THE IMPACT OF PORTRAYALS OF THE IMAGE OF WOMEN ON THE TELEVISION ADVERTS OF ALCOHOL & TOBACCO:

(A CASE STUDY OF GUINNESS STOUT, BENSON & HEDGES CIGARETTE).

ABSTRACT

It is rare these days to see advertisement broadcast on television without women playing prominent ant visible roles.  Such roles range from complementary, subjective, subordinate to major actors in most television advertisements.  Women’s role in Television advertisements have hitherto generated series of controversial arguments both in favour and against, especially in the advertisement of tobacco and alcohol products.

Thoughts are also rife regarding various environmental and societal influences limiting the roles women play in these advertisements.  In the minds of the publics, the image of women who participate in such advertisements are at stake.

Based on this and other manifold allegations and realizing the implications of those to the status of women and society at large, it became imperative to carry out a study to either prove or disprove these allegations.

The introductory chapters of this work dealt on advertising, what it is all about, the role of advertising as understood by the public, why most advertising agencies use women in advertisements and the roles of women in advertisements.

The literature review did not stop only at x-raying generally the roles of women in advertisements and the image their portrayals creates in the minds of viewers but went further to reveal societal reaction, beliefs and influences, promoting or limiting such roles.

Four hypotheses were generated for the study.  using the social scientific survey method of research ad analysis on two case studies, information collected were tabulated in percentage, and frequencies in relation to the variables of interest.

The results were also analyzed based on the chi-square method of statistical data analysis to find out the level of support each hypothesis generated for the study gained.

It was discovered after data analysis that the presence of women helps in the acceptance of the advertisements in which they appear.  It was also observed that the presence of women in tobacco and alcohol advertisements negatively affects their image.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
• DEFINITION OF TERMS
• LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

REFERENCES.

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• SOURCES OF LITERATURE
• THE REVIEW
• SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• RESEARCH METHOD
• RESEARCH DESIGN
• RESEARCH SAMPLE
• METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
• METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

• DATA ANALYSIS
• ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• ANALYSIS OF HYPOTHESIS

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• SUMMARY
• CONCLUSION
• RECOMMENDATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

QUESTIONNAIRE

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

People have for centuries communicated their ideas and needs to one another through advertisements.  They have sold houses, expressed ideas, and engaged in a wide range of social and economic activities through advertisements.  Government communicates with the people, politicians with their constitutuents corporations communicate with the city and their shareholders, employers announce job opportunities and persuade people to come to them.  Charities exhort people to support their many causes.  The uses of advertising are many, and advertising is a constructive part of our social fabrics.

The term advertising has been defined in various ways by various people.

The American Marketing Association defined advertisement as the “non-personal presentation of goods, services or ideas for action, paid for by and identified sponsor”.

Advertising can be defined simply as Mass Communication whose aim is to create awareness for products, services, ideas projects, institutions or individuals and persuade the right target audience or consumers to purchase, accept, adopt, vote or engage in other behaviours desired by the sponsor of the advertisement.

Advertising as we understand its meaning today was not used until 200 years ago, the practice of using advertisement for the transmission of information goes back to ancient Greek and Rome.

Television, delayed by World War II began in the mid 1940s.  During the first decade of television the advertiser usually sponsored a program as commodity and was identified with an entire program.  Advertisers were naturally attracted to this medium because it provided an opportunity for presenting live demonstration to large audiences.

Advertising is an agent of choice, one of the most important benefits of advertising is that it makes the consumer to become an active rather than a passive agent in the economic cycle.  In order to make purchase decisions or social decision, the consumer must be informed ideally, he should receive his information from a variety of sources and the paid-for advertisement is one of these sources.

Although people use and approve of advertisements, they are often critical of advertising in the abstract.  Yet again, careful research has shown that advertising is something they accept as part of their lives, they do not talk about it as much as other issues, they do not criticize it as much as other issues and they do not see it as much in need of reform as other things which make impact on their lives.

This is partly because the role of advertising is understood by the public and partly because the whole advertisement industry works towards maintaining the confidence of the public can have in advertising communication by maintaining high standards and trying to make sure that the public are not mislead.

Interestingly, advertisements also make positive contribution to the content of the media in which they appear.  One survey showed that some people liked their television commercials more than the programmes, when the advertising association asked women if they would like their magazines to appear without adverts, there was very considerable agreement that they would not.  The entertainment and informational value of advertisement is appreciated.

Beyond the general rules and principles, the APCON code provides guidelines relating to special categories of advertising.  For example, in tobacco advertising, the code requires that all advertisement messages carry the warning “The Federal Ministry of Health warns that smoking is dangerous to health and smokers are liable to die young”.  On the advertising of alcoholic beverages, the code warns that no alcohol advertisement should be shown in children’s programmes and that children, sports men/women and pregnant women should not be used as models in alcohol advertisements.

Even in the United States of America, the regulation of advertising of tobacco and alcohol products dates back to 1970s.  Then, cigarette advertisements on television and Radio were bared.  Reacting to the development in memo to employees, Steven Gold store, Chief executive of RTR “radically changed the way we do business”.  The tobacco industry in the United States, he said “will have to adjust from being a cash rich free wheeling marketer to one of the most regulated businesses in the United States, from an industry that cannot advertise enough to one that can barely show its face.

Jeffery Harns, Economic Professor at Masachussets Institute of Technology (MIT) has estimated that the tobacco industry in the United States spends 15 billion per annum on advertising and wide-ranging promotion but noted that this would shrink due to regulations.

Haunted by harsh government policies, advertisers of tobacco and alcohol have resorted to any unknown strategy to keep the industry in business as well as maximize profits.  One of this is the use of women in the advertisement of these two products.  A typical example is with Guinness Stout and Benson and Hedges cigarette.  However, the objective and motive of the advertisers are the same – he/she wants to inform possible consumers of what is on offer, and persuade them to buy his goods, think about the product or accept his point of view by increasing their association with the product.

Society believes that it is wrong for the women folk to indulge or engage in smoking and taking alcoholic drinks, if not privately, at least publicly.  This motion has lived with us for years and can be said to be part of our culture.  On the contrary, we see women being used in the advertisement of these products that are considered a taboo for them.

In advertisements, women have been the advertisers’ delights.  Being naturally inviting and most times seductive, they are being used to attract and arrest attention.  By portraying certain groups of individuals in certain roles, advertising promotes stereotypes.  Women are usually portrayed as housewives, mothers/wives or companion to men, thus apparently relegating them to a secondary role.  Only in some cases are they shown as business executives.

Cigarettes advertisements that include women do so either to give an impression of a kind of sanctity provided by them, although they are not usually shown as smokers or to create a romantic situation.

Often, the portrayals of women as sex objects is not cluttered up with the extraneous idea that women hold jobs, even if they are jobs as helpers to men.  In the pure sex object category, women are exploited out-rightly for the titillation and amusement sometimes even the sadistic fascination of men.

Myra Janco Daniels, president of Draper Daniels Inc. in Chicago sees a “feudal concept of women as property” in some cigarette commercials, “the handsome unsmiling man in dark glasses punished any woman who presumes to take his cigarettes.  With cool deliberation, he deserts them on the highways, ocean liners, cable cars and mountaintops.  Another variation in the campaign proclaims.  “Cigarettes are like women, the best ones are rich and thin.

The image of women in advertising is as much defined by the adverts that omit her as those that exploit her.  Business executives and doctors for example are always men.  Even the language is male oriented like General Electrics, “Men helping man” on an advert that discusses he development of nuclear power plants.

Adverts did not create these images about women but it is a powerful force for their reinforcement.  It legitimizes the idealized stereotyped roles of women as tempress, wife, mother and sex object and portrays women as less intelligent and more dependent than men.  It makes women believe their chief role is to please men and that their fulfillment will be as wives, mothers and homemakers.

This research venture is therefore aimed at not only x-raying the role of women in tobacco and alcohol adverts but also the type of image such roles create for them in the minds of the public.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The role of women in the society is diverse just as the society itself.  And in advertisements, they have been the advertisers delight.  Women are naturally inviting and in some cases compelling in their feminine characteristics, for advertisers, women are used to attract and arrest attention and subsequently evoke interest.

Catherine R. Langan likened the iron with spike to a female that have the potential to harm.  Therefore, it is not passive and weak but again has its hidden strength.  there is the natural, feminine associated cutting in rebellion against the man made world.

But what is the role of these women in tobacco and alcohol advertisement such as Guinness and two products, women are not know to be major consumers.

This study is intended to find out whether the use of women in the adverts of these products affect their image in the society as well as people’s perception of the women folk especially the models in such adverts.

It is the intention of this study to also find out the actual role of the image of women in the adverts of these products.  Whether by their preference to men in the adverts, they contribute to the consumption of the adverts and be extension, the product.

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This research is being conducted with the following objectives in mind.

• To scientifically prove or disprove that women enhance the acceptance of advertisements on tobacco and alcohol as Guinness Stout and Benson & Hedges Cigarette.
• To confirm if this acceptance translates into more consumption of the products.
• To prove or disprove that women used in advertisements of tobacco and alcohols as Guinness Stout and Benson and hedges cigarette create good images for themselves.
• Finally to confirm that by using women, advertisements on these products compel more women intake of the products.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is the product of a long rooted curiosity by the researcher to scientifically discover why women, a sex not noted for their high rate of consumption of alcohol and tobacco are used in the advertisement of these two products.

The researcher at the end of this work hopes to actually find out the truth in the contention that the use of women in Guinness Stout and Benson & Hedges Cigarette advertisements enhances the acceptance of the advertisements.

It is also hoped that the study, which is aimed at a definite conclusion would provide another academic reference for students of social sciences, researchers and advertising practitioners.

This work is also hoped to guide the public in their perception of women used in the advertisement of the two products.

The study is also aimed at providing scientific data to guide the government on her regulations of the practice of advertising especially through the Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON).

 

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• Why are women portrayed in advertisements that involve products that are related to females?
• Does the presence of women in advertisements of alcohol and tobacco help in the acceptance of the advertisements?
• Does the presence of women in advertisements affect the image of women?
• Is the image of women in Guinness Stout and Benson & Hedges Cigarette advertisement negative or positive?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H1:   Women are always portrayed in advertisements that involve products that do not relate to females.

H0:   Women are not always portrayed in advertisements that involve products that do not relate to females.

H2:   The presence of women in advertisement of alcohol and tobacco helps in the acceptance of the advertisement.

H0:   The presence of women in advertisement of alcohol and tobacco does not help in the acceptance of the advertisement.

H3:   The presence of women in advertisements affects the image of women.

H0:   The presence of women in advertisement does not affect the image of women.

H4:   The image of women in tobacco and alcohol adverts presents negative response.

H0:   The image of women in tobacco an alcohol adverts presents positive response.

 

 

 

 

• DEFINITION OF TERMS

IMAGE

Conceptual:    A mental picture or concept of something or somebody.

Operational:   The perception/view of the public towards the use of women in alcohol and tobacco advertisements.

IMPACT

Conceptual:    Effect something has on another thing.

Operational:   Effect of the portrayal of image of women on TV adverts of tobacco and alcohol on the viewers.

WOMEN

Conceptual:    Adult female human beings.

Operational:   The adult females who are being used as models in the advertisement of tobacco and alcohol.

ALCOHOL

Conceptual:    Large group of chemical compounds f the same type.  Pure, colourless liquid present in such drinks as beer, wine, brandy, whisky, etc.

Operational:   In this research work, alcohol refers to Guinness Stout brand of beer.

TOBACCO

Conceptual:    Plants/leaves, which are dried and used for smoking.

Operational:   Here, tobacco refers to a Benson & Hedges brand of cigarette.

ADVERTISING

Conceptual:    The act of making something known to people through the use of Newspapers, Radio Tv. Etc.

Operational:   Mass Communication whose aim is to create awareness for products and persuade the right target audience or consumer to purchase, accept as desired by the sponsor of the advertisement.

ADVERTISEMENT

Television information on Guinness Stout beer and Benson & Hedge cigarette advert in which women are portrayed as a way of luring people to buy.

 

• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Some of the limitations of this study include time, finance, and unavailability of related literature.

Time:       The semester was a short one and there were other academic works to be done by the researcher apart from this research work; therefore, the research was limited to Enugu metropolis.

Finance:  Inadequate finance hindered the possibility of a larger sample size, which may have helped the work in being more objective and accurate.

Related Literature: The nature of the topic being researched on made it difficult for the researcher to gather enough materials related to the topic.

Delimitation:   The only medium the researcher intends to explore is the television.  This is because of the visualized message, the actions here are well understood and setter appreciated and criticized unlike when it is only heard. Eg. Radio.

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THE ROLE OF RADIO IN IMPROVING THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN ENUGU STATE:     A CASE STUDY OF ESBS/IMT POLY AIR PROGRAMME

ABSTRACT

          Development is the process of moving the world or mobilizing communities as a whole to engage in the task of self-improvement with the available resources.  In same vain, Education is necessary not only to help in improving all aspects of a person but also all aspects of a nation’[s development.

Following this, the Poly-Air Programme of ESBS/IMT Enugu, become a vital instrument to help the less privileged and those who are unable to go to regular tertiary Institutions, to improve on their knowledge acquisitions and general enlightenment.

Therefore, the purpose of this research is to find out the role the radio programme, ESBS/IMT Poly-Air has played in improving the educational system in Enugu State.

This work is divided into five chapters for a critical examination.  The introduction gives an insight to the topic, the problems which is intended to discover, objections and importance of the research work.

Chapter two deals elaborately on journals, textbooks and other sources eg. Interviews that explains the literature source or materials consulted for the project.

Chapter three, explains the methods, sample and design use for the research and collection of data distributed, and analyzing it for results.

Chapter four is based on Analysis, presentation of data collected and also Testing of Hypothesis.

Recommendations and Summary of findings is on chapter five which is the last chapter.

Recommendations are made base on the findings of collected data: that , Poly-Air Programme should be improved for better education of the masses and also Government should increase the subventions given to the media (Radio) for effection dissemination of the programme.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                  1

• Background of the study 1
• Research problem 5
• Objectives of study 5
• Significance of study 6
• Research Questions 7
• Statement of Hypothesis 8
• Definition of Terms 9
• Assumptions 11
• Scope and limitation of Study 12

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW PF LITERATURE

• Source of Literature 13
• The Review 13
• Broadcasting in Nigeria 15
• History of Poly-Air Programme 16
• Management of Poly-Air Programme 19
• Objectives of Poly-Air Programme 24

CHAPTER THREE              

• Research Methodology 26
• Research Design 26
• Research Sample 27
• Data Collection 27
• Data Analysis 28
• Expected Result 29

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data Presentation and Analysis 30
• Testing of Hypothesis 40

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary of Findings 47
• Recommendations 48

 

Bibliography                                                                 50

Questionnaire                                                              52

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACHGROUND OF THE STUDY

Education is an important agent for development of an individual, community, the social and the nation a whole.  According to behaviorist, the child is born without a :self”, he is voiced as a clean state on which the care givers write what they wish.  Through education, individuals perceived and imbibe fundamental values and also develop new ones.  Education also as part of socialization help to develop an individual, which in turn leads to the improvement of the society.  Again, certain prescribed goals are realized in areas of economic growth, healthcare, political and social awareness, political stability, self reliance, national identity, cultural correlation amongst other things.

The need for all sundry to be enlightened and will educated cannot be over emphasized and this, brought about the Introduction of using the media to get people educated.  The electronic media, which serves as a means include the radio, the television, films and cinemas but the radio has continued to wax stronger as a medium of the people.  We regard it as a medium of the people.  We regard it as a medium of the people because radio has become a common sight in both urban and rural communities.  It appeals to both literate and illiterate audiences as its programmes can be broadcast in their local dialects.  According to Ansah (1991: 34) agrees that “of all the mass media generally available to Nigerians, the radio is the most widespread and accessible in other words, it breaks the barriers of distance as its reach is widely and highly penetrating.

Again, because of this qualities, the radio medium is seen as the effection means to get all sundry educated.  Therefore, the role of the radio in educating the masses are found in some of its educational programmes like ESBS/IMT Poly-Air Programme, Win a million, school debates and host of others  Education therefore is not only the development of individuals mental powers, knowledge and ability but also the systematic training and instruction given out especially to the young ones in colleges and Institutions through the media.  Again, the media serves the purpose of enlightening the public both formally and informally.

The introduction of ESBS/IMT Poly-Air, a radio programme could be linked with the introduction of educational broadcasting in Nigeria.  It started with the commissioning of wired broadcasting services in Lagos, during the colonial administration.  This services involves the system of using the radio stations to relay programmes to subscribers, using eables connected to load speakers installed in their homes.  In the same vain, the media gets to the audience, relaying different programmes.

Further, Enugu being the regional capital of the former Eastern Nigeria, the heart-beat of Igbo-land and presently, a state capital which occupies a strategic position in the political and social organization of Nigeria requires its citizens to be well enlightened, self reliant, independent and academically stable.  Based on this, the need to use the media as an agent or instrument of formal learning become necessary.

Over the years, a lot of researches had been carried out on the issue of ESBS Poly-Air programme in improving the educational standard in Enugu.  Also to find out the relationship between the Poly-air programmes, the Institution offering it (IMT) and also the radio medium that airs it.

Today, it is well accepted that the radio medium educational programmes produces good effects on the audience in the areas of comprehension, speaking abilities, perception, retention capabilities.  There are also some problems, for instance some lecturers do not go in line with the media style of presentation.  Secondly, there is one side communication and there is no feedback from the audience.  Again there may also be distractions at home and short of power supply from NEPA.  Not withstanding these problems, ESBS/IMT Poly-air has its objectives as:

1. To help non-regular students and works improve their academic pursuit through radio medium.
2. Since the radio has the ability to permeable the interiors of the state, the ruralites also listens to the lecturers.
3. To contribute to the uplifting system of education in Enugu state by importing knowledge to all that are interested.

 

1.2    RESEARCH PROBLEM

The study among other things finds out the effectiveness of Poly-air programmes on the students.  Also, it tries to find out if the timing of the programme is suitable for students and hold their interest.

The study also finds out the importance and the acceptability of the programme by the public and finally, if this radio programme is favouring education the masses as compared to the regular students programmes.

 

1.3    OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The importance of education can never be over-emphasized.  It is the taproot of civilization and rural development.

Development is achieved, when there is an appreciable level in basic human needs, including high literacy level.

Bearing all these in mind, the objective of the study includes:-

1. To find out if the public truly appreciate the radio programme on its efforts of educating the masses.
2. To create awareness on the needs for those that are not opportune to attend regular programme in tertiary Institution, to enroll in the programme.
3. To ascertain the extent to which the programme has improved human life especially amongst the youths in the areas of comprehension and speaking abilities, behaviour and character.
4. To encourage and boost the morale of the public about the programme.

 

1.4    SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study is guide necessary bearing in mind that the world is ever changing and developing.  In western world, the use of computers to educate the population and give them wider knowledge of the world is very much accessible.  This makes them to be scientifically, technologically, educationally and socially developed.  Nigeria as we know, cannot be compared to the western world and this bring about the need for the public to be educated; those who were not opportuned, to enroll into various Institutions of learning, comes to Poly-Air programmes and benefit from its academic efforts.

It is imperative to assess and find out the role of Poly-Air programme in educating the masses and at the same time examines the problem encountered in pushing the programme forward.

Finally, the result of the study will help to find other ways of improving the programme and educating the masses.

 

1.5    RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Does the ESBS/IMT Poly-Air stimulates the interest of the public?
2. Does ESBS time this educational programmes to suit its masses of Enugu metropolis and environs?
3. Is there any appreciable level on the educational system of Enugu state since the introduction of the programme?
4. Does the programme help to develop individual’s intellect on the perception of issue and events in the society.

 

1.6    STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

HI:     Radio educational programmes are more effection in

educating the populace, than academic activities in

schools.

 

Ho:    Radio educational programme are not effective in

educating the populace.

 

H₂     Poly-Air programmes are well packaged to enhanced

comprehension of the audience.

 

Ho:    Poly-Air programmes are not well packed to enhance

comprehension of the audience.

 

H₃     The timing of Poly-Air programme on the radio is suitable

to the students

 

Ho:    The timing of Poly-Air programme on the radio is not

suitable to the students

 

H4:    ESBS/IMT Poly-Air Programme helps to improve the

educational system in Enugu state.

 

Ho:    ESBS/IMT Poly-Air Programme does not help to improve

the educational system in Enugu state.

 

1.7    DEFINITION OS TERMS

The conceptual and operational definition of terms in the study.

1. ESBS/IMT Poly-Air Programme:

Conceptual Definition: programmes that imparts

knowledge on the people through the radio medium.

 

Operational Definition:          Polytechnic on air through Enugu

state broadcasting service, which helps non-regular

students and workers to be educated.

 

2. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM:

Conceptual Definition: Standardized systematic training

and Instructions, usually intellectual and moral training.

 

3. OPERATIONAL Definition: Ordered set of ideas and effort that are made to impart knowledge through the academic and non-academic process, usually to develop characters and mental powers.

 

4. ENUGU STATE:

Conceptual Definition: organized political community with

its apparatus of government, such a community forming

part of the Federal Republic.

 

Operational Definition:          The regional capital of the former Eastern Nigeria and currently Enugu state capital

 

1.8    ASSUMPTIONS

In carrying out the study, the following assumptions were made..

1. That people who composed the sample instead to the radio,
2. That ESBS/IMT Poly-Air Programmes was effecting in improving educational system for both old and young, rich and poor in the state.

• Previous study has been carried out on this topic, thus some research works were gathered.

 

 

 

 

1.9    SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

This study is an assessment of how ESBS/IMT, Poly-Air Programme has helped or is helping in the improvement of educational system in Enugu state.

The study was constrained by time; few research materials and limited number of Poly-Air students that will be sampled.

Another limitation is based on finance in covering or conducting opinion poll from different part of the state.  Notwithstanding the mentioned problems, it is expected that the results obtained will be valid and add to the existing body of knowledge in the areas of attitudinal and behavioural change towards the educational programme.

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MORAL PROBITY AND YOUTH DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA. AN EVALUATION OF THE ROLE OF THE ELECTRONIC MEDIA

ABSTRACT

 

In this study, the researcher set out to examine the role of the electronic media in the crusade for moral probity and youth development. Towards this end, 81 staff of NTA and Radio Nigeria were randomly selected to form the study sample. The members of this study sample were given of copies of structured questionnaires to complete. Their responses were analyzed using percentages and chi-square test. The result of the analysis revealed the findings discussed below.

• The electronic media are potent tools for the crusade for moral probity and youth development in Nigeria. This is because that are used for exposing the dangers of bad moral behaviors as well as the benefits of moral probity to the youth.
• The electronic media encounter problems in their crusade for moral probity and youth development. Some of these problems include lack of interest on youth programmes by the Nigeria youths, inadequate funds to procedure youth programmes regularly and lack of skilled staff to produce interesting youth programmes.
• The electronic media could be made effective in their crusade for youth development when the following steps are taken.

1. They (the electronic media house) should send their staff for training regularly
2. The government should subsidize the cost of producing youths programs
3. The electronic media should create a separate department which would be in charge of producing youth programmes.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of the problems
• Objectives of the study
• Research question
• Research hypothesis
• Significance of the study
• Scope and delimitation of the study.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW.

• The socio-psychological view on morality
• A general overview on moral decadence in the Nigerian society
• Motives for moral behaviors
• Corruption as a consequences of lax morality
• Manifestation of morality among the youth
• The Nigerian media and rectitude in moral behaviors.

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

• Research design
• Sources of data
• study population
• Sample size determination and sampling method
• Instrument for data collection
• Method of data collection
• Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

• Data analysis

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND CONLUSION

• Summary of findings
• Conclusions
• Recommendation

Bibliography

Appendices.

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The need for a disciplined society cannot be over emphasized, guiding from the moral decadence and greed in Nigeria. Today presently there are some individuals and unpatriotic individuals in the Nigeria society who disrupt all efforts in nation building and social order by planning the country with bribery and corruption, profiteering hoarding, embezzlement , cheating, injustice and other social ills. (igbikiowubo 2001). It is this the moral duty of every body to draw the attention of the public through the media houses and through seminars to the harm these social ills do to the society of ours. according to Awuyale (1999) the unity and prosperity of Nigeria cannot merely be determined in terms of education, economic development or self sufficiency alone, but mostly in terms of the fundamental good mass of its people as reflected in their lives, behaviors, attitude to work, readiness to appreciate certain inherent qualities in their dealings with their fellow citizens in total devotion, loyalty, uprightness and service to the country. The fact remains that it is only through this philosophy of moral rectitude that a virile  dynamic and disciplined society can emerge.

The above background serve as a starting point for our guest for a discipline society where the individuals gives up most of his selfish interests for the common good of the society. This has not been easy as man has instable need. These needs have been pursued by man at all most in different times, Nigeria like any other developing country’s citizens, have the propensity to acquire wealth, status, tittles and live ostentatiously in a bid to achieve this objective they degenerate morally to all forms or vices, putting therefore the individual before the society and the common good (Ugwu 2003)

Many factors have been identified as serious impediments to growth and development in Nigeria. Some of these include: traditionalism,  resistant to change and immorality, these factors overlap in their interlocking explanation, (Anyauwu 2001) immorality for example towards a commonly held norm value or belief, manifested in bribery, corruption, greed, prostitution, nepotism, tribalism and fraud in our lives. These vices are observed in our individuals homes, political leadership, universities, the civil service, the police, armed forces and even in our universities.

Supporting the above views (Nwokocha 2000) stated that it is a matter for regret that the present day Nigerian society has known morals to the winds, and warmly embraced injury and immorality. According to him the Nigeria society today presents a bad reminder of the sinful and riotous lifestyle of the biblical Sodom and Gomorrah characterized by stealing, deceit, murder, bribery and corruption, cheating, fraud drunkenness, certainness  and greed. He explained that this sad situation can easily be traced to the domestic circumstances where good moral up-bringing and the fear of God is conspicuously missing. Parents no longer give good principles to their children who tend to copy moral decadence of their senior and grow up with it.

In the larger society, nothing gets done without money changing hands. Those who should protect the lives and properties these who should guard the nations border extract money from innocent motorist and collide with criminals. They also demand and receive gratification and grant free passage to smugglers. And in the offices, to functionaries demand 10 percent and even more of contract value before contract are awarded, while messengers, clerks and departmental head must have greased before movement of files is guaranteed (Oji 2001)

In the individual homes, some parents are the contributors to the good up bringing of their children or youths. Such parents are ones who are making the future difficult for the Nigerian youths, because many of them are undisciplined uncultured and ungodly, they make their ill gotten wealth freely available to their children, consequently many of such children have been recorded as the worst in many of the Nigerian communities. Their behaviors are usually bad since they lack respect for elder, their teachers and their parents not to talk of their age mates or class mates (especially those from less privilege parent) whom they have no regard for at all. Thus because of their exposure to plenty of money, they now see themselves as “super children” who are entirely above the Nigeria laws. For example in the universities and other tertiary institutions they are either the leaders of decadent group or the financers of the gang of lawless student or lecturers (Ibegbu 2000). They impress it on their poor lecturers the need for special treatment as “Lords”. Failure by some of these lecturers to do this may lead to maltreatment or roughly by these students who regard themselves as “sacred Cain” or untouchable. Even their less privilege mates are forced to toe their line. Otherwise hey  too, are often victimized. They are the ones that organize all sorts of parties in and outside campus, drive the best cars, carry and maintain the most beautiful girls or ladies  have more than one room on the campuses or live in the very luxurious flats outside and spend money as if it is an unlimited commodity. Even girls from such parentage share some of the attributes seen in these boys (Nwoga 200)

All these are made worse by the fact that the Nigerian society accords undue respect and recognition to money bags. Even the churches have knighted super rich people while chieftaincy titles are lavishly bestowed on others for the heavy financial support they give to traditional institution (Ezike 1998)

On the whole, the present day Nigerian society can only boast of the delinquent adults who have nothing to offer, but bad examples as legacy for the youths (the in coming generation). The time therefore has come for Nigerian to reflect on these social and moral ills of the society. Indeed corrective measures are needed to be taken to increase this trend for the good of the society.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Moral probity has been identified as a major contributor to youth development as well as for nation building.

In Nigeria however, there is a high level of moral decadence in the country, especially among the youths. Hence drug addiction, prostitution, armed robbery, cheating, fraud and all forms of social vice are the order of the day in the country. Even the so called elders are not helping matters since a greater percentage of them engage in drunkenness, bribery and corruption, embezzlement, cheating, gratification of wealth and so on.

The fact remained that all these social vices constraint to national development. Despite all the efforts made by the electronic media to reverse these trend, the problems still persist. What are actually the role of the media in the crusade for moral probity among the youth? Whey had they failed to fulfill these roles? How could electronic media be made more effective in youth development? These question presents the problems that necessitated this research.

 

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this study are as follows.

1. To identify the roles of the electronic media in the crusade for moral probity among the Nigerian youth.
2. To identify the problems being faced by the electronic media in the fulfillment of these roles.
3. To suggest the strategies for making the electronic media more effective in its crusade for moral probity and youth development.

 

1.4     RESEARCH QUESTION

This study will be guided by the following research questions.

1. What are roles of the electronic media in the crusade for moral probity among the Nigeria
2. Are there problems facing the electronic media in the fulfillment of moral roles
3. What are the strategies for making the electronic media more effective in the crusade for moral probity and youth development?

 

1.5     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H1:    Electronic media play useful roles in moral probity among youths

Ho:    Electronic media do not play useful roles in probity among youths.

H2:    The production of programmers on good morals by the electronic media improve youth behaviors

Ho:    The production of programmes on good morals by the electronic media will have no significant effect on youth behaviors

H3:    Adequate findings of the electronic media will make there more effective in their work.

Ho:    Adequate finding of the Nigerian electronic media will produce no significant effect on their operation.

 

1.6     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of the study will be of immense benefits to the Nigeria society, particularly the youths. The implementation of the recommendation to be made in this study will lead to moral rebirth and transformation of the entire country’s citizens. The country will thus produce disciplined youth who will lead the country to the promise land.

 

1.7     SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study borders on moral probity and youth development. This research is limited to the Nigerian television authority (NTA) and Radio Nigeria Enugu.

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ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE FIGHT AGAINST BREAST CANCER IN NIGERIAN (A STUDY OF WARRI IN DELTA STATE)

ABSTRACT

 

Late presentation of patients at advanced stages when little or no benefit can be derived from any form of therapy is the hallmark of Breast Caner in Nigeria women. Recent global cancer statistics indicate rising global incidence of Breast Cancer and the increase in occurring at a faster rate in populations of the developing countries that hitherto enjoyed low incidence of the Breast disease.

Worried by this prevailing situation and with recent data suggesting that health behavior may be influenced by level of awareness about Breast cancer, a cross-sectional study was designed to assess.

The role of media in the fight against Breast cancer in Nigeria, community in Delta State, Nigeria. Date analysis was carried out. Study participant, had poor knowledge of Breast cancer. Mean knowledge scores was 42.3% and only 214 participants, (21.4%) know that Breast cancer presents commonly as a painless Breast lump. The results of this study suggest that Ogun community women in Delta State Nigeria have poor knowledge of Breast cancer and minority practice BSE and CBE. In addition, media appears to be the major determinants of level of knowledge and health behavior among the study participants. I recommend the establishment and sustenance of institutional framework and policy guidelines that will enhance adequate and urgent dissemination of information about Breast cancer to all women in Nigeria.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study
• Statement of the Problem
• Objective of the Study
• Significance of the Study
• Research Questions
• Research Hypothesis
• Theoretical Framework
• Scope of the Study
• Limitations of the Study
• Definition of Terms

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1       Source of Literature

2.2       Review of Related Literature

2.3       Summary of Literature

CHAPTER THREE

Design and Methodology

3.1       Research Method

3.2       Research Design

3.3       Research Population

3.4       Sample Size

3.5       Sample Techniques

3.6       Measuring Instruments

3.7       Method of Data Collection

3.8       Method of Data Analysis

3.9       Expected Result

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

4.1       Data Presentation and Analysis

4.2       Analysis of Research Question/Hypothesis

4.3       Discussion of Results

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS RECOMMENDATION

AND CONCLUSION

5.1       Summary of Findings

5.2       Conclusion

5.3       Recommendation

Bibliography

Questionnaire

LIST OF TABLES

 

Table 1:      Response of participants to select question on Breast cancer

Table 2:      Distribution of respondents according to participants of Breast Self Examination (BSE) and Clinical Breast Examination (CBE)

Table 3:      Distribution of knowledge of Breast cancer according to socio demographic variables

Table 4:      Association of practice of BSE and acceptance of mastectomy with relevant variables.

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, and the second principal cause of cancer death in women world-wide as well as in Nigeria. The incidence of the disease appears to be rising faster in population incidence. The peak age of breast cancer in Nigeria women is about a decade earlier than caucasians, for woman with symptomatic breast cancer, prolonged delay, defined arbitrarily as an interval greater than 3 months from first detection to time of diagnosis and treatment has been shown to be associated with increased tumor size and more advanced stage of disease and with poor long-term survival. An estimated 20-30% of caucasian women wait for at lease 3 months, before seeking help for breast cancer symptoms compared wit over 70% in Nigerian women presenting with advanced stages at which time little or no benefit is derived from any form of therapy; the 5 years survival of breast cancer in Nigeria is less than 10% compared with over 70% in Western Europe and North America. The recent fall in deaths from breast cancer in Western Nations is partly explained by earlier diagnosis as a result of early presentation, understanding the factors that influenced patient delay is a prerequisite for strategies to shorten delays. Although there is strong evidence suggesting that older women in the developed countries are more likely to delay their presentation with breast cancer, there is data suggesting that factors related to women’s knowledge and beliefs about breast cancer and its management may contribute significantly to medical help-seeking behaviors. The three screening methods recommended for breast cancer includes breast self-examination (BSE) clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammography.

Unlike CBE and mammography, which require hospital visit and specialized equipments and expertise, BSE is inexpensive and is carried out by women themselves. Several studies, based on breast cancer patient’s retrospective self-report on their practices of the exam, have established that a positive association exists between performance of the early detection of (BC).

 

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

There is also evidence that most of the early breast tumors are self-discovered and that the majority of early self-discoveries are by BSE performers. Breast cancer presents most commonly as a painless breast lump and a smaller proportion with non-lump symptoms. For women to be “breast aware”; they must be able to recognize symptoms of breast cancer through routine practice of practicable screening. At the present time, routine mammography cannot be recommended in developing countries due to financial constraints and the lack of accurate data on the burden of breast cancer in those countries.

 

1.3       OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to access:

1. The level of information passed by the media
2. If woman in Warri South local government area has breast cancer knowledge based on the information by the media
3. Their attitude towards breast cancer
4. Their breast cancer practice
5. To suggest ways the media can help in the breast cancer campaign
6. To make recommendation based on the result of the study.

 

1.4       SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

This study was designed to assess, the impact of Breast cancer campaign in Nigeria, the place of media. Few studies have examined the knowledge, attitude and practice of women towards breast cancer in Nigeria. These studies are often of small sample size and targeted women in special professions. We are unaware of any study that has examined these issues in community-dwelling women who constitute the majority of at risk women both for the disease and late presentation. This study recruiting 1000 community-dwelling women for Warri South local government are of Delta State Nigeria; was designed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of these women towards breast cancer, so as to ascertain. The impact the media has made in Breast cancer campaign in Nigeria.

This work will also add to the existing literatures in mass communication field.

The result from this study will help us to make useful recommendation for further studies in mass communication and related area.

 

1.5       RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research question with “yes”, “or” don’t know “responses were designed to elicit participant’s knowledge of breast cancer.

1. Is breast cancer a painless lump?
2. Do the media pass enough information about breast cancer?
3. Are the women in Warri South local government aware of breast cancer based on the information passed by the media?
4. Do they know the common symptoms, methods of early detection and diagnosis?
5. Do they know the practice of breast self examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE)?

 

1.6       RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H₁:       The media has helped in the knowledge of breast cancer

Ho:      The media has not helped in the knowledge of breast cancer.

H₂:       The media has made an impact on the positive medical help-seeking behaviour of breast cancer patients

Ho:      The media has not made any impact on the positive media help-seeking behaviour of breast cancer patients.

H₃:       The media has done much on education and practice of BSE.

Ho:      The media has not done much on education and practice of BSE.

 

 

1.7       THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Agenda setting: The selective nature of what members of the media choose for public consumption influences how people think about health issues, and what they think about them. When Rudolph Giuliani, the mayor of New York City, publicly disclosed he had prostate cancer prior to the 2000 New York senatorial election, many news media reported the risk of prostate cancer, prompting greater public awareness about the incidence of the disease and the need for screening. A similar episode occurred in the mid- 1970s when betty ford, wife of president Gerald R. Ford, and Happy Rockefeller, wife of vice president Nelson Rockefeller, were both diagnosed with breast cancer.

The extent to which the media set the publics perception of heath risks of breast cancer go to determine the level of awareness and management. According to J.J. Davis, when risks are highlighted in the media, particularly in great detail, the extent of agenda setting is likely to be based on the degree to which a public sense of outrage and threat is provoked. Where mass media can be especially valuable is in the framing of issues. “Framing” means taking a leadership role in the organization of public discourse about an issue. Media, of course are influenced by pressures to offer balance in coverage, and these pressures may come from persons and groups with particular political action and advocacy position. According to Finnegan and Viswanath, “groups, institution, and advocates compete to identify problems, to move them into the public agenda, and to define the issues symbolically” (1997, p.324). Thus, persons who desire to access mass media’s agenda-setting potential must be aware of the competition.

Cultivation of perception Gerbner and Gross (1976) asserts that the overall concern about the effects of television on audiences stemmed from the unprecedented centrality of television. They posited that television as a mass media of communication had formed in to a common symbolic environment that bound diverse communities together, socializing people in to standardized roles and behaviours. They compared the power of religion, saying that television was to modern society what religion onec was in earlier times.

According to Miller (2005:282), Cultivation theory was not developed to study “targeted and specific effects (eg, that watching superman will lead children to attempt to fly by jumping out the window) [but rather] in terms of the emulative and overarching impact [television] has the way see the world which we live”. Hence the term “Cultivation Analysis”.

Gerbner, Gross, morgan, and signorielli (1986) argued that while religion or education had previously been greater influenced on social trends and mores, now “television is the source of most broadly shared images and messages in history… Television cultivates from infancy the very predispositions and preferences that used to be acquired form other primary sources…

The repetitive pattern of television’s mass-produced messages and images forms the mainstream of a common symbolic environment” (pp. 17-18).

Cultivation theory in its most basic form, than, suggests that exposure to television, over time, subtly “cultivates” viewers perceptions of reality. This cultivation can have an impact even on light viewers of TV, because the impact on heavy viewers has an impact on our entire culture. Gerbner and Gross (1976) say “television is a medium of the socialization of most people into standardized role and behaviors. It function is in a word, enculturation” (p.175).

Stated most simply, the central hypothesis explored in cultivation research is that those who spend more time watching television are more likely to perceive the real world in ways that reflect the most common and recurrent massages of the television world, compared with people who watch less television, but are otherwise comparable in terms of important demographic characteristics (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan, Singorielli, and Shannahan 2002).

Gerbner et al. (1986) go on to argue the impact of television on its viewers is not unidirectional, that the “use of the term cultivation for television’s contribution to conception of social reality does not necessarily imply a one-way, monolithic process. The effects of a pervasive medium upon the composition and structure of the symbolic environment is subtle, complex, and intermingled with other influences.

This perspective, therefore, assumes an interaction between the medium and its pubic” (p.23).

Cultivation Theory (George Gerbner, 1960) is a top down, linear, closed communication model.

It regards audiences as passive, presenting ideas to society as a mass with meaning open to little or no interpretation. The ideas presented to a passive audience are often accepted, therefore influencing large groups into conforming behind ideas, meaning that the media exerts a significant influence over audiences. This audience is seen as a vulnerable and easily manipulated.

Cultivation theory look at the media as a long term passive effect on the audiences, which starts off small at first but has a compound effects, an example of this body image and the bombardment of images.

An advantage of this theory is that, it is easy to apply to a wide range of texts and to a wide range of audience members, a disadvantage however is that it doesn’t look at the background, ethnicity, gender etc. of audiences.

In 1968 Gerbner conducted a survey to demonstrate the theory, form his results he placed television viewers into three categories, light viewers (less then 2 hours a day), medium viewers (2-4 hours a day) and heavy viewers (more than 4 hours a day). He found that heavy viewers held beliefs and opinions similar to those portrayed on television rather than real world, which demonstrates the compound effect of media influence.

An advantage of this study is that surveys are able to ask specific detailed questions and can be applied over different demographic groups disadvantages to this study is that survey question can be interpreted incorrectly resulting in inaccurate answers and that participants of the survey may or may not be doing the survey voluntarily which could influence how they respond to the survey and the type of people being surveyed.

Gerbner created the cultivation theory as one part of three part research strategy, called cultural indicators. The concept of a cultural “indicator was developed by Gerbner in order to be a more common idea of a social indicator. The first part of this strategy is known as the institutional process analysis. This investigates how the flow of media messages is produced and managed, how decision are made, and how media organization function. Ultimately, as asked; what are the processes, pressures, and constraints, that influence and underline the production of mass media content? The second part of this strategy is known as messages system analysis, which has been used since 1967 to track the most stable and recurrent images in media and ethnicity, gender and occupation. It asked what are the dominant patterns of images, message, and facts, values and lessons, expressed in media messages? The final part of the research study is the cultivation analysis. This asked what is the relationship between attention to those messages and audiences conceptions of social reality? (Morgan, p.70) and (Shanahnan and Morgan, p.6-7).

Cultivation is the extent to which media exposure, over time, shapes audience perceptions. Television is a common experience, and it serves as what S.W Little John calls a “homogenizing agents”. However, the effect is often based on several conditions, particularly socio-economic factors. Prolonged exposure to TV or movie violence may affect the extent to which people think community violence is a problem, though that belief is likely moderated by where they live. however, the actual determinant of people’s impressions of violence are complex, and consequences in this area is lacking moderated by where they live. however, the actual determinants of people’s impressions of violence are complex, and consensus in this area is lacking.

 

1.8       SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Empirical findings on the role of media in the fight against Breast cancer campaign, media  random sample of the people of the women in Warri South local government was used in this research regardless of marital status, occupation, level of education and other demographic variables. The media as will be use in the study refers to all forms of electronic and print media.

 

1.9       LIMITATION OF STUDY

However the study has a number of weakness. These include the fact that it drew a sample from one local government area in only one state out of the 36 states that make up Nigeria. Another limitation was that of the attitude of some of the villages who find it difficult to reveal some fact to the researcher.

A major constrain to this research work was lack of fund to carry out an elaborate stud and travelling every time which was a bit difficult for a student of my type .

Another constraint was the lack of a material and text written on this subject by local and foreign authors. In the light of these identified limitation and shortcomings; future research is needed to extend the scope of the study to cover these limitation.

 

1.10     DEFINITION OF TERMS

MEDIA:-

Conceptual: The channel work by information is being passed though radio television or printing press, it is a means of mass communication.

MEDIA:-

Operational: Combination of means of disseminating information to transform ideas and attitude to enormous number of people or audience. It comprises of electronic and print media.

 

 

 

Defined the Following Terms

1. Role – Is the process or step one took to achieving his or her aim, this function or position that has or is expected to have in an organization, role is to aim an objective of a positive results. According n to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the 6^th edition
2. Media – Is a communication channels through which news entertainment education, data or promotional message are disseminated media includes every broadcasting and narrow casting medium.

Media – Under media will have two kinds of media the electronic and the print media.

Under electronic media will have the following:

1. Electronic –                       Television

Radio

Internet

Under print media will have the

2. Print media –                       Magazines

Newspapers

Billboards

Data storage material dived into them broad categories according to the recording method.

1. Fight – Can be define as a positive means of eradicating all fighting against a particular situation. Example of fight is to fight against Breast cancer in Warri South Delta State Nig. is to ensure a positive result.
2. Breast – The Breast refers to the front of the chest or, more specifically, to the mammary gland. The mammary gland is a milk producing gland. It is composed largely of fat. Within the mammary gland is a complex network of branching ducts. These ducts exist from sac-like structures called lobules which can produce milk in female. The ducts exit the Breast at the nipple.

The Breast has been viewed as an organ designed to product milk. The lobules are the glands that product the Breast milk. The ducts are tubes or channels which transport the milk from these glands out of the nipple. The nipple becomes erect because of cold, Breast feeding and sexual activity. The pigmented area around the nipple is called the areola.

The lobules and ducts are supported in the Breast by surrounding fatty tissues and ligaments. There are no muscles in the Breast.

There are blood vessels and lymphatics in the Breast. The lymphatics are thin channels similar to blood vessels; they do not carry blood but collect and carry tissue fluid which ultimately reenters the blood stream. Breast tissue fluid dricins through the lymphatic into the lymph nodes located in the underarm (axilla) and behind the Breast bone (sternum)

Although the primary biological function of the Breast is to make milk to feed a baby, the breast has for many centuries been a symbol of femininity and beauty.

The appearance of the normal female Breast differs greatly between individuals and at different times during a 100mm’s life before, during and after adolescence, during pregnancy, during the menstrual cycle, and after menopause.

 

1. Cancer – An abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and in some cases to metastasize (spread)

Cancer is not one disease. It is a group of more than 100 different and distinctive diseases.

Cancer can involve any tissue of the body and have many different forms in each body area. Most cancer are named for the type of call or organ in which they start. If a cancer spreads (metastasizers), the new tumor bears the some the same name as the original (primary) tumor.

The frequency of a particular cancer may depend on gender. While skin cancer is the common type in men in prostate cancer and in women, Breast cancer.

Cancer frequency does not equate to cancer mortality. Skin cancer are often curable. Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer for both men and women in the United States today.

Being tumors are not cancer; malignant tumors are cancer. Cancer is not contagions

Cancer is the latin word for Crab. The ancients used the word to mean a malignancy, doubtless because of this crab-like tenacity a malignant tumor sometimes seems to show in grasping the tissues it invades. Cancer may also be called malignancy, a malignant tumor, or a neoplasm (literally a new growth).

 

All about Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women, with approximately one in nine women developing the disease in her lifetime. Although Breast cancer is know to affect women, it also can be equally devastating to men. Male Breast cancer accounts for 1% of all diagnosed Breast cancer.

Breast cancer is a disease in which cancerous cells are found in the tissues of the Breast. These cancerous cells continue to grow and eventually form into lump known as a tumor. Although more than 80% of Breast lumps are not cancerous, a process known as a biopsy is the only way to know for sure. A biopsy requires the doctor to remove a small sample of tissues and examine it under a microscope and check for cancerous cells.

Breast cancer affects more of Nigerian women than any other type of cancer.

There were about 100,000 news case diagnosed in 1986, and in 1991 Over 180,000 new cases were confirmed. One reason given to this dramatic rise is the more women are receiving diagnostic tests for Breast cancer. However, other reason for the long-term increase in Breast cancer are not yet fully understood. (cancer statistics from the Nigeria and American cancer society).

Causes – Although Breast cancer is the leading causes of cancer deaths for women between the ages of 35 and 54, the cause of Breast cancer are unknown. However heredity does play a role in the development of Breast cancer. The NDA is your calls carry the heredity information that you received from your parents.

Recently, researchers with the aid of powerful new technologies have been able to examine the cells of the human body to probe the very genes where the real action of Breast cancer takes place. Tests are being developed to determine who has this gene long before any cancer appears. Even with those tests scientists still do not have way of directly treating the defective genes. Although researchers are investing the possible roles of heredity, environment, lifestyles and diet, it’s still not clear what causes most Breast cancer or how to prevent it. See Appendix II.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

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THE EFFECTS OF MEDIA COVERAGE O F ANTI-AIDS CAMPAIGN ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR

(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU METROPOLIS)

ABSTRACT

 

The study is aimed at ascertaining the effects of media coverage of the campaigning amide at curbing the spread of the disease called ‘‘AIDS’’ on the sexual behaviour of youths in IMT. The objective of this study is also to find out through sample survey whether youths are really getting sufficient information about AIDS so as to enable them form their opinion about the disease.

The study took into account the sex, marital status, occupational variables that were off relevance to the study. The research used survey method in the execution of the study.  This no doubt helped collecting information as the way people generally perceive the AIDS since its wave get to Nigeria.

An empirical survey of the campus 3 that make up IMT was carried out. Data obtained in the process were systematically adzed in odder to desertion the effects of the media coverage of the anti- AIDS campaign on the sexual behaviour of the youth population in campus 3 using stratified simplify technique with random start.

Relation literature especially in the areas of mass communication, sociology, psychology and political sciences were extensively reviewed as a guide for the Theo retied from work of the study.

Three hypotheses were tested and audited using disquiet table and simple percentages.

The results of the study showed that the mass media coverage of anti- AIDS campaign has greatly affected the sexual behaviors of youths by making them discard their sexual valurability and promiscuity. More, the result of the study indicates that the youth’s via-a-vies marital status played on appreciable role in their exposure towards the anti- AIDS comparing as carried by the mass media.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                                1

Background to the study                                                                            1

Historical background of aids                                                           3

Scope of the disease                                                                          10

Global situation                                                                                 13

Nigeria situation                                                                                15

Statement of research problem.                                                                  17

Objective of the study                                                                       20

Significance of the study                                                                            20

Research hypotheses                                                                         21

Assumptions                                                                                     21

Scope/limitation of study                                                                  22

Definition of concepts                                                                       22

Operational definitions                                                                     23

Variables                                                                                           24

References                                                                                         25

 

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review                                                                               27

Sources of literature                                                                          27

Review of literature                                                                           27

Aids social implication of the anti

Aids campaign                                                                                  28

The relevant theories                                                                         30

Media effects on audience                                                                  39

Aid: aids campaign strategies/dimensions                                        43

Summary of review                                                                           45

Notes and references                                                                         48

 

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology                                                                      50

Research method                                                                               50

Sampling                                                                                           50

Limitations                                                                                                  51

Delimitation                                                                                      52

Data collection                                                                                  52

Sampling techniques                                                                         53

Data and analysis                                                                                       54

Expected result                                                                                  54

References                                                                                         58

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and result                                                                             59

Test of hypotheses and result                                                           63

Discussion                                                                                         67

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, conclusion and recommendations                                    71

Summary                                                                                           71

Conclusion                                                                                        73

Recommendations                                                                                       76

notes                                                                                                          77

Bibliography                                                                                     78

Appendix 1                                                                                       81

Questionnaires                                                                                  82

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The media one established can provide for audience members a divinity of the situation on a verity of issue. By emphasizing certain topics, stressing particular interpretations and prefects specifies Thomas; the media crate some impression with their definition portraying a reflection of the real sociality. For example if sexual prodigality is regularly portrayed as widely practiced, because of this, viewer may accept such definition as normative in the society in such a situation norms internalized from media source may guide his conduct.

Simply by their presence, the media have altered the nature of societal communication nouns. Large audiences have been crated that expect the media to provide a continuous Flow of news, entertainment, political commentary and other types of messages. People depend on the media for various form of gratification based upon content if denied such communication. They feed deprived Burleson (1950:889-898). Even in relatively underdeveloped societies, populations quality develop media-related habits once mass communication become available to them in a form they understand.

The potential effect of the media in shaping attitudes and behaviour has been the subject of convictable research. It is dear, however; that the media do have at least an indirect influence on attitude if only because they made people aware of events outside their immediate experience. Through television, we witness crime, racial strife and the horrors of warn in the quiet of our own living rooms.

According to latter lip man (1922) at on the basis of the pictures in our head, rather than in accordance with reality of the world outside. That a person believes is the moral or ethical, is true moral or ethical for him. To understand him we state by digging out the roots of these pictures in our head.

We have leant through research that the images and words these media carry determine within the limitations posed by intervening factors, opinion of people and thus their actions. Woodrow Wilson (1958) saw this too. He said, unless you get the right setting to affairs, disperse the right impression, things go wrong. It is believed that in the imperfect would there is no single antidote to human ills but public is often a vital step to finding the cure of many social ills. In this line therefore, it is believed that extensive coverage will reach and perhaps touch on the sexual habits of people. When a disease is sexually transmitted, the publicity and efforts to eradicate it is fortified. In modern times when supplicated means were available and subtle means or pressure (whether engender by the said aim or net) are used by interested parties, the efforts utilized could be seen as exaggerated by simple minded people and those who have not get come across the diseases. As at now, one may say that AIDS is over publicized.

It is the worst disease to hit the human race since the black plague of the 14^th century some health experts are saying this disease will cause even more death and destruction than the black plague before it runs it course. Already 20 million unsuspecting people have caught this awful disease and do out know it and might not know it for years (van image 2005).

The function of mass media in any society cannot be over stretched. It stretches beyond the ordinary form of news gathering via information dissemination to shaping opinions and attitudes of people via proper and accurate analysis and interpretation of news events. Through their information, education, entertaining and sanitizing functions. The mass media affect peoples attitude and behaviour. Graham mutton (1990).

The media set agenda for public discussion by chromatin news events within the society. An issue becomes topical based on the provenance and degree of coverage (i.e. frequency of reportage) given to such issue by the media. The mass media no doubt, has changed or altered our culture. New products, advertised to millions via television, magazines and newspapers can achieve wide spread adoption almost overnight. The rapid spread of other culture forms such as speech mannerisms; the media can trigger fads of all kinds and other innovative patterns. In a brood view of the communication field however, the effect of the media advertising séances to be limited. Different media are effective at different point in different ways. The mass media only create awareness while the face-to-face communicati0on brings about honey. Both are complementary. But Engle and others have observed that when the audience is large it is usually necessary to accept the inefficiencies of mass communication. (Engle it al 1979:29). This implies that the mass media have shortcoming, which do not persuaded there effectiveness no mater how minimal at bringing about social ohange. Lazarsfeld and Katz have noted that ideas often sew to flow from Radio, Television and print to opinion leaders and from them to less active sections of the population. It therefore means that these who cannot be reached by these media could benefit from interpersonal flow of information or the innovation hazarded and Katz (1995) Mac Guiro (2000), observed that the measured impact of the mass media as regards persuasive seems quiets slight. A tremendous amount of applied research has been carried out to test the effectiveness of the mass media messages. The outcome, which has said has been quite embarrassing for porous of mass media. However it is the knowledge acquires through frequency of coverage of campaigns behaviour instincts of sexuality. Supporting a programmer and other factors are employed in measuring persuasive campaign effectiveness. In view of this perceived short coming, it therefore become every necessary to take a hand lot at the role of the media in the anti-AIDS campaign vies-via the effect of their coverage in IMT Enugu.

 

1.2     HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AIDS

The devastating disease Acquired immure Deficient syndrome (AIDS) care into word limelight in 1981 when Dr Michael clottish of the university of California noticed an unusual disease PNEMOYSTTS CARING PNEUMODIA in four patients that were homosexual and all below 40 years of ages it is not yet known when AIDS aetdly started. It was a disgrace to the scientific community that the emergence of AIDS brought with it a lot of buck passing as regards the origin of the disease. It became polities and took raids undertones scientific data that Africa was the home of AIDS studies hoe however now prove the proponents of the Africa guesses of AIDS wrong and the western exports are now eating their own words. AIDS is a truly white mauls burden.

The whorled Heath organization (WHO) explained it to be or virus of under minded geographic origin. The first case of AIDS were identified in the U.S in 1981 and the disseat was first recognized in Uganda in 1982. But cases of it had been observed in the exile go’s before it was fully identified. The virus causes it. How I was discovered in 1983.it was not until mare 1986 that the second type of AIDS virus under H₁₂₀   was discovered Njoku obi (2002). AIDS is a relatively new arrival in Nigeria at best cam pared to many other countries. According to world health organization (NH₀) Global 1988 AIDS incidence inventers. The number of reported cassia of AIDS by the year 1988 was much less in Nigeria than in mast counties of the world. The H₁₀₂ of west African was not discovered untiel 1986 three years after the discovery of H₁₀₁. And it was only much latter that it was realized that a different kind of blood tested was needed to detect the H_10-2  (Njoku obi 2002).

The African concord magazine of 3^rd June 1991 published the who estimate of the number of people who have developed full blowu AIDS in Nigeria as approximately 8.000 men and women, merry of who would now have died. In the same issue. Late Dr olikoye Ransome kuti, the then minister of health, is queted as saying; even if we are able to prevent further transmission of the virus, we will expect about 1000.00 adults and 50,00 pedictric AIDS cases (that is people with full blown AIDS) between 1991 and 2000.  The rate of spared varies from country to country and may partly depend on whether HIV or 2 predominates. For new, the dreaded disease is no geometric increase in Nigeria.

The first confirmed AIDS case in Africa was reported in 1984 in Nairobi Reyna. Apparently AIDS came from green monkeys in Africa. This is the theory and some have it jumped what is known as the species brevier from animals to humans. This has very grave implications because the virus itself or this type of virus in monkeys apparently does not herm the monkey but it has terrible effects in humans.

Medical experts believe that the green monkeys of Africa passed their lent vireos to humans through biting and bestiality. Smocking one may say. But one percent of Americans have committed such acts with animals (van impe 2005) Next infected men engaged other men in sexual dots and soon the virus spread live wildfire among homosexuals international. As a matter of fact, when the disease was first discovered, its origin label was ‘‘GRIDS’’ which stood for Gay Related immure Deficiency syndrome (AIDS 2002). Soon Gay lobbyists to avoid suspicion worked diligently to see that the 20^th century plaigue was named AIDS. Next bisexual or men who enjoyed either men or women spreal the disease to the hetersexual community and scores of such men even entered the sanctity of their homes and filled their wives with the virus (AIDS 2002).

Risk: A single exposure is sufficient for a person to contact AIDS. In plainer sufficient terms, one act of sexual intercourse could lea to a person become infected. It is estimated that among couples with one partner who is HIV positive, there is one in four chances that if that partner is male he will affect the female and one in ten that the female will infect the male (THE GUARDIAN, JULY 4 2001).

Prognosis: current statistics suggest that if a person becomes HIV positive, there is a 60 percent chance of developing AIDS within 10 years.

This figure is based on studies of groups of HIV individuals who where infected 10 years ago of the remaining 40 percent, many suffer health problems such as skin and genital diseases. One a person has been diagnosed as having full blown AIDS, life expentanoy is on average 20 months (THE GUARDIAN JULY 4 2001).

Distribution:   AIDS is a worldwide disease, so terrifying and devastating that the black plague of yester-years look like a child’s play. The highest incidence of the disease is in the united state of Africa where over 100,000 cases of AIDS have been reported and over eight million persons estimated as carrying the virus. It is being variously stated that by year 2005 the above figure might triple (Njoku obi 2002).

It has been deadly established that the united state of America and many European countries AIDS is common among homosexuals, intravenous drug abusers, hemophiliacs, recipients of blood transfusion and heterosexual perturb of patients of AIDS. Among the risk group’s drug abuses constitute about 17% and the remaining 10% is distributed among other groups (Njoku-obi 2002).

In contrast to the western world. No dear risk groups emerge in Africa. AIDS is seen equally in both men and women spread is mainly heterosexual. Prof Njoku-obi (2002) noted Zaire, Rwanda, Ugandan, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Melanie as the ‘‘AFRICA, AIDS Belt’’ on the other hand, New York, Los Ague’s the ‘‘AIDS San Francisco have been called the AIDS centers of the blisters world’’.

Antilogy:  AIDS is caused by a retrovirus. Retrovirus like other virus reproduces only on living cells of a lost species. But unlike other viruses they involve an enzyme REVERSE TRANSERIPTASE in reproduction. The enzyme according to prof. Njoku Obi allows the virus to copy its genetic information into a form that could be intergraded into the host cell’s own genetic code. In effect, each time the infected “host cell divided” viral copies were produced along with more cells each containing the viral code. In this way the infection host dryness is therefore the primary mechanism of pathogen.

The AIDS virus was isolated by Dr Robert Gallo in the USA in 1990 and was named HTLV III. A variant of this AIDS virus was later identified at the Pasteur institute in Paris by Dr Lue Montaginer from a patient with LYMPHADENOPATHY and was called the lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV). To give credit to both scientists the AIDS virus became known as HTLV/ LAV. Recently however, the international committee on the Taxonomy of virus recommended that AIDS virus be known as Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

 

MODE OF TRNAMINSSION:      

HIV has been isolated from blood, semen, vaginal secretions and other body fluid inducing breast milk, saliva and possibly tears. However, transmission is through sexual relationship (homosexual or heterosexual / blood transfusion any blood mixing). Transfusion of blood products and meternofetal (before, during or after birth). This certain individuals are placed at a very high risk of being exposed (Njoku Obi 2002).

 

INEUBATION PERIODS:     

It takes on the average an interval of 29 months and 12 months between exposure to the virus and manifestation of AIDS in adults and children respectively. The virus can, however remain dormant in an individual for up to five years. The shorter incubation period in children partly explains the 5 times higher estimated risk of AIDS in children compared with adults although their immune system and blood volume may be relevant says prof Njoku.

 

1.3     SCOPE OF THE DISEASE 

Acquired immune Deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is new deadly. Sexually transmitted disease, which is less than fifteen years, has spread throughout the world. What makes this disease awesome is the present lack of a vaccine for prophylaxis or drugs for cure. The disease is terminal and where this is net so the victim continues to shed the virus and infect others through his promiscuous behavior if not controlled, the gate of mankind questionable. It also infiltrates eyes, lungs liver, spleen, kidney and other organs (van impel 2005). One single virus entering ones system will eventually destroy a person within 10 years the length of one’s incubation. What a period of imprisonment for one foolish sexual encounter. Furthermore, the acquired immune Deficiency syndrome is only a portion of the AIDS problem. A brain destroyed by the virus, causing dementia is eagerly frightening. But there is no more. This deadly virus lives outside of ones body for ten days, even in a dried out condition. The dues or tell tale signs of AIDS may in dude an unexplained night loss, dreading night sweats, persistent diarrhea, swathing of the humph nodes, choric fatigue, persistent fly symptoms, pneumonia, tuberculosis, small purplish spots on ones body itching blisters or seas, blamed vision and ultimately satin cancer (van impel 2005). Harvard pathologist William Heseltine says all it take is the transmission of one micro bid parasite. After it enters and researches find it five to ten years later BINGO that is it? you are gone.

The AIDS virus itself infects cells in the brain and causes what is known as detention or brain suffers impaired shot-term memory mental confusion, personality change and severe depression. In its later stages, they may succumb to paranoia, sometimes psychoses mutes (they become unable to speak) and incontinence (they have loss of muscular control and Findlay coma and death (van limp 2005).

There has to be a total war against AIDS. Our enemies are sexually promiscuity, artlessness and people we may term sexual terrorists. One can no doubt, also get AIDS through the needle if you take drugs and through having blood transfusions besides through sex. also a mother could pass it on to an unborn baby.

In spite of the millions of dollars and other currencies poured into AIDS research, no solution is in sight. A recoat conference on AIDS in Amsterdam Netherlands brought together 11,000 scientist and other experts to study the problem. The mood was sober, reflecting a decade of frustration, failure and mounting tragedy. Humanity may not be any closer to conquering AIDS than when the quest began. There is no vaccine, no cure and not even an indisputable effective treatment (Time magazine 1994). For those presently HIV positive already likely to fall sick with AIDS, the prospect are bleak.

The world Health Organization (WHO) has however, taken the ball by the horn. It is a vanguard of world wide attempts to control of the disease. From its considered opinion the most sensible way of stopping the spread of AIDS is through dissemination of information and deliberate education. There is so because medical research experts have proved that the Human immune Deficiency virus (HIV). The causative agent of AIDS strikes mankind at its most intimate, most private part of their lives and only informed and sensible behavior can alter the death math. AIDS which first appeared to be a discus affecting mainly the homosexual population has become a scourge effecting people of every race and life-style. It no longer has any favorites. In some countries of Africa, it is decimating the heterosexual population.

 

14      GLOBAL SITUATION

International news releases from 100 Nations in duding Australia, brazil, England, Germany, Kenya, the twelve European common market Nations and Russia have reported that, AIDS is spreading live wildfire (van impe 2005). The situations severe. Presently five million already carry the virus in Australia, eight million in America and Switzerland has broken all records for European. The 12 nation common market alliance sees the doubling for the disease within 12 months. Because of the severity of the situation u.s news and would report predicts that millions will die if a cure is not found in the next 13 years (van impe 2005.

There have been other payees throughout history. Millions did because of Spanish influenza, bubonic plague, yellow fever, small pox, polio, multiple scleroses and cancer. However, there is nothing in the ands of history that may equal the devastating death told the AIDS virus will soon create.

David Block (2001) in a Rolling stone article said if AIDS continues increasing at its present rate, all Americans will be killed in 12 years.

Nanny standouts believe that 25years from now, in 20025 that lost human could be expiring on this earth from AIDS. With the AIDS virus being exuded practically from every bodily orifice pore and secretion intimate constable of any kind makes such deadly statement a possibilility

The world health organization estimates carries of the disease at 6 million world wide both children and adult. Late professor olikoye Ram some – kuti (1990) said that two million women world wide have been infected by AIDS virus, responding a third of the six million people that have been confirmed as having contracted the dreaded disease. He states that out of the two million figures, a staggering 1.5 million is in sub Saharan Africa. The male to female ratio in the region is 1:1 compared to 9:1 in America and Europe. Gene Antonio, author of the book. The AIDS cover up, says public Health Authorities have to be pressured to report people who are infected with the virus not merely the minute number who are at the end state of the disease. They have to be reported and their contacts, the people they have had sexual relation with, have to be followed and told that they are at risk of the disease. 80 combined with personal changes in lifestyle, there has to be public health measures taken (AIDS 2002).

 

1.5     THE NIGERIAN SITUATION   

On the 24^th of June 1986, then the Hon. Minister for health inaugurated the National Expect Advisory committee on AIDS in the country and possible measures to control its spread up to the end of 1988, NEACA has screened over 24,000 persons 25 of which proved zero-positive for AIDS. Eleven of the developed frank disease and ten died (Njoku obi 2002).

What the above result shows is that we have the rate some have said that because of the low level of prevalence, the dam our about AIDS should be severely curtailed. They relate AIDS to other disease like malaria syphilis etc that are effecting our people and feel that equal attention should be given to them all.

Some even go to the extent that AIDS will not affect the, as it is a matter of chance affairs. Government is joining with the organized private sector to curb the dreaded disease, which shows the alarming rate of its spread. In a joint coalition, president olusegun obasanjo, chairman and managing Director of chevron Nigeria limited. Mr. tay pryor, a cochairman of the Nigerian business coalition against HIV/AIDS, alongside Pascal Dozie chairman of MTN, Nigeria. Speaking president obasanjo said that he would to invite you as a leader in the private sector to join force with him and other member of our vibrant business coalition against HIV/AIDS. In state house Abuja during the inauguration, president obasanjo further said the body would provide a platform for joint decisions and action against the disease by the federal government and the private sector. He said e the time had come for government and the private sector to join foresee against HIV/AIDS noting HIV/AIDS is treating the fabric of our society and our economy. We must therefore move against this deadly epidemic together. We must come to terms with the reality of the epidemic and do all we can to curb and reserve the spread of this virus (THE NELLS IT MARCH 2003).

More than 5,000,000 cases of Acquired immune Deficiency syndrome (AIDS) have been reported in Nigeria out of which 94 percent are adults (21 years and above and the remaining 6 percent children under age of five, while 74 parent of these AIDS cases are males, 26 percent are females.

(THE GURDIAN JAN 20 2006). Earlier researches do on this subject have shown that the greatest number of people infected by AIDS fall within the range of 20-40 years, which is the prime age. AIDS is no respecter of person. Anybody can fall victim of it any time except one practices safe sex’’ by keeping to a strictly monogamous relationship. The psychological shock that people must grapple with when told they are carriers of AIDS virus is bad enough. If word of their condition yetis out they can also face dissemination on the fob and in finding a place to live. The special nature of AIDS which torches the most intimate, the most private part of our lives on which the human role revolves with no vaccines for prevention and no drug for are, demands our greatest effects and our most alternation.

 

1.6     STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM      

Mediator maintained that a good formal paper should begin with a paragraph of explanation that describes the problem under investigation.

Billings’s writing on statement of the problem specifies that under this section, what confront the researcher are the manifest submits of the broad base problem, problem he has observed the institution or the organisation he has deeded to study encounter this include the subsidiary problem arising from the major problem earlier observed. The research has noted that the enormous resources being put in the cursed against HIV/AIDS pandemonium especially in the media for awareness campaign. The resources are in terms of financial, material and human resources. Again the effort of international organisation, governmental and von governmental agencies involved in the HIV/AIDS awareness company and donor agencies have all worked hard to stem the rising tide of all pandemonium but nothing to write home on the end result. Local all international agene ties like the television, Radio, Newspapers and magazine daily devote their time and pages to the campaign but the information disseminated seems to exacerbate the tide. There are rising cases of the number of the HIV/AIDS infection especially in the pacific Asian and African countries. The effect is devastating to the family progress, economic development, and socio-cultural integration. Anti-HIV/AIDS message carried by the media have not changed or quenched the sexual urge and indignations of the people. The campuses, solid gatherings, gathering, sheds, and else where are evidence of the unabashed with        fever for sexual gratification among the people inspirited of the related death associated with it.

Visits to HIO/ADS counseling especially in the hospital give a good witness and credence to this malady. Recourses are taking care of the victims. The question to what impact has the media coverage on the people’s sexual behavior? That specifies the problem.

 

1.7     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY.    

The objective of the study is the main purpose of the research. It is the foundation of the research. It is the rational and baits upon which the research is male. This research work then is aimed under these objectives.

i         To measure the effect of media coverage of anti – AIDS campaign on sexual behavior

ii        To find out the extent of attitude and change as a result of the media impact.

iii       To evaluate the programmer strategies and performance of the media on the anti-AIDS comparing.

 

1.8     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is envisaged that the outcome of the study will help to alert the youths and the entire population on the dangers inherent in AIDS and equally econtilbity to exiting literature in the are of media effects. Also, the study will help the Health ministry to determine which media to employ in disseminating anti-AIDS information. Above all, it is believed that the study will further equip media practitioners, communication experts and researches which to come up with a cooperate and more futuristic approach to covering all maunders of campaign in Nigeria.

 

1.9     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Are people (single and non single) exposed to anti-AIDS campaign carried by the media?
2. To what extent are people exposed to media campaign concerning HIV/AIDS than other sourees.

C Does exposure to anti AIDS compaign diseovrage youths form sexual promiscuity?

 

1.10   RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H₁ People are mostly exposed to anti-AIDS campaign as carried by the media.

H₀ People are not mostly exposed to anti-AIDS campaign concerning as carried by the media.

H₂ The people are more exposed to media campaign concerning HIV/AIDS than other sources.

H₀ The people are not more exposed to media campaign concerning HIV/AIDS than other sources.

H₃ Exposure to anti-AIDS campaign will tend to discourage youths from sexual promiscuity.

 

1.11   ASSUMPTIONS

It is assumed that the respondents to the questions are informed enough to understand questions. In this regard are therefore efforts shall be made to form questions as simple possible and preciously to the points.

It is also assumed that the respondents are not only have access to mass media of press (Newspaper and magazines, elation and Television for information but at last also exposed to anti-AIDS news, commentaries advertisements and finagles. It is also assumed that the respondents are of the age to understand what six is all about.

 

1.12   SCOPE/ LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

As  a result of inadequate finding, time constraints and convince the study shall be limited to campus III in IMT Enugu.  Samples shall be derived from SH and FH hostel, Mass Communication department, Business Administration and Management department and rectors village.

The researcher hope that through the use of the questionnaire and scientific sampling techniques the results of the study will be quaralized to a longer population.

 

• DEFINITION OF CONTENTS
• CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS

MASS MEDIA:  Means communicating information to heterogeneous audience.

MEDIA COVERAGE: Divers news dealt with by the media.

AIDS:         A killer disease which is lethal

ANTI-AIDS CAMPAIGN:  Sequence of planned information to publicize AIDS and its preventive measure.

SEX: Ajitation, feelings leading and surrounding coitus.

YOUTHS:  Collectivity of young men and women

SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR:      The manner through which people express their sexual urge or desire.

IMT: Institute of higher learning.

 

1.13ii:    OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

MASS MEDIA:

In this context refers to various communication channels (specifically radio, television and Newspaper) through which information regarding anti-AIDS campaign is communicated to youth residents and youth schooling in IMT Enugu.

AIDS

Stands for acquired immune Deficiency syndrome.  The word immune refers to the Defense system of the body which helps the body to fight all kinds of infection this system dows not work well in AIDS.

 

 

ANTI-AIDS CAMPAIGN

Those attempts through the radio, television and newspaper aimed at curbing the further spread of AIDS.

 

SEX:

Sexual activities amongst the young men and women schooling in IMT Enugu – between male and female and a man and a man (homosexual)

          YOUTHS:

Young men and women schooling in IMT Enugu within the age range of 15-40 years.

SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR

The attitude of young men and women in IMT to sexual satisfaction.

IMT

Higher academic institution of management and Technical Education.

 

1;14 VARIBLES

A variable is a phenomenon or event that can be measured or manipulated and is used in the development of constructs. Two sets of variable are identifiable in the research to pic.

1. media coverage as independent variable.
2. sexual behavior as dependent variable.

 

REFERENCES

1. Bernard Burleson (1950) what missing the Newspaper means, in hazarded and station, ads pp. 111-120 and Penn Kimball, people without paper’s public opinion quarterly 23 vol 3.
2. whiter leppman (1964) public opinion (New York Hare out ) Brace and world (1922) octillion.
3. Woodrow Wilson (1958) the philosophies and policies of Woodrow Wilson, ed: Ear I lath an, Chicago.
4. Time magazine (June 20,1994) AIDS BY THE YEAR 2006.
5. Professor A.N.Y Njoku-obi (2002). The spread and control of AIDS.an invited leatore delivered to the university of Nigeria communities, Nsukka and Enugu
6. Dr van impel, 2005 ‘AIDS’’.
7. News magazine (march 17 2003) p 64). CHEORON mp Heads coalition Against HIV/AIDS.
8. The Guardian (June 2006).
9. Dreamers Curran (1995) No AIDS cure in sight awake

fluidal February 8.

10. English jeans f. Hugh G udes and wartime A blarsaw.

(1979) professional strategy Irwin inc. honey wood.

11. Paul Lazarfeld and Elilu Katz (1995) personal influence

Glenese 111, the free press.

12. William y. meguire, Nature of Attitude cling Lindzy and

Aaronson ends Handbook of coccid psychology, 2nd ed. (2000).

13. Med war PB Advice to a young scientist san Francisco

Harper and Row (1979).

14. John H Behinds preparing the research prop oval New York

University of America ine (1984).

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COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE