PUBLIC RELATIONS AS A TOOL FOR ENHANCING INDUSTRIAL HARMONY: (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN IMMIGRATION SERVICE ENUGU STATE COMMAND)

ABSTRACT

 

There have been meaningful contributions by researchers on the subject, Public Relations.

This project developed after a series of consultants and research, it seeks to put to rest the thought of the minds of many people as to whether Public Relations is necessary in an industrial Organization.

It is our belief that despite being the means through which public relations is mostly propagated the industry, as an organization also has an image to protect the need for an effective public relations unit in an industry.

We have Nigerian Immigration Service Command Enugu as our case study as regards this project writing.

The structure of the material is fairly simple.  There are five chapters altogether; chapter one deals with introduction of the research work, chapter two deals with the literature review, which explores the functions and importance of Public Relations Unites in an industrial organization.

In chapter three the researcher discussed the methodology of this work while chapter four is the data analysis.  The last chapter, which is five deals with the conclusion and recommendations for further study.

CHAPTER ONE                                        1

Introduction                                    1

• Background of the study 3
• Statement of the research problem 6
• Objectives of the study 7
• Significance of the study 9
• Research questions 12
• Research hypotheses 13
• Conceptual & operational definitions 14
• Assumptions 16
• Limitations of the study 16

 

CHAPTER TWO                                 18

Review of Literature                        18

• Sources of literature 18
• The Review 19
• Summary of literature review 32

 

CHAPTER THREE                              34

Methodology                                   34

• Research method 34
• Research design 35
• Research sample 36
• Measuring instrument 37
• Data collection 39
• Data analysis 40
• Expected result 40

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Analysis and Results                41

• Data analysis 41
• Results 56
• Discussions 64

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary and recommendation for further study   68

• Summary 68
• Recommendations for further study 71

Bibliography                                           75

Appendix                                                       78

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• SYNOPSES OF THE PUBLIC RELATIONS DEPARTMENT IN NIGERIAN IMMIGRATION ON Enugu

Public Relations Department in Nigeria Immigration Service Enugu Command, started operation as far back as 1991, they started being functional from August 1991 and that was with a defined framework or guidelines, these framework includes employees relations, community relations, press relations.  These are the major frameworks in which the unit was made up of.

However, since the inception of this public relations section in the service.  It has never revealed its services or responsibilities to officers and men of the service, Nigerian Citizens and foreigners in general.

The public relations section of Nigerian immigration services in Enugu state command have been doing its best in the settlement of conflict and dispute between officers and men of the command.

Besides, for example when two or more officers of the command involve in official misunderstanding, the O.C. that is officer in Command of Public Relations Units intervenes, that is the internal publics having settlement at the back of his mind which is also the watch word of a public relations practitioners in an establishment.  And in this case there must be a fair hearing given to both parties.

On the other hand, if the conflict or misunderstanding involves people outside (the external publics) of the command, the complain goes to the disciplinary committee command that deals with service issues and other social issues that is our of control.

In a situation whereby the disciplinary command committee cannot solve a particular problem, then the matter will be referred to the zonal office and if the zonal office cannot be resolved the problem it will be referred to the headquarters that is situated at Abuja.

 

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The aims f this project work is to determine how public relations can be used to enhance the industrial harmony in Enugu State to be precise the Nigerian Immigration Service in Enugu State.

The sacred duty which management in every industry owe to their public is to provide information on all that they do and make their policies in order to win their understanding and writing support should not only be recognized as an imperative of public relations in an industry, but should also demonstrate in the industry, harmonious co-existence among the workers and the management.  This is a nutshell, as public relations effort in an industry r organization.

The reorganization of industries which has taken place in the country, Enugu State to be precise, provide the opportunity to make public relations principles and procedures a major components in industries especially in time of crisis, when both the management and its publics could not understand themselves, due to one misunderstanding or the other.

The importance of public relations to any organization of industry can clearly be seen in American association of public relations, as “Doing the right thing and letting people know about it, applying the golden rule in everyday activities while not letting one’s light shine unnoticed under the basket.  “This definition simply points out that it is necessary for an organization to have a public relations department through which it can tell the publics about its good deeds, but the talking must come after the doing.

Furthermore, the British Institute of Public Relations see public relations ad “A deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its publics.

This entails that as a corporate body, there is every need for every industry in Enugu state to have a public relations department, which should endeavour to establish and maintain mutual understanding and sustain such understanding with its publics and as a result to maintain industrial harmony in the industry.

In spite of the sea of definitions of the meaning of public relations remains the same.  Philip Lesly Company Chicago, puts the definition of Public Relations as a “helping an organization and its public accommodation of each other”.  It is pertinent at this point to state that the importance of public relations, cannot be overemphasized.  Thus, there is need for public and private owned industries in Enugu state t have a public relations department which will always act as a link between it and their audiences monitors the feedback process and apply the necessary tools and technique towards achieving mutual understanding that has to be maintained and sustained through constant communication.

This research as earlier mentioned, will look into the importance of public relations department in an industry, the practice, activities and objectives of public relations in an effort to maintain and enhance industrial harmony among the management of public and private industries in Enugu state specifically the Nigerian Immigration Service Command in Enugu State and their various publics, the problem of such public relations and the solutions to such problems.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

In the third world countries, Nigeria being an example, one of the major problems in both government and private owned organization is that public relations has often been confused with marketing, advertising, publicity, product promotion and propaganda.  Though it is clear that public relations can involve any of these but it is usually a combination of all of them and more.

Finally, many people think that public relations practice is a parade of pretty, elegant and sophisticated ladies with either diploma or University degree in any discipline so as to earn attention.  But instead, this amount to white – wash, because public relations messages are based on truth and research.  Therefore, it is only a graduate in the field of mass communication that can perform effectively in public relations practice.

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

It is expected that this work will serve as a reference material for schools, researchers, public relations practitioners, media executives, people interested in the subject as well as policy makers will find the research work, relevant.

The broad objectives of this study are also as follows:

1. To ascertain if there is public relations unit in Nigerian Immigration Service Command Enugu and in most of the industries in Enugu state and the structure of such units if it exists.
2. To find out the objectives of the public relations’ unit in Enugu State Nigerian Immigration Service and other industries and to find the programmes they use in achieving them.
3. To proffer solutions to such problems if any.
4. To develop, among the key functionaries of industries and appreciation of public relations work.
5. To find out the problems of these units
6. To sensitize participants on may approaches for effective communication, capable of maintaining industrial harmony in an industry or an organization.
7. To help the chief executives and other key management personnel of these industries already employing public relations officer to appreciate more readily what these officers are trying to do.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Public relations, whether for public or private owned industries can broadly be viewed from the perspective described by leading expert in the field as the deliberate, planned and sustained efforts to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its publics on some concrete objectives of common orientation.

Example of some of such common objectives of orientation between members of Immigration Service Enugu State, usually organized by the public relations officers, could be conceived in the following terms.

• The advancement at the grassroots of the aims to change a particular product if in a productive industry.
• In Nigerian Immigration Service Enugu, the public relations officer could be equally recognized in the rendition of service for solving social cum recreational problem of providing staff canteen in the command.
• Ensuring that sports and athletic is schedule by public relations section.
• Employee relations is part of the problem and these facilities that should be enjoyed by the officers of the command while working moreover, arranging the sports activities, sports venue, arranging inter-command sporting interaction.
• Organizing staff meetings, public relations officers organize and ensure effective ad functional health case section.
• The advance of the idea of dispute settlement through non-violence means.
• Education facilities are ensured, provision of schools for the children and officers and men of the command to get in a better school from school of sister command.
• The problem of press release: it is the duty of the public relations officers to communicate effectively with men of the press to ensure that better article as it relates to the service is published, without biased but based on fact.
• The foals of the general welfare of the industry on the service and its population entirely. Public relations work in these contents is  the totality of concerted efforts by the industry t establish appropriate and effective communications system that will enable its various public to develop a common definition of the meaning and goal of these programmes, the expectation of each function in the successful execution of the programmes, and most importantly the acceptance of these programmes by the public which are ultimate beneficiaries of the programmes.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTION

• Is public relations really an important tool for industrial harmony?
• Would the establishment of a public relations unit in an industrial organization help achieve the set goals of the organization or industry?
• Is efficiency of an industry or efficiency of Immigration Service Command Enugu dependent on mutual understanding, existing between it and its publics?
• Does existence of a public relations unit in your organization help create a favrourable relationship between the organization and its public?
• Can public relations department affect the over all performance of the service in any way?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

For the purpose of this study, the following hypotheses are put forward for testing:

H1:   Public Relations is really an important tool for enhancing industrial harmony.

H0:   Public Relations is not really an important tool for enhancing industrial harmony

H2:   The establishment of a public relations Unit in an industrial organization would help achieve the set goals of the industry.

H0:   The establishment of a Public Relations Unite on industrial organization would not help achieve the set goals of the industry.

H3:   Efficiency of any industry depends much on mutual understanding existing between its publics.

H0:   Efficiency of any industry does not depends much on mutual understanding between its publics.

H4:   The existence of a Public Relations Unit in the industry will help create a favourable relationship between the industry and its publics.

H0:   The existence of Public Relations Unit in the industry will not help create a favourable relationship between the industry and its publics.

H5:   Public Relations Department affects the overall performance of the industry or organization.

H0:   Public Relations Department does not affect the overall performance of the industry or organization.

 

• CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

• Public Relations:

This is a communication function that evaluates public attitude, identifies the policies and procedures of an individual or action to earn public understanding and acceptance.

• Public Relations Tool:

Public Relations Tool are those strategies and programmes used by the public relations practitioners in carrying out their duties in order to meet the aims and objective of their existence.

• Industrial Harmony:

This is having mutual co-existence, co-operation and good understanding between an industry and its various public, for easy, compromising of each other.

• Enugu State:

This is one of the smaller, partly, self-governing and political entity, in the eastern part the country – Nigeria.

• Immigration Service:

This is an organization whereby passport and other documents of the people wanting to come into a country are checked and processed.  It is also a security council.

• Enhancing:

This means to increase or improve further the good quality value or status of an organization or industry or a person.

 

• ASSUMPTIONS

We assume that this research work will open the eyes of those who think that every person can be public relations practitioner.

While it is true that everybody is expected to be well behaved, it is instructive that not everybody actually behaves better place to live in.

 

• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Lack of adequate research facilities has played its own role in order to carry out this study we were faced with so many constraints, among which are finance, time and the fact that there are little materials to fall back on, for literature review.  Apart from all these, this research is able in making a readable piece.

This study is limited to Nigerian Immigration Service Command in Enugu State because of the need to perform an in depth analysis of the Public Relations Units of the Service.

Public Relations as a tool for enhancing industrial harmony is better understood when it is narrowed down specifically, apart from peculiar operational handicap which may jeopardize a wide topic of this nature, there is still need to produce an acceptable blue print on this topic in the little resources available.

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PUBLIC RELATIONS AS TOOL FOR ENHANCING CONSUMER SATISFACTION

A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN AIRWAYS,

ABSTRACT

In this era of social and economic instability in which the public must be given a convincing why they should part with their hard earned money, the role of the public relations practitioners cannot be over emphasized.

The study also analyse the public relations strategies and policies management of the organization in question. The study set out further to know how the various Nigeria airways, Enugu consumers perceive the organization. It proceed to examines the importance of the study and then delve into detailed exposition of relevant literature, formulated of researchs and hypothesis out of which three received support while one did not receive support.

Moreover, the history of Nigeria airways Enugu also received due explanation to make the study more understandable. To make the research workable, the researcher use survey method in collecting the data. This is so because considering the nature of the research population and the kind of data needed by the researcher. The researcher further adhered to summarize, conclude and put forward recommendations which hopefully will go a long way in charging the nation of people regarding the Nigeria airways Enugu.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                   1

• HISTORY OF NIGERIA AIRWAYS ENUGU 7
• OBJECTIVES OF NIGERIA AIRWAYS 8
• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS 10
• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 11
• SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY 12
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS/NULL HYPOTHESIS14
• CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONS DEFINITIONS15
• ASSUMPTIONS 17
• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 18

 

CHAPTER TWO

• LITERATURE REVIEW 19
• THE PLACE OF PUBLIC RELATION –

IN AN ORGANIZATION                                    19

• SUMMARY 35

 

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

• RESEARCH METHOD 38
• RESEARCH DESIGN 38
• POPULATION AND SAMPLE 38
• MEARURING INSTRUMENT 39
• METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS 40

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 41
• TESTS OF HYPOTHESIS AND INTERPRETATIONS51

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• SUMMARY 53
• RECOMMENDATIONS 57

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                                   61

APPENDIX                                                                             60

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In any organization the need to maintain the image of the organization is in our contemporary society a favorite one; hence this study surveys the whole of public relations in enhancing consumer satisfaction in fullness. It set out to find out whether Nigeria airways Enugu, has in any satisfied or dissatisfied his various customers. It will also identified his various customers. It will also identified the total number of people and customers that have been satisfied or dissatisfied by the organization. The study will also x – ray how a PR practitioner have helped or will help to coordinate the organization and its various customers. If the customers perception and the Nigeria Airways image when determined is bad, then the researcher could be in a better position to advise and make necessary recommendations in the organization to enhance its image. And also to contribute to the knowledge of mass communications and indeed to the knowledge of generating Nigeria in their quiet further effect of consumers satisfaction on government parastatals. The Nigeria airways is of public interest  and business enterprise and has such as required to succeed through the help of public relations activities.

As public institution deviated to the servicing of the public interest, it must have its consumer satisfaction as its prime motive to enhance and achieve public co – operation and acceptance. As a business institution, the Nigeria airways must  use business principles to operate in such a way that it becomes economically, strong enough to depend and sustain its independence against rumbling, against the background, the Nigeria airways Enugu institute. The public relations department to help faster the activities of the organization in order to achieve its aims and objectives.

This is so because no business oriented organization can make any meaningful achievement without the help and use of public relations man. It is easily identifiable that basic underlining public relation practice is of prime importance in all spheres of activities of organizations.

The public relations man engaged himself in doing good and trying to get credit for the good he has done. This involves making friends, keeping them and influencing them as well as others. It also involves looking good in building and sustaining good image or good will through good deeds that will favorable consideration for Nigeria airways Enugu among members of the public.

For better understanding of the background of this study, let me make definitions by some scholars in the field of public relations. Public relations by definitions according to frank Jefekins states;

Public relations is the process of accessing consumers wants, establishing communication, fostering good will so that the consumers wants or needs can be profitably satisfied. Among definitions of public relations according to the editions of public relation news, PR is the process of using communication to influence and lure more consumers in patronizing a particular product, organization with the aim of attaining and eliciting favorable actions where necessary as a results of this consumers satisfaction in the activities of Nigeria airways Enugu, among others should be pursued. One way of doing this is to map out a programme of action that is consumer oriented and favorable to the generating of the people. In actual sense, Nigeria airways Enugu cannot exist in a vacuum. It cannot gain maximally if it neglect the existence of its consumers. It must function as an institution ready to compute the philosophy and function of management which evaluate public interest and execu6te a programmed of action to earn public understanding and acceptance.

From these definition, it is obvious that the public relation man blends the public interest with that of the organization for actual achievements. It also identified the much to evaluate the public attitude and conception of the consumers. This includes expressing the policies and practices through communication for proper and tested awareness.

However, this communication can best be performed if public relations managers is given its appropriate place in the management of Nigeria airway Enugu and fast recognize the enormous functions which public relation would perform if allowed into the strategic decision making level of the Organization. In this contemporary society, the public scrutiny and accountability is on the increase. It is imperatives there, that  good public relations should enhance good will and consumers satisfaction in the organization.

The image of the Nigeria airways Enugu depends on their behaviour and financial performance, her marketing policies and the qualities of her productions or services, the management style approach and the resultant satisfaction. The protection, promotion and maintenance of the Nigeria airways Enugu image is the fundamental responsibility of public relation. As the conscience of the organization and its public, monitors the diffusions of the programme of the organization to know when its impact opinion and welfare.

George Flangan state that; “if an individual contact and experience with co-operation, the extensive and proposed image of the corporation is likely to be strong, positive and relatively stable, if on the other hand the individuals familiarity with corporation is slight, as is most of the case, the image will possibly be weak (negative) lazy and unstable”.

The only meaning drawn from the statement is that the level or degree of consumer’s satisfaction in any organization is that, if the satisfaction is high, the consumer tends to maintain more cordial relationship and vice-verse.

It is the image of the organization that attracts the population among the potential consumers in this sense, the only image that can last is the one that its stand is valid true and authentic. Candidly no organization can satisfy its numerous consumers without being perceived first by the consumers as trusted and dependable, so far Nigeria airways Enugu maintain the line of dependability, its policies, performance and public relations have in limited interaction with a company constitutes to the attitude the forms about it.

The dependability and progress of the organization depends in the of first impression it gives to her consumers on her good will. As regards to this facts Walter Lipman assets that;

“no administrative scheme is workable without goodwill and good will about strange practices is impossible education. “in other words, any new development in Nigeria airways Enugu, that is not communicated to the potential consumers in clear terms and with clear evidence show so as to elicit favorable actions mutual understanding will be on effort in faculty.

It is therefore important that Nigeria airways Enugu should acquaint  itself with the customers/consumers for cordially though continues and systematic public relations practice. It is essential that all public relations activities of the Nigeria airways Enugu are within the framework often agreed and understood the corporate personality.

The modern business organization, quick to recognize the changes in the environment, has adjusted; it has more comprehensive and positive programmes by responding to community expectation and pressures. This for short, is the spring board of the concept of goodwill and consumers satisfaction. However, the activities of Nigeria airways and prospects can better understood when examined from the point of view of its origin. To this end, below is marked off point of the Nigeria airways Enugu.

 

1.1  THE HISTORY OF NIGERIA AIRWAYS ENUGU.

The history of the organization would be traced to 1945 when it was incorporated as West African Airways Corporation (WAAC) to undertake operation which the Royal Airforce left behind at the end of world was II. It was then jointly owned by the former British colonies namely – Nigeria, Ghana Gambia and Sierraloan. The West Africa Airway Corporation (WAAC) was then managed by the West Transport Authority (WATA). On attainment independence in 1957, Ghana pulled out to set up its own Airline Ghana Airways, leaving Nigeria British overseas Airways corporation (NBOAC) and Elder Dempster lines as the owner of what remained of (WAAC). The Federal government of Nigeria took control of the share of its partners, the B.O.A and Elder Dempster lines, in this sense, the airline because 100% Nig earned and the name changed to Nigeria.

In the same vain, after some years federal government started establishing in different state of the country which metamorphosed Nigeria airways Enugu.

 

1.2  OBJECTIVES OF NIGERIA AIRWAYS ENUGU

The objectives of the airline as a natural earner is to operate a scheduled and chartered air transportation services for the carriage of passenger, cargo, mail and any other related business in most reliable, efficient and international route. Apart from its commercial objectives, the organization also has social defense, security and people of Nigeria as the nations natural carrier.

For example, the airline could give back up services to the military authorities as a transportation auxiliary in a period of natural emergency such as war. In other word, the airline as a rule is different from other commercial airline services, why? Because it must perform government  function without profit when directed to do so by the authority . For the above reasons, Nigeria airways is duty bond to operate in. the country whether it is commercially viable or not. In a situation where communication gap by transporting people, goods and mails through the length and breath of the country.  This is a great social economic responsibility to the nation.

Based on these reasons, the federal government offers its protection to the airline through diplomatic channel international traffic negotiations guarantees the airline to secure local and foreign loans to purchase aircraft and equipment. Due to the numerous aims and objectives of the Nigeria airways and their zeal towards making them a reality, the organization is departmentalized to ease activities and foster development in a way of satisfying its consumers.

 

1.3  STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

There have been a good number of complaints from the Nigeria airways, Enugu. There is an inefficient of effective and systematic and well planed public relations activity in the establishment. As a result  of this, the Nigeria airways, Enugu does not communicate to its consumers as and when due.

The Nigeria airways Enugu seems to be undergoing image problem. The problem of financial comst5raints deferring regulatory policies lay down by the governments negative attitude of employed to work , management problems, flight delays and conciliation, inefficient services and generally rising cost of goods and services seems to  point out to the fact that public relation has failed its function or role in finding out what have actually satisfies or dissatisfies the consumers of Nigeria airways Enugu. There have been absence of direct incentives to customers which now bring about low persuasive sales strategy.

The acceptance of forged ticket defense tickets and checking adult passengers with infants or children tickets affect the consumers satisfaction badly. The refund of unused tickets takes a very long time, hence the consumer involved usually get displeased because of the undue time spend before they are finally satisfied. Another problem is that the management of the parastatals makes it impossible for airline public relations manager to do his job satisfactorily . The resultant effect here is that most of the time public relations manager is compelled to take action and executive some.

 

1.3  OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

          Any organization who fail to recognize the existence of its customers will definitely fail or fold up. And if any organization fail to take cognizance of public relations department of the organization, such organization will not accomplish its aims and objectives. To this end, the Nigeria airways Enugu should always give the public relations manager his proper place in the organization and should also help him function fully by giving him the necessary tools, equipment and support needed foe his operations . To identify total number of people or consumer that have been satisfied and dissatisfied by the organization.

Furthermore the study will avail how public relation activities have help in solving problem or inadequate communicate in the organization. To know how far public relations roles will help to coordinate the organization and its various consumers . To ascertain how the consumers perceive the image of Nigeria airways Enugu, if  the consumers perception of the organizational image when determined is bad, then I would be in better position to advice and make necessary recommendation in order to enhance its image. To know some of the communication barriers faced by the public relations department in the organization.

Finally, to contribute to the knowledge of the mass communication and indeed to the knowledge of generality of Nigeria in their quest for the effect of consumers satisfaction in government parastatals.

 

1.5  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of public relation has not yet been well recognized in Nigeria as it is in developed countries. In America for instance, the success recorded by most establishment have been attributed to effective role of public relation but in Nigeria it is not the same. Against this background there is every need to show the public, the impact and role public relations have or the enhancing the  consumer satisfaction.

Another significance of this study specially, is that it revealed the role public relations played in enhancing customer satisfaction in Nigeria airway, Enugu and the impact public relation has made on the relationship between Nigeria airways Enugu and its consumers. It also recommended ways to improving it. In other words this study helped to show the effectiveness of public relation and therefore, the need for it in public corporations. This was; achieved through an appraised of the roles it has played in building the image of Nigeria Airways, Enugu.

Furthermore, this study also showed positive ways of correcting the shortcomings satisfaction in the Nigeria Airways Enugu.

 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• Does PR a tool for enhancement of consumer satisfaction?
• Does PR play a role in improving the image of the Nigeria airways Enugu?
• Does government policies affect the PR activities of the Nigeria Airways?
• Does the cost of boarding the flight affect people perception of the airways?
• Does the PR activities in the airways Enugu outstanding?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Hi;     public relation as a tool go along way for enhancement of consumers satisfaction in Nigeria airways.

No;    public relations as a tool does not go along way fo enhancement customers satisfaction in Nigeria airways Enugu.

H2;    pr plays a role in improving the image of Nigeria airways Enugu.

No;    pr does not play a role in improving the image of Nigeria airways.

H3;    Government policies affects the activities of the Nigeria airways.

No; Government policies does not affect the activities of the Nigeria airways.

H4;    the cost of boarding the flight affects peoples perception of the airways.

No; The cost of boarding the flight does not affects peoples perception of the airways.

H5;    PR activities in Nigeria airways is outstanding.

Ho;    Pr activities in Nigeria airways.

 

• CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Definition of terms conceptually

• PUBLIC – particular section of the community
• PUBLIC REALTION – the procedure of programmed of activities of ensuring a link between an organization and its customers.
• IMAGE – this is mental picture, idea of concept of somebody or something. It could also be seen as a sensual thing perceived as an identity or a coherent which does not necessarily have something to do with reality of a situation.
• CONSUMERS/CUSTOMERS – this is a person who buys thing or patronize an organization.
• CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION – this is the state where the customers are pleased and contented with the product or services given to them.
• ORGANIZATION – this is a group with special purpose of coming together as one to operate a business ventures. It could be government or private owned.

 

DEFINITION OF TERMS OPERATIONALLY.

• PUBLIC – the number of customers or people who received the services of Nigeria airways, Enugu.
• PUBLIC RELATION – the number of deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between Nigeria airways Enugu and its public, carried out by the relations department.
• IMAGE – the mental picture that the public of Nigeria airways Enugu have on the effect efficiency of services varied by the number.
• CUSTOMERS – THOSE WHO PATRONIZE THE Nigeria airways Enugu by traveling with them.
• CUSTOMERS/CONSUMERS – the extent to which the services of the Nigeria airways Enugu are pleased.
• AIRLINE – this means the case under study which is the Nigeria airways, Enugu.
• ORGANIZATION – government owned parastatals known as the Nigeria airways, Enugu.
• DISCOUNT – scares made on question on self – discount of tickets by each respondents.

 

• ASSUMPTIONS

It is assumed the after this study, the public relations officer would be in a better position to know the best strategy to get its external and internal public satisfied.

He would be in a position to make very nice goodwill for the organizations, as to increase its profits.

However, the management of the organization would be in apposition to equip the public relation officer, so he can discharge his duties efficiently.

 

• LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study is limited by the logistics, time and funds problem. This is because the subject matter of this study is a natural one, the topic is one which attracts public attention and interest in a natural scale. Unfortunately it would not be handled on a required scale.

As a results of this, researcher limited this research works and findings to Nigeria airways Enugu, because of the limited resources and time available.

THE STUDY OF COVERAGE OF URBAN AND RURAL NEWS BY NIGERIA NEWS PAPERS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This in balance of news flow  is a complex and varied phenomenon  which can occur in different forms and   a exists  in all media the news paper, radio film and television.

Communication is a part of the general development process that  provides the needed  between planners and  their goals. No nation can survive  without  workable information channels that allows in and out passage of adequate flow of information  to the   various part of the    effectiveness  of information lies in its getting to the  recipients  in  proper from.

Knowing if there is the existence of any information imbalance between our rural and urban population is of great importance for it depends on the trend of our study.

Communication facilities are often inadequate within developing countries due to lack of finance and other resources and the few that are readily available concentrates more on the urban areas at the expense or detriment of the  rural areas.  The distribution of communication facilities does not provide the information needs of the people in Nigeria as well as most third world  countries and a few developed countries.

The unbalance of information flow between the  urban areas and the rural areas seems like an information flow between the rural majority and the  urban majority in the sense that new flow from the development urban area to the undeveloped rural areas.

According to Humphrey Nwosu; “people living in  urban areas  have more dependable  infrastructure   facilities  than their counter parts  in the rural areas.

Until recently the circulation of newspapers  was  an obligation fulfilled  only in the township”.

Never the less, rural poverty regrettably frustrates what should other wise  have been  a land able achievement of modern technology.

Illiteracy completed the vicious circle started  poverty and lack of infrastructure facilities as a  large proportion of our rural population are prevented from information flow by illiteracy  and this has reduced the  rural people to a state of passive receivers of information put out by a few people.

As we pointed out earlier the unbalance of news flow exists at all levels in all countries.  At the transnational level news flow from the industrialized countries to the third world countries.  The western news agencies collect the over whelming bulk of world news to impose western attitudes on the development countries.

Opubor and Nwuuneli quoted that the managing director     of this day News paper once complained that;

“while he has detailed  knowledge of foreign  place and people such as minister, other personalities and even crooks through  flowing information gotten from international news agencies he knows  very little  about his own neighbors and neighbor hood     in Africa and other third world countries.

Apart from the one way flow of information the little news on the third world is often distorted and  centered on crisis.  The third world countries always complain that the bulk of information  they receive don’t serve  their actual  information needs because the  information are neither irrelevant or destructive to  their culture, besides  news on famines wars, crisis ridicules them as being primitive.  In other w worlds, it is only the odd  events from the third world countries that qualified as new events to western media.

A foreign correspondent said  of all when he said or rather asked;

“why the hell should anyone but a specialist be interested in the Congo when there is no crisis there ?”

The developing countries are not happy with this unbalance.  The accumulated anger surface during the oil boom of the 1970’s when they found a strong economic bargaining power in oil and they advocated for  a  balance  in the flow of information based on population distribution  and national  aspiration of cultural independence.

This call generated debates conference and symposium under the auspices of the UNESCO and the non-aligned countries.  These resulted in the setting up of the international commission  for the study of communication problem in 1977 under the chairmanship of the late Mr. Sean  Mac Bride and this commission recommended  that the movement for a new world information and communication (NWICO) should replace  the old order characterized by unbalance and distortion.

From the foregoing, it is clear that there is the existence of the unbalance flow of information in the urban and rural area in Nigeria.

It is against this background out lined above that this study becomes imperative.  For the purpose of the study, two Nigeria New papers THIS DAY and CHAMPION were chosen.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

          Wilbour Schramm has said that even in the most highly  developed countries information is more readily  available  in the great cities because of the concentration of information  materials in such cities.  But this is not what  it should be especially now that a new information  order has been called for one that would have the potential to remove unbalance in new coverage are all levels.

The constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria  guaranties freedom of information and expression of  opinion. It is therefore expected that the pattern of  information flow in Nigeria  will reflect  an equitable coverage of all parts of the country.

In Nigeria communication generally between the rural man and its urban counter part is still at  its lowest ebbs. The  research problem for this study focuses on communication imbalance because  the Nigeria press does not  focus adequately  on the lives and activities of the rural people despite the fact that they constitutes the  greatest part of the population. Instead when such events are reported they are either given small spaces or squeezed into the inside pages sometimes those news event reported on are “half truth”

While undergoing a research work on the study of coverage of urban and rural news by Nigeria News papers the following problems will be tackled.

1. That Nigerian News papers are depreciating in important News contents.
2. That the new content of Nigeria newspapers on some regions in Nigeria dominated other regions.
3. That there is inadequacy in the news coverage of rural areas by Nigeria news papers.

 

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study centers on how Nigeria news papers  ration out their news contents and its understanding therefore the aims of this research are ;

1. To find out if there is news flow unbalance in Nigeria as it is in the case of international new flow
2. To find out if the urban areas receive more coverage than the rural areas.
3. To find out if the bulk of new events reported about rural areas are relevant to them or if they are negative news
4. To know if the Nigeria press and other third world countries are guilty of news flow unbalance of which the western mass media are accused.

 

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Contemporary empirical research tradition in the area of mass communication are usually centered on three main headings

Firstly is research on the effectiveness or persuasive power of the  mass media.  Secondly is the  research concerned with general social effects of the media   and lastly is researcher concerned with the contents of the mass media (publications).

Social scientists and some communication experts two area. The third  areas which deals with content analysis of mass media have been slightly neglected and it is in this area that this research work fails.

Communication in balance in Nigeria is sufficiently important to be studies because communication as mentioned earlier constitutes a greater part of the general development process without which no  country can survive.  Imbalance in communication is a great factor that hinders progress wherever A exists.

For any nation to remain united adequate attention must be paid to the rural area as it is done to other parts of the country.  Imbalance in news flow between urban and rural dwellers is detrimental to national understanding and co-operation.

If we are to realize the fact that the rural areas are the food production sector of the Nigeria economy and also the cradle of civilization and the home of a majority should be accorded to it.

 

 

 

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Do Nigeria newspaper contain more news on personalities and social activities to news  that is more important to its consumers

Is there imbalance in the flow of information in Nigeria newspapers.

How adequate is the news coverage of rural areas by Nigeria newspapers.

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

1.6.1  HYPOTHESIS

H1 little spaces only are being mapped out by Nigerian new paper for news about rural areas.

H0 little spaces only are not being mapped out by Nigeria news papers for news about rural areas.

H2 Nigerian news do not give rural news front page cover

H0 Nigeria news papers tend to give rural news front page coverage

H3 Nigeria newspapers report news event from rural areas

H0 Nigerian newspapers do not report news events  from urban areas more than they report news events from rural areas.

H4 news reports from rural areas are generated by high government officials on visit to rural residents themselves

H0 news report from areas are not generated by high government official on visit to rural communities but the rural residents themselves.

 

1.7     DEFINITION OF TERMS

It is necessary to give an appropriate definition of all terms used in this research work as to remove dept and misunderstanding of all elements contained

 

1.7.1  CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION

HIGH GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL; persons governing a state RURAL RESIDENTS;                   Person who live in the rural non-urban areas.

NEGATIVE EVENTS;  Those items that report social conflict disorganization and political economic instability.

FRONT PAGE COVERAGE; Placement of news events on the first page of a new paper

NIGERIA NEWS PAPERS;    The printed publication in Nigeria that report
information on events usually on daily basis.

RURAL AREAS;           The county side on the grassroots of a nation.

URBAN AREAS;          The developed part of the nation

DIRECTION;                 The quality of the news

1.7.2  OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

HIGH GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS;        Persons like ministers, commissioners
who take part in decision making and administration
of a State and who can represent the head of state
or government  at a meeting or  conference.

RURAL RESIDENTS;  Those peoples who live permanently in  the village
and are usually farmers and  fishermen

FRONT RESIDENTS;   this refers to those news events that are considered important enough to be published on the first page of the newspaper.

NEGATIVE EVENTS;  Reports on crisis diseases crimes etc which indicate

The people concerned rather than boosting their morals.

NIGERIAN NEWSPAPERS;  The two news papers being analysed THIS

DAY and CHAMPION

RURAL AREA;             The less developed communities where farming

Is usually the major occupation where more of the countries population lives and  where a large number of illiterates are usually found.

URBAN AREAS;          The developed towns where government  ministries

And establishment are concentrated and where the professionals are usually found

DIRECTION;                 This pertains to be favourability, unfavourability .or

Neutrality  of a news story.

 

1.8   LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Apart from time and financial constraints other limitations is based upon

Social Political and economical changes that will take place during the period

of the study.

 

 

1.9     DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is limited to the coverage of urban and rural news in Nigeria.  It is also limited to the content of two newspapers,

THIS DAY and CHAMPION whose contents were analysed and the items also analysed specifically on report of events within Nigeria

 

REFERENCES

1        Sean Mac bride etal:  many voice one world Nigeria Ibandan

university press 1981 p.36.

2. Humphrey Nwosu “Bridging the urban –rural information imbalance
   for even development A government perspective in

Ikechukwu E Nwosu ed. Mass communication and

national  development  Aba Nigeria printer

publishers 1990 p.106

3. Alfred Opubor and onuorah Nwamelu; “ political culture and

information flow in Nigeria in Onuorah E.Nwamelu;

“political culture and information flow in Nigeria”
in Onuorah  E. Nwamelu ed mass  communication
in Nigeria  Enugu Nigeria fourth dimension
publishers 985, p.47

4.William A Hatchen;    muffled Drums. The news made in African Annes
Lowa a  state university press 1971 p.83

5. Wilbur Schramn, mass media and nation development Sanford

University press 1964 p.69- 70

6. The constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria 1976 section 36,p.25

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THE EFFECTS OF PORNOGRAPHIC FILMS ON NIGERIA YOUTHS

ABSTRACT

 

Pornographic materials are the representation of erotic behaviors in books, pictures, statues, motion pictures etc. that is intended to cause sexual excitement. The effect of pornographic films on Nigeria youths was embarked upon with the intention of establishing the impression of youth exposures.

It is apparent that youths exposure to pornographic films will have negative effect on them. Here lies the objective of our research which seeks to find out why youths watch pornographic films and the extent to which these youths practice behaviors acquired from viewing pornographic films

The survey research methodology was in use because the study in question involved the kind of population that would be too large to be observed directly, this method helped us in finding out that exposure to pornographic films affects the psychological state of a person and can influence such a person to participate in or practicalize what is being watched. Also realize was the fact that sexual crimes and abuses meted out by youths in our society today is very much attributed to their exposure to pornographic films.

In conclusion youths are the lewdest of tomorrow as such should be emotionally and psychological; balanced. Youth should therefore not indulge in watching pornographic film because the consequences which is negative, will surely tell on them.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction.

• Background of the study
• Statement of the research problem
• Objectives of the study
• Significant of the study
• Research question
• Research hypothesis (including the null hypothesis)
• Conceptual and operational definition
• Assumptions
• Limitation of the study

 

CHAPTER TWO

Review of the literature

• Sources of the literature
• The review: theoretical framework
• Summary of the literature review.

 

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

• Research method
• Research design
• Research samples
• Measuring instrument.
• Data collection
• Data analysis
• Expected results

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Analysis and Results

• Data analysis
• Results
• Discussion

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary and recommendation for further study

• Summary
• Recommendation for further study

Bibliography

Appendix.

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROND OF THE STUDY

This study “The effects of pornographic materials on youths” aim at identifying the influences of pornographic materials on the youth, with particular emphasis on the youth in two Nigeria Tertiary institutions. The study will be able to ascertain whether the widely held view that pornographic materials do not have adverse effect on the moral and behavior of youths is true or not. However, this study will narrowed down to pornographic films only.

In view of the foregoing films began in the minds of people who came long before the film pioneers themselves. In attempt to capture and recreate motion can be traced too when civilization began, the care drawing which showed a horse with eight legs the fleeting arrow from a hunter’s bow and even carefully detailed drawing of kings with one foot outstretched to suggest or walking motion.

Bither j.r (1989) said that history Is somewhat not clear as who deserved glory of inventing still motion pictures, but that Willam Dickson and Thomas Edison were associated with the effects to move.

The earliest forms of pornographic film were seen in France during the 1920s. the development in France brought about fun and all sorts of condemnation from the public. For instance Dellu cinema practitioner and also a French man said that the exhibition of such pornographic films contributed to melancholy fatal condition social and other negative attitude among the people.

Down here in Nigeria, pornographic films started pervading our country in the late sixties and became more rampant in the early seventies. Today pornographic films have become so prevalent that access to them is with reckless abandon.

“Film” according to Black Africa greatest film producer Ousmance senibene is tool or communicator of social change and culture” he went further to stress that “A film is but a driving belt, a vehicle that convey an idea and by this we will see that communication knowledge and ideas help people make their own decisions about the environment they live in.

more so, film is categorized under mass media. Therefore, associated with the enormous influence of the mass media. To buttress this, Walter Lippman (1922) also said that the media do not only tell the people what to think but also what to think about. That is to say the media shapes the picture in our heads.

Inferentially, there is no consensus of opinion on the power and capabilities of pornographic films or media to propagate sexual abuse, crime, violence etc. among youths by way of projecting such message to them. The stand which one takes on this issue depends on individual perception and indeed prepositions towards the controversial topic. But the air of this research is to investigate this issue scientifically keeping emotion aloof. That is to find out if there is any relationship between youths exposure to media portrayals of pornographic film and sexual pervasion / abuse among the youth.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBELMS

          Undoubtedly social scientists who are interested in the study of mass media particularly films effects have been involved in the effects to find out the relationship between media and anti-social behaviors like crime, violence, sexual pervasion, abuse, rape.

There has been series of researches and counter researches which shows that audio-visual media can be described as an all powerful all pervasive and all manipulative medium capable of producing the most vociferous outburst through the portrayal of pornography, violence and other immoral acts thus

Therefore this project is geared towards ascertaining if sexual crimes pervasion and abused among the youths could be attributed to their exposure to pornographic films.

 

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study is aimed at the following

• To find out the various reasons why youths watch pornographic films
• To determine the extent to which the youths respond or practice behaviors acquired form viewing pornographic films
• To proffer useful suggestion and recommendations in this area of study.

 

 

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study in question is very important to the Nigeria society especially now that we witness all sort of negativity tendencies among our youth. Therefore, the researcher hold the view that there do exist significant effect of pornographic films on youths.

The significance of this study therefore is as follows.

• To examine how pornography films negatively affect the youth so that the government and society at large can control and eradicate them.
• To ascertain how effective the various existing laws aimed at controlling pornographic films have been faring in the responsibilities assigned to them.
• To find out if the sexual pervasion among the youths could be attributed to their exposure to pornographic films
• To contribute to the already existing knowledge in the area of study.

 

1.5     RESEARCJ QUESTION

• Do audience exposure to pornographic films have effect on them
• Do pornographic films tend to prompt the youths to replicate what they have reviewed
• Can sexual pervasion/abuse that are prevalent in our society today, among the youths be related to their exposure to pornographic films
• Do youth exposure to pornographic films have negative or positive effects on them.

 

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Hi:     Audience exposure to pornographic films have some effect on them

Ho:    Audience exposures to pornographic films do not have any effects on them

H2:    Pornographic films prompt the youths to replicate what they have viewed

Ho:    Pornographic films do not prompt the youths to replicate what they have viewed.

H3:    Sexual pervasion and abuse among the youths are related to their exposure to pornographic films

Ho:    Sexual pervasion and abuse among the youth are not related to their exposure to pornographic films

H4:    Audience exposures to pornographic films have negative effects on them.

Ho:    Audience exposures to pornographic films do not have negative effects on them.

 

1.7     CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION.

The variable for this study, “the effects of pornographic materials on youth” are conceptual defined as follows

EFFECT CONCEPTUAL DEFINED

The conceptual definition of effects is the impression produced on the mind of a spectator, bearer, reader viewer etc.

EFFECT OPERATIONALLY DEFINE

The operational definition of effects is as follow

Positive effect

Neutral effects

Negative effect

Positive Effects: This refers to these effects which are in line with the accepted social standards and values or which tends to encourage the development of the youths along this line

Negative Effects: This refers to those effects which discourage the youths from developing alone accepted societal standards and values. Several types of behavioral and emotional responses of a relative or anti- social nature of youths may be associated with exposures to pornographic films

Neutral Effects: This refers to those effects which are neither positive nor negative. It is a condition whereby exposures to pornographic films do not have any effects on youths.

PORNOGRAPHIC MATERIALS CONCEPTUAL DEFINED

The conceptual definition of pornographic materials are the representation of erotic behaviors in books, pictures, statues, motion pictures etc. that is intended too cause sexual excitement.

PORNOGRPAHIC MATERIALS OPERATIONALLY DEFINED

The operational definition of pornographic materials are films that are made solely for sexual arousement and featuring nudity and explicit sexual acts.

YOUTHS CONCEPTUAL DEINED

A person who has the quality or characteristics of the young e.g. youthful freshness or rigor, youthful wantonness, folly or rashness, youthful appearance or aspect.

 

1.8     ASSUMPTION

In determining the effects of pornographic materials on youth this research makes the following assumptions.

• That the youths in question are normal and are not mentally related and can also reason properly
• That youths are exposed to and do view pornographic films
• That the pornographic films on media and to which the youth are exposed to either, directly or indirectly affect them.

 

1.9     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research basically will focuse on the effects of pornographic films on youth. The study will be restricted within two Nigerian tertiary institutions due to time constraints, lack of logistics and financial problems

The study will dwell exclusively on pornographic films alone. Under this dispensation, pornographic films are the explicit portrayal or exhibition of sexual acts on television films, cinema films and films that have such orientation.

In other words, the media that will be involved in this research are audio/visual only.

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THE IMPACT OF NEWS COMMERCIALIZATION ON MANAGEMENT OF BROADCAST MEDIA IN NIGERIA (CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA TELEVISION AUTHORITY (NTA) ENUGU.

ABSTRACT

 

This research project examines the implications of news commercialization on management of broadcast Media in Nigeria with emphasis on NTA Enugu.

Thus, the issue at stake on this topic is to find out what impact does news commercialization has on the Mass audiences even when media claims to be the watch dog of the society.  Therefore, media should be ready to accept the dangers posed by news commercialization and such dangers include media questions on objectivity, professionalism, and fairness now being undermined by limited access to news airtime.

The educationist, sociologist, politicians, the Businessmen and even the religions minded are all interested in this debate.

In this research I decided to use survey research method ascertain the validity of various hypothesis formulated.

The result of this research will useful to students of Mass Communication Media experts, government and the society at large.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                            1

• BACKGROUND TO STUDY 1
• STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS 4
• OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 6
• SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY 7
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS 8
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 9
• CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 11
• OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 12
• LIMITATIONS OF STUDY 14

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW                                                        15

• SOURCES OF LITERATURE 15
• ORIGIN OF COMMERCIALIZATION 15
• SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW 26

CHAPTER THREE

• RESEARCH METHOD 27
• RESEARCH DESIGN 28
• RESEARCH SAMPLE 28
• MEASURING INSTRUMENT 29
• DATA COLLECTION 30
• METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS 31
• EXPECTED RESULT 32

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS                                               34

• DATA ANALYSIS 34
• RESULT FINDING 51
• DISCUSSION 54

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

• SUMMARY 57
• RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDIES 60
• CONCLUSION 61

APPENDIX (APPLICATION)                                                         65

QUESTIONNAIRE AND INTERVIEW GUIDE                             66

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                                             63

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The advert of broad casting in Nigeria was Ushered in, in 1932 with the empire  services transmitted from the British Broadcasting Cor-operation, (BBC) in Daventry, England, to entertain and inform the Colonial masters.

Aso Stella – Joan Ebo (1994: 43 – 44).   Further stated that Nigeria Stations began to experiment with rediffusion sets. Then the Nigeria posts and telegraphs department was authorized to work out plans for the distribution of programmes to subscribers in Lagos, Kona and Ibadan.

It was in the phase of this that brought about the establishment of broadcast media outfit both Radio and Television in Nigeria which Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) Enugu was one of them.

Even since the inception of broadcast media in the country, Ownership pattern shows that investment into the establishment of the industry was the exclusive preserve of the Federal and State Governments in Nigeria.  This is the reason why NTA is owned both at Federal Level and State Level.

That is to say that prior to Decree 38 of 1992, no private ownership was allowed in Nigeria.

But before then, the down turn in the economy of this great nation brought with it certain changes.  Some of these changes were mostly stringent, that various government were always decrying, lack of money to prosecute their programmes.

Electronic media organizations which NTA Enugu is one of them is not exempted from- the area government was finding difficult to spend the limited resources available to it.  However, government saw media as organization that can fund them if given the enabling resources.

Then, the government of General Ibrahim Babangida through the amended Decree N0 25 of 1988 empowered the media organization to engage in commercial broadcasting.  This allows them to do partial commercial broadcasting through which they would be augmenting the meager subvention that would subsequently be coming from government.

This due to the drastically reduction of subvention from the Federal Government to the media organization, the broadcast media organization now embark on various ways of generating now additional funds to enable them run their stations.

As planning and execution continued in most of the broadcast stations, they discovered that before they can ever generate what is near to the amount that can be enough to supplement their meager subvention, they would have to market almost all their programmes.  It is on this understanding that news programmes were not left out, rather, they were also commercialized.

Therefore, with news commercialization the media organizations started to charge money to go on coverage and writing of some news items.  The media management now see news as a commodity, much like advertising that can be traded for profit.

But, alas, how can this commercialization trend be ranged against  societal information needs?  If the broadcast media air only paid news, what will this mean to media professionalism and much need social surveillance?

The foregoing, thus, forms the basis of this study.

 

STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Broadcast media managers are well aware of their essential roles in society.  They have been tutu red according to the best strategies to Manage Social Information.  They are conversant with societal information needs.  These forms their guidelines in Managing media resources to produce media sole offering –information.

Initially the production of news package in Nigeria Television Authority (NTA)  Enugu, was based on the principle of items that are newsworthy.  Also it was guided by what is ethical in journalism profession and according to the house style of the organization.

The producers of new packages would then go out to cover an assignment, and when they return they would write news stories objectively.  They were always careful not to include in their news stories materials that were based on wrong news principles.  Also they avoided writing or converting some stories to be newsworthy.  As the guidance perceived the news stories put out by Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) Enugu with implicit confidence, the channel enjoyed high credibility rating from them.

However, some serious questions readily come to mind at this juncture.  With the introduction of news commercialization as a measure of improving the financial standing of the organization, have news producers remained objective?

Does the channel still enjoy the confidence of the audience?  Does it still maintain the audience level it had before news commercialization?

How has this more affected the ethics of the profession, and the newsworthiness of some of the materials that are included in the news packages.  What is the current credibility rating of the station.  Does it generate substantial amount from commercial news stories to justify its maintenance as a veritable source of income to it.  Has this move not limited the amount of news information that are disseminated to the consumers through news packages.

Mews commercialization has affected the principle of news packages as a humanitarian service.  This has led the sponsors of news stories having some measures of control over he station.  This they do through the understanding that their news stories take precedence over unpaid ones.

As stated by Raph Efiong (1999:70) the implication of commercializing news in the Nigeria media has effect on the media credibility and consequences on the citizens participatory rights in the communication media.

 

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

It is pertinent to find out in this study to substantiate that news commercialization is unethical.  It has caused out news producers to be packaging some materials that are not news worthy as news stories.  Also it has effected adversely the way and manner in which out reporters go in search of news stories.  Their manner of searching for news has been constrained by the fact that some stories would have to be paid for.  So any news story which has commercial value and which is not paid for is usually dropped.         They are also affected by the fact that news stories, which have paid for, would attract more prominence and detail than stories not paid for.

 

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

The aim of this study is to bring to the notice of the management the impact of their decision to engage in news commercialization.

 

They will realize that their news packages are not enjoying the confidence of their audience.  Also they will have to know that they have not been disseminating adequate amount of information their audience members are expecting through their news packages.  The management will later understand that this condition has adversely affected their credibility rating.

The journalists will realize the importance of maintaining their professional standard in mews coverage and writing of news stories.

          While on the other hand, the audience will start to receive the type of news stories they have been expecting from Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) Enugu.

          However, this will only become possible if the management

rescinds its policy of news commercialization.

 

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

            Does news commercialization affect negatively the level of confidence the audience have in Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) Enugu

News packages.

          Does news commercialization affect negatively the standard of writing news stories in Nigeria Television Authority (NTA), Enugu.

          What is the attitude of news producers to the idea of news commercialization.

Is Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) Enugu enjoying low level of audience viewer ship as a result of the news commercialization.

Does the preparation of news commercials lead the news producers into engaging in unethical processes.

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H_O        The policy of commercialization of news in Nigeria Television

           Authority (NTA) Enugu, as a means of enhancing finances, has not

In any way adversely affected the objectivity of news producers in

News writing.

H₁         News commercialization as a means of enhancing the financial

Standing of Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) Enugu, has

Adversely affected the objectivity of news producers in news writing.

H_o     News commercialization in NTA Enugu has not contributed to the

Low credibility rating they enjoy.

H₁         The credibility rating of NTA Enugu has reached an all time low as

A result of the news commercialization.

 H_o        Commercial news stores in NTA Enugu, do not usually displace

humanitarian service news stories              

H₁         Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) Enugu commercial news stories

Usually displace news stories that are humanitarian service.

H_o         Finances that come into the channel via news commercialization

justify the continued maintenance of news commercialization policy

there.

H₁         Incomes that accrue to the station through news commercials are not

substantial enough to justify the maintenance of commercialization

of news.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINTION

It is very important that the meaning of the topic at state is registers in the mind of the readers that is why I decided to simplify for better comprehension/clarity.

NEWS:    News or fresh information is reports of what has recently

happened.

COMMERCIALIZATION:   Financed by charges made for

commercialization advertisement in

programmes.

IMPACT:   A powerful effect that something has on a situation or person.

 

MANAGEMENT:   The action or manner of managing or control of things

or persons.

MEDIA:   It is something acting as an intermediate in sound between the

Aspirates and the tenures.

BROADCASTING:   This is electronic transmission of radio and television

Signals designed for public consumption.

 

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

COMMERCIALIZATION:   Commercialization of news in this context means running or managing of mass media with a view of making profit through information dissemination.

MANAGEMENT:  This is the act of Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing & controlling of something or persons.  For instance in media organization such as Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) Enugu.

IMPACT:  This is the effect which something or force that hit on a thing has for that.  Thus, it is the effect which commercialization of news has on the audience.

NEWS:  This is timely report, facts and opinion that has interest or importance or both on a considerable number of people.

ASSUMPTIONS

It is assumed that news commercialization will make the media to be class oriented.  Because only those who can afford to pay will be heard while majority who are poor will not, thereby making it a case of he who pays the piper dictates the tune.

From the above, it is assumed that the listener ship /viewer ship will fail because that appeals to the majority are not telecasted neither area they given a look at.

The vast majority of people in the rural areas shall be left out because they cannot pay for their effectiveness.

Commercial news stories normally displace humanitarian news stories.

It is equally assumed that the reason while the media NTA decided to involve in commercialization of news policy is because of financial problem facing it.

 

 

 

LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

This research work is limited to NTA Enugu due to financial/constraints.

Time is another factor that is not in my side to enable me carryout similar research in other states of the country.

However, conscious effort will be made to carryout this study to the required standard that will make it a reliable and dependable one.  This is because I intend to base this study on data correctly supplied by the respondents.

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