THE ROLE OF THE BROADCAST MEDIA IN THE PROMOTION OF GOVERNMENT POLICIES IN NIGERIA

A STUDY OF ESBS TELEVISION ENUGU

ABSTRACT

This study on Mass media in the promotion of government policies in Nigeria was conducted to determine the contributions of mass media research in the overall success of promotion of government policies in Nigeria, using Enugu State Broadcasting Service of Nigeria in Enugu state as a study. This study is made up of five chapters, chapter one deals with the introductory part of the study, scope of the frame work, limitation of the study. Chapter two highlight the literature review with is other peoples view on the subject matter, the study will attempt to strike a balance between observations and theoretical concepts of feeling of people about government policies. Chapter three deals with the areas covered by the study and the method employed in the analysis of the data that was collected through research questionnaire, design, selection of sample size, source of research materials, the re search instruments and treatment of data. Chapter four analyzed the collected data and presented them in such as simple form as to enhance proper understanding and provide correct statistical testing for the postulated hypothesis in eh study using the chi-square. Finally chapter five brought together the summary of findings, incorporating the observed data to make recommendations on how to apply government policies for the success of mass media. Recommendations are therefore made for every public or mass establishment to appreciate and recognize the need for mass media activities as this will help to balance information. Finally, the researcher sincerely hope that this study will contribute invaluable quota in understanding mass media in the promotion of government policies in Nigeria.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   Introduction                                                                     1

1.1   Background of the study                                                  1

1.2   Statement of the research problem                                  5

1.3   Objectives of the study                                                     7

1.4   Significance of the study                                                  8

1.5   Research questions                                                          9

1.6   Research hypothesis                                                                10

1.7   Theoretical frame work                                                    10

1.8   Scope of the study                                                           12

1.9   Limitation to the study                                                    13

1.10 Definition of terms                                                           14

CHAPTER TWO

2.1   Sources of literature                                                17

2.2   Review of relevant literature                                     17

2.3   Summary of literature                                              23

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1   The research design                                                         25

3.2   Area of study                                                            25

3.3   Population of the study                                            26

3.4   Research sample                                                      28

3.5   Research techniques                                                        29

3.6   Instrument for data collection                                  30

3.7   Method of data collection                                         30

3.8   Method of data analysis                                           31

3.9   Expected result                                                                31

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   Data presentation and analysis                                       33

4.1   Introduction                                                             33

4.2   Research question, analysis and testing of hypothesis 39

4.3   Discussion of finding                                               40

4.3   Discussion of results                                                       42

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1   Summary                                                                 45

5.2   Conclusion                                                              46

5.3   Recommendation                                                     47

 

References                                                               48

Appendix                                                                 50

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Broadcasting media in the promotion of Government policies has been regarded as very crucial as a result of the media been seen as the forth estate of the realm which is indispensable.

Mass media, according to Robert while (1999) was introduceds a form of military communication in the 1920’s, the apogee of nationalism and government propaganda policies.

Dominick (1990) one of the striking facts about media is that it was invented by young people for example, Macorni who developed wireless transmitter was only twenty three when he did that. But, can the adult misuse or abuse mass media because it was the brain child of the young people? So it could be misused by the powers that be. Quoting Aiyetan (2002) Galadima (2003) “public office holders believed they can do anything and get away with it as long as they control media, or get a good journalist to do the dirty job of lying with facts”.

It is very important at this point to have an over view of that the world media means…

“the main way that large number of people receive information and entertainment, that is through radio, television and newspapers”.

In the above cited dictionary, it went further to define Government as a ….

“Group of people who are responsible for controlling a country or a state”. While policy was defined as a “course of action adopted or proposed or a contract of insurance”.

Having defined what media, Government and policy is, it is worthy of note that the media indeed a viable instrument for national growth. But it is quite unfortunate that most media practitioners are busy seeking for brown envelop and these has put the intended policy of Government into questions.

Odumegu Ojukwu, observed thus: when a public officer holder does something outlandish,   the media sing his praises instead of condemning his that   concentrating on more important national or state issues.

Ternskur (2003) citing Nwankwo (1987) to describe the Nigerian Mass media as “Government reflects the will and intact of the class that controls the existing mode of production, power block and political machinery in their media outfits.

In a published work and lecturer delivered by Mark Eze (2010) which was entitled fundamentals of communication theories, he identified the four theories of the press which hare authoritarian theory, libertarian theory, communist theory and social responsibility theory.

He explained authoritarian theory as a system where press are subordinate to state power, libertarian theory as where press is not an instrument of Government but rather a device for persecuting evidence and arguments on the basis of which the people can check government and make up their mind in policy.

He further explained communist theory as where media are used as an instrument of unity within the state and the party.

Finally, social responsibility theory was defined as the total freedom of press without any form or restriction. In all the above mentioned theories, the one that is of interest is the social responsibility theory which stipulate the way the press should rightly be and that the press responsibility for the public to get them adequately informed and alert them in time of danger.

But the question that is begging for an answer is how far are the media   learning up to this obligation? Are the people adequately informed? Do they know what they are suppose to know? Are the media given the free hand to operate as guaranteed by section 36 sub section (2) of 1999 constitution of Federal Republic of Nigeria which says  that:

“Without prejudice of the generality of subsection (1) that every person is entitled to own an operate any medium of information and disseminated ideas provided that no person other than Government of the federation or of a state or any other person or body authorized by the president shall own and established.

The same section 36 says that:

“every person shall be entitled to freedom of expression including freedom to hold and impart ideas and information without interference”.

So with these view, It will be worth while to

1. Remove all manner of restriction except the one prescribed by law or opposes the law and which will be fore the interest of the public.
2. Freedom from action design to frustrate, present or control the free circulation of information should be abolished.
3. The press should be allowed to do constructive criticism, since they are the watch dog.

The above measure will allow the press to disseminate information to the masses. Then, the policy of government will no doubt open the door step of citizenry.

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

All over the world, especially third world countries with less degree of free press, government has manipulated the masses using broadcasting  media, broadcasting is  volatile and its potential are unending satisfaction, as in print media. It has great potentials in information dissemination, education, enlightenment, political, socialization and socio-cultural orientation.

Most people from their opinions based in what they learned from the mass media.

Regrettably, observed Schramm (1971), quoted by Egbeze (2000) forming an opinion becomes mire difficult when a person does not have access to adequate information.

This information will help individual to form an opinion. When the masses are misinformed, or un-informed due to excessive censorship or primitive control measure of state owned media by the government, the public might react and take law into their hands. For instance between 2000 and 2002, there were instances when aggrieved media audience is Anambra, Imo and attacking Anambra Broadcasting Service (ABS) Umuahia. The attack on the broadcasting media stations were as a result of unprofessional reportage of election news.

The three mentioned broadcast stations were not alone in unprofessional broadcasting.

Since Enugu State broadcasting service (ESBS) is one of the state government owned broadcasting media stations it could be involved in state government policies like others.

The tendency of disinformation and propaganda, the type defined Lasswell (1937) propaganda are techniques of influencing human actions by the manipulation of representation” are pone to exist in a society where government missues the media.

Mass media in the promotion of Government policies has a serious concern to everyone due to the fact that the people interest are not born at heart and also by much influences exacted on the media by government and its agencies.

 

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Sycophancy flattery and Praise Singing have been promoted to higher distributing levels more especially in political broadcasting state owned media stations have perfected the crude and irritating art of praise sing for Governors and their officials (Umechukwu, 200: 12).

Infact, a sycophant journalist is a source of irritation to media audiences who often see them though the false less of the media content packaged by the unethical singer.

Sycophancy in every ramification, kills the spirit of investigative journalism, especially among young reporters who meet praise singing and see it as the main stream in journalism practice.

However, the purpose of this study is to….

1. Find out the responses of the people toward the message they receive from the media about Government policies.
2. To find out the elements the message receiving from the media about Government policies has produced.
3. To find out how the masses react to media messages.
4. To find out how assessable the mass media are to the people.

 

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The benefits of this study are numerous. The use of mass media in the promotion of Government policies, demands serious empirical investigation because its significance for example :

1. The study result will confirm whether government use mass media in the promotion of its policies.
2. The study will expose the level of Government policies involvement in the management, and staff recruitment in the stations.
3. The study will expose the level of sycophantic practice in the state broadcast media.
4. The result of the study will serve as reference materials for further studies in management, Government and mass communication.
5. Both the state government and management of Enugu State Broadcasting Service will find the study useful in many aspects.

 

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

A number of questions have been raised and answer to such question definitely shall provide solution to the problem of state government misuses of state broadcasting media organization.

The belief of the researcher is that the following research question will provide focus and direct his attention to major issues in the identified problem and the questions are:

1. Do Enugu State broadcasting Service (ESBS) effective in giving adequate information to the public about Government policies?
2. Are Enugu State Broadcasting Service (ESBS) truthful and consistent on mobilizing the public (i.e masses)?
3. Are the masses influenced by the media in the cause of enlightenment.

1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H1: Does Enugu State Broadcasting Service (ESBS) plays an effective role in informing the publics about Government        policies.

Ho: Enugu State Broadcasting Service (ESBS) do not play an         effective role in informing the publics about government     policies.

H2:   Government policies are objective and truthful when use to   mobilize the public by the media.

Ho:  Government policies are not objective and truthful when use to         mobilize the public by the media.

H3: The publics are influenced by the media on Government policies.

Ho:   The publics are not influenced by the media on Government policies.

 

1.7 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The most appropriate theory for this study is the critical theory propounded by Staurt Hall (1932).

Staurt Hall, a sociologist was of the opinion that mass media serve as a means by which the “haves” in the society gain the willing support of the “have – nots” to maintain them status quo to him, the mass media function to maintain the dominance of Hall believes that mass media mainly serve the rich, influence and the powerful and exploit the poor, the weak, the needy and the masses. Mass media merely celebrate the political claims that democracy works and the man in power at the national or state level is the best leader of the time.

In application therefore, state broadcasting media apply his theory in promoting, telling the people that the governor of the state is the “messiah” the “God sent leader” and the “Hope of the masses”.

The theory uses the concept of hegemony which means preponderant. Influence or authority especially of one man or nation over another.

Media use this concept to impose the leading class ideology on the rest of the society (the masses) within a terms contained in the titled of this work.

 

1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The researchers interest in carrying out this at this time in informed of the fact of mounting criticisms against state government, misuse of state government broadcast media.

In fact between 2000 and 2005 across South East geo-political zone, the state broadcast media audiences had cried full foul of unprofessional broadcasting. In Abia, Anambra, and Imo aggrieved media audience rose against unethical political broadcasting and attacked both media workers and station property in several occasions.

Also at Ebonyi State, it was observed that, the state broadcast  media was on extension of the State Governor’s wife could sit down in her kitchen and give order for any presenter to be punished for seating what she did not like.

Therefore, this researcher assumes that:

1. The Enugu state broadcasting Service (ESBS) being a state broadcasting media out fit cannot be exempted from state Government manipulation.
2. That the station must be involved in sycophantic broadcasting in order to please state government.
3. Staff recruitment in the station has strong political undertone or biases.

 

1.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Uzoagulu (1998: 167) limitations of the study refers to short comings, difficulties and problems found in the design and the execution of the research project which in the views  of researcher could affect the Fidelity and genet ability of the findings.

In this study which is a part of class work, there are some obvious limitations which include:

1. Limited time frame for indepth investigation.
2. Lack of fund to sample many respondents in the three geo-political zones of Enugu North, Enugu East and Enugu West.
3. Problem of accessing information as some of the Enugu State broadcasting Service staff refused to open-up and give responses to some probing questions.
4. Lack of co-operation by the members of public as some prospective respondents refused to accept the researcher’s questionnaire copies for undisclosed reason.

 

1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS

There are some of the terms that are paramount to project work and those terms may be defined according to conceptional and operational meaning.

MEDIA

CONCEPTIONAL MEANING

Media is a substance regarded as the means of transmission of a force or effect.

OPERATIONAL MEANING

Media is a means through which people get themselves attached to it for getting information.

GOVERNMENT: CONCEPTIONAL MEANING

Government is a machinery through which political authority is exercised.

GOVERNMENT: OPERATIONAL MEANING

Government is a body responsible for the making of laws of a state, make and implement its policies maintain law and order within its territory.

PROMOTION: CONCEPTIONAL MEANING

Promotion is the process of going from one level to another level.

PROMOTION: OPERATIONAL MEANING

Promotion is a move from one rank to another rank in an organization.

 

 

REFERENCES

Casey, Ralph .D (1960) “The Press Propaganda and Pressure Group” in Wilbur Schrsmm (ed Mass Communication. London University of Illinios Press.)

 

Hong, Junhao (1977) Evolution of China’s media functions during the 1980’s New Model in a Neo era? In Masho Wed Bailie and Dwanage Winseek (Eds) Democratizing Communication. New Jersey Hampton Press Inc.

 

Moemeka, A (2002): “Development, Social Change and  Development Communication: Background and Conceptual Discussion” in Moemeka, A (Ed) Development Communication is Action; Building understanding and creating participation, Maryland: University Press of America, Inc.

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THE IMPACT OF RADIO PROGRAMME IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA.

(A CASE STUDY OF RADIO NIGERIA ENUGU NATIONAL STATION)

ABSTRACT

 

The Federal Radio corporation of Nigeria Enugu National station (Radio I the station for the mature mind) Enugu, like many other electronic media establishments in Nigeria, has been carrying out its communication functions of informing, educating entertaining, persuading and public enlightenments and advertisements and other social programmes.

Using the social scientific methods of questionnaire survey and depth interview methods in the project work, the work is handled in five chapters.  Chapter one introduced the electronic.  Media and guide on the handling of the topic and significance rationale of the study.  The chapter two continued with reviewing literature which e-rayed the summary of the  related literature reviewed.

Chapter three explained the research methodology used to study the topic. T he research methods in charge of the questionnaire and survey method and interview while in chapter four data presentation and results. Summary of results/ findings are made relevant to research questions.

Chapter five  finally handled the discussion, implications, recommendations, discussion of results and conclusions.

Finally, it was found out that Radio Nigeria Enugu, Radio I not only have an impact in the economic development of Nigeria as electronic development of Nigeria as electronic media but went a step further to train other professionals

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The Electronic media which is the focus of this study comprises the radio and Television. The sophistication of these media of communication makes it one of the wonders of modern communication.

According to Bitter, “Just as the twentieth century dawned, a system was perfected which Electromagnetic impulse could be sent through the air without wires carrying voice transmissions over long distances.  This new invention was to be known as radio I

Electronic media is a machinery or an institution for simultaneous transmission of information to a wide and divergent audience.  Although the Electronic media are channels through which information is transmitted to the audience through different media. Yet they represent the attempt of man to relate to and interact with other men.

It is clear to note that communication has been enhanced nationally and internationally with the  use of technology.

Mr. E.N. Aniebona, in his contribution in the role of broadcasting in a developing context has this to say about Electronic media.

“Electronic media is a powerful and effective instrument for achieving national goals such as in need for wide spread education for both children and adults in order to acieve certain prescribed goals in Economic growth, health are political and social awareness, political stabilkity self relief and national identity among others things”

Electronic aim at presenting programmes like news, drama, interviews, health and family planning, religious programmes and agricultural programmes.

In his assessment of media Charlse Ogbunambala, of Torch, have this to say of Electronic media.

“Nevertheless, however stupendous this epoch-making achievements on the print media may seem, effective media communications, cannot be fully achieved or relaised wihotu the Electronic media.  This reason is obvious. The message from electronic media registered more permanently than from the print media”

The Electronic media include the radio, the television and the cinema out focus is on the radio.

Radio is the first source to which people furned for the latest develops in the war or crisis time.

We look on radio during announcement of annual budget by the head of state or state governor.

According to Guglielmc Marconic, “Radio is a potential means of supplementing telegraph, the most import long-distance communication, medium of the late nineteenth century”,

Radio was the most popular entertainment and news medium.  To a degree, the radio receiver was the center of the home and family activities frequently revolved ground the broadcast schedule.  The average station schedule had something for everyone from news and commentary through variety and comedy to religious discussion, sports and children’s programme.

Radio Nigeria Enugu, (FRCN) involve itself with those role of educating, informing, entertaining, persuading and advertising.  Radio Nigeria Enugu operate on both Amplitude modulation (AM) frequency modulation (FM) and short wave.

The station strive hard in various ways to assert themselves ; some concentrate on music while others run discussion on special political, economic, education, social cultural and religious issues.

Radio Nigeira goes for the audience which has the purchasing power.

Radio nigeira in its role in economic development undertake advertisement, sponsored programmes, public service announcement to enhance its financial base and educational programmes are diverse in its role to promote products and enhance the training of professionals and thereby contribute effectively in the economic development of Nigeria.

 

• STATEMET OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS

As stated earlier, the roles of the electronic media especially radio is enormous and cannot be justly denied without difficulty.  It has also been indicated that radio help in economic development due to listening audience, the literacy level not withstanding.

But of all these roles contributions to the economic development of Nigeria, there are still case  of poor funding and poor management of the electronic media especially radio to effectively carry out these roles of economic development.

Radio Nigeria as an agent of News, information, education, entertainment and advertising organ of electronic media has been affected due to poor funding, obsolete equipment and poor management.

This study is therefore aimed at disproving or validating these allegations among other research questions.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In order to carry out this study, I am going to use the following assumptions as a guide post to the research:

1. Radio Nigeria play its role in economic development of Nigeria, through its advertisement programme.
2. Radio Nigeria help in the economic development of Nigeria through some of its education programmes
3. Radio Nigeria help in economic development of Nigeria through its variety of entertainment programmes like Mislo slammeer show early morning and phone in programme, Oge Ndi Olu Ubi, Uwa Di Ogbu, Dialectical programme like Nsukka Alua, Ekene Ndi Ahia and other social, agricultural health and political programmes.
4. Radio Nigeria Enugu have contributed in the economic development of Nigeria, by training some broadcasters at their training school Shogule Lagos and promotion of musicians and such allied professionals.

 

 

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Radio as a medium of information has been recognized as the most useful and the media that its message cut across barrier of literacy.

In her assessment about radio, Stella Okuna, has this to say,  ‘radio is the true mass medium in third world countries because it really reaches the masses.

In Nigeria, for example, the use of radio as a source of information is truly widespread even among rural dwellers who make up the majority of the country’s population

Radio as an electronic media have been known in recent decades as key mode of mass communication, an audio dimension or channel which is capable of providing, a great deal of details, description that are not communicable through written and visual communication.

The roles of the radio in education which help to foster national unity  and understanding cannot be waved without contradiction.

It would also be pertinent to  point out that this study was undertaken to explore this areas so as to contribute to the whole gamut of stream of knowledge.

 

1.5     HYPOTHESES

HO:   Electronic media- radio in the economic development reduces the social service role of F RC N

HI:     Electronic media-radio does not reduce the social service role of FRCN

H2:    The social service role of the FRCN affect democratization of the nation

H3:   The social service role of the FRCN does not affect the credibility of FRCN

H4:    Electronic media-radio ins the economic development leads to friction between sponsors and presenters

HO:   Electronic media-radio in the economic development does not lead to sponsors and presenters.

H5:    It regates the fundamental functions of informing, educating and entertaining

HO:   It does not negates the fundamental functions of informing educating and entertaining.

 

1.6     DEFINITION OF TERMS

RADIO PROGRAMME IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

CONCEPTUAL:  Programme aired to educate, inform and entertain

OPERATIONAL PROGRAMME: such as Munuta ka and Nde wonu Ndi olu Ubi etc. presented for in the mass media, so that it will be aired.

MASS MEDIA: CONCEPTUAL: The channels of mass communication

OPERATIONAL: Radio, Television and anema

 

• ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY

1. Mass media audience are deceived to believe that programme with their which the public values in informing, educating and entertaining the audience.
2. That access to the media is limited due to payment of money to guarantee the use of certain stories in the station
3. That the credibility of the station is threatened by the development
4. That it negates the functions of informing, educating and entertaining the audience.

 

• SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The extent of the study will cover the FRCN Enugu, but the “results” collected will be generized.  The study would have been extended to all the FRCN zonal stations but due to in adequacy of financial resources to travel and risks involved in traveling the research has decided to limit FRCN Enugu national station where the researcher is a staff where the researcher is a staff.

Though the research was specifically required to examine the impacts

of electronic media radio in economic development the researcher want the history of the FRCN and reasons given for electronic media-radio in economic development in FRCN Enugu.  There are little or no study made on the electronic media –radio in economic development in Nigeria.  So this was a predicament in the study.

Therefore the researcher could not gather a lot of literature on electronic media – radio in economic development .

Owing to the following limitations outlined the research cannot claim total confidence on the study.  Not

 

• THEORETICAL FRAME WORK

It has become inevitable to worry about the effects of mass communication with the development of the powerful organs of mass communication.  The impact which the electronic media –radio has enjoyed was quite tremendous and deserves  a scholarly attention.  One of the effects theories could be appropriate to lay a solid base or frame work for the study but the researcher has decided to linger the study on the uses of gratifications approach described first and proposed in an article by Elibu Katz (1959).  This is because the effects of mass media depends mainly on exposure, use and gratification,  derived from “what the head does about” applies to the effects of mass communication .

This must be why political co columnist walter lipman writing in his classic public opinion, (1922) points out that most of what we know of the environment comes to us indirectly, but whatever we believe to be a true picture, we treat as if it were the environment itself.

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THE APATHETIC BEHAVIOUR OF NIGERIAN JOURNALISTS TO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL REPORTING (A CASE STUDY OF JOURNALISTS IN SOUTH – EASTERN NIGERIA)

ABSTRACT

The need for this study was find out “The Apathetic Behaviour of Nigerian Journalists to Science and Technological Reporting”.  This work was motivated by the felt need to know whether they have indifferent or apathetic behaviour to science reporting beat, whether the journalists possess adequate educational and professional skill for effective science and technological reporting and whether the journalists prefer other beats such as politics, crime, economy, sports and others to science reporting.

The study equally investigated whether the journalists believe that their readers, viewers, and listeners have low interest in science and technology stories.

This study focused on practicing journalists in South-Eastern Nigeria.  Survey research method was used with the sample of the study selected through the simple random sampling method.  Questionnaire (questions), were designed and administered to the working journalists in Enugu state, Abia state, Anambra state and Imo state to generate data for the study.  After careful  collection, collation and analysis of the data collected, the four hypothesis stated in the study were empirically validated.

In addition, the result to the study equally revealed that science reporting is generally unpopular among the Nigerian Journalists, and that media managers have not done much to encourage science reporting in their respective media.

Data for the study was analyzed with the statistical instrument of chi-square and percentages.

CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY]
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
• ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY
• LIMITATION / SCOPE OF THE STUDY
• DEFINITION OF VARIABLES – CONCEPTUAL OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT.
• SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY WRITING IN Nigeria
• SUMMARY OF REVIEW

 

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

• RESEARCH METHOD
• RESEARCH DESIGN
• DATA COLLECTION
• DATA ANALYSIS
• RESEARCH SAMPLE

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND RESULTS

• DATA PRESENTATION AND RESULTS
• INTERPRETATION OF DATA

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION

• SUMMARY
• RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE

 

LIST OF TABLE

 

TABLES                                                                             PAGE

I       PREFERENCES OF BEATS BY THE RESPONDENTS

II      BEATS OF RESPONDENTS

III     QUALIFICATION FOR EFFECTIVE SCIENCE REPORTING

IV     RATING OF AUDIENCE INTEREST IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STORIES.

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Science and Technology reporting is a form of specialized reporting in Mass Media whose history in Nigeria is not researched.  The Mass Media in Nigeria generally give less attention to the coverage of Science and Technology development when compared with other beats such as politics, sports, commerce, crime, economy, education, etc.

In every newsroom, reporters are reluctant to take assignments dealing with science and technology.  Most experienced journalists feel that science is invading the mass media or intruding into their newsroom while science reporter are considered as rare people who undertake “odd” jobs not included in the mainstream reporting.

However, the Nigerian media are being compelled by external forces into covering an area ignored for a long time.  they have found themselves embarrassed when, for instance, officials in the ministries of health, agriculture research, science and technology request for meaningful media coverage.

In most cases, the media still confine themselves to speeches by ministers or those made during special ceremonies.  Even in such cases some of the speeches are written by experts who use technical language, the fear of which results is inadequate reporting omission of important information.

There are also examples when various organizations or groups dealing with science beats send press release on their activities to the mass media and invite journalists to interview the heads of such organization.

The dearth and poor coverage of science and technology news by the Nigerian Mass Media are partly attributed to the kind of journalism education offered in region.

Journalists and communication educational institutions pay very little attention to science reporting in their programmes.  Students with science background are often considered as unusual candidates for journalism training.  Whereas most mass communication training institutions, especially of the pre-university and undergraduate levels, include in the curricula courses in History, Philosophy, International Relations, Law, Administration, Government, Economics and Sociology.  There are had courses in Science and Technology reporting except recently that attention is being given to it.

So, most practicing journalists were not properly prepared to deal with issues of science reporting.  They have simply found themselves in a world that is being rapidly overwhelmed by science and technology issues.

The ability or desire to deal with science any technology issues declines when journalists find themselves covering politics, courts, sports, commerce, education, economy, and related events, which seem to make headlines or front page news.  The situation is made more complex by the fact that most scientists consider it almost unethical to be quoted in the mass media which seem to be the domain of politicians.

Thus, the few journalists who are interested in the field have dealt with the reluctant or unwilling sources of information.

The result of this is that issues on science and technology are under-reported in our mass media.  Nigerian mass media audience are denied their rights to know the trends and development in the areas of science and technology.  Hence, such trends and development pass without catching the attention of journalists whose duty it is to inform, educate, entertain, mobilize, and integrate them on daily occurrences and development.

Nigeria as a developing country needs more science reporter, who will through their news reports, articles, features and programmes arouse people’s interest in the science and technology fields.

It needs the science writers for reports and analysis on local and foreign scientific analysis on local and foreign scientific inventions in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Agriculture, Communication industries, Medicine, Aviation, Computers, Aerospace, Subterranean etc. and how they affect the lives of the people.

This research study is geared towards an exhaustive assessment of the Apathetic Behaviours of Nigerian Journalists to science reporting, a case study of Journalists in South – Eastern states of Nigeria.  It sets out to test the hypothesis that Nigerian journalists show indifference in their attitudes to science reporting when compare to their attitude to other areas or beats.  This is on contrary to what is obtainable in other developed world.

 

• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Science and Technology reporters in Nigeria are not many and some of our journalists do not show interest in this new field of reporting.  This specialized are of reporting is still new, unpopular among Nigeria journalists.  Many Nigerian journalists shy away from this area and prefer beats such as politics, sports, economy, courts etc, to science and technology beat.

This results in under-reporting of developments, events and science and technology in the country.  The mass media audience in Nigeria have the right to be adequately informed on issues and developments in science and technology in the country and the outside world.  And, it is the duty of journalists to keep people abreast of new developments on every aspect of human endeavour.

On this note, this study intends to look at the apathetic behaviour of Nigerian Journalists to science reporting.  It is out to unravel whether the difference in behaviour by Nigerian journalists to science reporting is positive or negative.  It will also examine the circumstances that make the apathetic behaviour of Nigerian journalists negative or positive as the case may be.

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The researcher believed the fact that science reporting is still new, unfamiliar, unpopular among Nigerian journalists and they regard such beats as odd jobs in reporting.  Then, the objective of this research study is to access the apathetic behaviour of Nigerian Journalists to these areas.  It aims at finding our indifferent attitude of the journalists to science reporting which had made it unpopular in Nigeria, even when it has gained a lot of recognition in other parts of the world.

This study will examine the problems of journalists in science reporting with a view to knowing whether the problems influence their shaky behaviour in this beat of reporting.

It will further unveil why science reporting has not become popular among the Nigerian journalists at a time when their counterparts in other parts of the world have made significant advancement in this beat.  The circumstances that make Nigerian journalists to show indifferent attitude to science reporting will be studied.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research study on the Apathetic Behaviour of the Nigerian Journalists to Science and Technology is timely and interesting because Nigeria as a developing country requires much of application of Science and Technology to stimulate the desired development.  Also, one of the major ways to popularize the knowledge of Science and Technology is through the mass media.  This implies that journalists in Nigeria mass media must be involved in the promotion of scientific and technological knowledge in the country if that knowledge must grow and properly be utilized in the country.

Since, science reporting is still unpopular among Nigerian journalists, this study aims at finding out why it is so, so, the best approach to understand the reason behind the lack of interest in science reporting is by studying Nigerian Journalists’ behaviour towards this very important area or beat.

The study is important because its outcome will assist the media executives to understand Nigerian Journalists’ plights towards this beat, considering the fact that the importance of this beat of reporting at this jet – age, cannot be over emphasized.

In addition, the result of this study will assist the media houses to re-order their priorities in terms of ensuring adequate coverage of events and achievements in the field of science and technology.

This research study will also benefit our policy makers and how they make allocation of funds.  Nigeria spends huge percentage of its annual income towards the promotion of scientific and technological fields and growth of the nation without adequately keeping the masses abreast of the new developments would not be a healthy development.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• What is the attitude of Nigerian Journalists towards Science reporting?
• If indifferent, why is it so?
• What are problems of Nigerian Journalists in the areas of science reporting?
• Are the Nigerian Journalists professionally qualified to handle science reporting?
• How often does a Nigerian Journalists write science and technology stories compared to his stories in other beats like; politics, economy, commerce, education, sports, crime, court, etc.?
• Why is it that Nigerian Journalists do not seem to be so interested in science reporting?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The hypotheses proposed and tested in this study are stated below.  They are first stated in the research hypothesis form (HI) and re-stated in null – hypothesis form (H0) in alternating sequences as:

H1:  Nigerian Journalists have apathetic behaviour towards science reporting.

H0:  Nigerian Journalists do not have apathetic behaviour towards science reporting.

H2:  Nigerian Journalists prefer other beats like politics, economy, sports, education, crime, etc to science beat.

H0:  Nigerian Journalists do not prefer other beats like politics, economy, sports, education, crime, etc to science beat.

H3:  Nigerian Journalists possess adequate educational and professional skills for effective science reporting.

H0:  Nigerian Journalists do not possess adequate educational and professional skills for effective science reporting.

H4:  Nigerian Journalists believe that readers, viewers, or listeners have interest in science news/stories.

H0:  Nigerian Journalists do not believe that readers, viewers, or listeners have interest in science news/stories.

• ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY

• Nigerian Journalists have apathetic attitude to science reporting
• Nigerian journalists do not possess adequate educational and professional skills to cover science and technology issues.
• Nigerian journalists prefer other beats to science beat.
• Nigerian journalists believe that their readers, viewers or listeners are not interested in science news / stories, hence their indifferent attitude to the beat.

 

• LIMITATIONS / SCOPE OF THE STUDY

There is not doubt that the researcher has tried to be as objective as possible in the course of this work.

However, I cannot guarantee perfection, in other words, I encountered some difficulties during the research work.

The non-availability of fund and time constituted a very Herculean task to the study.  so, due to limited time and fund, I could not travel too far away to collect information.  Nonetheless, information available was fully utilized judiciously.  In addition, the researcher has barely two months to complete the study and the general economic crunch and hardship in the country do not help matters as regards to resources available for the research.

The scope of the study is limited to journalists in the South-Eastern zone because of the time and resources available to the researcher.  Nevertheless, it is expected that the result of the study will be an adequate generalization of the subject of study in the whole country.

 

• DEFINITIONS OF VARIABLES

CONCEPTUAL: Conceptional definitions represents the standard or universal meaning of the variable, while the operational definition represents how the words of variable are used or applied by the researcher in the course of the study.

• Nigerian Journalists
• Apathetic
• Behaviour/attitude
• Science
• Technology
• Science and Technology reporting
• Beat

Then, conceptual definitions;

• Nigerian Journalists: This refers to all the people involved in the collection and dissemination of news in Nigeria via the media.
• Apathetic: Showing indifference, non-interest, shaking, inexperience to certain conditions or phenomena.
• Attitude/Behaviour: way of feeling, thinking or behaving.
• Science: This means systematically organized knowledge.
• Technology: This refers to the systematic application of scientific knowledge
• Science and Technology reporting: This is a kind of reporting that is devoted to analyze developments in the field of science and technology.

 

• OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

1. Nigerian Journalists: These are the people trained and are actively involved in informing, educating and entertaining the people in the mass media.
2. Apathetic: The act of being indifferent to a certain issue, in this case, by Nigerian Journalists to Science and Technology reporting.
3. Attitude/Behaviour: Way of feeling or behaviour of Nigerian Journalists to science reporting.
4. Science: Knowledge acquired through systematic observation and testing of facts and assumptions.
5. Technology: This refers to application scientific knowledge in industry for creation of materials and machines.
6. Science and Technology reporting: This means reporting science and technology issues in the mass media for the ultimate benefit of the media audience and stimulation of national development.
7. Beat: Specific area of coverage to a trained journalist for a period of time to enable him attain efficiency.