts.

According to Staton W.I, advertising consists of all the activities in presenting

to a group of non-personal oral or visual openly sponsored message regarding a

products services or idea.