English Language Problems in Radio Benue

Abstract

 

The research project topic is on English Language Problems in Radio Benue is aimed to determine the impact of English Language among Nigerians. The source of data for the study included both primary and secondary data. The method of study is survey method, the instrument for the research will be questionnaire, interview and observation. Data collected were analyzed using tables and simple percentages. The researcher used the chi-square (x²) to study the statistics of study. The researcher recommends that government should find solution on how to solve English language problems on the rate of bad English.

Chapter One

Introduction                                                                                                1

• Background of the Study 1
• Statement of Problem 3
• Objectives of the Research Study 3
• Research Questions 4
• Research Hypotheses 4
• Significances of the Study 4
• Scope/Delimitation of the Study 5
• Definitions of Terms 5

 

Chapter Two

Literature Review                                                                              6

• Sources of Literature Review 6
• Review of Related Literature 6
• Theoretical Framework 23
• Summary of Literature 24

 

 

 

Chapter Three

Research Methodology                                                                     26

• Research Design 26
• Area of Study 26
• Population of Study 26
• Research Sample and Sampling Techniques 26
• Instrument for Data Collection 27
• Method of Data Collection 27
• Method of Data Analysis 27
• Validity of the Instrument 28
• Reliability of the Instrument 28

 

Chapter Four

Data Presentation and Analysis                                                                 29

• Questionnaire Distribution 29
• Test of Hypotheses 39

 

Chapter Five

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations                                  45

• Summary 45
• Conclusion 46
• Recommendations 47

 

References                                                                               48

Appendixes                                                                                       50

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

• Background of the Study

English Language is a special gift of God to mankind, if there were no English language human civilization would have remained impossibility. It is present every where in our thoughts, dreams, medications, relations, prefers and communications. Apart form being from being a means of communications. It is the source of thinking as well as expression, this is the reason why it is termed as “species uniform” possession of human beings.

Josephat (2009), defined broadcasting as the dissemination of information, ideas, attitudes and opinions through the use of air waves. Professionally of useful information, ideas, knowledge, attitudes, feelings etc. inform of signal through the airwaves to a heterogeneous and widely dispersed audience simultaneously. It can also be conceived as the dissemination or speaking information, facts and ideas to the general public either in audio or both audio and  visual.

Nnabueze (2007), also opted broadcasting as the transmission of coded signals through the electromagnetic spectrum to receiving sets that convert and coded measure sages into audience consumable messages.

Similarity, Chester (1976:2) defines broadcasting as the transmission through space using radio frequency signals. However, this particular definition does not cover a wide spectrum of broadcasting, as this communication scholar limited the scope of his definition to radio broadcasting alone.

Broadcasting could be for public reception or for private reception. Obviously, broadcasting for public reception refers to the dissemination of programmes prepared for, and broadcast to the general public. For instance, the broadcast of such stations as the radio Benue station is public reception.

Conversely, broadcasting for private reception refers to the use of the airwaves to facilitate communication between private individuals or institutions. Communication by radio between ships in the high seas and their agents on shore is one of the typical examples of broadcasting involves the use of airwaves for point-to-point communication. Little wonder them that aircraft pilots, security agents and construction workers make use of this kind of broadcasting as a means of communication between one another.

The radio is essentially an audio medium but with a visual impact the visual impact of the radio medium is fundamentally expressed in the picturisation of the audio experience in the mental realm. This means that the words used usually paint pictures in the receiver’s mind. Thus, radio receivers often visualize (image) the presented audio experience, as if it is happening in the physical reality.

Radio broadcasting can therefore, be defined as the dissemination of audio signals through the air waves. Thus, communication through radio is virtually instantaneous. So English language as a means of communication, a kind of social tool which is essential for the society for social interactions.

• Statement of Problem

Over a long period of since Nigeria accepted English language as her official language, that language has remained an official language used in Nigeria because of media stations.

Its has not been easy for the broadcasters to apply this official language in their daily broadcasting without some problems bordering on usage like pronunciation in constructing English language. Therefore, this study is taking up to investigated problems associated with broadcasting language whether it is English or dialectical. Therefore, the statement of the problem is English language problem in radio Benue, this inherent from the colonial masters or as a result of poor English language background from the trained is not checked, time shall come when people want understand the usages from the media due to bad language.

• Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study include the following:

1. To determine the problems in English language in radio Benue
2. To determine the possible solution in English language problems in Radio Benue
3. To find out how staff of Radio Benue Station influence the English language problems.
   • Research Questions

1. To what extent can English language problem be solved in Radio Benue?
2. How can English language problems in radio Benue be determined?
3. What are the influence of staff of Radio Benue Station on language problems.

• Research Hypotheses

H₁:     How English language problems in Radio Benue can be solved.

Ho:    English language problems in Radio Benue cannot be solved.

H₂:     English language problems of Radio Benue can be determined.

Ho:    English language problems in Radio Benue cannot be determined.

• Significances of the Study

The study on English language problems in radio Benue will benefit both researchers, Radio Benue Station and as well as the public at large.

Furthermore, the findings of the researcher will likewise serve as reference material to the fourth-coming researchers who may wish to carryout in more details or depth research on the study.

Finally, the study will benefit the entire public on managing English language problems updating their standards especially with Benue Station.

 

 

 

• Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study on English language problem will cover Radio Benue Station Markurdi.

• Definitions of Terms

Operational Definitions:

This is the way in which one defines those various terms in his/her own understanding. Such terms as for this study are:

1. Media: This is a means through which Radio Benue Station use to communicate to their audience/listeners.
2. Radio: Uses airwaves to transmit and receive information to the people.
3. Language: It is the use of different tribes to communicate to the people to the understanding.
4. Problem: Trying to solve a difficult issue in Radio broadcasting.

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PUBLIC RELATIONS   AS   A TOOL FOR ERADICATION OF CULTISM IN NIGERIA TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS (A STUDY OF INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY IMT, ENUGU.

ABSTRACT

Evaluation  is a prelude to strategic  action – strategies once identified must be evaluated to determine whether it is serving the purpose.

However, this topic is based on “The use of  public relations  as  a tool of eradication of cultism in Nigerian tertiary institutions with institute of Management & Technology Enugu as the case study. The main data gathering instrument were questionnaires questions. Frequency and percentage were utilized in analysis of data.

The major findings of the study were

1. Cultism activities is spreading like  wild fire in all the institution in the country.
2. Immediate implementation of strategies has to be put in place to control the spread.
3. Government should assist school authorities in fighting the war.
4. Identified cult members should be expelled from school  without concession.
5. Cultism is a crime to man and God so, should be avoided .

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

HYPOTHESIS                                                             I

HYPOTHESIS                                                             II

HYPOTHESIS                                                             III

HYPOTHESIS                                                             IV

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                      1

Background of the study                                             1

Statement of  Research problem                                   14

Objective of Study                                                      16

Significance of Study                                                   17

Research Question                                                      18

Research Hypothesis                                                   19

Definition of Terms                                                    20

Assumptions                                                              23

Limitation of Study                                                      24

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Source of Literature review                                          26

The Review                                                                        26

Summary  of literature review                                      40

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH  METHODOLOGY                                   43

Research Design                                                        43

Sample and Sample procedure                                     44

Measuring Instrument                                                 44

Data  Collection                                                          45

Method of Data  Analysis                                             46

Results                                                                      47

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA  ANALYSIS  AND RESULTS                             49

Cultism Strategies desired to be evaluated                     49

Effect  of cultism should  be given further  studies         50

Change in the operation of Cult  Activities                      51

Research are useful Instruments                                  52

Any Success being recorded in the strategies                53

Evaluation of strategy has effect                                   54

Discussion                                                                 58

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary  and Recommendations                                61

Summary of Findings                                                  61

Recommendations.                                                     62

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

                        INTRODUCTION

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

 

The  study  is  on public relations as a veritable  tool for the  eradication of  cultism  in Nigerian higher Institute of learning  with Institute of Management  and Technology, IMT, Enugu as case study. To say how  public relations could achieve this fact, examining its history becomes inevitable. This  is justified  in George Stantayama’s quotation when he said “those who a cannot remember  the past are doomed to repeat it”. As long as the study focuses on public relations as a tool for the eradication  of secret  cult in IMT, it is then essential to examine  the history  of secret  cult, their mode of operation, their aims and objectives, their method of recruitment and their names and  Headquarters in  Nigeria. It is  when all these facts about secret cult and public relations  are known that lasting solution to it could be recommended in  IMT using public  relations as its  Chief tool.

Public relations is as old as mankind. Public relations affects almost  everyone who has a contact with other  human beings. All of us,  in one way or the other, practices  or, at  least, experience public relations  daily. In the  ancient times,  priests  served as public relations  advisers to their kings. They were experts in public opinions  and persuasions. The kings consulted  them before  any major decision or important  ceremonial  events were undertaken. Also the priests conducted literature, poems  of praises and lamentations  and edicts to govern the people.

Julius Caesar was a master of persuasive techniques, faced with an imminent  battle, caser would rally public support through assorted publications and staged event. There were also the establishment  daily newspaper called the “ACTA DIURINA” or daily record containing government  decrees   and other information.

The public relations in Nigeria has come a long way, its  beginning  has been linked with the second world war. As  presented  by Nigerian  Institute of public Relations  (NIPR) 1988  anniversary publication “25 years of public relations in Nigeria”. The colonial government  before  world war II was concerned with  collection of taxes and the running of a police force to maintain law and   order in three protectorates  amalgamated into Nigeria in 1914.  If there was  any public  relations practices  before the world war II, it was merely a maintenance  of relationship with the traditional rulers to get in touch with the people. During  the second world war however, the  need arose for the  colonial government  to set up an information   officer which was later known as the public relations officer of the government. According   to  Adebola (1992) “the  public  relations office was primarily set up to publicize the colonial war and  to encourage the youth to join the war.

In  the post independence  era however, there was significant development in government public relations activities. The NIPR (1988) anniversary  publication  reveals that government  took the advantage of the information ministry and utilized effectively the machinery at the federal level to build its image. Since political  culture allowed autonomous control of information channel at the state level, the party in power effectively utilized the machinery to promote its images.

There were Liaison  officers in each state  and during the shagari administration, (1979-83) the ministry of ministry of information became  a part  of the office if the president.  Even  with the  advent of the  military in 1983 the Federal government believed in the power of public relations in the act  of governance .

In the private sector  many  Organizations have  contributed to the  growth of modern public relations practice in Nigerian. For instance, in 1949 the United African Company,    UAC, established its public  relations department and thus  became the pioneer pf  public   relations practice in the private sector in Nigeria. Its basic objectives were  to inform business and commerce about business activities  as well as to project UAC as a major Nigerian Industrial, technical and commercial company involved in the stability of the economic life  and progress of  Nigeria.

People associated with large Organization often are  unaware of what is  happening  with the institution that affect their  interest and as a  result, serious misunderstanding occur between management and its  publics and thus, goodwill is scarified. To   explain corporate policies, actions  and bring about  better understanding with workers, students, management require public relations technique.

Public  relations  has grown as important  as institutions recognized that they  have social responsibility to serve the public. In the  past corporations existed solely to make money for their owners but today, corporations functions as a creator of employment, social  institutions and  benefactor  of education, patrons of arts and advocate  of good government.

Modern  public  relations involves research, communication, complex  activities  and  evolution. It  involves  doing right and talking  about it, all  in a planned  and systematic manner. It is not  lobbying, talking  about ourselves all the  time without  backing our talks with concrete  actions.  Public relations is not window dressing, vicious propaganda or lies, unnecessary details and shallow gimmicks, it does  not mean putting beautiful women  in the  front office, expecting them to perform public relations wonders with their smiles and charms.

Planned PR  is more effective than fire alarm  PR because, PR even plain a head for future crisis  of the unexpected  events. Before  we can say what public relations is, let us first  understand what  PR is not, it is  not the HOD, mass  common in  his chauffeneur  -driven TOYOTA  camry, it  is not  the smooth-talking  ladies in IMT offices  convincing a group  of interested  students  to pay their  development   fees,  and it is not  the  mini stir students  flaunting  her near- nakedness  at bulging  eye admirers   etc.

Therefore, what  is public relations ? According to British   Institute of public  Relations (1945) “public  relations  is deliberate, planed  and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understating  between an organization and its publics”

The tools of this public relations are publicity, press agenting, promotion, propaganda, exhibition, Luncheon, public   opinion, media relations, calendar, personal  communication, seminars, visits    to opinion leaders, notice boards, students  handbooks, radio, TV and public speaking etc.

It is clear  to everybody’s understanding the meaning of “secret” as clandestine but when it is placed  before another word “cult” there is  a breach of though before its meaning can be  correctly    interpreted. Cult  is system  of  worship.

Undoubtedly, IMT Enugu   is one of the tertiary institutions in Nigeria but in a doldrums  today because of cult activities  in the school. The school authority had confirmed that cultism  has now gone out  of control and the  cultism  are carrying out all sorts of  atrocities  with in purity all over the  institutions. The basic  conditions for sustained academic culture are no disrepute. In place of academic rigour and search for truth, strange, anti- social  cult and inglorious  fratermty have taken over IMT. Examination  malpractices, banditry and Sundry vices now stock IMT.

Some of the bogging questions are :-

1. Why cultism in IMT
2. What can be done to curb it.

Before attempting to  answer there  questions, it  is pertinent to sketch a historical  background on how cult was initiated in Nigerian  high  institutions.

The  idea of  campus confraternity  began  in 1953 when Prof. Wole Soyinka established   and registered the pyrite confraternity. The  idea started  with the formation  of the eagles. A campus magazine devoted to fighting   colonial  regression as  represented  by the Buy,  a  Journal  committed to  promoting ideals of white supremacy, a the dame time reducing the  grandeur of Africanism.

Thus souinka, Pius Olegbe, Raph Opara, Aiginnokhuede, Ofoghale Armata Oyelola and two others  came together with the establishment of pyrate confraternity which was registered at the university of Ibadan. The noble laureate wrote in a small threatise on the formation of pyrates and  said “one thing we agreed was that  there would not be  any room for colonial would not be any room for colonial mentality I the club. Thus, the  pyrate confraternity was born. We were going to  be  a sort of counter revolution against colonialism”.

The fist initiation took place behind Tedder Hall in 1953 at university of Ibadan, where soyinka  was chosen was  the captain. The  group had a symbol of mystery which was krola, a kind  of soft drink at the times mixed with beer.

The group was not really a secret cult. Soyinka further noted “most of the rites, ceremonies  and mysteries  surrounding the club  activities  were later-day innovation of future generation who identified with the ideals of the club at the time.”

In 1942 however, there were  minor skirmishes  with in the pyrates fold for ideological difference. The fight was between those who  embarked radical politics and others  who had ice-cream consciousness and also those who betrayed the ideology of the pyrates founding fathers, which they claimed should be substituted  with indent conduct   and abuse of the pyrates status on the campus.

Confrontation ensued, many pyrates were suspended . they formed the Buccaneer with the  sole aim of destroying pyrates legacy. Despite the skirmishes, the two groups maintained  a relatively peaceful co-existence and even carried out humanitarian  gestures. But, events  took a new shape around 1987 when pyrates pulled out of University campuses after a grandiose midnight  meeting at Nsukka, Enugu State.

Since then cultism in Nigerian tertiary institutions have changed to terrorism, many devilish  things has happened. Recently, some students of IMT were murdered in cold blood while other were killed   by rival cult members at their residence. Similar incidents like this had happened in other Nigerian tertiary institutions all over the country.

Worst still, female secret cults like Black Brassierre, Amazon and Daughters of Jezebel have emerged like a rash. The  female secret cult are as violent as their male counterparts.

Some of the names and headquarters of these secret cults are: the black bee and black cat at UNN, the buccaneers  at ESUT, the  sea dogs at UNEC, the Ogboni confraternity with headquarters at ESUT, the Ondo State University; the Red Dogs, the Mafia group with headquarters at UNIPORT, the Eckanka, the Mgba-mgba Brothers with headquarters  at UNIZIK,  the  Black Beret; the free Masory  Fraternity with headquarters  at UNICAL ;the Vikings  with  Headquarters  at UNIPORT; the  Amazon, the Daughters of  Jezebel  with headquarters at Edo State; Black Brassiere, Temple of Elders, Burkina Faso revolution, Trojan Horse, Beo- Black movement etc.

This  packaged programme will be communicated to the  people  of the IMT community whom the project is meant  for. Finally, evolution of the programme will be undertaken to know the success or otherwise of the programme and also to know if an alternative solution would be sort.

Some identifiable  causes of this cultism  in IMT are :-

1. Adolescent delinquency, in those days you had more matured students  who even  have  families   back home  but these days the reverse is the case.
2. The triple effect of cultism on the lagers society. Some of the parents, even lecturers of these students are themselves secret cult members, so their themselves secret cult members, so their children or students copied from them.

iii.       Also the  free time available   to these students of IMT  occasioned by the  inadequacies  in facilities  and equipment are equally responsible.

1. Other reasons why some of IMT students  may join secret cults are  for reasons of self protection and security. Some are even lured by friends  to join and some are forced into cults.

Finally, the management will be informed and encouraged  to establish  a functional library for gainful engagement of the  students in full-scale academic work hence no time for cult activates.

1.2   STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The  basic condition for sustained  academic culture has been eroded in IMT. The  institution had fallen into disrepute and the   product of  the institution are no more  what  they used to be. Cult activates are seriously affecting all academic  activities. Sometimes , students are attacked  in hostiles, classrooms, bus stops  etc. day- light and gang raping becomes the order of the day ; killing of students by members of cult is no longer  news, therefore the need to eradicate this problem in IMT through public relations communication becomes imperative.

Public  relations  as problems solving  communication  is expected  to create the necessary enlightenment  of the students  of  IMT and awaken them to  what  is needed of them in an academic community like IMT, especially  now that various levels of government and the general overhaul  of all Nigerian tertiary  institutions.  During  the  ministerial  nominee on June 2003, in the senate floar,  some of  the screening questions  bordered on the  economy, education, general  decay in the educational system and cultism.

In order  to  tackle this problem successfully, both the  students  and the general public of IMT and event the government  should take the challenge upon themselves  and give  the  IMT management an unalloyed  support for  the cutraliscation of the laudable  programme. No doubt  if this programme is well packaged and implemented the problem of cultism in IMT will come to pass.

 

 

Problem of this study include the following :-

1. None information of the IMT publics about the  problems and dangers posed by cultism  in IMT.
2. Inadequate mobilization and encouragement of the students to support the crusade against  secret cults.

iii      Inadequate  policies  and programmes  of IMT management to the students against cultism  in IMT, Enugu.

1. No programmes that will help students to resist  any persuasion from friends  to join secret cults.

 

1.3   OBJECTIVES OF  THE STUDY

The  Objectives of this study include the following:-

1. To find out the extent of  non-information on cultism and its dangers to IMT students .
2. To ascertain the extent of adequacy of   mobilization and encouragement of the student to support the crusade against cultism.
3. To examine the adequacy of policies and programme of IMT management on cultism to the students.
4. To find out if there were laws that will help students resist joining secret cults.

1.4   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The relevance of this study cannot be over-emphasized in that, the research  will help to excavate the evolution and the remote causes of this problem and proffer an enduring solutions to it in IMT in particular  and the whole nation at large.

This study is equally significant  because it will awaken the IMT management and other  educational institutions of the importance of public relations  as an effective and  wonderful tool for solving any institutional  problems of whatever ramifications.

The study is equally significant  because it will make one know the  modus  operandi of these secret cults nationwide. Also  their names and headquarters are equally covered  by this study.

The study is significant  because it will show when public and private Organizations acknowledge  the importance of PR in business.  And finally, it will clear areas people do have misconception about public relations and also touch and highlight  what public relations  is not.

1.5   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

To guide thus study, the following research questions were formulated.

1. To what extent is  cultism detrimental  to humanity ?
2. What efforts are the Nigerian Government making towards eradication of cultism ?
3. What rules and regulations of the country prohibits  secret cults?
4. Where and who initiated cultism, or in other words from where does cultism originated from?

 

1.6   RESEARCH  HYPOTHESIS

H1    Public relations  is the basic tool for eradication of cultism in Nigeria.

H0    Public relations is not the basic tool for  eradication  of cultism  in Nigeria.

H2    Cultists  mode of operations need to be evaluated.

H0    Cultists mode of operations  need not  to be evaluated.

H3    Adequate researchers are the most essential instrument for  serious investigation.

H0    Adequate researches  are not the most essential instrument for serious investigation.

H4    Eradication  of cultism  favours schools

H0    Eradication  of cultism do not favour schools.

 

1.7   DEFINITION OF TERMS

PUBLIC

CONCEPUTAL :- Every member of the society, state and event the country that the  institution is  situated in.

OPERATIONAL :- The internal and external  publics of IMT internal publics  are  students, staff  and employers while the external publics are the community neighbours, government, groups or agencies other people the institution’s  activities affect their institutions.

PUBLIC RELATIONS

Conceptual :- Public  conduct  of the  affairs of an establishment  a it  partials to the organizations  image towards  public opinion or views.

Operational :-The activities  or operations of IMT geared towards  resolving  issues and maintaining   cordial  relationship with the publics.

Tool

Conceptual:- Mental  instrument   held in the hand and used for making or  repairing something it is equally means anything that  helps one to do one’s job research tool like questionnaires.

Operational :-Strategies, avenues, techniques  employed or adopted by schools and government to eliminate the activities of the cultists in higher schools with particular reference to IMT, Enugu.

Eradication

CONCEPTUAL :-To destroy something completely to put  an end to something .

Operational :-The fight, struggle   to  eliminate secret cults  from higher institutions  with reference to IMT, Enugu. It is equally a crusade or campaign against cultism

Cultism

CONCEPTUAL:- Means  or system of religious  worship, especially one that is expressed in rituals, the mysterious  cults of these ancient people.

OPERATIONAL : it is  a negative, unprogressive unfriendly, in human and barbaric  way  of life that are motivated by bad peer  groups  and timely youthful exuberance existing on our higher institutions with  a particular  reference to IMT, Enugu. It is  campus confraternity  which has nowadays become so common and equally terrorism in our higher institutions .

TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS

Conceptual : An educational college set up for the  promotion  of academic research and dissemination of advanced learning the award and  conferment of degrees.

Operational :- Educational set up such as institute  of Management   and Technology, Enugu.

1.8   ASSUMPTIONS

1. It is assumed that public relations is the only effective tool for eradication of  cultism in  Nigerian tertiary institutions.
2. It is also assumed  that  public  relations  practitioners have  enormous  role to play towards eradication of cultism.
3. That the public relations programmes of the institution  would convey at any point  in time the stand of the institution  on any controversial  issue or matter as long as the system of planning and implementation is in conformity with the established  procedure for future  programmes . Goals of  the institute.

1.9   LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Although this study has accomplished  the purpose which  it  set out to achieve  one of the very limitation is that  the validity of the results or findings is depended on the honesty of the respondents  in providing  the needed information.

One of the major problems was that of lack  of time to carry out the  research extensively. Another one, as you expect, is finance, this led to the limiting  of the scope.

Cognizance  was also taken to the fact that  the academic calendar was o short and my academic work load was enormous. All these  reasons and  the  ones which I did not mention contributed to the  limitation of this study.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
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MASS MEDIA AND COVERAGE OF HEALTH AWARENESS SYSTEM IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF NTA ENUGU AND HEALTH CARE MAGAZINE)

ABSTRACT

 

There is a general feeling that rural urban health programme cannot be engineered by Mass media.  But thanks for media pluralson.  This term which refers to an increase in the number and variety of media structures and organizations has improved the variety of functions to which the media put in the society.

The aim of this study is to access the extent at which mass media propagates health messages in the society to minimize death and ensure better health condition.

In order to arrive at an objective conclusion, of the mass media and the coverage of health awareness system, I gave units on what health is all about and its relationship with mass media in the introductory chapter.  In the literature review, I expressed the related review on the topic, which made me to understand that there would hardly be an absolve health improvement with out the motivation, sensitization, education and information function of mass media, in analysis from the respondent, it was fanned that “Health” is essentials in every society and must be followed up to ensure that members of the society is relieved from its treats.  More so, I observed that mass media plays an indomitable role in controlling diseases.  This is to say that through the involvement of the mass media in controlling disease, the society also has been more sensitized.  However, the methodology that we used by the researchers was the simple survey method because of  its ability to generate quantifiable data coupled with its being realistic method of extracting information from the people their feelings and opinions on the phenomenon which this study needed some at involves attitudes.

Actually the mass media played a unique role in combating the dispersal of communicable and non-communicable diseases, the researchers still recommend that the role hold more benefits:

The mass media:

Regularly conduct and provided to its specific audient with useful

information.

properly conduct and well organize more of health programmes to

depict its purpose.

Finally, put on their whole armor fasten their girdle and be ready to

take greater responsibility, challenges and demands, which would

enable them attain the heights required from the spread of diseases

and encouraging health development programmes.

Nevertheless

mass media has entered in to its development stage and it is non-

stopping since the masses rely adversely on media to shape their

behaviour and belief toward certain health condition.

Nonetheless, it is better to prevent disease penetration in the society

than to campaign for the cume.  Mass media is out for all purpose.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of research problem
• Objective of the study
• Significance of the study
• Research question
• Research hypothesis
• Assumption
• Limitation of study

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• Sources of literature
• The review
• Summary of literature review

References

 

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

• Research method
• Research design
• Research sample
• Measuring instrument
• Data collection
• Data analysis
• Expected results

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT

• Data analysis
• Results
• Discussion

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDY

• Summary
• Recommendations for further study

Bibliography

Appendix

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

Health is the most essential inquedient of life, deny man of that, he remains impotent in life.  Pegte do not value their good state of health until they have experience one form of sickness or another.

However, as it is being said that health is wealth, issues of health has overwhelmed our daily comments since revolution of science.  According to records, sickness of various kinds has endangering the life of various citizens of Nigeria before, during and after the reign of colonial masters.  Even at present, people of Nigeria among other developing countries still his and sign our the detriment of sickness especially communication diseases like syphilis and AIDS, etc.

On the other hand, communication system during the era was at its least functional stage that people of the third world countries rely on local.  Communication for their exchange of ideas.  The use of graphic representation does not have powerful effect on people.  The use of metal and wooden gong gun shots and smokes do not impact much information to people and some new they are selective in nature and health messages  are retarded.

Communication came and persisted in its function to entrance philosophers and seventieths quest to standardize the health welfare of people.  Communication nature and modernized people of the third world and make them embrace changes in their health environment.  One would day that since the advent of modern communication system, health issue has embraced a new and prosperous era in the society.

Nevertheless, white men came to relief Africa from the torture terrified diseases with the aid of modern drug and communication function to educate, inform and enculturation the people on the novel medicare.  Since then the policy of health has being a dynamic ongoing process less academia’s would ask a million question on the immunization programmes since sickness has been pervasive, government, non-governmental organizations (NHO) and individuals are to fight it to a stop though the media.

 

 

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

What is responsible for human death because a centroclinal issue.  Considering the logerity of plants, early philosophers get worried on the quick passing away of animal.  At a time they referred death as a “cheat on nature that come whenever it nill” – William shakes peare, as well as mystic transformation of human life philosophers in Egypt and Melia worked towards the mystery of presenting life with roots and herbs.  As a result of this, records have Egypt as the firs place on earth to introduce medicine, which has perpetuated throughout the universe.

However, since Emerged in enthusiasm to discover and subdue human problems.  It is true that science is a discipline that is anchored in the pursuit of wisdom and knowledge in the ability to question the nature of being and critical investigation of causes and effect.

Between 1500 – 1800, there was radical scienctific renolution.  The rush and determination to discover science by man arise as a result of conflict noticed between different beliefs and attempts by man to achieve an improved environmental status.  Economic necessity and the need to wipe out ignorance, improve health conditions and the craze for knowledge propelled the growth of science through historic perspectives.

Subsequently, the invention of penicillin championed the discoverers in exploration of health: Amtione Laurent Laviisier 91743 – 1794), the French chemist made uncamtable steps in the use of chemical in the production of health prevention and curing tablets during his time.

Besides, in 1960’s and 70’s Nigerian due to the in ignorance on health issues were tortured by the epidemic of child diseases especially in early 70’s and late 60’s.  Also epidemic sexual transmitted diseases like Gonorrhea peppered the youths, married men and women.  During the period over 20,000 citizens especially the children between one to tem years lost their lives.  This is because people in the rural areas dwell more on roots and herbs with little or no precautions.  These threaten the health of the nation and then pushed the country for campaign and may be relieved in these predicaments.

Furthermore, Acquired immune Deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a recent recognized disease throughout the world.  1^st is called by infection with the Thuman Immune Defficiency Virus (HIV) which attack selected cells in the immue system and produces defects in function.

AIDS cases were first reported in 1981 in USA. Because it was common among homo-sexual then it was originally termed “Gay related immene deficiency disease” but in defense to Gay activism, the medical community renamed.  It the Acquired immure deficiency syndrome (AIDS) This was more be as it was soon discovered that intravenous drug users, IVOUS, hemophiliac and recipients of blood transfusion were ecognized as being at increased risk of the disease as well.  The mass media, which compares channels of mass communication, has been empowered by recent technological innovations to disseminate relevant information on the hazard of this endless sickness.  Such sickness like messles, tetanus and whooping cough has reduced its victimization to the members of the society in the recent days.

Consequently the benefits of immunization programme cannot be over emphasized.  At present children youths, and even people of age are relieved from contaminating diseases.  Media participation since the initiation of modern means of communication in the 14^th century by cyutembeng is tremendous.  Bringing it closer to our geographic scope, many health campaign activities has been prosperous to prevent or minimize health problems.  The Ebonyi leprosy on guimea worm, Orji River – River blindness, malaria and typhoid campaigns as practically endowed in the health awareness system which I will see in the subsequent chapters.

 

• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH QUESTION

The mass media as we know are grouped under print or broadcast.  In a simple way, mass media include Radio, television, newspaper, magazines, billboards, music, books, journals, home video and publicity.  On the other hand, the mass media function include surveillance on information, education, entertainment, mebilization, advertising and marketing etc.

However, these in its functions encourage the impacting or information and reaction by the audience which cannot be over-emphasized especially in a developing countries like Nigeria and others.  It is not doubtful any longer, that mass media properly operated work together with its function to the society facilitate social changes which includes the controlling and prevention of that ravages human health beyond repair Obviously, Nigerian mass media have a long and distinguished history of using can medication to

Mobilize popcorn the cause of sexual transmitted diseases AIDS.

The benefits of effective and intensive breast feeding

Encourage the support of immunization programme to enhance better health programmes.  Give people the information they need to protect them selves from infection associated with communicable disease or sexually transmitted disease.  Impact fear in people on the danger of not being health conscious.

The question is to how extent has media caryat these functions.

This study therefore is tailored to resolve of these conflicting issues and consequently, contribute to debase about the role of the Nigerian mass media in the health awareness system.

Moreover, we shall partly examine some institutional and factors which influence the mass media in Nigeria.  We shall at the time of analysis reveal, mass media that participated in the content of diseases in Nigeria especially socially transmitted diseases (STD).

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study is to estimate the extent of mass media coverage on health system awareness system in Nigeria.

Also, it is to analyze their performance, in effective, in other words the most likely way they have improved in the speedy; efficient, effective and qualitative method of health awareness.

Thirdly; as pioneer – investigators accepted popular impression of the mass media as capable of being employed to inform, educate, alert as well as used to encourage people to move away from absence behaviours capable of exposing one to HIV infection far a more sanitized and health environment.

It also includes to ascertain the relationship between health institutions and the media houses as it concerns elastic health awareness to the public.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The relevance of this study is to strengthen the strategic thinking and programmes of development to scrutinize how the Nigerian mass media towards health awareness system along side various element on national health programmes are being designed; implemented and monitored.  These will equally embrace the strategies at health information.

It is hoped that this study will give an insight into the effectiveness of the mass media and other channels of communication as to whether information sent through the mass media” can and does make a difference in promoting change” as it concerns health.  Another reason for this is to evaluate the effectiveness of public campaign though the mass media.  For instance, immunization campaign, its need and how convincing messages are to the members of the society.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTION

We are most desired to satisfy hypothetical and imaginary questions concerning the issue of mass media and involvement in health awareness.  This is to guide our research principles so as to come up with a dependable conclusion.  The following will remain satisfied in our work.

1. Is health necessary in human life ?
2. Are diseases really a genuine threat to people?
3. Do health in any way effect the nations economy?
4. is the any need of fight sickness to a stop?
5. Should the mass media be partner or collaborators with government and health ministry in saving our nation from the grips of disease?
6. Is there any need to assess media participation in disease control?
7. How committed is media on health messages?
8. Does mass media health campaign have powerful effect on citizen?
9. Are all health campaign carried by media paid for as advert?
10. Do mass media voluntarily carryout health message messages as a service to the society?
11. Do all media participate in health campaign?
12. To what extent has media helped in health awareness?
13. Of what significant in NTA Enugu and health care magazine in health mobilization?
14. Are all health campaign carried by media paid for as advert?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

HI:    Members of the society have the time to get mass media campaigns on health awareness.

HO:  Members of the society do not have time to get mass media campaign on health awareness.

H2:   The society are influenced by the mass media campagn on health issues.

HO:  The society is not influenced by the media on health awareness issues.

H3;   Parents testraint their children against sexual transmitted diseases because of media campaign.

HO:  Parents do not restraint their children against sexually transmitted diseases because of media campaign.

H4:   Nursing mothers have improved in their response to immunization programmes.

HO:  Nursing mothers have no improve in their response to immunization programmes.

 

• ASSUMPTION

It is assumed that, majority of the populace though has been threatened by one sickness or another have not actually adhere to instructions and warning for health victimization.  The implication of health hazards to individuals life and the society in general, considering the destructive inde it poises to plunge on our merest future with its promise and aspiration need a re-addressing to improve the living standard.  Equally, we assume that the mass media is not versatile in health campaign unless it is a pad announcement, that mass media messages on health do not create a powerful effect on the public.

• LIMITATION OF STUDY

This work is expected to evaluate the health coverage system in Nigeria by the mass media, but we would not in all expectation claim hundred percent (100%) success, due to problems that cropped during our research.  However, the study as to a reasonable extent affected by unavailability of human resources, in credible return of our shared questionnaire, which jeopardize our exploration on some necessary aspect of the topic.

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PUBLIC RELATION AS A TOOL FOR INDUSTRIAL HARMONY

(A CASE STUDY OF THE NIGERIAN POLICE ENUGU)

ABSTRACT

This study is necessitated by incessant complaints about the police, their shortcomings in combating crime, protection of life and property of the people.  It is policing, extortion of the public by the police, brutality in the force, poor educational background and courtesy among members of the Nigeria police.  Civilians quest to know how the Police Public Relations Department (PPRD) handle these internal and external problem through their cordial relationship with the press promoted this research.  These and more are researched and presented in this study.

CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of problem
• The purpose of the study
• Scope of the study
• Research question
• Hypothesis
• Significance of the study

 

CHAPTER TWO:

LITERATURE REVIEW

• What is public relations
• Public relations activities
• What public relations is not
• What calls for public relations
• Skills of the practitioners
• Communication as a tool for industrial relations
• Effects of communication in industrial relations
• Why public relations in police
• Channels of police communication
• Crisis management in the Nigeria Police
• Police – press relations
• Society without police
• Summary

 

CHAPTER THREE:

METHODOLOGY

• Research design
• Area of study
• Population of the study
• Sample and sampling procedure
• Instrument for data collected
• Validation of instrument
• Reliability of the instruments
• Method of data collection
• Method of data analysis

 

CHAPTER FOUR:

DATA PRESENTATION AND RESULTS

 

CHAPTER FIVE:

DISCUSSION, IMPLICATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• Discussion of results
• Conclusion
• Implication of the results
• Recommendations
• Suggestions for further study
• Limitation of the study

Reference

Appendices

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Webster’s Dictionary defines public relations as the promotion of rapport and goodwill between a person, firm, or institution and other persons, special publics, or the community at large through the distribution of interpretative material, the development of neighbouring interchange, and the assessment of public reaction.  The police rely upon the general public reaction.  The police rely upon the general public for a minimum of level of support or non-interference to accomplish their mission.  Public information is perhaps the most routines activity in which the police, and most other organizations engage.  It is a strongly held value in our culture that the informed and educated citizens are the best participants in democratic government.

 

Alienation exists between the police and society, and attempts have been made to bridge the gap between the police and the citizens.  One often hears police officers say that the community does not understand the role of the police.  But why does this misunderstanding exist?  Some commentators blame police; they argue that the police themselves fail to understand the police role, and how they relate with the community.

In the past, the police considered themselves as pure ministerial officers, enforcing the law evenly and without the use of discretion.  Modern concepts of police administration recognize that discretion is an important part of the police role, yet the historical view point that the police must be impartial in the enforcement of the law still carries the most weight.  As a result, the police officer himself, is confused about his exact role.  This confusion alienates him from the citizenry because he cannot explain why he believes he should enforce the law impartially when, in actuality, he is practicing discretionary enforcement.

The police public relations office (PPRO) must be skilled in POSDCORB which means planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting.  He does these effectively with the cooperation and supervision of the state commissioner of police deputy commissioner of police, assistant commissioners of police, officer the media radio, and television, magazine and newspaper organizations.  The use of press by police public relations officer will enhance good relationship between the public and the Nigeria police in Enugu.

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Before the independence of Nigeria in 1960, public relations practice was not popular because only a few Nigerians know what it was.  Economics, social and political awareness, programme and activities increased the knowledge of public relations society of America and the institute of public relations were formed.

In Nigeria, public relations were introduced on 1^st January, 1944 with the establishment of the first ever public relations office in the country though it was not popular.  Even then, public relations office was embarrassingly linked with propaganda for want of better term in one form or another.  The lack of adequate knowledge of public relations as a career and the absence of public relation programmes for understanding its practice hindered many Nigerian organizations until recently, when the Federal Republic of Nigeria promulgated Decree N0. 16 of  June, 1990, establishing and upholding the practice of public relations in Nigeria.

The origin of the police is a product of social crisis in the society.  The word police is derived from the Greek word “polis” meaning that part of non ecclesiastical administration having to do with the safety, health and order of the state.  Policing and police work did not start as a paid profession.  It started as a noble, incorruptible and distinction.  It was the justices of the peace system, which corrupted the parish constable system.

The 1960 constitution established the Nigeria police force as a federal force charged with the responsibility for maintenance of law and order throughout Nigeria.  However, the constitution did not prevent the regions from establishing their own local police force.  The command of the Nigeria police force was under the inspector General of Police (IGP) while those of the regions were under the command of commissioners of police.  Recently, the Nigeria Police Force (NPF) dropped the force in its name and now answers the Nigeria police.  Do not be surprised to read the Nigeria police in place of the Nigeria police force.

The Nigeria police is grouped into departments A-F.  ‘A’ department takes care of administration, personnel promotion, and dismissal, transfer and posting, medical budgeting, pay and accounts, public relations and printing etc. ‘B’ department of ‘F’ have their own respective duties, our major concern is ‘A’ department where public relations belongs or categorized.

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The study and practice of public relations today in the country is at best problematic and our academic institutions have recently acquired the part of being conflict hot-beds.  Experts and lay readers have interpreted, conceived and perceived these conflicts in various ways.  Public relations practice has often been the misconstrued or at best understood in the defect.

If the citizens do not trust the police, will not talk to them.  They will avoid police contact.  Therefore, if distrust causes avoidance and failure to communicate, the implications for the police organisation are really very dramatic citizens will not report crime, they will not give statements to officers who are investigating crimes, and they will not testify in court.  The result is inefficient and unsafe for the community.

If the police organization views the community it has sworn to protect as a dangerous place full of people who are criminate and who are hostile to them, it is to be expected that the police will react in a negative way they will not feel free to communicate with the community.  The police will be carefully guided when they have contact with the citizens they are expected to be protecting.  As a result, the police themselves will contribute in widening the gap between the police and the community because their belief system will be reinforced by negative community contacts.  Eventually the police will become afraid of and hostile to the very people they are supposed to be protecting and serving.

 

This study will look into the internal and external problems facing the Nigeria police and how police public relations officer has succeeded or failed in resolving the problem such as:

1. General welfare of the police
2. Crime prevention and brutality by the police
3. How cordial police – press relationship is
4. How police manage crowd and crisis in Enugu

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The police is criticized, abused and made caricature of by the police it is policing in terms of life and property.  The public ridicule is exaggerated because they do not know the principles guiding the police and as well, hoodlums will not like their evil deeds exposed, thereby hunting the police.

This study is aimed at exposing and proffering solutions on problems policemen face in caring out their legitimate duties, which be order on remunerations, promotion, accommodation staff training, equipment, transportation, poor communication etc.  This is one way or the other hinder the effective performance of police duties.

Also, the problems that bother on police and public relations in respect of armed-robbery kidnapping, rape, homicides or murder, stealing, etc are addressed.  Other factors that affect or hinder detailed investigation at the police stations and state CID are not over-looked.

Moreover, research into this course will enable the public to be conscious of their environment, report crime to the police as they will be educated, sensitized, entertained and at the end, the society will be reformed.  The media play a standard role in doing this.  The mode of managing crisis in the police is also featured.

 

 

• SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The area this study cover are problems facing the Nigeria police like poor welfare, communication, accommodation, and how they relate with the general public – the press, innocent citizens deviants and criminals in Enugu State.  Though, we know that the Nigerian police has a federal character and its study should not be myopic but there was no time for me to include other states in my study because that will be very vast and the general study can complicate my report within the limited time given for this research.

Public relations job in the Nigeria police in Enugu State is entirely the duty of Police Public Relation Officer (PPRO) located at the police station headquarters, Enugu at the state secretariat.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The purpose of this research is to answer the under listed research questions that bother both the police and civilians in the state.

1. To what extent does the poor living condition and welfare of the police affect their performance?
2. To what extent does police brutality and extortion damage its image to the public?
3. How cordial is the relationship between the police and the press?
4. To what extent do the Nigeria police effectively handle crowd and crisis management?

 

• HYPOTHESIS

Based on the research conducted, the following assumptions were formed thus:

H0₁:   There is no significant difference (P < 0.5) between the responses of

senior and junior staff of the Nigerian police concerning the poor welfare of the staff.

H0₂:   There is no significant difference (P < 0.5) between the junior and senior

staff of the Nigerian police as to the damage of their image over brutality and corruption.

H0₃:   No significant difference exist between the senior staff and junior staff

(P < 0.5) of the Nigeria police over cordial relationship between the press and the police.

H0₄:   There is no significant difference (P < 0.5) between the senior staff and

junior staff of the Nigerian police concerning effective crowd/crisis management in Enugu State.

 

• THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

A review of the police public relations in Enugu would to a large extent leave the organisation within the safety zone, since public relations create an understanding through effective communication between the organisation, its officers and the public.  The study will help the management to resolve crisis through maintaining effective public relations.  Officers in the Nigeria police will benefit in this study because when the police public relations officer adhere to the recommendations in this research, their conditions of living and service will improve thereby reducing bribery, corruption and extortion of twenty naira (N20.00) on the road.

Other beneficiaries are the public and the press.  The masses will understand how hard the police are working and cooperate with them in combating crime instead of corrupting them with money and other incentives.  The journalists will use their media in sensitizing, educating and mobilizing the public towards police efforts to police them effectively.

The government will through this research findings understand the plights facing the Nigeria police and enhance their living and working conditions.

If these observations are taken into consideration, the image, reputation, respect, trust and dignity of the police will be restored, making it possible and easy for future researchers to do so and do it better.

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HOW EXISTING LAWS AND ETHICS IN NIGERIA AFFECTS THE OPERATIONS OF THE JOURNALIST

ABSTRACT

The thrust of this research project is to determine how existing laws and ethics in Nigeria affects the operations of the journalists. This is the goal of this study hence it is apthy titled.

The reason behind this was the realization of laws and ethics as essentials of journalism, but repressive laws and non-adherence to the ethics of the profession are cost in the wheil of achieving responsible and viable  journalism practice.

This work is divided into five chapters. Chapter one focused on the background of study and fundamental frameworks for arriving at a valid and reliable scientific inquiring.

Chapter two dealt with literature review the purpose to glean from releant literature in order to place the study within the perspective of accumulated scholarly and  intellectual knowledge.

Chapter three covered the research methodology that guided the study.

Chapter four encompasses the presentation of relevant data and analysis. Four hypothesis were tested using chi-square goodness of fat test.

The four hypothesis formulated and test received empirical and statistical support. The validation of the hypothesis is an indicator or dissatisfaction of existing laws in the country by journalists and appreciations of ethics as desirable self control mechanism.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                          II

Approval page                                                    III

Dedication                                                         IV

Acknowledgement                                              V

Abstract                                                             VI

Table of contents                                                        VIII

CHAPTER ONE –

INTRODUCTION

• Background of study 1
• Statement of research problem 1
• Objectives of study 5
• Significance of study 5
• Research questions 6
• Hypothesis 7
• Conceptual and operational definition of terms9
• Assumption 15
• Limitation of the study 15

CHAPTER TWO= LITERATURE REVIEW

• sources of literature 17
• the review 17
• the summary of literature review 35

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

• research method 38
• research design 39
• research sample 39
• measuring instrument 40
• data collection 41
• data analysis and interpretation 42
• expected results 43

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS

• analysis of data 44
• presentation of results
• discussion of findings 52

CHAPTER FIVE, SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

• SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 53
• RECOMMENDATION 54

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                           57

APPENDIX                                                 59

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The Nigerian press started with the establishment of Iwe Irohim in Abeokuta by Reverend Henry Townsend in 1859. during that period, other pioneers who followed the foot steps of Townsend were dexendarits of freed slaves from sierraleon who had settled in Lagos. They contributed greatly to the Nigerian press. Since they operated under the colonial government, it was natural that their newspaper became vehicles for purchasing independence and liberalization in the governance of the country.

According to Onu (1979), the press during colonial rule attacked many policies and personalities in the government. As media criticisms mounted, measures to and the assumed press excesses became inevitable. In other words, the history of the Nigerian press law shows that the laws were not really there when the press first started. The first known law came into existence in 1903. this was the newspaper ordinance No. 10 of 1903, which contained provisions for regulating the publications news paper in what was the northern Nigeria, as there was practically no circulation in northern Nigeria at that time. But with the passage of time, the press in Nigeria has passed through various governments; colonial, military and civilian. And t he governments have always enacted come regulations laws and decrees to guide against what is termed the excesses of the press. The press all over the world is regards as powerful instrument for social change. Governments across the globe dread them. They can bring leaders and can as well be a powerful resource for leaders. Right from the colonial period till date, the controversy surrounding the power and the effects of media is not  abating. Uwnah (1991) made the following evaluations of the Nigeria press from the colonial era to the present.

1. The press in colonial Nigeria ………. Was powerful as they fought for civil rights and liberties for Nigerians. The press also apitated for equal employment opportunities and political independence.
2. The press during independence …….. Nigeria was pre-occuped with the enhancement of regional autonomies the promotion of the sectional independence, tribal and individual interests. These selfish goals severely affected the success and performance of the independent press.
3. The press during t he civil was………was propargandist, partisan and subjective.
4. The press in Gowon, Murtala/obasanjo regimes…… was characterized by press psychophancy and recklessness.
5. The press in the second republic was …..highly political partisan, press psychophancy was so pervasive that objectively, truthfulness, fair comments and criticisms were relegated to the background….. press partisanship and psycholphancy contributed to economic, social, moral and political decadence of Nigeria.

The foregoing clearly defines the overwhelming need for journalists to exhibit the highest professional standards in Nigerian journalism Bel-Molokwu et al (1990) supports this thesis thus; “ It behaves all mass  communication, more so, the fledglins of the field, to try to understand, even if superficially, what standards are expected of them not only by their colleagues and employers, but by the society at large. Though on professionalism in mass communication dates back to the earliest days of journal writers and even the early philosophers  pontifed at length about what type of conduct, what compartment, what moral standards, what ethical streams should guide the writers and what societal stance should behave the journalists”. From a historical perspective, Amataokwu (1989) wrote, “ awareness of the constraints which the rejectable history has put on mature and open minded press would persuade the journalist to see the need to rise above the fanlty instructions of historical establishment  of a press that is divided by sectional considerations, and move towards a nation-oriented press”.

In journalism, the ethics and laws that are there to achieve self regulation are as old as the journalism profession itself. So the pivotal aim is to determine the extent to which these laws and ethics impinge on the practice of journalism profession.

1.3    OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

1. To find out how ethics and laws affect the practice of journalism in the country.
2. To see if it is possible to find a middle-ground so that the government and the press will see each other as partners in progress.

iii.     To determine the extent to which the ethical standard are necessary inspite of numerous press laws, for the practice of journalism.

• SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The study is significant in the following ways:

1. It will be of great benefit to journalist to academics and to other mass communication professionals.
2. It will shed light on areas of government pres conflicts with a view of finding an equitable co-existence.

iii.     the study will contribute towards building an independent, objective and socially responsible press, by highlighting constraints to press freedom and advocating measures to bring about that.

• RESEARACH QUESTIONS

The pertinent questions this study will address are:

1. Why is it that successive governments in Nigeria have always attempted to muzzle the press?
2. What are the effects of press laws on media contents?

• Are Nigerian governments faithful to the ethics of their profession?

1. Are ethical standards necessary for the practice of journalism Inspite of numerous press laws?
2. Why do government go beyond using press laws to employ extra- judicial powers in dealing with press?
   • HYPOTHESIS

NOTE; H₁ => positive hypothesis

H₀ => Negative/Null hypothesis

H_i existing laws have turned the press into mere megaphones of the government

H₀ existing laws have not turned the press into mere megaphones of the government

H₁ Ethics helps to regulate and sunitize.

According to Okunna (1995), the concept of ethics has a very long history dating back perhaps to the beginning of human existence. Philosophers believe that the concept of moral, must have existed in more or less unreflective forum, from the time of living in group by human beings initially.

In all t he countries of the world that have media organizations, regulatory bodies are in existence to help in regulating and overlooking the conduct of these organistions.

This body is known in Nigeria as the Nigeria mass media commission.

Ethics is concerned mainly with the values of human conduct set by journalists actions in determining what is “right” or “wrong”, “good” or “bad”.

These ethical standards set by men and laws tend to put journalists under pressure. Ethics unlike laws only have the force of moral suasion. Evidence and abound of violations by the journalists. Like every situation concerning human institutions, there is no perfect situation. Ethics are ideas that appeal to reason and conscience.

The effects of these laws and ethics on journalism professional practice is what the researcher  tends to find out, so that at the end, the society will know if the press is trying to live up to it’s expectation or if their investigative powers is muzzled by the government they set out to serve.

• STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

There are so many definitions of ethics and laws. Some say ethics also define laws as rules made by the government itself. Going by these definitions, you will notice that journalists have lots of regulation around them in order to achieve ends that are not against those regulations.  The result is that the press is no longer disposed to give in-depth account of events to the people neither can it comment objectively on certain important national issues. Most of what we have in our nation today are mere praise songs of the government and it’s officials, and if the press tries to do otherwise, journalism as a professional practice will be jeopardized of a community: rule of conduct or actions prescribed or formality recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority.

Operational: The number of binding rules enforceable in the law courts that impinge on the practice of journalism in Nigeria.

5. REGULATION

conceptual; Rules and principles prescribed for conduct.

Operational :The number of laws and guiding principles that affect the operations of the press in Nigeria.

6. SANITATION

conceptual: An acceptable situation devoid of unpleasant and undesired features.

Operational: The degree to which journalism ethics foster pleasant atmosphere for practicing journalism in Nigeria.

7. HAMPER;

conceptual: To restrict the movement of bends or obstacles, impede, to interfere with the operation of disrupt.

Operational: The number of restrictive laws that disrupts the operational of Nigerian newspapers and magazines

8. EXTRA-JUDICIAL POWERS

conceptual : The ability to actor produce effect in contravention of due process of law.

Operational : the degree of arrest and detention of journalists without nial, science of newspapers and magazines by security agents and other violations of fundamental human and legal right  of journalisms practice in Nigeria.

9      ETHICAL STANDARDS

conceptual: Established customs or general consent as a model or example accepted by a professional group as a basis of conduct.

Operational: The level of conformity to the accepted professional standards

of conduct by Nigeria journalists.

10. PRESS LAWS

conceptual: Rules of conduct or action affecting the gathering and publishing or broadcasting of news prescribed or formality recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority.

Operational: The number of laws the practice of journalism in the country.

H₀ Ethics do not help to regulate and sanitize the practice of journalism in the country

H_i Existing laws in the country tend to hamper journalism practice.

H₀ Existing laws in the country do not tend to hamper journalism in the country.

H_i It is expedient for government to employ extra-judicial powers than resort to laws courts in dealing with the press.

H₀ It is not expedient for government to employ extra-judicial powers than to resort to laws courts, in dealing with the press.

H₁ Successive governments attempt at muzzling the press is in order to maintain legitimacy and remain in power.

• CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF TERMS;

1. ETHICS

conceptual: Ethics are all these rules and guidelines which are designed to regulate the actors of human beings as they make moral decisions.

Operational: The number of rules as guidelines which are designed to regulate the actions of journalists in Nigeria in making “right” or” wrong” Moral decision.

2. JOURNALISM PRACTICE

conceptual: The continous exercise of collecting and editing of news for representations in Nigeria.

Operational: The work of collecting, writing and publishing material in newspapers and magazines or on television and radio.

 

3. GOVERNMENT MEGAPHONES

conceptual:  Newspapers and magazines are used as devices to project and intensity the organization, machinery or agency through which political unit exercises authority and performs functions

operational: The extent to which newspapers and magazines in Nigeria serve as devices for projecting and intensifying the voices, views and positions of political office holders and political institutions in control and authority in Nigeria.

4. LAWS

conceptual: Binding customs or practices specifically designed to regulate the practices and gathering polishing of news in Nigeria

11. FAITHFULNESS

conceptual: Firm in adherence to promises or observance of duty.

Operational The degree to which Nigerian journalists adhere to or observe the guiding reveals of conduct in their profession.

12. MUZZLING:-

conceptual: Something (as censor stop) that restrains normal expression.

Operational: The member of laws and extra judicial actions established and undertaken respectively by a particular government in Nigeria to restrain normal function of the press.

13. MEDIA CONTENTS

conceptual: The topic or matters treated in the agencies of mass communication.

Operational: The member and frequency of news published that one artics of a particular government in Nigeria.

• ASSUMPTION

1. It is assumed that the existing law and Ethics in Nigeria affect the operations of the journalist.
2. It is a assumed that every journalist will safe guard the freedom, the press.
3. It is also assumed that the journalise will be free from any obligation that may affect his or her ability to repose the ones objective.

1.9    LIMITATIONS

this study aims at assessing the influence of ethics and press laws on journalism practice, in other words, we cannot but depend on the truthfulness of the respondents as this is a common problem with study that we use question have as measuring instrument. More so, due to problem of  time, physical energy finance and other constraints, the study will be limited to journalists in Enugu metropolis.

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