THE IMPACT OF NIGERIAN PRESS ON THE CHOICE OF POLITICAL CANDIDATE
(A case study of Residence of Kaduna Metropolis)

 

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ABSTRACT
This research work seeks to examine to what extent the press content (restricting it to print media) affect the choice made by the public toward a particular political candidate. It examines theories as related to the field of mass communication, which emphasis the media key role in determine what perception the public build on a political figure. To this end, the study is pattern along the Instructive Stimulus Response Theory or the “Hypodermic needle/magic bullet” theory of the print media and the social responsibility theory of the press as reinforced by the Hut Plus commission of 1947. be that the research is quantitative as the case provide, a survey method was use along side the instrument of questionnaire, where the simple random sampling technique was used to gathered data from the resident of the three local government areas of Igabi, Kaduna South and Kaduna North which make up the Kaduna metropolis. Understanding the limitation as associated with the print media, being that it is more prominent among the elite, the research work after analyzing and interpretating the gathered data in chapter four went further in chapter five (being the provision for conclusion and recommendation) to proffer ways in which the press will be used, when the right atmosphere is provided, as the only machinery through which information can be transfer to the general public and perception build and shape thereafter, in their bid to choose a political candidate of their choice during election, citing our current dive as a nation into the fourth republic with a proper functioning of democratic principle.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Purpose of the Study
1.3 Significance of the Study
1.4 Statement of Problem
1.5 Theoretical Framework
1.6 Scope and Limitation of Study
1.7 Research Hypothesis
1.8 Definition of Terminologies

CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Growth and Early Historical Development of the Nigeria Newspaper
2.3 The Newspaper Message
2.4 Newspaper in the Service of the State
2.4.1 Public Watch-Dog
2.4.2 Information Role
2.4.3 Representation Role
2.4.4 Realization of Common Objective
2.5 Relative Importance of the Nigeria Press (Newspaper) to the Society
2.6 The Newspaper, Politics and the Choice of Political Candidate.

CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design Techniques
3.1.1 Historical Research Method
3.1.2 Descriptive Research Method
3.1.3 Survey Research Method
3.1.4 Experimental
3.2 Sources of Data
3.2.1 Primary Source
3.2.2 Secondary Source
3.3 Data Gathering Instrument
3.4 Statistical Technique in Data Gathering
3.5 Sample/Population of Study
3.6 Sample Size
3.7 Data Analysis and Technique

CHAPTER FOUR
Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation
4.1 Section A: Personal Data of Respondent
4.2 Section B: Testing the Research Questions
4.3 Discussion of Research Findings

CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation

Bibliography
Appendix

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Mass communication is defined as messages directed towards a large group of people using a mass medium. It involves disseminating information to a large, diverse, homogenous/heterogeneous audience. Mass communication is made possible through the help of mass media. That is to say mass media makes mass communication a reality. Mass media includes television, radio, newspaper, magazine etc.

For every human society the successful conduct of her internal/external affairs depends largely on the extent of the reliability of government apparatus and the government successfully communicating, understanding and accepting themselves in a mutual and symbiotic relationship”- Obaze .A et al (2004:1)

The need for information is such that man can hardly function or determine his course of life with out communication. On account of this, the influential role of the media is cited in her caprice to direct, redirect, and shoulder the course of altitude change and instilling/building public perception towards societal affair.
There is no modern society that can dispense with the press especially newspapers. The newspapers especially to places where there are no radio stations rapidly spread important news. The newspapers give us reliable information about towns and countries. Many social tools are exposed in one newspaper to attract the attention of the government, police and the citizens as a whole so that such evils may be immediately combated. Many articles written by intelligent people and carried by newspapers contain good ideas with which we can experiment in our bid to reform the society. These articles have suggested ways and means by which we can combat tribalism, fraud, serious crimes, avarice, greed, and extravagance, which are disintegrating forces in the society.

By impacting meaningfully through the involvement of Nigeria press vis-à-vis as a social system in society positioning, it is her duty, responsibility and obligation to enhance the survival of the vital ingredient of society demand. Which are unity; structure; inter-dependence; compliance, commitment and conformity; and transmission of social norms, culture and value. The media is by this gear towards enhancing the continuity and survival of the total social “gadget.”

The print media, particularly the medium of newspaper has become the major source of information dissemination over the years, and also the major means of political mobilization in Nigeria. Newspaper has the ability to inform, educate, entertain, enlighten and mobilize the public. That is why the government and other private bodies give much attention to it. The ability of newspaper to also mobilize the people and make them behave in a given manner and to perform certain actions has made it a tool in the hands of the government. The medium serves as an intermediary between the government and the people, because it assists the government in getting it plans and policies across to the people, and the people in return gets their response, feeling and plight back to the government.

Footnoting this trend on the national scale, the challenges that confront us as young democracy nation in a country of diverse ethnic divide, is to establish an ideological and structural homogeneity with a common political destiny and purpose among our diverse ethnic groups, forthwith, the media being an institution of the larger society is virtually needed to shoulder this course.

After many years of military rule in Nigeria, democracy became a much needed endeavour and newspaper serves as a major tool through which the people were fully informed, educated, enlightened and mobilized to actively participate in the decision making in the country during transition period.

Newspaper to a large extent helped in making the people of Nigeria to get all the political awareness, and it mobilized the people to both contest election and be voted for, or to vote for a candidate of their choice as an electorate. The importance of newspaper in ensuring a successful transition in Nigeria cannot be underestimated.

Pinpointing the decisive measure the Nigeria press has attained, it is for her to maintain her effort to accumulate and accommodate the structural pattern of the social unit into the mainstream of our society entity, hence creating a platform for an all rounds stability of societal struggle. During this attempt by the press in this fortified struggle; and her nature of place in societal positioning it came to interest that, politic or the political sphere falls as one of the social system. The society today which is acknowledge as a contingent of each social sphere/system(s), need the collaboration and support of each system in order to get herself “alive”.
In our modern society, the remarkable role of newspapers in political affairs of a free and democratic society or nation is that they educate and influence public opinion relative to political issues. They carry manifestos of political parties before the elections, publish what certain political leaders think of other parties and give adequate publicity to political activities.

The value of newspapers in a political society cannot be over emphasized. John Bittner (1980) wrote,

“On whether there should be a society without a newspapers or a newspapers without a society I will chose the later because its newspapers that made the society”.

Bittner simply mean that newspapers play the remarkable role of making or marring a society. This supposition Jeremy Turnstel agreed with when he wrote the books titled.

“The media is America” and a decade later he wrote another book “The media is still America”

Politically, it is the above supposition that prompted the study of this work into analyzing, using audience research, to determine the impact of the Nigeria press, in this case the newspaper, on the choice of political candidate. This is because, among other things discussed earlier the newspaper influences its readers by shaping their thinking towards believing what ordinary they wouldn’t have believe. Onagoruwa (1973) most have seen through this, agree with the supposition when he wrote that: “The power of the press is the power of the written word – its first quality is performance”. Unlike the spear arrow or the fired bullet a written word can be in ages.

In other word, newspaper readership has a lasting memory of whatever interesting that appears on pages of newspaper. And it is for this reason that some politicians and political elections candidates have device means of manipulating the mind of their supporters and non-supporters alike into believing their ability to performed better when elected into any political office position. The means they use through the newspaper includes, writing of article directly or, using other latent to write a favourable article that will increase their personality and credibility; they also write opinion and advertisement using their picture; some even newspaper. Columnists who exploit these advantages promote themselves in the name of gaining cheap popularity before the masses that are able to vote. No wonder Mark Levin (2000) said,
“Just as

THE IMPACT OF MANAGEMENT STYLE OF NAGARTA RADIO ON REPORTERS AND PROGRAMMES PRODUCERS IN THE STATION

 

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ABSTRACT
This study was conducted on the Impact of Management Style of Nagarta Radio on Reporters and producers of Programmes in the station. Survey research method was used for data collection, questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. From the finding, it was discovered that 63% of reporters and producers of Nagarta radio agreed that the management of the station interferes with their duties. It was also discovered that 67% of the reporters and producers did not agreed that the management of the station encourages them to enhance their productivity. The study concludes that the influence of management of Nagarta radio has adverse effect on the way reporters and producers discharge their duties.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction – – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of the problem – – – – – 3
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study – – – – 3
1.4 Significance of the study – – – – – 4
1.5 Research questions – – – – – – 5
1.6 Scope of the study – – – – – – 5
1.7 Theoretical framework – – – – – – 5
1.8 Limitation of the study – – – – – – 5

CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.1 Radio broadcasting in Nigeria – – – – 7
2.2 Emergency of private media in Nigeria – – – 9
2.3 Broadcasting management in Nigeria – – – 11
2.4 Qualities of Good managers – – – – – 15
2.5 Management Functions – – – – – – 19
2.6 Principles of management – – – – – 25
2.7 Modern theories of management – – – – 27
2.8 Organisational Structure of Nagarta Radio – – 31
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Research Methodology – – – – – – 32
3.2 Survey – – – – – – – – 32
3.3 Types of survey Research method – – – – 33
3.4 Research Instrument – – – – – – 38
3.5 Questionnaire – – – – – – – 38
3.6 Types of questionnaires – – – – – 39
3.7 Population of the study – – – – – – 41
3.8 Sample Size – – – – – – – 41
3.9 Sample Techniques – – – – – – 42
3.10 Area of the study – – – – – – – 42
3.11 Statistical technique in data analysis – – – 43
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Introduction – – – – – – – 44
4.2 Data Presentation and analysis- – – – – 45
4.3 Answering research questions- – – – – 55
4.4 Discussion of findings – – – – – – 57
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary – – – – – – – – 59
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 62
5.3 Recommendations- – – – – – – 62
Bibliography – – – – – – – – 64
Appendix – – – – – – – – – 48

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A determining factor for the selection of Management or Leadership style of any media organisation is ownership and control. It is therefore not surprising that the Management Styles of some media organisations in Nigeria differ from one another, depending on the ownership pattern of the respective media organisations.
The Management Style of every media organisation influences its operations; such management style determines the content and focus of News and Programmes, as well as guide the conduct of personnel.
Nagarta Radio is a private Radio station established in 2004 with the mandate of keeping the public, particularly those in the Northern part of Nigeria informed about occurrences within and outside the country.
The News and programmes departments were parts of the five departments that made up of the radio station, each of which has specified duties and responsibilities.

The News section is responsible for the production of four bulletins daily, both in English and Hausa languages. The bulletins were produced at hours’ interval; 6am, 1pm, 3:30pm, and 6pm for English, while 6:30am, 12pm, 4:30pm and 8pm for the Hausa version of the News.
Reporters, translators and typists in this department discharge their duties in line with the directives of an Editor who is more like a representative the Management.
The programmes department is another unit that is responsible for the production of all programmes with the exception of News and Current Affairs Programmes. There are about sixty-six programmes currently being produced and aired, most of which are handled by producers and presenters in this department.
Programmes producers are duty bound to make the content of their programmes to suit the test of the Head of programme, who is also like a representative of the Management.

Even though it is privately owned, the freedom of reporters and programmes producers in Nagarta Radio to decide the content and context of News and Programmes is constraint by Management’s interference. The Management dictates to this set of staff on what to do, and what to do not.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The success or failure of any media organisation depends on how vibrant, robust and articulated its Management is.

There is little or no research carried out about the influence of Management Style in Private Media Organisation. This study specifically examines the influence and impact of Nagarta Radio Management Style on Reporters and Programmes Producers.

THE EFFECT OF TWITTER SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS. A STUDY OF ESSENCE INTERNATIONAL SECONDARY SCHOOL, KADUNA

 

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ABSTRACT
This study explains the effect of Twitter social networking sites on the behaviour of secondary school students in Essence International schools, Kaduna and the ways it affect them. The study focuses on social Networking sites, but specifically it focuses on Twitter social networking sites. Interview as methodology is use to collect data and questionnaires as instrument of survey using random sampling techniques. Twitter social networking site has great impact and effect upon the behaviour of secondary schools students in both positive and negatives angles. Communicating with others is a key aspect of using social networks, but most social networking sites are open to all. Social networking sites are attractive to adolescents in part because it is exclusive to them. These social networking sites are a relatively new trend, having a population mostly made up of college and high school students.

CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Background of the study
Statement of the problem
Research questions
Purpose of the study
Significance of the study
Scope of the study
Brief history of study
CHAPTER TWO (LITERATURE REVIEW)
Literature review
Theoretical framework
CHAPTER THREE (RESEARCH METHOD)
Method of data collection
Population and sample
Data collection instrument
Data collection procedure
Method of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
Data presentation and analysis
Answers to research questions
Discussion of findings
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendations
Bibliography
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The internet is a global system of interconnected computers that uses the standard internet protocol suite (TCPT/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide (Wikipedia, 2011). Castells, (1996) it is a network of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government computer networks linked by a broad array of electronic and optical networking technologies.
Castells, (2001) defines the internet as a worldwide interconnection of computers and computer networks that facilitates the sharing of exchange of information among users.
Wikipedia, (2011) explains that the internet carries a vast range of information resources and services to support traditional communication media including telephone, cinema and redefined by the internet, giving birth to new services such as voice over internet protocol (VOIP).
According to the Wikipedia, (2011) newspapers, books and other print media are adapting to website technology or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds. The internet has enabled or accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, internet for a , and social networking oppapers. Com/essays/2003.
According to cheong and Morrison, (2008), the internet is allowing greater flexibility in working hours and locations, especially with the speed connections, especially with the speed connections and web applications. Also, the internet can now be accessed almost anywhere by numerous means especially through mobile internet devices, mobile phones, data cards, handheld game consoles and cellular routers which allow users to connect to the internet from anywhere there is a network supporting that device’s technology (Goldsborough, 2009).
Castells, (2001), asserts that within the limitations imposed by small screens and other limited facilities of such pocket-sized devices, services of the internet, including email and web, may be available. Services offered and wireless data transmission charges may be significantly higher than other access methods.
The internet is fast becoming the dominant means of communications and commerce in the 21st century, its play the main role in changing communication throughout the world and also impacting on global economic system.
According to McLuhan, (1964) globalization has forever changed the world in which we live to a world that has become increasingly interconnected. McLuhan, [1964] also asserts that the internet is perhaps the most prominent tool that has facilitated the interconnectedness. Internet network has shortened the communication distance by dimension of time and places together, giving birth to form of social networks.
A study (Goldsborough, 2008) indicates an increasing stage in social network usage. This increase is considered as another important change of the world’s information history. Students were mainly considered the first group users of social networks, and most white- collar professionals now also use them (Kim, 2008).
The Wikipedia (2011) narrates that the internet has enabled entirely new forms of social interaction, activities, and communication, thanks to its basic features such as wide spread us ability and access.
There are many social networking sites, such as face book, twitter, MySpace, HI5, Nimbus, 2go, Blackberry chart (Bbchart), xanga, yahoo and Bebo has created new ways to socialize and interact.
According to Rehmeyer, (2007) However, the internet has achieved new relevance as a political tool, leading to internet censorship by some states. This is however rare, the presidential campaign of Howard dean in 2004 in the United States was notable for its success in soliciting donation via the internet.(Rehmeyer, 2007)
Social networking websites have expanded rapidly over the last few years and have created new and varied channels of communication via internet, whether through personal computer or mobile phones. Many people are now members of social networking websites.
Cooke and Buckley, (2008) predict that the internet would be the marketing tactics of the future. Also, Cheong and Morrison, (2008) explain that with technology advances and the growth of digital media usage advertisers are seeking new ways to reach consumers. Advertisers spend over N304, 000,000,000,000 billion on social media advertising (marketer, 2009). Predictions indicates that advertisers may be spending almost #532,8064 12291382 trillion ($3.5b).
According to Wikipedia, (2011) the social network site is a social structure made up of individuals (or organizations) which are connected by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, kinship, common interest financial exchange or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or prestige.
However, according to Simmels, (2001) people have used the idea of “social network” loosely for over a century to connote complex sets of relationships between members of social systems at all scales, from interpersonal to international. The type of social network helps determine a network’s usefulness to its individuals.
Twitter which is the subject matter of this study is one of the fastest growing social networks in terms of users in the world.
According to shields and Maggie,(2011) Twitter is an online social networking service that enables its users to send and read text- based posts of up to 140 characters known as “tweets”. Twitter was created in 2006 by Jack Dorsey and launched in July of that year (Twitter search team, 2011).
Also, the Wikipedia (2011) narrates that twitter rapidly gained worldwide popularity, with 200million users as 2011, generating over 200million tweets and handling over 1.6billion search quarries per day. Twitter inc; the company that operates the service and associated website, is based in san Francisco, California, with additional servers and offices in san Antonio, Texas, Boston, and New York (Twitter.com(2010).
According to Twitter blog (2010) the tripping point for Twitter’s popularity was the 2007 south by south west festival in San Francisco, during the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000.
According to compete.com (2010) the company experienced rapid growth with 400,000 tweets posted per quarter in 2007. This grew to 100 million tweet posted per quarter in 2008. Johnson (2009) in February 2010, Twitter users were sending 50 million tweets per day. By March 2010, the company recorded 750 tweets sent each second.
However, Johnson (2009) described the basic mechanics of twitter as “remarkably simple”. He further added, as a social network, twitter revolves around its users.
A recent study by Evan[2010] shows that thirteen percent[13%]of Americans on the web used twitter, making it one of the most popular social networking service in the united states.
In many ways this social network site (twitter) continually provides social network for people at all ages. Twitter as a social network plays a role in communication throughout the world in the sense providing online services to share information with others and connect with them by creating a profile that may include a personal web page and a blog. It has been argued by Rosen (2010) that twitter affects behavior by causing psychological disorder via addiction to the access of the social network. Also twitter affects behavior because the network is open to all.
This study accordingly focuses on the effects of social network (twitter) on the behaviors of secondary school students in essence international secondary school, Kaduna.
This study is therefore interested in finding out how twitter as a social network is changing behavior of secondary school students at Essence international secondary school, Kaduna.
1.1. BRIEF HISTORY OF ESSENCE INTERNATIONAL SECONDARY SCHOOL
Essence international secondary school was founded in 1982; Essence began as a nursery school and expanded over the years to include all grades up to the final year of secondary school.
Essence international school is located in quiet corner of Kashir Ibrahim Road, in Kaduna, a beautiful and dynamic city in Northern Nigeria. The school is four-tier institution offering quality education in an educationally stimulating atmosphere for students in pre-nursery, nursery, primary and secondary.
The most recent dimension in Essence is the African heritage village which houses the play. Village and the bi-lingual primary school where the student learn in English and students learn in English and French. They also have an enhanced curriculum with a focus on African history, geography, and culture.
Source: www.Essenceschool.Com.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Twitter as a social network is not widely used among many of the student’s in Essence international secondary school, because the social site to them is not teen’s friendly but is rather a matured social networking, but it is not like face book. In fact, Twitter works quite differently from social networks: because instead of indicating a mutual relationship, twitter focuses on only one – way action, that means you want to receive information, in the form of tweets from someone (twitter help center, 2011). The students

TELEVISION AS A TOOL FOR NATIONAL INTEGRATION
(A Case Study of N.T.A Kaduna)

 

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ABSTRACT
National integration has been described as the role in which television must play.
This term paper will critically examine the level to which television can aid national integration and to achieve unity in diversity.
It will also assess the impact of television message on individuals in the society.

Also it will look into the NTA Kaduna has been able to perform the integration
function.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 History of Case Study 2
1.2 Statement of General Problem 3
1.3 Aim and Objective 4
1.4 Hypothesis/Research Questions 5
1.5 Focus, Scope and Limitation. 5
1.6 Theoretical Frame Work 5
1.7 Definition of Terminology 7
1.8 Reference 9
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 10
2.1 Television Message 10
2.2 Television and the society 12
2.3 Television as a Tool For National Integration 13
2.4 The Cultural Impact Of Television 15
2.5 Reference 17

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology 18
3.1 Data Gathering Instrument 18
3.2 Statistical Technique in Data Analysis 19
3.3 Sample/Population Study 20
3.4 Unit of Analysis 20

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data Interpretation and Analysis 22

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation 27
5.1 Summary 27
5.2 Recommendation 28
5.3 Conclusion 29
Appendices 31
Appendix I: Questionnaire 31
Appendix II: Bibliography 34
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Television as a mass medium of communication has become a very important and most effective medium of communication ever since it invention. It synchronous transmission of audio and visual signal enable it to exert enormous influence on the society there by making it more compelling and enable it to command great respect and attention than the other media.

It significance is that it has become a nerve linking the society and its activities together. This explain the reason why government of developing countries, especially Nigeria are enchanted by the power of television, thereby using it to publicize most of their programmes to promote unity and cultural upliftement of the people

Television creates awareness of different life style in a society. In doing this emphasis are placed on similarities in life style and this is beneficial to developing nations like Nigeria where “loyalties rarely extend beyond the village, tribe or religion” and where integration is usually seen as an identification with the larger whole that is the state.

Therefore, television as a tool for national integration plays the role of creating sense of identification through the propagation of common cultural values and symbol, by giving interpretations to events that will aid and promote unity of the nation. However the television medium should desists from interpreting events in such a way that it may give rise to disaffection, inflame tempers and course disunity among the people with diverse cultural norms, belief and values

It can therefore be held that television, due to the role it plays in limiting people with different culture, religion, tribe and even race reflects the value pattern of the society because it determines where and when information flows.

1.1 HISTORY OF CASE STUDY
Television broadcasting has since 1954 grown by leaps and bound through out the federation. Barely a year after the establishment of Western Nigeria Television (WNTV). Eastern Nigeria television (ENTV) now NTA Enugu, was established by the then governor of former Eastern region in 1962 the Northern regional government joined inter – alia in the formation of the radio Kaduna television (RKTV) from which the F.R.C.N and N.T.A Kaduna evolved from.

Nigeria television Authority (NTA) Kaduna was excised from the former broadcasting corporation of northern Nigeria (BCNN) which was established by decree No 21 of 31st March 1962, the decree took effect from April 1st 1976.

The station has 10 kilometer each cover to down south of Kaduna, Malumfashi in Katsina state and part of Kano State.
The transmitter operates on 4 bands 1 VHF, transmitter which is situated at No 99, Isah Kaita Road Kaduna, and was commission in 1993 and covers up to Kafanchan, Saminaka and Birnin Gwari. The transmitter could be said to cover three quarter of the land area of Kaduna.

1.2 STATEMENT OF GENERAL PROBLEM
One of the challenges faced in this term paper is the problem of effective information dissemination to those to be integrated

Another problems is that Nigeria has so many ethnic diversities. Thus, there is this problem of identifying with all this diversities which has in the past led to lack of religious and cultural tolerance among the people therefore breeding violence of all sorts.

Also one of the problems faced in this term paper is that the Nigeria cultures is not well preserved due to contact with foreign culture therefore the issue of transmitting our cultural heritage effective pose a very great problem.

PUBLIC RELATION A TOOL FOR CONFLICT RESOLUTION (A CASE STUDY OF NITEL LTD ENUGU TERRITORIAL OFFICE)

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Dedication

Acknowledgement

Proposal

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1     Background of study

1.2     Statement of research problem

1.3     Objective of the study

1.4     Significance of the study

1.5     Research question

1.6     Research hypothesis

1.7     Conceptual and operational definition

1.8     Assumptions

1.9     Limitations

CHAPTER TWO

Review of the literature

2.1     Sources of literature

2.2     Summary of literary review

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

• Research Method
• Research design
• Research sample
• Measuring instrument
• Data collection
• Data analysis
• Expected Result

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and result

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Recommendation and Conclusion

5.1     Summary

5.2     Recommendation for further study

5.3     Suggestion for further study

5.4     Conclusion

References

Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The origin of public relations dates back to the time when man started interacting with each other. It has been with us from the time we wake up in the morning we try to be good to each other by greeting our room- mates friends neighbors and colleges. We brush our teeth take our bath and put on rice clothe just to appear pleasing to other we do this not because there is any law or decree that makes it mandatory to do so but because we do not want our present to be repulsive or odious to others public relations is very important in modern life of man especially in business industries military and civil service. This is because the world is industrialization.

According to David ideal (1983) public relations is the study of principle philosophies theories attitudes and the ideas which govern human activities.. the public relation practitio0ner employs effective communications to build sustain and defend his organization’s reputation among both its internal and external publics he has the responsibility to recommend new communication strategies towards improving organization efficiency improving efficiency remains the key to successful public relations considerable credibility has been built for an organization that organization would have been presented .   to the public as responsible corporate entity profitable business concern an efficient and credible player in the industry as well as a caring employer. Along the line public relation among other things helps to formulate polices and also in planning which involves working out operational qudelines and strategies for attainment of the objective. It also assist in the policy execution and evaluation of the activities so far carried out. Also it helps to determine how good the publics are the appropriates of strategies and how well the execution has been effected; no double it is regards   as a management function. The united kingdom president of international association of business communication Vicki staveacre says in a book titled strategic communication that public relations actually contributes to bottom line. It supports the strategic objectives of the company relationship with internal and external public

as well as stacker holders. According to study conducted by the association public relations contribute to the bottomland by preventing the cost of conflict with by public in terms of strikes litigation and boycotts.

For public relations to achieve these ideas and goals for which an organization is established it must not be neglected adequate public relations planning and programming must be in line with that of the organization. This planning programming   and implementation must be evaluated by measuring in terms of their parameter audience coverage response communication impact and process or influence. This is why cult lip Cortland center (1987) that the more likely are to hold consistent position on that issue the more a person is emotionally involved in his beliefs the harder argument. But people tend to see and cogent to their predisposition if is one of the basic principles of public relations that people are essentially rational by nature.

They respond to facts and want the truth and they will literately find and act upon it. But Lawrence N Notle (1978) cloistered that human beings are not responsible and rational. They are emotional they will be virtually opposed to a law and in favour of all buy its product or love its advertisement but refuse to buy the product advertised. But public relational knows how to get on with such situations. Relating to this frank E wash observes public relation as the planned effort to influence opinion through good character and responsible performance based on mutually two way communication two way communication in public relations means every groups segment with which the institution has relations.

Employees customers suppliers stock holders communication government and academic and this public must be able to communicate with the organization and be able to communicate with the organization and be heard. Anything short of this amounts to a mere     shot in the Clark .bearing in mind the subject matter of our discussion soulseghently focus on both internal and external publics. This customers must be perfectly attended to in order to create a favorable opinion for the organization their complaints must be looked into with dispatch by the public relations department. Pat Bowman and Nigel E (1976) and noted that all complaint genuine or not must be acknowledged properly preferable that day they are received.

Therefore the customer are of immense importance to the public relations man and he should make constant effort to see that they are comfortable. In today’s interdependence society all institutions are vested with public responsibilities.

Today’s public opinion through it may appear as high as air may become tomorrows legislation for better for worse therefore a wise firm makes public relation not simply of a staff department but a management so that every major business decision is considered from the stand point of its public importance. Public relations is a management function of a continuing and planned character through which publics and private organizations and institutions seek to win and retain the understanding simply, simply and support of those with whom they are or may be concerned by evaluating public opinion about themselves in order to correlate as far as possible their own polices and procedures to achieve more efficient fulfillment of their common interest. When a company’s public image receives a high rating it translates to increase public confidence patronage good will higher profit growth peaceful and stable environment.

CUARLES t formbrum (1976) in his book reputation realizing value from cooperate image, puts it succinctly thus A reputation is invaluable because it informs us about what products to buy what companies to work for or what stocks to invest in against this background this particular study focussed on public relations as a tool for conflict resolution a case study of NITEL plc Enugu territorial office this study has become imperative in the high of the importance of the communications in this era of economic uncertainty and problem galore secondly by the recent development in the industry such as the permission of commercial carries to engage private sector in telecommunication business ie which participation will indirectly expose NITEL to some sort of competition. The level of development in the industry and the country in general coupled with the general misunderstanding of public relations call for a study like this