THE ROLE OF THIRD WORLD NEWS AGENCIES IN GLOBAL DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION (A CASE STUDY OF NEWS AGENCY OF NIGERIA (NAN)

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ABSTRACT

The man objective of this study is to investigate the roles of third world news Agencies in the Global Dissemination of Information. The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) was used as a case study.

A survey research method was used in the study and a sample of one hundred (1000 persons were selected and administered with questionnaire).

Five hypotheses were formulated and tested for the study. The chi-square was used in the analysis of the data collected from the respondents. Simple percentage was also used in data analysis.

The result of the study was that the third world News Agencies played great roles in the global dissemination of information.

The researcher also made a number of recommendations to guide further studies in the related are of study.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1    Background of the study:

This study sets out to investigate the role of third world News Agencies in the global dissemination of information using News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) as a case study.

News agencies are the bodies responsible for the dissemination are the bodies responsible for the dissemination of world information. They have correspondents who play the role of carrying news across borders.

Some correspondents such as those working for television and Newspaper report back to media in their own countries and they approach the news from the view points of specific readers and viewers. Others report to agencies which distribute their news nationally or internationally circulated magazines and they attempt to achieve a more universal outlook including details of interest to readers from many countries.

News agencies are sometimes called wire services. This is because their offices are literally lived to their clients by wires and cables over which news and pictures flow. Some sophisticated system also employ satellite networks.

News agencies gather, write edit and send news stories features, analyses and other materials to clients mostly newspaper magazines, radio and television stations. The service is also available to commercial houses and individuals seeking news such as those wishing market information. The clients depend on the agencies for the news or information that they cannot gather on their own for economic or other factors.

There are three categories of news agencies. The first category comprises of those agencies known world wide and often referred to as trans-national news agencies or world news agencies. The world news agencies include, Associated press (AP) United press International (UPI) felegraphorin Agenstro Sovets Kavo Soiuza (FASKS) Agency France Press (AFP) and Renters.

The second category includes new agencies that have clients and correspondents in many countries but whose services are not spread to every part of the globe like those of the world news agencies. For example, India Press Trust (INPT) pan African news agencies of individual countries of developing countries. These news agencies are found in African Latin American and Asian Countries.

The news agency of Nigeria (NAN) belongs to the third would news agencies. The third world National news agencies act as gate keepers in determining what information from the global flow gets their national media in some cases, deciding what internal news gets into the international system as well.

They are as varied as the third world itself. Some news agencies still exist mostly on papers and emphasis on development of national agencies by UNESCO and the I PDC quickly out dates printed summaries.

A report to the MAC Bride commission based on data from the India 1970’s claimed that about 120 national had news agencies but that about not, including 24 with population in excess of one million people. A more recent (SUSSMAN 1982) survey counted 104 third world agencies, there quarters of them operating under three quarters of them operating under some form of government control.

NAN was founded as a state enterprise and began operations for about 8 years ago like most news organizations, its charter callers for it to report news and opinion in a professional and objective manner.

Influence of Television Violence on the Behaviour of Children (A Study on Awka Metropolis, Anambra State)

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Abstract

This study is conceived to investigate the influence of television violence on children; a focus on Awka metropolis, Anambra state. The aim is to know the extent to which violence on television influences aggressive behavior in children and sort to enlighten parents on the need to monitor the content of programmes their children watch or tune to. The survey research method was employed in carrying out this work. The researcher drew up questionnaire items and prepared interview questions with which she went to the field. With those measuring instruments for data collection, the researcher was able to come back with satisfactory data that revealed that programmes on television and other related medium do have strong negative influence on children more than the positive. Television also makes the children see the world as a mean dangerous place to be. The researcher recommends that parents should watch and evaluate programmes before allowing their children to watch them. The researcher concludes that television affects both adults and children in subtle ways and that television violence was identified as an effective tool in stimulating learning with a strong impact for change.

 Chapter One

Introduction

• Background of the Study

Television has been regarded as the most effective spontaneous electronic message carrier of our time since its inception.

It was the early motion pictures that first inspired questions on the impact of the entertainment media on society. They debate on whether media portrayal of violence and newspapers pages are tools for influencing violence. According to Encyclopedia Britannia, the word “Television” was derived from a Greek world “Viedre” meaning “to see”, television has the power to bring into focus pictures and sounds of events form around the world to millions of homes. Concern about television violence on television began in the earliest days of the medium in the late 1940’s and its explosive growth in the 50’s families with children were among the first to acquire television sets and children tended to watch a lot of television programmes like cartoons and comedies which contains violent scenes.

According to Oladapo (1992), television is the most powerful means in which most children get influenced by what they watch on it. Most children try to imitate what they see on television, violence is shown on television everyday and this violence should therefore be minimized. In Nigeria, most children witness lots of television violence without control or being controlled. Television violence on Nigeria television station can come also in form of foreign action movies, local television programmes etc. Television violence exposes children to violence in real life; therefore it is usually condemned as bad influence in the society.

Parents become worried that their children would imitate and adopt some of the violent programmes they watch, besides cartoons and adult programmes. Children were watching more violence films than their parents had experienced in their youths.

However, broadcast become sensitive to the issue when in 1951 the first television code was enacted in America which had a paragraph or violence in the section of children programmes. It asserted that “television programmes were glorifying violence and had long been encouraging aggressive behaviour on children. The general viewing pattern is one of the steady rises in the number of hours viewed from early childhood through preadolescence and then a sharp drop in viewing during adolescent years. The nature of violent scenes differed (ie. contextual differences could vary) and as such, the content viewed is considered more important than the number of viewing.

Television violence that is glamorized, sanitized and trivialized, teaches that violence is a solution to problems as a result of this, children now tend to be violent, aggressive and disrespectful to any body. However, the concern about violence as well as the way men and women are portrayed, and also how ethic minorities are portrayed and various concerns about advertising and other content issue have continued to this day but our major concern here is television violence and its influence.

 

RADIO PROGRAMMES IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: (A CASE STUDY OF IBC RADIO STATION, OWERRI – IMO STATE).

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ABSTRACT

The project topic “Radio Programmes in National Development” is a study to show how radio is used in the promotion of building the life span and the living standard of a society or nation, through the information in form of programmes they produced and disseminate to their audience, with Imo Broadcasting Corporation station (IBC) as a case study.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Communication is the process of sending message from one point to another and the content of the message is called information. Information pervades the whole spectrum of life. It is a treasure to a nation, community and the larger world. Every sphere f life will remain static without well-packaged information. Information to a large extent is an asset, a resource, a commodity with social economic and political consequences.

Communication is as old as mankind and it is the pivot on which human existence, continuity and national development revolves. Different media are used in communication, which classified into print – such as Newspapers, Magazines, etc.; Electronics – such as Radio, Television, etc., oral – eg. use of gongs, etc.

The electronic media categories are the most prominent and significant. They are younger than oral and print media being mainly the products of twentieth century. Stella Okunna (1987) noted, “Radio appears to be more powerful. It stands out as having the greater power of reaching the diverse people of the Nigeria nation” Radio as a medium of mass communication has wider scope of coverage and as a commonly used medium makes greater impact on the audience. Radio is a mechanical medium of communication whose reception according to Okonkwo (1997) “is aural”. Radio makes use of sense of sound and hearing to convey its message to the audience. It is a faithful comparison everywhere one found a set to listen to while having a walk, at work, in the farm, in the market places, riding a car, on a motor-cycle, on a donkey, etc. Radio is used countrywide even in rural areas. This is attributable to the unique qualities of the medium – it is portable, easily affordable and easily – operated even in the absence of electricity.

In this study therefore, we have set out to examine the roles played by Radio Programmes in National Development with particular reference to Imo Broadcasting Corporation (IBC), Owerri as a case study.

EFFECT OF MILITARY DICTATORSHIP ON THE NIGERIA MASS MEDI

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ABSTRACT

Media industry contributed positively towards the up-liftment of socialization in Nigeria.

This project work is bold step into media industry structure and then contribution to the nation at large. Several aspect of the media were analyzed. Important aspect of the media and problems that are believed to be hindering the social responsibility of the Nigeria mass media under military dictatorship were also looked into.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of content

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Problem of the study
• Objective of the study
• Significance of the study
• Research question
• Hypothesis
• Definition of term
• Limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE

• Sources of literature
• The review
• Summary of literature

CHAPTER THREE

• Research method
• Research design
• Research sample
• Measuring instrument.
• Data collection
• Data analysis
• Expected results

CHAPTER FPUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION

• Data analysis
• Results
• Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATTION

• Summary
• Conclusion
• Recommendations

REFERRENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

QUESTIONNAIRE.

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUD OF THE STUDY

There is the belief in some quarters that the Nigerian press under the military regime is characterized by the “Praise signing syndrome” of the Nigeria society. Some other critics say that Nigeria are strange among praise singers, accusers and sympathizer. When a government is in power people sing praises of the administration even in the face of glaring inefficiency of the public office holders.

On January 15, 1966 when the first military regime came into power, the late Major General J.T.U Agnyi Ironsi was eulogized for establishing a military government based on group of principles. When Ironsi was killed in July 1966 counter coup, he was described by one Newspaper columnist who was one of the most local adherent of the Ironsi administration as “A hard drinking general whose administration lacked a sense of direction.

In Gwon’s leadership he was praised flattered and worshipped. It is mentors and adviser referred to him as “God given leader” However when the revolutionary coup d etat by the late General Murtala mohammed swept Gwon out of Dodan Barracks. The same praise singers turned around to call the former God given leader such un complimentary names as Wanted man” frigitive offender” and so on

The Murtala/Obansanjo regime which handed over power to the civilian was accused of painlessness without Nigerians knowing that the successor of that regime would be on epitome of painlessness. Graft and squander mania

Again in December 31, 1984 another coup d’etal which saw major General Mohammed Buhari as the head of state and commander in chief of the armed forces of the federal republic of Nigeria came to pass with the coup, expectation of Nigeria including individuals organization and educational institution become high.

The Nigerian press as the spokes man of the people maintained ands echoed the expectations of the regime. That was another movement of looking back to what the situation was before the military came in. expressing the people’s view and opinion as to what the new military administration would do.

 VIEWER SHIP OF TELEVISION PROGRAMMERS IN ENUGU STATE (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT)

ABSTRACT

This research work was carried out in order to find out what the populace of Enugu south thinks or feels about television programme in Enugu state. The research also attempted to look into people work related to the research topic.

During research, the people of Enugu south were used as the populace of study, questionnaires were the major instrument of study. Random sampling method was applied to obtain the potion of the population on whom the instruments were administered.

Responses were analyzed on percentage. For the more, the significant problem and question for this research were spelt out in order to help, uphold or reject certain assumption. The data collected from the questionnaires made it possible for the researcher to get the answer agitating his mind. It was noted that on human behavior.

The study was able to find out actually what the populace of Enugu south think or feel about the positive or negative effect toward television programmers in Enugu state.

The research also made recommendation on what should be done to make our television content more result oriented and interesting.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of research problem
• Objective of the study
• Significance of the study
• Research questions
• Hypothesis
• Assumptions
• Definition of terms
• Scope and limitation of the study Reference.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• Source of literature review
• Literature review
• Theoretical frame work
• Summary of literature review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research method & Design

3.2 Population of study

3.3 Sample size

3.4 Method of data collection

3.5 Procedure for data Analysis

3.6 Measuring used to ensure validity & reliability

3.7 Instrument for gathering Data

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Data Analysis

4.2 Result

4.3 Discussion of the finding

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary

Recommendation

Conclusion

References

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In this challenging society of our Nigeria, science and technology has brought profound changes on how mass media bring value to their customer. The tendency that must of the time, especially in the developing countries, the media practioners must package their programme very well to sustain their viewership. In doing it is imperative to take into conderation their supposedly diverse composition of the audience for viewership interest. Because of lack of this knowledge will mar the efforts of the station keep pace with prose trend in mass communication industry especially broadcast media.

Importantly taking the audience for granted as a result of professional ignorant or other reasons will not anger well at this information communication age. As Marshall Mac Luhah (1960) describe the world as a global village, a world join together and transformed by television and other marvous of the electronic age.

One of the outstanding features of the media communication is composition of the audience. The audience of television is highly heterogeneous with members having several distinctive characteristics, different interest and they are scattered in all over the nation with different socio-economic strata.

Based on the heterogeneity of the audience it is obvious that views differ among members of mass media audience. While some use particular station programme others depend on the others. Some may want to watch entertainment programmers while some might prefer thoughtful vital programmers like News, current affairs, commentaries or documentaries depending on their likes.

This corroborates with uses and gratification theory propounded by Swanson (1979) Because uses and grati8fication is audience centers asking what people do with media rather than what media do to people Rubin (1985) states that uses and gratification is grounded in a functional paradigm of social influence. Since the functional approach examine. The relationship between the media, individuals and society.

One of the plan in which an audience is active is though the use of selective exposure. It is the tendency of accepting to express yourself to communication that goes with your own values system, altitudes and viewpoint. The concept of self selective exposure helps the active audience to control what he watches, to what he listens to and read, selective reading and listening are the function selective exposure.

With the society becoming more complex; this, recognition of these view, interest researchers set out to ascertain viewership of television in Enugu south through empirical support.

You can but the newspaper of your choice, you can also watch the movie you like, you choose from many television programmers and Radio, and if you find yourself watching something you do not like you can tune to another channel. Different view have been presented in an attempt to determining why people watch television programmers.

Note: our case study can be changed to suit your desire location . we are here for your success.

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