THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL MEDIA OF

COMMUNICATION IN RURAL MOBILIZATION OF NNOBL COMMUNITY

ABSTRACT

Quite recently, questions have been asked by communication scholars and media experts on the importance of traditional tools or artifacts of communication, such as the to warrior, use of the gong, drums, gun-shorts, shots, smoke signals, songs, dances and masquerades etc. In rural mobilization, such as the case of Nnobi village.

Moreover, it has equally been asked also, if the traditional media of communication will enhance rural based communication and mobilization than the modem mass media.

It is on the basis of these questions, that this research study proposes to highly the salient objective philosophy of the traditional media, as well as identifying the most traditional communication tools or artifacts used by the Nabi village inclining effective mobilization of its citizenry.

On the other hand, this research study will also discover the usefulness and Unitarians of traditional media of communications of if any, in mobilization process of the rural citizenry, such as the Nnobi  village.

Finally, this research study will propose the marriage of traditional media of communication and the modem mass media for the purpose of enoveying effective rural mobilization communication. It will also encourage the utilization of other cultural studies towards  other Nigerian rural communities , and African indigenous  communication pattern.

CHAPTER ONE :

INTRODUCTION

Background to the study

Statement of the research problem

Objectives of the study

Research questions

Research hypothesis

Conceptual and operational definition

Assumptions

Limitations of the study

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Sources of literature

The review

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOCRY

Research method

Research design

Research sample

Measuring instruments

Data analysis

Expected results

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Data analysis

Results

Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

Summary

Recommendations for further study

Note, reference Appendices

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY  

            Language or communication is life, and life is language or communication in a certain communication axiom, it is on this premise that it is a truism to say that the history of traditional modes of communication is as old as human existence on the planet earth. From the earliest periods of the primitive man, traditional wades of communication has been used to communicate information by the use of smoke signals, game hunting sound signals etc, to present day Procter or amedia mode communication, using the town – crier, gunshots, drum beatings and the use of gongs.

Traditional modes of communication can be defined as the products of the interplay between a traditional community customs and conflicts, harmony and strife, cultural cover genes and divergences, culture – specula relations, symbols and codes and oral traditions which include mythology, oral literature (poetry, storytelling, proverbs) masquerades, witchcraft, rites, rituals, music, dance, drama costume and similar obstruction and artifacts which encompass a people’s factual, symbolic and cosmological existence from birth to death and even beyond death.

Traditional modes of communication gave way to modern mass mediasaresult of man’s improvement in innovations of science and technology.

The mass media today has two sub-sectors electronic and print, but the level and rate of development of this sub-sector, has led to the need for the revival of the traditional modes of communication.

For instance, the mass media in Nigeria today is infested with so many problems that have definitely affected its utility as a medium problems includes:

• The mass media in Nigeria of present is still very much urban phenomenon incite of the known fact that 80% of Nigerian’s live in the rural areas.
• The adverse economic environments which prevail in Nigeria at present are not conducive at all to mass media growth and operations in the print media sub – sector, for example, the cost of newsprint and other things, forced some small – scale publishers of magazine, newspapers and books to go off the market, while most of the still – existing ones have been forced to increase their cover prices far above the reach of many Nigerians.

In the electronic media sub – sector, in addition to the fact that government monopoly of radio/ television stations, ownership and control have continued to militate against  the growth or rapid development of this media industry, this sub – sector still has problems of costs and low professionalism to cope with.

It is against this back drop of problems facing the mass media in Nigeria, that it has become imperative for the revitalization of the traditional modes of communication which is more penetrative to the reveal dwellers and  more effective on operational mobilization strategy, as well as stimulation of mass participation of the rural people on concrete development projects.

This need for traditional modes of communication revival is line with the findings of rural socio- economic studies which shows that “it is only at the village level that members of a rural community are best able to sit together for mutual consultation in search of viable solutions to community problems” as this study intends  to find out from the Nnobi people of ldemili south local Government Area of Anambra state.  it is a well – known fact that over 80% of the Nigerian population reside in the rural areas, and because of certain factors such as illiteracy, poverty, lack of infrastructure developments etc. the rural dwellers are ex communicated or are made to be inaccessible to government policies and programmes, and are thus denied participation towards the articulation and implementation of these policies and programmes within the rural areas, this is as a result of negligence the rural people for development objectives.

It is based on these fundamental issues that this study will focus at spotlighting the effectiveness of traditional mode of communication in rural mobilization.

1.2       Statement Of Research Problems

Existing communication problems which have motivated this study will include  as itemized  below: –

(a)       The abject pauperization of the rural dwellers have led to their excommunication from government policies and programmes due to their inaccessibility to the mass media.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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THE EFFECTS OF TV ADVERTS ON CHILDREN

(A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU URBAN)

Chapter one – Introduction                                  1

• Background of study 1
• Statement of research problems 4
• Objectives of study 8
• Significance of the study 9
• Research Questions 10
• Research Hypothesis 11
• Concept ional and Operational Definition 11
• Assumptions 14
• Delimitation of study (sample) 15

Chapter two – Literature Review                           18

2.1 Source of literature                                                18

2.2 The Review                                                  19

2.3 Summary of the literature                               33

Chapter three

3.1 Research method                                          34

3.2 Research design                                           34

3.3 Research sample                                           35

3.4 Measuring instrument                                    36

3.5 Data collection                                              36

3.6 Data analysis                                                        37

3.7 Expected result                                             38

Chapter four – Data Analysis and Results              39

4.1 Data analysis                                                        39

4.2 Results                                                         51

4.3 Discussion                                                    53

Chapter five – Summary, conclusion and recommendations

5.1 Summary                                                     61

5.2 Conclusions                                                  63

5.3 Recommendations                                         64

Bibliography                                               68

Appendix                                                   73

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Television advertisement represents one of the several stimuli to which children are exposed, like other kinds of stimuli existing within their environment. Television advertisement has a powerful tendency to influence children’s behaviour and general way of life, thus study examines the kind of influences or effects advertising on television can have on children.

Seventy-six years ago, in 1928 to be precise, a new dimension in communication and publicity was introduced into the Nigerian commercial and social life by the United African Company [UAC]. This new dimension was advertising. Through its West African publicity, the company was able to execute and implement its advertising objectives in the whole of West Africa with Nigeria as its headquarters.

During this period however, little attention was paid to the impact which advertising had on children, instead emphasis were laid on the eradication of the monopoly posed by foreign advertisement, creation of awareness among the people of the new service and the winning and retention of clientele (Nwosu 1.1987).

Nigeria was not alone in this struggle; even the United States of America has its own share of society of research in this area of study. In this regard, Brown (1976) had noted the in-availability of studies in this field when he pointed out: “surprisingly, little published research exists in this area”. Investigators in America have examined the effects of television programmes on children, but they have not been concerned with television advertisement. However, much research in the united state of America has examined the effect of television adverts, but the focus has been on adults rather than children.

Palmer (1980) remarks that the concern over the effects of television advertisement on children can be traced back at least to 1969, when the National Association of Broadcasters in Britain adopted guidelines regulating toy advertisement on television to children. However, only within the past few years has children television emerged as a major national policy issue. Today, the principle that children are a special television audience deserving special protection in terms of advertising has been widely accepted by both industry and government policy makers.

One reason why advertising aimed at children did not emerged as an issue until relatively recently is that for many years, broadcasters did not consider their audience of children viewers as a particularly valuable market for advertisers. For instance, the first major study on American children and television makes only passing mention of advertising.

Other surveys of audience attitudes about effects reported that listeners disliked commercial which used “hard sell” techniques, commercials which interrupted programmes (lazarsfeld and Kendall, 1948). The possible adverse effect of TV advertisement on children was not mentioned as an issue at all. Infact, nowhere in the surveys were children mentioned as a subject of special concern in terms TV advert.

It was only recently that concern over the effects of TV advert on children began to draw the attention of some consumer groups in America, Britain and other advanced countries. Planner (1980) acknowledges that concern over the effects of TV advert on children started as a result of effects by consumer groups, such as Action for children TV (ACT) in 1971 and the council on children, media and merchandising with assistance from the accumulated research evidence on the effects of TV adverts on children.

1.2   STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

The problem associated with the effects of TV adverts on children can be social, economic, and psychological. According to Earl and Martins (1977), the social problems associated with it includes, tendency towards drug and violence, imitation of stereotypes seen on TV and a general tendency towards crime. In terms of economic costs, it involves the more money required to deal with its undesirable effects.

Studying the “Incidence of drug abuse among Nigerian youths”, Jorgenson ¹ (1988) found that other long-term problems which TV adverts might have on children and the family at large include shattered homes, wreckage on the child and increased societal lawlessness and crime. Jorgenson further pointed out that such adverts give the child the feeling that whatever is presented in a TV advert is the absolute truth.

Dr. Theophilus Okoro² of the psychiatric hospital Enugu addressed the issue, in a paper titled “Advertising, that benefits for children”, Dr. Okoro observed that TV advert has the ability to make the child less his true sense of personal judgment. He cited the coca-cola advert as a typical example in which children that has been exposed to the advert for a long time to regard and identify every soft drink as simply coca-cola. Libert et al (1973) have linked this behaviour to the amount of time children devote to watching TV.

A study conducted in America by Wright et al (1978) has discovered that the typical child spends more of his or her time in the company of the TV set. Such children have been found to exhibit such characteristics as reciting off hand the jingles associated with the adverts and at times acting in synchronization with the actors as the advert is relayed on TV. The effects of TV commercials on children give more concern on realization that many kinds of bejaviour exhibited by children are learned by observation.

Bendura (1969) has pointes out the increasing resemblance of children’s social behaviour to that of adult models, parents and TV stars. Because the child’s age and level of reasoning cannot enable the child to efficiently evaluate information he is exposed to, he/she seems to evaluate these aspects of life that seem ideal to his own aspirations. Thus, the influences and effects are made on the aspirations. Thus, the influence and effects are made on the child unconsciously, perhaps this is why Wright et al (1978 ) have cautioned; “children being vulnerable to influence their case warrants especial consideration”.

It is based on these that the effects of TV advert on children require an independent and serious study since adverts influence on the child will affect the family and society at large. Kemiston (1974) has noted that the wish of parents that their children grow into responsible and influential members of the society is shattered when children come into direct contact with external stimuli in their environment. He has identified TV with his borage of adverts and programmes as an essential instrument in this formation, noting that the entire societal ecology-from TV to packaged foods are responsible for the child’s future personality.

Some researchers are however undecided on the actual effects of TV adverts on children. Wright et al contend that determining whether TV advert does or leads to the corruption of children by instilling values which are not acceptable in our society is a difficult assignment”. Wrights assertion further show why it has become more imperative to really establish the actual effects of TV adverts on children.

This research therefore, examines the followings:

1. The extent to which children rely on stereotypes presented on TV.
2. The various control measures aimed at reducing the negative effects of TV adverts.
3. The role which a child’s sex, age and other independent variables play on the child’s belief and attitude towards the TV adverts.

1.3   OB JECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The study will focus on selected TV adverts with a view to ascertaining the followings:

1. To find out the various reasons why children watch TV adverts.
2. To determine the extent to which the child’s response or practices behaviours acquired from viewing TV adverts.
3. The study also aims at determining the role of TV adverts in the child’s socialization.
4. To know the particular advert that interests the children most in television.
5. To know if children like other adverts apart from TV adverts.

1.4   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Children constitute an essential fragment of every home, and society. Consequently, the society and the government in particular pay a lot a attention to all issues affecting the welfare of the children, the effecs, which adverts have on children, constitute one of such issues. If not checked, such effects of TV advert are likely to make the child develop along negative lines.

The significance of this study is a therefore to outline and examine these factors in a TV advert which negatively affect the child’s development so that the family, government and society at large can control and educate them. The second significance is to examine how effective the various existing machineries aimed at children have been. Hence, the likelihood is that we shall see greater control by government, the media and the advertisers of TV adverts, (Wright et al, 1978). To contribute to the knowledge already existing in this area of study can be said to be another significance or importance of the study.

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Are children portraying positively in TV adverts?
2. Do children behave positively towards TV adverts?

• Are children portrayed as special television advert viewers?

1. DO female perform more in TV adverts than male?
2. Do TV advert inspire children after watching?
   • RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H1: Children are generally portrayed positively in TV adverts.

H0: Children are not portrayed positively in TV adverts.

H2: Children behave positively towards TV adverts.

H0: Children do not behave positively towards TV adverts.

H3: Children are portrayed as special TV adverts viewers.

H0: Children are not portrayed as special TV advert viewers.

H4: Female performs more in TV advert than male.

H0: Female do not perform more in TV adverts than men.

H5: TV adverts inspire children after watching.

H0: TV advert do not inspire children after watching.

• DEFINITION OF TERMS/VARIABLES CONCEPTIONAL AND OPERATIONAL

The variable for this study: “The effects of television advert on children” are conception ally and operationally defined as follows:

Effects

In this study, effects refer to the results or consequences of one thing or the other.

1. Effects can be operationalised as follows:

1. Positive effects
2. Negative effects or side effects

• Neutral effects

Positive effects refer to those effects, which are in line with the accepted, societal standards and values or which tend to encourage the development of the child along this line.

Negative or side effects refers to those effects which tend to discourage the child from developing along accepted societal standards and values.

Several types of behavioural and emotional responses of a negative or antisocial nature may be associated with TV adverts. Among the undesirable outcome that have been studied are – parent – child conflict and child unhappiness: (Palmer 1980).

Neutral effects are those effects, which are neither positive nor negative; it refers to a situation whereby the advert makes no impact on the child.

• Television Adverts: TV adverts refers to a marketing tool or communication whose aim is to build preferences for advertised brands and services are transmitted through a visual and audio medium. This can be operationally defined as:

Adverts that are paid for by the advertiser and aired through the television.

3. Children: Conceptionally children cab be defined as persons that have not attained the age of puberty.

Operationally-children can be defined or classified: Biological and socially.

Biologically, any one under the age of 13 is a child; this is the age at which a child reaches puberty and thence forth regarded as an adolescent. Other texts maintain that childhood ends at 12. In his book, children and television, Brown (1976) divided his studies into those concerning young children (ages 5-12) and those concerning adolescents (age 13 – 18).

Socially, most people are regarded as children until they reach their mid teens, especially the age 16. This explains why some social events and activities such as admission into Nigerian Universities are restricted to those who are socially developed at least up to the age of 16.Most nations of the world also do not give children under the 18 years of age the right to vote at elections.

1.8   ASSUMPTIONS

The following assumptions were made in order to give direction and strength to the study.

These includes:

1. That the children in question are normal and are not mentally retarded and can also reason properly.
2. That children are exposed to and do watch TV adverts.
3. That adverts relayed on TV and to which the children are exposed together directly or indirectly affect them.
4. Those children are not isolated; In that they live in any environment where they can interact with others and at the same time be exposed to other stimuli that can affect them.

1.9   DELIMITATIONS OF STUDY

Limitations (Osuala 1982) refer to those factors inherent in the research situation that might affect the results, which the investigator must recognize and acknowledge.

In defiance, to this assertion then and it is common with all behavioural studies that deals with opinions and attitudes, the researcher cannot but depend on the cooperation and truthfulness or respondents.

DELIMINATION (SAMPLE)

Osuala (1982) exposes that delimitations are those factors deliberately removed from a study by a researcher in reaction to problems of finance, time, and other logistics essential to the study. In this case, only adverts carried out in television stations in Enugu Urban will be assessed.

Exposure: This research cannot decide whether it is a good or bad thing for children to be exposed to various selling techniques or for children to persuade or for them to want various advertised products. This limitation becomes apparent when the allegation cannot be tied to any advert when the allegation cannot be tied to any advert or unfair consequences.

Scope: This research does not study the effect of children television programmes on children, from the research as far done, it was discovered that unlike programmes which make a clear distinction between “children’s programmes” and other kinds of programmes, no such clear distinction has been made between adverts which deal with children’s products and services and adverts dealing on goods and services required by older people.

Advert, as it concerns children and adults products and services are therefore generally examined in this research. This is more so when children tend to be influenced by adverts, which deal with their products as well jas that which deals with the products and services, needed by older people (Palmer 1980).

What actually looks a distinction is the examination of the types of products advertised to children which some researchers have been able to do.

In general, most researchers agreed that the staples of children advert consist of four product categories: toys, cereals, candies and fast food restaurants (Kenniston 1977). Robert C heats (1972) admits that half of all children’s adverts in the united States of America  sells food, another 30% toys and 10% vitamins .

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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CHANGING HOSTILE ATTITUDE OF OIL PRODUCING COMMUNITIES THROUGH, EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION

 (A CASE STUDY OF SHELL PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT COMPANY)

PREFACE

In this life, every activity we indulge in is bound to affect the lives of others directly or indirectly favourably or otherwise.

In an age such as ours, where the dynamism of modern technologies, global economics and world populations are disputably unprecedented the attendant changes witnessed in the peoples lives attitudes and world perceptions are as odious as they vary.

These changes have found their way info communities today, on a narrower scope what with the numerous  causes of crises inherent.

For oil producing communities the situation is volatile and the operating oil- exploration and production companies are left at the mercy of the indigenes. How then do the companies being the most accessible victims of raging communities, react to such crisis situation in order to quell or completely avert such incidents? The case of  shell forms the backbone of this study.

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The work lays claim to importance because the objectives, which seek to analyze the public relation strategies employed by  shell. BP in avoiding very form of crises in the host communities should expose identified lapses from available statistics and recommend and possible solution or alternatives where necessary. Therefore the entire staff of shell – Nigeria, indigenes of the oil producing communities observes, the government of Nigeria at all levels, academics, students and social commentators should find this work useful.

Comprising five chapters, the first is the introduction, in which a background of eh study, problem, statement and objective of the study are expressed. The basic research questions importance of the work relevant theories and the definition of operational terms form the rest of the chapter.

Chapter two and three are the review of related literature to the study and the methods with which the researcher went about gathering relevant data for the study.

Chapter four shows that presentation, analysis and description of data available and also, the discussion of the  result while chapter five is the summary of the work, conclusion and the presentation of recommendations.

ABSTRACT

This study aims at investigating the techniques being used by shell to avert and keep under control, the cases that frequently I\occur between it and the host communities in which it carries out its oil exploration and production activities.

Apparently, problems have continued to exist in oil producing communities which  is the nations treasure base owing to  oil production and consequence under development in the area as witnessed in the communities where the operations exist and the entire oil producing communities as a whole is it ironically indeed the fact that the area is largely under developed and eh majority of Nigeria wealth comes from there.

In the process of finding out strategies employed by shell, the largest oil company operating in the oil producing communities, hypothesis bordering on the peoples perceptions of the situation the degree of shell’ is involvement the company’s  public relation efforts relevance and satisfactory level were evaluated and recommendations proffered. These data were collected from questionnaires and interviews responses from indigenes of Port- Harcourt and shell public affair  department staff.    The findings were a bit more positive than negative.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background study and history of case study
• Statement of problem/ purpose of the study
• Significant of the study
• Research questions
• Scope
• Definition of terms

References

CHAPTER TWO

• REVIEW OF LITERATURE

CHAPTER THREE

• Research methodology
• Research design
• Areas of study
• Population and sample of study
• Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     data analysis and presentation

4.1     analyses

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary,
• Recommendation
• Conclusion

Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Petroleum is as of now, the bedrock of the Nigeria economy. It provides 80% of the nations revenue and 90% of its foreign exchange with a production rate of two million barrels a day, the country is Africa largest exporter of crude oil and among the  top ten oil producing countries in the world  of today in the world. Ever since the oil boom era of 1970s, the Federal Government has depended on the income generated has depended on the income generated from petroleum to develop and sustain the nation and its people. As such the petroleum industry is a entree of attraction for all Nigerians.

Oil  prospecting in Nigeria began as far back as 1908 by the German company, Nigeria Bitumen corporation in the Araromi areas of the present Ondo state in western  Nigeria, but is was not until 1956 that the shell followed by the first oil exports two years later, ever since than, news on petroleum exploration drilling and marketing have become indications as to how buoyant and stable the Nigeria  economy is every interest of this nation for these activities to continue smoothly. So far this has  not been the case as these oil related activities have been constantly disrupted in the past four to six years. This  is the  major reason why the interest has manifested into the research world developed.

There are oil-producing companies in Nigeria who have licenses to explore, drill and market petroleum jointly with the Nigeria national petroleum corporation (NNPC). The NNPC is the federal government representative which implement governments polices and directives and at the same time controls and supervises the activates of the oil- producing companies.

Petroleum which sustain Nigeria is derived from the lands and territorial  waters of Nigeria. The people form these oil prosodic  areas claim ownership of this mineral since it derived from their soil. In this light these communities demand royalties for petroleum drilled for their land, compensation for any environmental damage such as oil spillage and pollution as well as kind rents and other levels.

In the past the oil companies paid royalties, compensation and land rent to the communities where petroleum was explored  and drilled. But with the coming of the 1979 constitution the situation changed section 40, such section 3 f eh constitution states that “ the entire property in and control of all minerals, mineral oils and natural gas in under or upon any land in Nigeria or in under or upon the territorial waters

• THE HISTORY AND ACTIVITIES OF SHELL PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT COMPANY

The discovery of oil in Nigeria was developed in 1937 with the establishment of a consortium owned by Royal Dutch Shell and British petroleum. This consortium was know as shell D’ Arcy exploration parties and later became shell British petroleum development company of Nigeria.

On November 4, 1938, the British colonial government granted this company an oil exploration license (OEL) covering all of Nigeria. By 1857 shell BP had reduced its average to 40,000 square mile oil prospecting licenses , narrowing down to the Niger delta, with its headquarters at Owerri.

Between 1938 and 1941, Shell BP undertook preliminary geological reconnaissance. After a five ears interruption by the world war II, it intensified and followed up this activity with geophysical surveys. In 1951, Shell  had its first exploration well at Ihuo. Bu\y 1956 Shell drilled its first commercial well at Oloribiri in what is now River state. Since then, the company has been drilling one successful well after the other.

Two years later, 1958, with a modest production of 6,000 barrels of crude oil, shell contributed t the first shipment of crude oil from Nigeria. By 1961, the Bonny terminal of the company was commissioned and the Port- Harcourt office, the eastern base of the company was officially opened. In 1965 the Trans-Niger pipeline was commissioned and later in the year shell commissioned Nigeria’s first refinery in Port- Harcourt.

The company accounts for about 50% of the total crude oil produced in Nigeria, it operated on lad swap, offshore and of recent deeper offshore.

The objective of the company is to find, produce and deliver hydrocarbon safely and responsibly for the  refit of its state holders. The state holder are the federal government the host community the shell group employees, the NNPC the joint venture partner state and local government, suppliers and contractors, customers, the Nigeria public the world publics.

Shell is the operator of NNPC/ Shell Agip/ ELF joint venture partnership. The joint venture arrangement is in the proportion of NNPC controlling 55% of he venture. Shell 35% while Agip and Elf control 5% each.

The joint venture companies meet to draw an operations budget to which each company contributes terms of their share holding. The profit is shared also according to this proportion.

The operational structure is such and the exclusive economic zone of Nigeria shall react in the government of the federation and shall be managed in such a manner as may be prescribed by the national assembly. With this law, land no longer belonged to the people but to the government.

The oil companies now paid royalties and taxes to the government and gave compensation to the communities for causing environmental damage. Following these laws, the federal government appropriate over 90% of the oil revenue with an insignificant share  going to the state and the oil producing communities.

This has not gone down well with the communities. The people feel they are being deprived of their God- given wealth. This has lead to agitation by the oil producing communities for a greasers share in the wealth  which heir land producers.

In the 1980’s these agitations were mild and almost unnoticed bet since the  1990’s the situation has become very tense agitations have become aggressive and have many a time disrupted the activities  of some oil companies were seriously disrupted by the oil communities who were on rampage for a long time, especially the Ogni land in River state.

At  present the people have become more aware of how the wealth which is derived from their lands is used to develop the nation. They went this development which petroleum brings about to come to them too as well as awareness the communities are increasing their demands from the oil companies and federal government.

There is still a continuing debate and tissue between the oil companies and the federal garment on who should be  responsible for producing the soil amenities and other things which the communities demand. The federal government often as cause the oil companies of being insensitive the plight f their host communities and thus including their agitations and hostility. In the words of the former petroleum minister, chief Don Etiebet, the extreme disparity  in the standard of living oil workers company an their hast communities coupled with the refusal  of the companies to extend electricity and pope borne water enjoyed in such camps to the communities is what is causing the problem.

The oil companies on their part claim that it is the responsibility the government to develop these communities since  they, the oil companies blame the government for not producing these areas with social amenities resulting to the problems which affect them that the headquarters of shell is located in Lagos with Weston and eastern bases in Warri and Port- Harcourt respectively. The headquarters takes care of policy formulation and liaising with the government while the Warri and Port- Harcourt office are mainly operational.

• THE PUBLIC RELATION DEPARTMENT

Soon after shell BP came into being, a public relation department was established after due consideration of what is involved in the activities of an oil corporation, the need for good relationship with eh communities where oil fields, administration and staff quarters flow  station and other facilities are located. However, it was in 1951 that he PR office was official opened and put under that name.

The first section created was the press unit, which gave out information to the government and acted as a medical between management and staff. The second was the community relation unit to create a favourable atmosphere between the company and the communities it comes in contact with.

Today, the PR department, which goes by the name public and government affairs, is decontrolled into three units based in Lagos, Warri and Port Harcourt. The Lagos office development the major PR polices and does the  planning and co-operation of PR activities of the whole company. The Warir and Port- Harcourt offices implement these polices in their zones for uniformity. However, the zones make some polices incases that affect there specifically without having  to watt for directive from Lagos.

In the past, before the office of the divisional manager, the head of the public and government affairs reported directly to the divisional manager. Today the head f public and government affairs reports to the manager, health, safety environmental and community affairs.

The report is focused on the eastern division based in Port-Harcourt. Hence the public and government affairs department (PAGE) is split into five units- Agricultural services, government and community assistance survives.

The agricultural services unit offers help to farmers and fishermen in the communities to help them improve their work and gains. The lands unit is responsible for land acquisition and paying compensation for such lands. This unit is responsible for getting lands for locations, access roads, plants, offices and homes. The business   support unit gives business aids in terms of business advices and loans to small and medium scale assistance unit is an engineering unit and affects programmes drawn by the government and community relations unit and he agricultural services unit.

The  government and community unit is further split into three sub-units the government relations, media relations and community relations.

The government relations unit is Port Harcourt, it is headed by a doctorate degree holder and services opt lisaeable legislation and win government support is headed by a seasoned media practitioners and functions to maintain an understanding with the media as regard security good publicity and avoiding wrong information in the media. He community relation unit liased with  the communities handles their grievance and advice both parties on how to settle the matter amicably. In the course of liaising with the communities the unit recommend as projects that the company can do to help he communities the key men here are the communities liaison officers.

The public and government affairs department of shell has its operating philosophy which tells one o what the department is all about.. enshrined in its operating philosophy are the objectives of achieving a better understanding of shell role and contribution as well as contributing  toteh improvement of life in the communities. Also included are the reduction of the disruption of generation, improving communication within shell and with the communities and improving operational co-operation with  relevant government functionaries.

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM/PURPOSE OF STUDY

The problem, which this work will attempt to tackle in the hostility antagonism and antipathy of the oil-producing areas towards the oil companies.

The purpose f the research is to identify the hostile attitude and behaviour of the communities, the reasons behind these attitude and behaviour what the oil companies have done so far and hoe successful they have been as well as what further can be done through public rations so that coordinal relationship can exist between both parties.

• SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This work is expected to be of value to everybody in the oil sector of the Nigeria economy. At the same time, it will be valuable to the average Nigeria, to inform him about this issue which has generated a lot of interest, publicity and tension in the country.

This research is expected to be valuable to oil producing companies in Nigeria who are presently facing a hostile working environment in the communities where they operate. This work intends to provide them with information with which to tackle with this problem. Also public relation practitioner n the oil sector will find this worlds handy as it will provide  them with  reasons why the communities are hostile to the oil companies and some ideas to use in developing and maintaining cardinal relationship with the communities. This work will also expose the pitfalls of their previous public relations programmes.

The oil producing communities will find this work useful as it will help them understand the roots of their problem and thus know how to go about soiling it. It should help them understand the oil companies  position and in the process be able to relate to them.

In the same vain, this world is expected to be useful to the federal government which  relies on this “ controversial” oil to keep  the nation going. This project will pinout the responsibility’s of the government in the quest to maintain peace and harmony in the oil sector.

Finally, this work will be a valuable aid to Nigerian public relations practitioners who are battling to ensure the profession is given its due respect commerce and industry. There are some problems that can only be solved by employing the specialized techniques of public rations. The problem of hostility if oil communities towards the oil companies is one of such problems.

The federal government before now was allocations special funds to the oil – producing stats to develop eh oil producing areas but this was not enough in the eyes of the people. Due to increased agitations by this communities,” the oil mineral producing area development commission (NDDC) was established under decree No. 23 of 1993 to address the difficulties and suffering of inhabitants of the oil producing areas and administer  the monthly sums from the allocation of the federation account in accordance with conformed ratio of oil production in each stat for the rehabilitation and e\development o foil-producing areas and tackling ecological problems that have arisen from the exploration of oil mineral. The commission was allocated the 3% funds from the federation account to carry out its function.

The oil producing companies in their own capability provide different forms of community assistance projects such as electricity, pipe borne water, educational aids like scholarship and build classroom blocks, building roads and helping with agricultures and health facilities.

Despite al these, the oil- producing areas like Oliver, Twist are still asking for  more. The communities are becoming more aggressive and hostile towards the oil companies and the government .one cannot predict the extent and dimension will take for “ reparations” and “ reclamations” will take. What can be said for now is that this awakening in the oil areas is indeed  casting  a new course in the b\history oil in Nigeria.

This research work after tracing the factors leading to the problem in the petroleum industry will seek to find out what can done by the oil companies to put an end to the unending problems posed by the oil producing communities.

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The research questions which this report seeks to provide answers to are.

1. What hostile attitudes and action have the oil- producing communities taken towards the oil companies?
2. What factors have led to these hostile attitudes and actions.
3. What public ratios strategies have the oil companies employed in developing cordial relationship with their neighbors- the oil- producing communities these putting an en to hostilities?
4. How effective have these measure been in achieving the desired results.
5. What alternative approaches could the oil producing companies adopt in correcting the hostile attitudes and actions of the communities.?

• SCOPE

The problem which the work will look into is a wide one. However, due to lack of time and resources the work ha been delimited to ensure thoroughness in research and presentation .

Firstly, the work is delimited to its oil-producing communities in River state. Oil producing communities exist in eight states of the federation River, Delta, Akwa Ibom, Ondo state, Imo, Abia and Cross Rive. It would be  Pi actically  impossible to cover thoroughly the oil producing communities in these states. Thus, as the largest producer for petroleum and being the most volatile states as regards agitations by oil- producing areas, River state was chosen as the locality for the study.

Secondly, there are several companies operating in the oil sector. There are oil- producing companies who have the license for prospecting in certain defined geographical areas. Any oil well in such      areas belong to these companies. There are the oil-servicing companies who are the contractors to the oil-producing  companies handle rig building, drilling wire lining geographical survey and in some cases, marketing of drilling tools. The oil-servicing companies are contracted when there is a job for them to do. These companies deals with the  oil- producing companies but do  nit have much responsibilities to the communities as they are mere contractors and have no licenses covering such oil- producing areas,.

In the light, the research will focus on oil- producing companies who are the  people who usually encounter problems with the communities. Tops among these oil-producing development company, Chevron Nigeria limited, Agip Nigeria limited, Mobil oil Nigeria limited and Elf Nigeria limited.

This project has chosen shell petroleum development company as case study for a number of reasons. Firstly it is the biggest of a the oil-producing companies ad  produces about 50% of the total oil produced in Nigeria. Secondly, shell is the company which has faced most of the community disturbances of hostile communities and has been declared an enemy in Ogoni Landland oil- producing community in River state in 1992, shell in its eastern zone experienced 62 incidents of community disturbance and in 1999, it had 128 cases of community disturbance. Thirdly shell is the company with the most installations and plants in River state, the locality of study being present in all local government areas except one.

Apart from these delimitations, due to the very sensitive nature of this topic, the researcher could not risk going to any of the oil-producing areas proper to ask questions. Eh issue of oil-companies the communities and the disagreement  going on between them is one that generates a lot of tension in Rivers state.

As a result of the materials, used for this research were there fore obtained from the residents of Port- Harcourt metropolis. Aside the issue of safety it was in Port – Harcourt that the researcher could get enlightened and literature Nigerians for  on the oil-producing to the questionnaires and answer oral questions

• DEFINITION OF TERMS

Before delving into the complexities of this report, I would be proper to give operational definitions of terms that will be constantly used in the work.

1. Hostility – This is a feeling or showing of enmity and ill will. It entails opposition and unfriendliness in thought and action towards an identified enemy.
2. Attitudes- Attitudes are our evaluations of objects, our likes and dislikes. The objects of attitudes very, could be tangible objects, people groups, ideas or behaviours. It its worthy to note that an attitude is a learned stat which predisposes a person to behave in a particular way. Behaviour is usually an expression of one’s attitude.
3. Oil – producing communities: The oil- producing communities are those communities in whose territory petroleum has been discovered and is being drilled the communities that have plants and installations such as flow stations administrative and staff quarters also fall into this category. Even the people whose land is passed in the transportation of petroleum and across whose land pipeline are laid for oil transportation fall into thus group.

These oil-producing will, in the remaining chapters of this work be referred to as the communities.

4. Oil-Producing Companies: As previously stated, for he purpose of this research these are those companies which have licenses to prospect explore, f\drill and market petroleum.

In the reaming chapter of this work the oil- producing companies wall  just  be teemed “ oil-producing companies “ and the term oil and petroleum will be used int4rchanginably. Shell petroleum development company  will be simply referred to as shell.

5. Public relations: “essentially public relations is about creating an understanding through knowledge and this often involves affecting change.

Public relations practice entail every thin that its calculated to improve mutual understanding between an organization and  all with  whom it comes tin contant and all rations to discover and eliminate sauces of misunderstanding.

References

Ajala, Victoria O. (1993) Public relations in search of professional excellence (Afriklink books, Ibadan- Enugu – Abuja)

Hoadly, Walter (1994) An instrument of change in Human rights – The new consensus (Regency press humanity) Ltd. Gordon houses 6 Lissenden Garden, London NW5 KX)

Offonry, Kanu H. (1985)  Guide to public relations in Nigeria(New Africa publishing company ltd).

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