THE ROLE OF THE PRESS IN THE POLITICAL POLARISATION OF THE NIGERIAN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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ABSTRACT

This study was designed to critically examine “the role of the press in Nigeria’s polarization and National Development”

The method of content analysis was adopted and also, three Nigerian daily newspaper were selected. This include, the New Nigeria Newspaper a federal Government owned newspaper published in Kaduna state,

The National concord and the champion, each being privately owned by differently individual (s) but published in Lagos.

Three publications were selected per week: Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays covering April, August and December between 1997 – 1993. Five years were analysed. These are 1981, 1984 1987, 1990 and 1993.

The result were then carefully analysed and interpreted. The analysis revealed that the Nigerian Press jettisoned the much-admired doctrine of fairness and impartiality and tend towards biasness and sycophancy.

At the end, it was recommended that in order to address the polarization of the press owners and operators of mass media, irrespective of their ethnic geographical and political difference must create an avenue where they could rub minds with one another so as to eradicate the misconception held against each other. And that the press and government relationship must improve hence seeing other as partners in progress.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

• Background of study
• Research problem
• Objective of the study
• Significance of the study
• Scope and limitation
• Research questions
• Hypothesis
• Definition of terms 7

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature review 10

2.1     Source                                                                            10

• Theoretical frame work 12
• Concept of mass media 14
• The role of mass media 19
• Concept of development 20
• The post independent press           26
• The Nigerian press and political influence ouring

second republic 1979 – 1983                                         31

• Democratic political consent of

Nigerian press 1985 – 1993                                           32

CHAPTER THREE

• Research methodology 34

3.1     population                                                                     35

• Sampling 35
• Data gathering method 36
• Content analysis 36

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data analysis and interpretation 38

4.1     Discussions and interpretation                                                79

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary, recommendation and conclusion 82

5.2     Recommendation                                                                   83

 

5.3     Conclusion                                                           85

Appendix                                                                       30

Reference                                                                       92

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Nigeria is one of the countries, which is “undergoing transition”.

This is because politically they are visibly undergoing rapid development or change, which may be positive or Negative.

It is true in line with this that since independence Nigeria has been under transition politically. It has witnessed many tailed politically transition programmes that have continue to hold political power through brute force or sheer power of the gun. These include the General Abacha political transition programme and the likes.

However, Nigeria has been described as being in a transitory situation which political culture is characterized by divergent and powerful interest groups with insatiable political and economic demands on the larger political entity.

To this end, the role of the press which is been as the fourth estate of the ream “ Cannot be overlooked. This was why Hohenberg (1978) submits that:

“When public trust in Government declines and deeply affects the Faith of millions of people is its principle and practice the press is the institution that is least likely to profit from the resultant disillusionment”

It is this veritable position of the press that explains the inextricable relationship between the institution (press) and politics.

Consequently, a duty is imposed on the press to ensure that the political objective of Nigeria as a country is accordance to its motto this that all of the function performed in the political aggregation, rule making rule application and rule adjudication are performed through communication.

Upholding the through importance of communication. The press in a given polity is the life line as communication is the oxygen of all political relationship.

The importance of communication may mass media has being further acknowledged while assessing the significance of the mass media in any political systems is that the mass media serves as a moderator of public opinion and watchdog of the people.

The media equally helps to spread ideas, knowledge and views.

Also the press in any country should be responsible in the performance of its functions. These functions includes

1. Servicing the political system by providing information discussions and debate on public affairs.
2. Enlightening the public so as to make it capable of self-government.
3. Servicing the economic system, primarily by bringing together the buyers and sellers of good and services through the medium of advertising
4. Safe – guarding the rights of the individuals by serving as a watchdog against government
5. Providing entertainment

IMPACT OF ANAMBRA BROADCASTING SERVICE TELEVISION (ABS) BUSINESS LINK PROGRAMME ON THE COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES OF AWKA RESIDENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1	Background of the Study	1
1.2	Statement of Research Problem	6
1.3	Objectives of the Study	7
1.4.	Significance of the Study	8
1.5.	Research Question	8
1.6.	Research Hypotheses	9
1.7.	Operational Definition of Terms	9
1.8.	Assumptions of the Study	10
1.9.	Delimitations of the Study	11
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1	Sources of Literature	12
2.2	Review of Relevant Literature	12
2.2.1 Review of Concepts		12
2.2.2 History of Television and its Development (African/Nigerian Experience		13
2.2.3 History of Anambra Broadcasting Service Television		15
2.2.4 Awka:  An Overview		17

 

 

 

6

 

2.2.5 Effect of Television on Commercial Traders of Awka.			19
2.2.6 Audience Media Perception			21
2.2.7 How ABS Television Business Link Programme Changes Attitudes and Opinions			25
2.3	Theoretical Framework		32
2.4	Summary of Literature Review		33
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1.		Research Design	36
3.2.		Area of the Study.	36
3.3.		Population of the Study	36
3.4.		Research Sampling Technique and Sample Size	37
3.5.		Instrument for Data Collection	37
3.6.		Validity of the Instrument	38
3.7.		Method of Data Collection	38
3.8.		Method of Data Analysis	39
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1		Presentation and Analysis of Data	40
4.2		Test of Hypotheses	48
4.3.		Discussion of Findings	52

 

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 

5.1	Summary	54
5.2	Conclusion	54
5.3	Recommendations	55
	References	57
	Appendix I	59
	Appendix II	60

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

 

• Background of the Study

 

Most people accept the idea the media can influence people but the degree of that influence as well as who is most impacted, how and why, have been the subject of great debate among communication scholars for nearly a century. Media effects refer to the many ways individuals and society maybe influenced by both news and entertainment. Mass media including film, television, radio, newspapers, books magazines, websites, games and music. Although in this study, the medium used is television.

 

Media effect has been studied by scholars in communication, psychology, sociology, political, science, anthropology, and education among other fields. Many early communication models designed to explain the process of message dissemination were simple-one-way and linear (Shannon and weaver, 1994), positioning the medium or message as the cause and the behavioural, emotional, or psychological response as the effect (Bryant and Thompson, 2002, pp. 4-5). Morden conceptualization, however, typically illustrate a two-way process that is more transactional or interactive in nature in which the message or the medium affects the recipient(s) , but the audience, in turn, influences and shapes the senders.

 

In the early part of the 20^th century, concerns about political propaganda, manipulation by

 

the elite and the rising popularity of the electronic media led to the so theory, which envisaged media message as strong drugs or potent weapon that could have

 

powerful effect on helpless audience ( LA swell, 1991; Lippmann, 1992). However, while

 

these theories explained some behaviour, they did not account for the different responses individual may have to the same media source. In the 1950s and 60s, empirical research began to uncover the moderating power of predispositions and peer group, concluding that

the           media‟s  llimpactofenwasreferredsma   to   as   the   „l

 

1960; Lazars Feld Bergeson, 1998 and Gaudet, 1998). In the 1970s and 80s, prominent scholars begins to look more closely again at the media relationship to knowledge, opinion, attitudes and level of violence, concluding that media effect could be significant in some cases even if not all powerful.. Scholars also came to agree that some vulnerable groups such as children may be more heavily influenced by media than others (Bryant and Thompson, 2002; Mc Combs and Shaws 1994; Mc Luhan, 2000).

 

The above leads to the medium of communication (ABS television) that will be used to influence the behaviour of Awka residents.

 

The         word   television   (TV)   is   derived   from   mi

 

Greek tele, far and Latin Visio, sight. From video, (vis-to-see, or to view in the first person). It is widely used telecommunication used for transmitting and receiving moving images, either monochromatic (black and white) or colour. Usually accompanied by sound. Television has been regarded as a spontaneous, most effective media that can be used to disseminate information with a lasting impression on the minds of the audience. Television has made tremendous effort in broadcasting to the Awka residents because of its audio/video ability which is appealing to the viewer.

 

Awka is a city in Anambra state Nigeria with so many commercial trades. Some of these trades are ignorant of the best method of rendering services to the public. In Nigeria especially in Awka, most ignorant men and women are unaware of the kind of implication

of the kind of business they engage themselves in, that is why the television from the broadcast media was established to put such people in the right path. With the creation of Anambra and Imo state in 1967, Anambra broadcasting service was born. The federal government acquired the television area of the station in 1977, re-baptised it Anambra broadcasting corporation (ABC). The radio wing was left behind, in1982, ABC radio 2 Onitsha was born. Gov. Jim Nwobodo in 1981, established another television station. In 1985, the radio merged with the television with appellation, ABS radio/ TV Enugu. In 1991, ABS could boast of ABS radio 1 Enugu, ABS radio 2 Onitsha, ABS radio 3 FM Enugu, ABS TV channel 5-0 Enugu and ABS channel 2-7 Onitsha. With the creation of the new AnambraEnugu states in 1991, and the subsequent disengagement of the staff on March 16, 1992, the Anambra broadcasting service (RITV) Awka. After the state creation, the first movement was to Ontisha-4 park road- the location of our AM station. From Onitsha, the headquarters in January, 1993. The movement continued to party house, okpuno in January 1994. However, Anambra broadcasting service (ABS) moved to its permanent site on the Enugu/Onitsha expressway in Awka in January, 2002. There are three other operational areas:

 

• The broadcasting house at 4 park road, Onitsha.

 

• The television station at Awada.

 

• The booster station at Enugwu-Ukwu.

 

Anambra broadcasting service transmits on the following frequencies;

Television- ABS TV channel 27 Onitsha, ABS TV channel 24 Awka.

 

With two television and two radio stations, both at Onitsha and Awka, ABS can boast of wide coverage reaching out to neighbouring states e.g. Delta, Edo, Enugu, and Imo and beyond.

 

Even with Anambra broadcasting service (ABS) it is not certain the kind of impact it has on these commercial traders. For instance, Janis and Hovland (1959) discussed various

 

factors associated with „persuasive‟ and s amongst other things, on the prestige of the source, or on the significance of the message

 

for the receiver, or on the attitude of the receiver to the source.

 

Also Kelman (1961) comes closer to this in his analysis of social influence, suggesting that

 

three main processes might be involved in opinion change. One of these   „complianc

 

refers  to  the  acceptance  of  influence  in the  expectation of some  reward  or  to  avoid

 

punishment „identification‟, occurs when a and hence imitates or adopt ization‟,behaviour isaccoin describe influence guided-existingneedsbyand valuesthe. receiver‟s

The television could affect these traders positively or negatively. Therefore, for positive result, it is the job of the media houses to give well programmed and packaged information to the audience (commercial consumers and he consumer at large). These commercial activities of Awka residents are their major means of survival. So the commercial developmental programmes should be well broadcasted so that it will foster the spirit of hard work and high productivity with the view of arising creativity and inquisitiveness in the people.

 

 

Many researcher adopt functional approach to the study of communication process from the perception of the receiver rather than the sender (Wimmer and Dominick, 2003; 407).

 

These researchers base their investigation effect which posits that audience do not take media messages for granted (Tsao and Sibley,

 

2004: 788-87) but is at least.

 

As active as the sender (Fiske, 1990: 151). Fiske Firther argues that the message is what the audience make of it and not what the sender intends.

 

For a successful programme, „programming‟ i to broadcast such material. Programming means determining the kind of programme to

 

make, the belt or slot in which to bring them out, the target audience, the ratio or mix of other programme types in relations to the ones produced, the general objectives of each programme type.

 

In packaging a potent programme, the producer should endeavour to focus more on how the service of the broadcast media are of benefit to the audience rather than concentrating on the product features.

 

Media houses in Awka like Anambra broadcasting service (ABS) has its functions steamed from the understanding that it is the source from which the Awka residents choose what commercial trades suit them best and method of doing the business.

 

Nevertheless, there is no denying the fact that the effect of the television has on the Awka resident is powerful but sometime ineffective because of the location of some of the commercial traders. A recent study conducted show that some commercial traders

 

especially in the rural areas do not have television sets to watch   „ABS   business

 

 

 

 

link programme „while other prefer to get of information from television. The adoption of the „modus operandi‟ (mode can be seen in the method they use in approaching their business. One great difficulty for researcher is how to measure media effect. thought, emotions or behaviour in ways could be direct or indirect, immediate or delayed,

fleeting or lasting. It is impossible for scientist to control for all the mediating factors from levels of television consumption to demographics such as age, race, and socio-economic status, to harder to measure variables like environment, upbringing, values and previous experiences.

 

It is envisage that at the end of this study the outcome in formulating and packaging of television programmes for commercial traders, business men and women etc. it will give them the knowledge on the effect of ABS television business link programme on their commercial activities. All above, the study will increase existing and good talk shows on how to develop the commercial activity of Awka residents.

 

• Statement of Research Problem

 

There has been a concerted effort by the Anambra Broadcasting service (ABS) to create a positive impact on the Awka residents concerning their commercial activities for instance,

 

the Awka television station, „Anambra Broa increase the growth of the commercial activities of Awka residents. These Awka residents

 

include the sellers and the consumers of the goods and services. This medium communication (television) helps these people positively by giving them the right feel about a business or commercial activity of Awka. Broadcasting programming is a problem in a broadcasting media i.e. Television. According to Olugboji (1997), little attention is paid to producing cultural relevant local programmes that could contribute meaningfully to the development of the society. The television station strives to give broadcasting to Awka residents on what suits them best in terms of the commercial activities.

Abstract

 

In the dawn of this millennium where communication technologies have taken new and intriguing dimensions, television programmes have taken communication even to a much fascinating plane. The television has made it possible to receive and send information to and from far flung places with the speed of lightening. This study which centres on the effects of ABS television business link programme on the commercial activities of Awka residents at Awka metropolis examined the negative and positive effects of the television programme on the commercial activities of Awka residents. Research methodology used in gathering data and information for the study is questionnaire, presentation of data analysis, testing of hypotheses along with result discussions. The findings revealed that there is a high level of success by the ABS television business link in impacting the desired change in Awka residents and that Awka residents expose themselves to ABS television business link. It recommended that the Government should ensure that ABS television reach those who outside the state so that they can also benefit from it.

 

 

 

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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IMPACT OF CHANNEL O MUSICAL PROGRAMMES ON THE CULTURAL BEHAVIOR OF IDAH POLYTECHNIC STUDENTS

 

 

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract		x
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1	Background of the Study	1
1.2	Statement of the Research Problem	3
1.3	Objectives of the Study	3
1.4	Research Questions	4
1.5	Research Hypotheses	4
1.6	Significance of the study	5
1.7	Delimitation of the Study	5
1.8	Assumptions of the Study	6
1.9	Limitation of the Study	6
1.10	Operational Definition of terms	6
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1	Sources of Literature	8
2.2	Review of Relevant Literature	8
2.3	Theoretical Framework	16
2.4	Summary of the Literature Review	19

 

8

 

 

CHPATER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1	Research Design	20
3.2	Area of the Study	20
3.3	Population of the Study	21
3.4	Research Sample and Sampling Technique	22
3.5	Instrument used for Data Collection	22
3.6	Validity of the Instrument	22
3.7	Method of Collecting Data	23
3.8	Method of Data Analysis	23
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1	Date Analysis and Presentation	25
4.2	Hypotheses Testing	32
4.3	Discussion of Findings	35
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1	Summary	39
5.2	Conclusion	40
6.3	Recommendations	41
6.4	Suggestion for further Studies	42
Appendix		44
References		48

 

9

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

 

This study probes the impact which TV has on the cultural behaviour of idah polytechnic students. It specifically tackles the impact of channel O musical TV programes on the cultural behavior of idah polytechnic students. The research posits that the current trends in cultural behaviour of youths in Nigeria as observed among idah polytechnic students, kogi state is significantly associated with their perception of western culture and exposure to channel O musical TV programmes. The assumption that foreign media content has direct powerful effects that is shared by optimistic modernization theory. The research applies the theory of acculturation along with the culturation hypothesis. Acculturation of Nigeria youths take place as a result of exposure to western TV (channel O) which influence the perception of TV reality and alters self-image. From the review of related literature, the following hypotheses emerged for testing HI: More exposure to TV will tend to identification of western television stars as models. H2: The improvement of Local TV movies industries will

 

increase Nigerian youths’ preferenceproduct. forResearchlocal T hypotheses 1 and 2 received statistical support from the analysis of

 

collected data using the survey research method for proper analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical tools of measuring data were used in findings of the study, its shows that a positive relationship which means that as television explosive tends to go up, identification with western television stars especially American television stars also tends to go up. It is also confirm that students discard Nigerian norms and values and become manifestly consistently with western behavior in keeping with their perception of cultural values. From the conclusion, the researches of this research problem have shown that youths of Nigeria can confront the problem of channel O musical programmes destroying our cultural values. A policy should be formulated to ensure that only professionals take change of the business of films movies production. Recommendations to check the cultural genocide for further research were preferred.

 

10

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

 

 

• Background of the study

 

This study is on Impacts Of Channel O Musical Television Programmes On The Cultural Behavioural Of Federal Polytechnic Students Idah. The term culture has been defined differently by different people. The different definitions attached to culture are based on the differences in the orientation of the people.

 

According to Ekeh (1989), culture is construct used in an attempt to analyze and integrate events and ideas in broad spectrum of areas of society. Jekayinka (2002), states that from wider perspective, culture includes the total repertoire of human action which are socially transmitted from generation to generation. Obiora (2002), says the transformation of culture is gradual and not sudden. He contends that culture is a continuous process of change. It changes exactly the same way as the human being change. It is dynamic, learned, acquired, transmitted or diffused through contact or means of communication flow from generation to another. The Nigerian culture is observed to be fading out as a result of

 

the acceptance and adaptation of the modernist’ underdevelopment. One of such theories which relates to this subtle

 

method of assault international communication is given by Lerner (1956).

 

In his concept of “empathy”, Lernerhird sta world nations must learn to empathize with the West for modern

 

transformation of their societies to be possible. Schramm (1964), on the other hand, developed an interesting model in which he equates the level of social development of communication to various nations. Access to these modern mass media (Radio, Television, films, telephone, and

 

11

 

 

newspapers) is linked to individual modernity. Nigeria and other third world countries have reacted to these finding by inventing a substantial amount of their foreign exchange earnings to import radio and television transmitters and sets. The television programmes especially provide many powerful models for children and abundant opportunities for observational learning.

 

The television programmes include:

 

. Depiction of sex

 

.  Violence

 

. Drug and Alcohol used

 

. Vulgar Language –behaviours that most parents do not want their children to imitate.

 

Studies  (www.encarta.com) have been found by early adolescence that the average Nigerian children have watched thousands of dramatized murders and countless other acts of violence on television. For many years, psychologists have debated the question of whether watching violence on Tv have detrimental effects on children. A number of experiments both inside and outside the laboratory have found evidence that viewing Tv violence is relayed to increased aggression in children.

 

Nigerians as exemplified by trends in Idah Polytechnic, Kogi State where Western exports of television entertainment and information are shown in NTA Idah, ESBS Television, Minaj Channel, Cartoon Network, ESPN –

 

“Expanded Sports programmes Network” ch satellite transmission operators as DSTV, Multi – Choice, Music

 

television, Euro –sports, etc, have raised Nigerians eyebrows to such Western television programmes. Such exposure make students to behave like them, associate with them and even speak like them. Even our generation that is shown on NTA Asaba and the youth perspective on

 

12

 

 

ESBS/TV are presented by youth and replete with music video of Western origin dominated by rape stars as (Late) Tupac, Nicky Minaj, The Game, 50- Cent, Sean Paul, Lil Wayne, Snoop Dogy Dog, etc. It is the

 

researcher’s believe that channel O m American television exports have a stra power the cultural values of Nigerian youths.

 

 

 

• Statement of the research problem

 

Impact of channel O musical television programmes on the cultural behaviour of Idah Polytechnic students have been said to be a serious problem facing Nigerians. Some of these problems are:

 

. Inadequate policy to guard the youths towards Western Tv programmes.

 

. There is an erosion of the cultural values.

 

. The imitation of Western cultures especially the American  cultures.

 

. The Nigerian youths are faced with brain wash.

 

Therefore, if the above problems are not been taking care off, it will lead to a total destruction of the Nigerians culture

 

 

• Objectives of the study

 

The researcher’s objectiveanin-depthresearchis on tothe conduc…

 

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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impact of billboard advertising on product promotion

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 

 

1.1 Background of the Study:

 

 

Advertising is one of the tools used for persuasive communication to target audience. Advertising is the communication relayed from companies to persuade an audience to purchase

 

their products. This communication is usually through various forms of paid media…. TV and radio commercials, print advertising, billboards and more. Every communication is advertising is

 

intended to be persuasive. This becomes clear with the definition of persuasive communication by Osubiyi (1999), which is a conscious attempt by one individual to change the behavior of another individual or groups of individuals through the transmission of some messages. Persuasive communication relates the intention of the communication with resultant behavior of the receiver. Successful persuasive communication produces the desire and behavior while failed ones don’t.

 

Simply put, advertising is any form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services usually paid for by identified sponsor. The key points to note are:

 

1. Advertising is non-personal directed to a range of anonymous people.

 

1. Usually paid for, this fact differentiates advertising from publicity which is not usually purchased.

 

• For obvious reason, the sponsor of the advertisement is identified. In fact, in most instances, identifying the sponsor of the advertisement is the prime purpose behind the advert, otherwise why advertise? This is so because by putting their names behind their products or goods, advertisers try hard to fulfill the promise thy claim.

 

1

 

 

Basically, advertising seek to establish, modify or reinforce attitudes, causing consumers to try a new product, buy more of it or switch brands. Brand advertising seeks to create an image or personality for a product out unique position for it.

 

The rate of advertising in society is a controversial one, largely because opinions associated with it are heavily interwoven with more fundamental vows and beliefs about how a society does and should operate. Aaker and Myers (1989:503): advertising performs some basic functions in the society, first, it serves the marketing function by helping companies that provide product and service and ideas, sells their products in conjunction with personal selling and sales production. Some advertising however maybe aimed at providing public service because it gives us information about goods and services. No wonder the International Advertising Association

 

states:                     “to   be   properly   informed,   the   consume

 

 

Also, advertising help people learn about new products and service and improvements in existing ones through advertising. Agu (1990) asserts that advertising creates awareness, stimulates demand and encourages greater production and ultimately leading to improvement in the standard of living. Hence, advertising provides consumer education as it ensures national and freedom of choice by consumers. The promotion of free and rational consumer choice is a very important aspect of the informative role of advertising. Practical advertising cannot be complete

 

without a clear understanding   and   application   of   the   pri

 

 

Advertising has grown as a tool of academic inquiry, a field of professional practice and an index of modern business. It has come to assume the center of modern business marketing strategy. Billboard advertising has assumed a wider and prominent position of product promotion in recent times in Nigeria.

 

 

2

 

 

Despite electronic media, billboard advertising got product promotion on the increase and has been dominating the forms of advertising. A result of billboard advertising has emerged as it is recognized by the advertisers as a subsidiary of the Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON). But has been articulated by Adeyemi (1969) the constitutional provisions on freedom of expression can be said to amount only to an orderly freedom of which cannot be used as a license to spread communication that debased public morality.

 

However, many of these ethical principles have in the course of time, grown to become statutory regulation codified laws. Decree 55 of 1988 among other provisions provides that APCON show regular and control of the practices of advertising in all aspects and ramification. It is in this immense and wide power conferred on it that APCON developed a code of ethics to guide and regulate the practice of advertising in Nigeria which accommodated in no small measure the use of billboards as a way of communicating messages to the masses.

 

The increase in billboard advertising underscores the effectiveness of billboard on product promotion. Billboards are usually located at point with high vertical and human traffic. Consequently, users of such points are regularly exposed to the advertisement in the board. Secondary, billboards also offers a high degree of locational flexibility. In other words, the boards can be placed where the advertisers actually intended them to be. In addition, they tend to have lower cost per thousand than most of the other media. They are usually more cost efficient, especially for the advertiser with a small budget. Billboards offer the advantages of very good colour reproduction and at the small time, it is an effective reminder medium offer servicing as a catalyst for buyers who buy in impulse.

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

 

 

The greatest problem encountered by advertisers and their agencies with regard to billboard is site monitoring is usually deficient and so when posters get torn or washed out, it takes a while to discover and repost. This is because the site are usually scattered around very far geographical locations.

 

The posters used on the boards are usually tedious to print and post especially when numbers of sites to be covered are too many. In other words, boards make intense creative demands on the agency because they are usually seen in a fleeting second, they have to be powerfully executed

 

so as to intrude on the passer-by’s consciousness. In this cas reminder media and execute the primary and the sole medium for an advertising campaign.

 

Aside its cost efficient, it contributes to environmental aesthetic and enduring feature of landscape of towns in the country.

 

Again, if one glances down the major lengths in the streets in Effurun metropolis, you will notice the presence of 7up bottling company advertising billboard just to help the flag flying and to make sure that the consumers will remain and always patronize their products.

 

The seven-up (7up) bottling company PLC is one of the largest independent manufacturers and distributors of the well-known and widely consumed brands of soft drinks in Nigeria. Their brands are Pepsi, 7up, Miranda, Teem and Mountain dew.

 

A Lebanese Mohammed El-Khalil who came to Nigeria for the very first time in 1926 founded

 

the           company.   Mohammed   is   the   father-Khalilof.   the   co

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4

 

 

The company metamorphosed from a very successful transport business (El-Khalil transport) in a bid to diversify the then largest transport company in the then entire west of Africa. On October 1^st 1960, the exact day our great country Nigeria won her independence, Nigerians also experienced the birth of a soft drink giant as the first bottle of 7up rolled out from their factory located in Ijora. Since then the company continued to grow in the leap and the bound.

 

Outdoor advertising has become a major advertising medium by advertising firms in Effurun metropolis using 7up as a study and it is an indispensable source of revenue for Delta state government while advertisers buy space in newspapers and magazines, for outdoor advertisers, he rent cites as 7up usually points every corner in Effurun metropolis with its billboard.

 

In executing this research, the researcher will try to identify why billboard advertising seems to be more popular than other means of advertising in terms of product promotion of 7up bottling company billboards in Effurun metropolis. Also this study will try to find out the acceptability of billboard advertising in the society. Among other things, this study also helps to establish the contribution of billboards to product promotion, acceptability of billboard advertising in the society. This study also hopes to establish the contribution of billboard to promote business.

 

1.2 Statement of Research Problem

 

 

The problem of this research work deals mainly on how billboard advertising can develop the print media. We know advertising revenue is one of the strongholds and pillars supporting the various print media and that without advertising revenue most print media houses will collapse especially private media houses.

 

5

 

The research works explains how billboard advertising sustains print media and to which…

 

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ABSTRACT
This research work focused on the influence of AIT coverage on post 2011 election sentiments among the residents of Kabala Doki, Kaduna. The research was conducted on 100 residents of Kabala Doki. It was found that most of the broadcast stations including AIT are found with airing things that might provoke sentiments to the prospective audiences in regards to the election. To minimize this problem, we suggest that journalist should bear in mind the interest of the entire country, rather than influencing the interest of the section of the country. We also recommend that media should abstain from use of discriminating and insultive statements and expressions when reporting other groups.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
Background of the Study – – – – – – – 1
Statement of the Problem – – – – – – – 2
Purpose of the Study – – – – – – – – 3
Significance of the Study – – – – – – – 4
Scope of the Study – – – – – – – – 5
Research Questions – – – – – – – – 5
Operational Definition of Terms – – – – – – 6
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction – – – – – – – – – 8
Theoretical Framework – – – – – – – 8
History of Africa Independent Television – – – – 10
Review of Related Literature – – – – – – 12
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction – – – – – – – – – 21
Research Design – – – – – – – – 21
Population – – – – – – – – – – 23
Sample Technique – – – – – – – – 24
Sample Size – – – – – – – – – 25
Methods of Data Collection – – – – – – – 25
Instrument for Data Collection – – – – – – 27
Method of Data Analysis and Interpretation – – – 27
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Introduction – – – – – – – – – 29
Administration of the Questionnaire – – – – – 29
Presentation and Interpretation – – – – – – 30
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction – – – – – – – – – 36
Summary – – – – – – – – – – 36
Conclusion – – – – – – – – – – 37

CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The Mass Media remain one of the most potent weapons in influencing time. This is why it has been observed that no event is considered significant if it failed to attract the attention of the media.
Denis McQuail (1982) noted that “the media take the particular colouration of the environment they operate.”
Media Organization in Nigeria both the print and electronic have tended to sentiment as the motivating factor for the members of a particular place or area of the country to propagate their ideas and the same time protect their interests be them political, economical or social. Sentiment means an exhibition hostility to people outside one’s regional group within a state as well as prejudicial judgment of issues concerning sentiment groups. These phenomena among others have polarized the country’s media into two major groups, South and North.
The press is best with the social responsibility of uniting, informing and entertaining without bias, Salami Muhammad (2000:26) explain that “The role of the press in modern day society where the world has become a global village” cannot be overemphasized. The press educates, informs and entertains the people so much that if influences public opinion on a number of issues.
This research focuses on the influence of AIT coverage or post 2011 election sentiments among residents of Kabala Doki, Kaduna. The objective is to identify manifestation of sentiment of AIT coverage of post election violence.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Media are established to protect and promote certain interest or ideologies. Therefore, reporting other groups than the owners could reflect some of the reasons for which the media were established. It could also be to support or oppose particular sectional point of view.
Such interest may sometimes coincide with that of the wider national interests, such as integration, unity, cooperation and progress of all groups. At times however, the objectives of establishing may be at variance with the interest of other competing components of the society, such as regional, religion or ethnic groups. In such situation, the media assume function of serving mainly the parochial interest of the owners. If the media are found to resort to such parochial role, their potential in educating, entertaining and informing the general public are greatly curtailed. This is particularly so in a plural society such as Nigeria where the media are expected to serve as the chief agents of national integration.
The research focuses on the sentimental role of AIT’s coverage of the post 2011 election violence. Where there is manifestation of sentiments in the Nigerian media with view to understand how such sentiment in the media may impact on the polity.
As McQuail (1981) note that “the media take