MASS MEDIA EFFECTS IN PROPAGATION OF THE NATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES IN NIGERIA WITH FOCUS IN HIV / AIDS

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

The proposal of the mass media effects in propagation of the National health programme in Nigeria with focus in HIV/AIDS.

One of the purpose is to ascertain the level of exposition of the students in her chosen field of study. This is why it become expedient for me to undertake a study in the mass effect in propagation of the National health programme in Nigeria with focus in HIV/AIDS as my study.

OBJECTIVES

The investigation set out to determine study include.

1 To evaluate the effect of mass media effect in propagation of the National with focus in HIV/AIDS.

2 To find out the attitude of mass media broadcasting towards the numerious health campaign.

3 To unravel whether really mass media as an electronic media are the effective means of reaching the masses in the dissemination of health policies and programmes.

4 To ascertain how mass media influence opinions, thoughts and ideas with effect of enhancing these wealth campaign to the public in general.

HYPOTHESIS

H1  There are credibility in the use of mass media effect in propagation of health programmes.

H2  The target audience will accept mass media as a reliable source of health information.

H3  The target audience will pay attention on health programme on the mass media.

ASSUMPTION

It is assumed that the mass media are an effective instrument in the propagation of National Health programme because of its far-reaching effect.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Aids was first identified on homosexual in los Angeles in the united states in 1981. scientists in the study published in the journal science pinpointed that origin of AIDS  virus came about when two monkey uimes hybridized in the body of infected chimpanzee.

The research methodology

The method used for gathering data was survey method is used for the purpose of describing a population too large to be observed directly.

Survey method aims at accrete assessment of the characteristic eminent from whole population through the examination of the selected samples. The survey method used help to gather relevant information on a given informed generalization and the population in relation to the sample studies.

ABSTRACT

It has always taken a significant position in the academic circle that students should be mandated to carry out a research in one academic discipline or the other.

On of the purposes is to ascertain the level of exposition of the student in their chosen field of study. This is why it became expedient for me to undertake a study in the mass media effect in propagation of the National Health programme in Nigeria with focus in HIV/AIDS.

In the course of the research, I used a survey method which required a distribution of questionnaire to the target population which was represented by three states in Nigeria. (Enugu, Anambra and Ebonyi) as well as reviewing of related literature since these are effective instrument for arriving at required results.

This research work has its major objectives as to evaluate the mass media effect in propagation of the National Health Programmes in Nigeria with focus in HIV/AIDS and to ascertain what extent it has succeeded in doing this.

Data was collected, analyzed and presented in percentages.

The following research questions were answered:

1. is the mass media a credible means of propagating health policies to the people?
2. do people accept mass media as a reliable source of health information?
3. to what extent does people who listen to mass media pay attention to health programmes?

Finally, the researcher concluded (from findings) that the mass media are very important  media of communication for this reason, the planners of media programmes should give more consideration to health news and issues while government health ministries etc. should try as much as possible to communicate health  issues  to the citizens through the mass media.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of reseach problem
• Objective of the study
• Significance of the study
• Research question
• Research hypothesis
• Conceptual and operational definition
• Assumption
• Limintation of studys
• Theorical framework

CHAPTER TWO

2.0      REVIEW OF LITERATURE

• Sources of literature
• Origin of aids
• Currents Aids situation in Nigeria
• Role of mass media in health information dissemination
• Summary of literature review

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

Research method

Research design

Research sample

Measuring instrument

Data collection

Expected results

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0    DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1 Data analysis

4.2 Result

4.3 Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary and recommendation for further study

5.1      Summary

• Recommendation for futher study

Reference

Appendix

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

chapter one

introduction

• background of the study

This research work is to find out the effectiveness of the mass

Media in the propagation of National Health programmes.

The originality of the mass media was not invented overnight. The media have continued to grow and prosper.

Since the development of the media in 1920s, they have achieved and maintained growth rivalry than any other media in the history of mass communication.

The mass media are the special strong media among the general population and specialization audience. The overall electronic media listening audience  are larger than the print media audience considering the sizeable portion of the set.  An essential ability of the electronic media are to research a great number of people at a comparatively small lost, which has a distinct advantage over print media.

With this effect, it is agreed that the mass media are the most readily available of all the mass media of communication. It is a unique peace apart from the fact that print media have made stupendous strides and impact in the lives of it’s reader.

The reasons for these are that the mass media primary aim bordered on the broadcasting of information through waves and signals that are heard by listeners and viewers.

The mass media are well organized for it’s instantaneous means of researching its listener’s viewers and reader with information and programmes of interest.

As the topic center on the mass media effect in propagation of the National health programme in Nigeria with focus in human deficiency virus/ Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/Aids).

According to oxford dictionary definition mass media are defined as medium of communication that impact information to influence the social behaviour of enormous member of people. To layman, they serve as media of communication through which information is heard.

The function of media includes;

. Education

. Information

. Entertaining

. Influencing and

. Persuading the people.

The education aspect of the media can achieved through formal and informal programme. The mass media have been effective in education, the society on issues and topics in economics polities, health and social aspect of life. On health, most of the campaigns for health living are communication to people.

The immediate transmission of information to generality of the populace is the unique characteristics of the mass media.

Network News programmes on radio listener by people at the same time help to create sense of belonging to the citizenry.

The government used radio effectively to sensitive people on health programmes for instance, one thing at a time (Radio) drama and odenjiji which are produced by Kola ogunjobi, sponsored by society for family health (S F H).

The media are used in awareness creation and these make it possible for people to be aware of problem and issues and sometimes, solutions to such problems.

The mass media actually control and influence the people on health programmes. These are unique study in the sense that are rarely considered on issues of concern by health ministers. They perform very important services to the society as a whole and have a crucial function to p-lay in maintaining an informed state of public opinion upon which the effectiveness functioning of the nation health programme depends.

They do this by providing and interpreting health issues to the people of the nation. Sometimes the media does not provide forum for public debate on health issues like Aids, among other in the country.

Dr Montegnor of the California University first discovered AIDS in America in the year 1981. But today, Aids has been reported in over hundred countries of the world. The first HIV/Aids case was identified in Nigeria in 1980s, since then there has been a tremendous increased in the number of HIV/Aids cases and also the number of deaths. HIV/Aids simply spreads like a wide fire.   Worse still, it has neither cure nor vaccine as yet. AIDS is a cause that crosses the colour lline, it ignores racial and geographical boundaries .

The problem of AIDS is global and multi- racial . It is much harder an issues than apartheid which Hs an obvious villain and an equally obvious situation.

Aids is not a disease of its own , it is the terminal stage of a virous infections ,manifesting in different sympton of many disease.

Aids is a national disaster in Nigeria . Aids is virtually hundred percent fatals , and greatyer threat to mankind is that posed by Aids.

Health information are not adequately analyzased or interpreted to the public in due course . It is also enviosage that the government and health administrators tend to neglect the importance of media as the major tool which adequately pass information to the masses on national health policies .

Much importance have been attached to health, most people stive have some health problem .

This is due to lack of sufficient health messages from the media station and due to government neglect of the press as a whole. The mass media as an agent of social engineer should always be used to pass all the well- co-ordinated and articulated health policies to the peop[le.

The advantages of media of mass communication includes that it appeals to illerates audience as development news and programmes can be broadcast to them not just in their native languages but also in their local dialects , break the barriers of distance as its reach is amazing wide and highly pentrating , it is relatively cheep compared to other channel of mass media , break the barrier of power outage as it can easily be operated using dry batteries.

The study is designed to identity the effect and influence of mass media on the masses that are the consumers of its product toward the propagation of National health programme.

The media feed the publics with the information they needs and it is left for them to formulate personal ideas based on information heard.

The issues at stake now are what role can the mass media play in propagation of the national health programmes to mobilize the people. These are achieved through diffused informations , articulates documentaries and news analysed on health issues .

 

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS

As envisaged in this work there is need to find out the effect which the media creates in spreading of health programmes to the people of the nations.

In some parts of the nations , low per capital incomes has made most people not to have their own set which is pointed out as a problem and also a hindrance to health education.

Where the illiterate ones have access to media, the practitioners slants most health news and programmes to favour the literate s

However, there are some problem of the media by not airing health news or commentaries. It is just few of them who at times air a shallow health news \programmes once in a week which not proper.

Another problem is that of the non-chalet attitude of our media broadcaster to word health matters which resulted to how publicity of health programmer in our dailies. Moreso, the are few programmes on health in general.

 

 

 

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study include;-

• To evaluate the mass media effect in propagation Nigeria Health programme in Nigeria with focus in HIV\AIDS.
• To find out the attitude of the media broacaster towards the numerous health campaign.
• To unravel whether really electronic media is the effective means of reaching the masses in the dissipation of health policies and programmer.
• To ascertain how the media influence opinions thoughts, and ideas with effect of enhancing these health campaigns to the public in general.
• To find out whether the people accept the media as a dependenble source of health information
• To know if people who histen to the media pay attention to health news and health analysis.
• To ascertain what extent the media have succeeded in achieving the set objectives towards spreading of health polices to the people .

 

 

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In recent times, the government has set out specific objectives and target covering areas of health police, health manpower development material, and disease control among others.

Therefore, the significance of this project work is to access the effectiveness which mass media exert on the people in their health education.

The researcher will after carrying out this research work know if the media are the most appropriate for the dissemination of health programmes.

It will try to unravel whether the people rely on the media for proper heal;th information or they (people ) depend on other means ( opinion leaders) for such information.

Also it will serve as a guide to health policy markers and health administrators after completion.

 

1.5 RESAERCH QUESTIONS

The research of this kind will attempt to answer the following research question as it concern the topic on board.

1. Is the media a credible means of propagating health policies to people?
2. Do people accept media as a reliable source health information?
3. To what extent do people who listen to media pay adequate attention to health programmes ?

 

1.6. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H1 There are credibility in the use of the mass media in propagation of health programmes.

H0 There were no credibility in the use of the mass media in propagation of health programmes.

H2 The target audience will accept the media as a reliable source of health information.

H0 The target audience will not accept the media as a reliable source of health information.

H3 The target audience will pay attention to health programme on the media.

Ho The target audience will not pay attention to health programmes on the media.

 

 

1.7 CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

EFFECT

CONCEPTUAL – The act of producing result

OPERATIONAL – This means the strong impression or effect a programme or a phenomena create on somebody.

PROGRAMMES

CONCEPTUAL – The plan of items/events embarked upon by a broadcasting media to be presented

PROPAGATION

CONCEPTUAL – The widespread of ideas , opinions .

OPERATIONAL- The act of spreading viewing and listeners beliefs , knowledge etc widely so that some idea would pass through designed people.

MASS MEDIA

CONCEPTUAL- Is a media through which information is heard.

OPERATIONAL – The technique can be for electronic or print media.

HIV

CONCEPTUAL – A health virus that cause the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

AIDS

CONCEPTUAL – A deadly disease that has no cure.

OPERATIONAL – It is a condition that occurs when the defense sysytem of the body does not work anymore and the body cannot protect itself from disease . It is the lest stage of Hiv and stand for acquire immune deficiency syndrome.

 

1.8 ASSUMPTIONS

It is assumed that the media are an effective instrument in the propagation of health programmes because of its far reaching effects . Iother word, the continuous exposure of the health programme on mass medoia over a period of time can have a positive influenhce in the overall behaviour of sexual practice by public and development projects of the government.

If that is the cases , there are no doubt that the instrument of the media have helped a lot in the promotion and advancement of health in the country.

 

 

 

1.9 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The researcher encountered lots of problems in an efforts to put this work in place

These includes ,

Financial constraint which did not affort me the priviledge of going outside the state where the researcher resides for comprehensive collection of data for analysis.

Finally, regular listening to the media was hindered mainly due to power supply failure.

As a matter of facts, opportunities were judiciously utilized to ensure that adequate attention was to vital issues involved in the study.

 

• THEORICAL FRAMEWORK

In this work, the researcher make use of the agenda setting theory and the cultivation theory as the theory of mass communication.

In agenda setting theory . The notion of agenda setting by the media can be traced to walter setting by the media can be traced to walter lippmann (1922) who suggestion that the media were responsible for the pictures in our heads . Cohen (1963) further articulated the idea when he argued that the media may not always be successful in telling people what to think but they are usually successful in telling them what to think about.

Agenda setting describe a very powerful influence of the media , the ability to tell people what issues are important . These issues that the media choose to publicize ultimately became the issues and we think and talk about.

For instance, the media to highlight a particular programme “ odenjiji” which was sponsored by the society for family health (SFH)

The media set the agenda for health programme for instance the element involved in agenda setting includes;

1. The quantity or frequency of the programme
2. Prominence given to the programme
3. The degree of conflict generated in the programme
4. Cumulative media specific effect over time.

 

THE CULTIVATION THEORY

The theory propounded by Gerbner, Gross signorelli and Morgan 1980,1986asserts that the mass media exert a tremendous influence by altering issues perception of reality : Today mass media serves as a major media from which most societies acquire their consciousness, beliefs, norms and values. The media has subsumed sources of information, ideas and socialization. The effect of all this exposure consequently produce cultivation or the teaching of a common world view, common roles and common value.

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YOUTHS AND MODEL: IN THE AGE OF NOLLYWOOD IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH METROPOLIS)

ABSTRACT

In this write up on Youths and Model: In the Age of Nollywood in Nigeria (A Study of Enugu North Metropolis) is presented five chapters, each deals with different perspective on hour a reasonable fact could be drawn as in what way home video has been  beneficiary to student of higher institution. The first chapter deals with the general introduction.  This gives us the highlight of the problem, aim and objective likewise it’s importance. Chapter two dealt with the past work done in this area and the system used in the working of the project.       In chapter three the authors emphasizes on the process, system and procedure of getting information for the purpose of arriving at a dependable solution on the research topic. The authors in chapter four uses the information generated to present a feature data on the topic. Chapter five focuses on the over all summary conclusion and recommendation. The summary in nutshell analyze the research work. Also conclusion elaborates on the challenges encountered during the course of the project and some remarks. While recommendation encompass the  various facts generated and presented  as to use it to  change the general  societal miss values most especially on our youths.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                               1

• Background of the Study 1
• Statement of the Research Problem 5
• Objectives of the Study 5
• Research Questions 6
• Research Hypothesis 7
• Scope of the Study 8
• Definition of Terms 9
• Limitations of the Study 10

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW                                       11

2.1  Sources of Literature                                        11

2.2  Review of Relevant Literature                            11

2.3  Summary of Literature                                     23

 

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY                                               24

3.1  Research Method                                             24

3.2  Research Design                                              25

3.3  Population of Study                                          25

3.4  Research Sample Size                                       26

3.5  Sampling Technique                                                27

3.6  Measuring Instrument                                      27

3.7  Method of Data Collection                                 28

3.8  Method of Data Analysis                                   28

3.10 Expected Results                                             29

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT PRESENTATION     30

4.1  Data Analysis                                                  30

4.2  Research Hypothesis Testing                             30

4.3  Discussion of Findings                                       36

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS    38

5.1  Summary of Findings                                       38

5.2  Conclusion                                                      39

5.3  Recommendations                                           40

 

References                                                      41

Appendix                                                        43

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The study is on the youths and models in the age of Nollywood in Nigeria. The Nigerian movie industry (Home video industry) A.K.A. Nollywood has been typically accepted to have started immediately following the success of Kenneth Nebue’s “Living in Bondage”. From the one its expansion and attendant complications are known (by fascinated parties).

Nollywood is a Nigerian’s movie industry by Nigerian production team for the world. Nollywood has over the year become a world phenomenon, as its movie are being sold all over the world, and this movies includes tears of a princess, royal desire, heart of a slave, fool at 40, Osuofia in London, Royalty to royalty, one night  Queen, GLZ, Behind the act, Royal bridge, etc.

Now the name (Nollywood) itself had caused a bit of a protest in the earlier days, as a lot of Nigerians felt it was important and derived form Hollywood and Bollywood. (Not really a bad feat as they are the two heavy weights in the movie industry internationally). There was also that little issue of the name being coined by a foreigner, some didn’t like it, but in good thing is that Nollywood as a name has moved far beyond these earlier hiccups, no-one actually thinks twice about the origin of the name today. It ha become accepted that Nollywood applies to the Nigerian movie industry.

Nollywood films apart from being produced with shoes string budgets ranging from $10,000 to $15,000 are also hurriedly done in less than ten days, and equally devoid of premiere, which is the only profession way of introducing a new movie to the viewing public. Says Ibiwikari Nengi: “When films are premiered and first viewed in cinemas, it makes it a lot easier for the producers to reap profit form their investments and also helps to checkmate piracy, which tries very hard to undermine the interest of producers”.

There are STARS in Nollywood which includes Genevieve Nnaji, Mercy Johnson, Omotala Jalade Ekeinde, Tonto Dike, Monalisa Chinada, Ramsey Noah, Desmond Elliot, Jim Iyke, Ken Erics, Patience Ozokwor (Mama-G), Chidi Muokeme, Ernest Obi, Charles Anwuru, Inem Owo (Osuofia), John Okafor (Mr Ibu), Victor Osuagau (Prof), Ini- edo, Osita Iheme (Paw-paw) and Chinedu Ikedieze (Aki) and some other patron markers like the Late Sam Loco, Chinwetalu Agu, Pete Edochie, Enebeli Enebuwa, Prince Jame Uche and Alex Usifo.

In all this Nollywood STARS, actress Omotala Jalade Ekeinde is the Nollywoods highest paid. The actress collects five million naira per script (N5,000,000) to be involved in any movie. According to observers she has been turned down script worth three million and recently turned down a script worth N2.5m and Ireti Doyle got the role “Omotala got paid five million for her role in movie – “Amina” by producer Tarila Thompson whilst she go N4.5m for her role in ties that bind after a series of negotiations.

Today, Nollywood ranks third in the movie industry after Hollywood (USA) and Bollywood (India). It has been able to hold its own despite so many deterrents, which to name a few includes, expensive technical tools of the trade, inconsistent supply of electricity (which is taken for granted in almost every country in the world), the horrible traffic-jam conditions which can lead to extreme lateness in production time (but the ‘show must go on”!).

Nollywood industry is so unique because it is a video driven industry, the movies in the early days were produced and put straight on VHS cassettes and then released/ distributed for sale to the public. Now with the new technological advancement in place they are usually on VCD’s, the Nigerian refers to the movies as “Home video”.

1.2  STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Despite the fact that Nollywood is faced with a lot of challenges in our society, it has contributed to the growth of our society at large, this married and single has benefited in one way or the other on Nollywood movie industry such as employment opportunities, socialization, etc.

However, Nollywood in Nigeria is characterize with a lot of problems which the researcher intend to address in the course of this study such as crime promotion, (sexual related cases, arm robbery etc). Affecting one’s responsibilities etc. Indeed, the above problems are what the researcher intent to solve in the cause of this study.

 

1.3  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of the study on youths and models on the age of the Nollywood in Nigeria include the following;

1. To determine the impact of Nollywood among the Nigerian youths.
2. To examine the rate of socialization on Nollywood movies.
3. To identifies problems associated with youths and models in the age of Nollywood in Nigeria.
4. To recommends possible solutions to the identify problems.
5. To examine the influence of model on our today’s youths in Nollywood industry.

 

1.4  RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Whether Nigerian youths are influence base on Nollywood films?
2. Does Nollywood contribute towards economic development of Nigeria?
3. Do Nigerian governments promote Nollywood industry?
4. Does Nigerian government control the activities of Nollywood industry in our society?
5. Whether infrastructural facilities affects the youths of Nollywood industry?
6. Whether Nigerian youth has role model in Nigeria Nollywood?

 

1.5  RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

1. Ho: Nollywood films does not influence Nigeria youths.

Hi:   Nollywood films influence Nigerian youths.

2. Ho: Nollywood industry does not contribute towards economic growth and development in our society.

Hi:   Nollywood industry contributes towards economic growth and development in our society.

3. Ho: Nigeria government does not promote Nollywood industry in our society.
4. Ho: Nigerian government does not control the activities of Nollywood industry in our society.

Hi:   Nigerian government controls the activities of Nollywood industry in our society.

5. Ho: Infrastructural facilities does not affect the youth of Nollywood industry.

Hi:   Infrastructural facilities affect the youth of Nollywood industry.

6. Ho: Nigerian youths do not have role model on Nollywood industry.

Hi:   Nigerian youth has role model on Nollywood industry.

 

1.6  SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of the study on youths and models in the age of Nollywood in Nigeria will be limited to youths and models in Enugu metropolis for adequate coverage based on time and financial capacity of the researcher.

 

1.7  DEFINITION OF TERMS

Conceptual: Youth- is the time of life when a person is young, especially the time before a child becomes an adult.

Operational: Youth- the segment the Nollywood has to relate and interacts with their youths.

Conceptual: Model- is a person which one usually wants to copy.

Operational: Model- any form of techniques Nollywood model employed to influence the society.

Conceptual: Age-is a particular age rang ea person or a thing is.

Operational: Age-the age in which the Nollywood will influence in the society.

Conceptual: Nollywood- is a Nigeria move industry by which Nigeria production terms for the Nigeria people.

Operational: Nollywood- is a place where by different people act shown case themselves in other to become a role model.

 

1.8  LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Although this study has accomplished the purpose which it set out to achieve one of the very limitations is that a validity of the results of finding is depended on the respondent in providing the needed information.

One of the major problem was that the lack of time to carryout the research extensively. Another one as you expect is finance, this lead to the limiting of this study. Cognizance, academic calendar was to short and my academic work load was enormous. All these reasons and the ones I did not mention contributed to the limitation of this study.

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THE IMPACT OF FEDERAL RADIO CORPORATION OF NIGERIA (FRCN) ENUGU ON MOBILIZING ELECTORATES DURING THE MARCH 27^TH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                      1

1.1     BACK OF THE STUDY                                                   1

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM          7

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY                                        8

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY                                  9

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS                                             11

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS                                           12

1.7     CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS                                       13

1.8     ASSUMPTIONS                                                              15

1.9     LIMITATION OF STUDY                                                16

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE                                             20

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHOD                                                             29

RESEARCH DESIGN                                                               30

RESEARCH SAMPLE                                                              32

MEASURING INSTRUMENT                                                   33

DATA COLLECTION                                                                36

DATA ANALYSIS                                                                      36

EXPECTED RESULTS                                                             37

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS                                                            38

RESULTS                                                                                  46

DISCUSSIONS                                                                          50

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

SUMMARY                                                                                 55

RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDY                    56

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                              58

APPENDICES                                                                            61

ABSTRACT

When I decided to study “Federal Raido Corporation of Nigeria Enugu as a tool in Mobilising electorates in the rural areas using Agba Umana in Ezeagu Local Government Area as a case study, I had in mind to determined the effectiveness of Radio Nigeria Enugu (FRCN) to mobilize the rural dwellers political and thus influence them in an election time.  To do this, I reviewed the development of the early radio, the other sources of electoral mobilization and the major role FRCN plays during an election time by studying other researchers and prominent Communication and political experts perspective.

I also identified the strength of radio over all communication channels and the strength, weaknesses of using other medium of communication channels in reaching the rural dwellers.  In so doing, I found out that radio (FRCN) still stand out as the best tools for mobilizing electorates in the rural areas especially, during political campaign so as to wins their votes.  To prove this scientifically, the sample survey method guided me by the use questionnaire and interview methods to get these rural dwellers.

Having gone through these processes, the four tests (hypothesis) carried out confirmed that

1. All Agba Umana Communication have radio.
2. That they tune to FRCN Enugu during election period.
3. That they were aware of the March 27^th 2004 election
4. FRCN Enugu influenced them to vote during election period.

Chapter four of this project show the details of the tests carried out and the answers to the research question raised.  Chapter five recommended what we thought should be done to improve on the quality and quantity of mobilization given to electorates in the rural areas especially those residing in a remote area like Agba Umana in Ezeagu Local Government Area.

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Man since inception has been adventurous, inquisitive, innovative and incentive, searching for greater heights and development.  These extended to the sphere of communication.  He has attempted to transmit information over long distances so as to rise above his primitive methods which only covered short distances.  These efforts have today resulted in instant communication through radio.

It is commonly known that Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria Enugu played immeasurable roles in mobilizing electorates in Agba Umana during the 27^th March 2004 Local Government election.  Agba Umana which is made up of six villages namely; Isiugwu Umuanum, Umuchi, Umuelijiani, Umungwoli and Umueze were influenced during the electron period.  This also fro long had been playing uncountable roles in matters of public interest, electorates mobilization and political education which started as far back as 1888 when Hertz Heinrich produced the first radio wave.  This was followed by other inventions including that of an Italian, Guliemo Marconi (1892:16).

Guliemo Marconi made a success of Heinrich Hertz’s theory of electro magnetic waves by making a compass needle turn at the time a spark jump between two waves on other side of the sent signals across the hill with his mother’s help he traveled to England and successfully demonstrated the device to and received support from the British post office Department.  He patented the new “wireless telegraph” on June 2^nd 1896.  This was his contribution to the invention of radio which is now a tool of electoral mobilization in the rural area.

At the initial stage, the device radio was bulky with an enormous antenna.  However, Ambrose Fleming (1904:163) patented a special receiving tube called Fleming value.  The essence these fleming valve is to amplify the incoming radio signals.  It was improved again by another inventor, Lee Deforest, who added a third element Forest (1929:164).  His tube “The Audion” was the main component of radio.  The tube improved the reception capabilities and popularity of the medium.  This was how the item radio came into being.

Moreso, the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria metamorphosed from the (NBS) Nigerian Broadcasting service of BBC programmes which started in 1932.  The NBC was established in April 1957 at Tugwell House Marina Lagos.  The Corporation Headquarter located in Lagos at Ikoyi road Lagos with capital of the State of Nigeria and some other important towns in the country.  The corporation in addition, operated two departments to produce programmes for broadcast.  Home service department produce programmes for audience within Nigeria while the external programme service is for listeners outside the country in 1960.  The corporation was allowed to operate commercial services.   Situation lasted for 18 years before it was restored in 1987.  A Television service introduced to the Corporation in 1962 when first signal went on air in Lagos on first April 1967.

In April 1977, the NBC took a giant stereo operating the first FM stereo Broadcasting Channel in Lagos Nigeria.  In the same year the corporation become the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria which is now headed by the Director General Mr. Edie Iroh (FCAI).  The first Director of NBC now FRCN was Mr. Tom Charlmers (CBE).

Most of the mobilization the electorates in Agba Umana receive which subsequently affect their voting patterns are received through the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria Enugu.  Many Eminent scholars accepted this view among who is Edwin Emery was said, “Radio everywhere is an available channel through which political leaders express their views and seek totally public backing for their policies.” Emery (1973:61).

Politicians also recognize the role the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria Enugu plays in the formation of public opinion.  They are also aware of the dangers associated with misinforming the masses especially in the society where the publics believe whatever they hear from the station.

Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria Enugu is the most available and accessible tool for mobilization of Agba Umana in Ezeagu Local Government Area during the March 27 2004 Local Government election.  This is because it serves both the literate and illiterate unlike the Newspaper which is only for the elite.  Again it servce a linguistic barriers breakers because of it’s ability to communicate in many languages.  Moreover, the Federal spokesmen speaks through that station, so the people because of that reason tune their radio to that station during election to hear whatever is happenings or what the president has to tell the people about an election that is to come or the one that is on board.  That is to say that Radio Nigeria Enugu is the most exploit took for electoral mobilization during election in rural areas by politicians.

Since the revolutionary study of voting behaviour by Paul Lazarfeld and associates Lazarfeld etal (1948:151).  Political research has focused mostly on predicting voting outcome with little attention given to sources of political mobilization.  It is as a tool for electorates mobilization in the rural area.  In a recent review of mass media and political campaigns, Atkins Charles noted that, “Most mass communication researchers studying political campaigns recognized that media messages significantly influence voters Atkins (1981:201).  “A Nigerian scholar Duyile in 1979 while appreciating the constraints of the rural dwellers with appreciable political mobilization into which he depend to make political decision in an election time” Duyile (1979).

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The modern political campaign or mobilization is a major media event deliberately planned not only to attract the attention of voters but also yet their votes.  Because of the ubuiqutous nature of modern mass media in urban area, it is not surprising that a successful political mobilization presupposes wide media coverage.

However, the situation is different in the rural areas where high rate of illiteracy and absence of electricity militate against extensive media usage.  Therefore, the radio Nigeria Enugu becomes the major tool for political mobilization in Agba Umana given it’s advantages over other means of media information.

It is evidently clear that modern political mobilization is a media deliberately planned not only to attract attention of voters but also to get their votes.  But then, the ubiquitous nature of modern mass media in urban area has wide coverage of successful political mobilization.

This study however aims at determining why Radio Nigeria Enugu is the most frequently used medium by rural communities in Ezeagu Local Government area and the village in Agba Umana Community.

Moreso, it is designed to delineate the effectiveness of Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria Enugu as a tool for mobilization in election period in the rural area.

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF STUDY  

1. This study will investigate Radio Nigeria Enugu as a tool for political mobilization in the rural area using Agba Umana in Ezeagu Local Government Area as a case study.
2. It will also take a look on how believable the messages otten from this station are to the people and the attitudinal impact such believability hold on the respondents’ voting behaviour during the local government election held on March 27^th, 2004.
3. Finally it also aim at determining why Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria Enugu is the most medium used by rural communities.

 

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

1. Specifically, this study will enable journalists, politicians, political parties and people from all walks of life be acquainted with the means of political mobilization in the rural areas.
2. It will certainly be an invaluable asset to both politicians and the electorates in Nigeria especially those that reside in rural area. This does not mean that it is limited to the realities because the village remain the permanent homes of the urban dwellers.  Therefore, it is equally an invaluable asset to those politicians and electorates that reside in urban area.
3. Moreover, politicians will in no small means find this research work helpful in choosing the right channel for disseminating their political ideologies to reach the grassroot voters.
4. Conversely, rural dwellers will find it useful in assessing and selecting the right person or candidate for the right post. This mobilization will also enable the messes to come out in large and cast their voters.
5. This research study possesses the credentials that could attract government attention towards improving the facilities for disseminating information particularly in the rural areas.
6. In addition, this project would play an unqualified role in identifying the shortcomings of rural electorates mobility communication as well as enlightening the rural folks. It will enable them to analyse political information at their disposal. It will create voting habit in them.
7. Consequently, this will enable/aid the rural dwellers to gather and organize themselves for the vote.
8. It finally help them to cast their votes rightly and thus bring effective government to their door step for once. Cases abound where influential politicians employ the political techniques of distributing money in the village during campaign period through their agents.  It is done to convince people to vote for a particular party or person.

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS 

1. Did all the Agba Umana Community have radio?
2. Do they tune to FRCN during the election period?
3. Did the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria Enugu influenced them to vote during the election?
4. Were they aware of the eg election on 27 March?

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Research of this nature is normally carried out with the aid of hypothesis.  Therefore, the researcher attempted to pose the following hypothesis.

H1:    All Agba Umana Community have radio

Ho:    All Agba Umana Community have no radio

H2:    They tuned to Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria during the election period.

Ho:    They do not tune to FRCN during the election period

H3:    They were aware of the March 27^th 2004 election.

Ho:    They were not aware of the March 27 election

H4:    Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria Enugu influenced them to vote during the election period.

Ho:    Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria do not influence them to vote during the election period.

1.7     CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

They key terms are Radio/FRCN, tool, mobilizing, electorates, rural areas, Election.

Radio

Conceptual Definition

Radio is a means of communication that relies on the use of electromagnetic waves propagated through space at the speed of light.

Operational Definition

Radio is that medium of communication that has maximum reach to heterogeneous audience especially rural dwellers simultaneously through the air waves.

(FRNC) simply means the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria Enugu National Station because it is located in Enugu State.

TOOL

Conceptual Definition

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, tool is defined as anything that helps one to do his job.

Operational Definition

For the purpose of this project, tool can be defined as that instrument, person that helped to mobilize or in mobilizing electorates during the March 27^th 2004 Local Government Election in Agba Umana in Ezeagu Local Government Area.

Mobilizing Electorates

Conceptual Definition

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defined mobilizing as, To make somebody ready for action or service.  It as well defined Electorates as all the electors considered as a group.

Operational Definition         Mobilising electorates in this study should be taking to means communication content or sense data, which the rural dwellers deemed necessary for making voting decision.

Rural Areas

Conceptual Definition

It is a non urbanized or village area, countryside.

Operational Definition

These areas are non urbanized with illiterate ignorant dwellers especially to electoral issues.

1.8     ASSUMPTIONS

In carrying out this research project, the following assumptions were made.

1. That all the villagers in Agbas Umana which inlucde Isiugwu, Umamanum, Umuelijiani, Umueze, Umuchi and Umungwoil have radio.
2. That they tune to FRCN Enugu more especially during election period.
3. That Agba Umana Community were aware of the 27^th March Local Government Election.
4. That Agba Umana Community were influenced through Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria Enugu to cast their vote.

 

1.9     LIMITATIONS OF STUDY 

Certain factors bring some limitations to this study.  Firstly, it encounters the in-built weakness of all research work that depend on questionnaire i.e, the failure to capture factors that lie outside the parameters of the text instrument.

Secondly, the study is limited by all the attendant problems associated with mass communication research in developing countries in African, like Nigeria, that is problem of logistics and the use of ideological materials.

Furthermore, the thesis is also limited to are coverage.  It would probably have been more interested and benefit if the sample were national.

Finally is time factor as a limitation there is no ample time to enable the researcher carry out a comprehensive and tike honoured project on this issue.

1.10   THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

In line with the social responsibility theory of Mass Communication which was developed in the United States in the 20^th century, this study will analyse it’s main point which is that the media should assume obligation of social responsibility and that the public should have enough information to decide on Ebo (1996:138).  With this, radio will play vital role in satisfying the political needs of the society especially the realities who are ignorant of political activities because of illiteracy and inadequate infrastructure.  This it does by educating and mobilizing them politically as a tool for political mobilization in the rural area will also identify the principles of the knowledge-Gap theory of Mass Communication.  This theory according to Stella Joan Ebo (1996:72).

“The more the uninformed remain more uninformed, the knowledge grip continues to expand but if exposed to the media, will be literate, informed, and likely becomes interested”.

This will go a long way to interpret this study that when the realities are educated politically through the radio, they tend to be gab in their knowledge on political issues.

Again Becher etal (1978) discovers that the best predicator of exposure to the 1976 presidential debates was habitual viewing and listening to media, ad the debates, which in turn stimulated conversation about the campaign and possibly served to legitimize the election process.  Individuals who belong to this category (ie those exposed) find it easy to make decisions, influence other as opinion leaders and also get influenced by other opinion leaders.

Hence, the use of radio as a mass medium to mobilize and carry out political activities especially to the rural dwellers who will in turn react to this political activities either positively or otherwise.

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THE IMPACT OF MASS MEDIA CAMPAIGN AGAINST AIDS AMONG TEENAGERS.

A  CASE STUDY OF BENIN CITY

ABSTRACT

This study is aimed to ascertain the impact of Mass Media Campaign aimed at curbing the spread of the disease Aids among teenagers in Benin City.

The objective of the study is also to find out through sample survey whether the teenagers are really getting sufficient information about AIDS blue so as to enable them inform their opinion about the diseases.

The study look account of the sex, marital status, “Occupational variables that were of relevance to the study.

The researcher use survey method in execution of the study.

This no doubt, helped on collecting information as to the way people generally perceived the disease AIDS its wave to Nigeria since the mid 1980s.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

        The media, as has been established, can provide for audience member a “definition of the situation” on a variety of issues.  By emphasizing certain topics, the mass media create some distorted impressions with their “definition” portraying a reflection of the red society.  For example, if sexual promiscuity regularly portrayed as widely practiced, an individual would define his own behaviour in such a situation as norms internalized.  This would guide his conduct.

Simply by their presence, the mass media have altered the nature of societal communication norm.  large audience have been created that expect the media to provide a continuous flow of news, entertainment, political commentary and other message.  People depend on the media for various forms of gratification based upon content.  If denied such communication, they feel deprived.

(Benelson, 1950, 889-898).  Even in relatively underdeveloped societies, population quickly develop.  Media related habit once mass communication become available to them in form they understand.  People become aware of events outside their immediate experience.

People according to walter Lippman (1922) act upon basis of “the pichires in our head”, rather than the reality of the world outside.

We have learned through research that the images and words the media carry, Television, Radio and Newspapers” determines within the limitation posed by intervening factors, open of people and the their actions.

It is believed that in the imperfect world, there is no single antidote to human ills but publicity is often a vital step to finding the cure for many social ills.  In this line therefore, it is believed that extensive impact of media and true information on the AIDS Campaign will read and  perhaps touch on the sexual habit of people.  When a disease is sexually transmitted, the publicity and effort to eradicate.  It is fortified.  AIDS is the worst disease to hit human race since the Black Plague of the 114th Century.  already, 25 million unsuspecting people have caught this awful disease and do not know it, and might not know it for years.  (van Impe: 1989: Pg. 1)

 

1.2    HISTORICAL ASPECT OF AIDS

The devastating disease “Acquired  Immune Deficiency syndrome “(AIDS) came into word limelight in 1981 when Dr Michael Gottiels of the university of califonia noticed an unusual disease PAEMOCYSTICS CABINII PNEMNIA, in four patients that were homosexual and all below 40 years of  age (NJOKU OBI 1989).

It is not yet known where AIDS actually started.  It was a disgrace to the scientific community that the emergence of AIDS brought with it a lot of buck passing as regards to the origin of the disease.

The world Health Organization (WHO) explained it to be a virus of “undermined geographic origin”.  The first case of AIDS were identified in the U.S. and was first recognized in Uganda in 1982.  the virus disease AIDS is a relatively new arrival in Nigeria- at least compared to many other countries According to WHO Global 1988 AIDS/incidence Inventory, the number of  reported case of AIDS was in Nigeria than other countries of the world.

The African concord magazine who have developed full below AIDS in Nigeria  as approximately 8,000 men and women, many of would have dies.  In the same issue, Dr Olukove Ransome-Kiti, then the minister of health, is quote as saying: Even if we are able to prevent further transmission of the virus, we will expect about 69,000 adult and 39,000 pediatric ADIS cases between 1991 and 1999.  the rate of spread varies from country to country.

AIDS cases firstly was reported in 1984 in Niarobi, Kenya.  Apparently, AIDS came from monkeys in Africa.  It was a species barriers from animal to  humans.  This virus has grave on human beings rather than in the monkeys that have it.

Medical experts believe that the green moneys of African passed their centivinis to human through biting and bestiality.  Shocking have committed such acts with animals ( van impe 1987:29).

Next infected men engaged other men in sexual acts, and the virus spread like wide-fire and no homosexuals internationally.  Scores of such men even_______________ of their homes and filled their wives with the viruses.

RISK; A single exposure is suficial for a person to contact AIDS.

PROGNOSIS; current statistic suggest that if a person becomes HIV positive, there is a 60 percent chance of developing AIDS within 7 years.

 

DISTRIBUTION; AIDS is a worldwide disease so terrifying and devastating.  AIDS is seen equally in both men and women especially the prostitutes and their customers.  The spread is mainly heterosexual.  Prof. Njioku Obi (1989) noted Zaire, Bunindi, Pwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Malawi as the “Afican AIDS Belt” However, New York, Los Angels and San Franciso have been called the Aids centers of the Western World’.

Aetilogy:    AIDS is caused by a retrovirus, Retrovirus like other virus, Retrovirus like other virus reproduce only in living cells of a host species.

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

HIV has been isolated from Blood, Semen, Vaginal Sectretions and other body fluid including breast milk, saliva and possibly tears.  However, transmission is through sexual relationship, blood transfusion and use of stinger incubation period.

INCUBATION PERIOD

It takes on the average an  interval of 29 months 12 months between exposure to the virus and manifestation of AIDS in adult and children respectively.

1.3    SCOPE OF THE DISEASE.

Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a sexually transmitted disease which is less than fifteen years has spread through the present lack of vaccine for prophylaxis, or drugs for one.

The AIDS virus infects cells in the brain and causes what is known as Dementia, or brain disease.  People who have this suffer from impaired short-term memory, mental confusion, personality, they may succumb to paranoia, sometimes psychoses, mutism (they become unable to speak) in  continence (they have loss of muscular contra) and finally coma and death (van Impe, 1987).

The  world health Organization (WHO) has taken the bull by the horn.  It is in the media of world wide they attempt to control of the disease.  AIDS which for appeared to be a disease affecting mainly the homosexual population has become a scourge affecting people of every race and life-styles.

1.4    GLOBAL SITUATION

International news releases from countries of the worls reported that; AIDS is spreading like wide fire, countries like Australia, America and Switzerland reports the severity of this disease.  Millions dies from AIDS.  There have been other plagues throughout history.  Millions died because of Spanish influenza, bulbonic plague, and yellow- fever, small pox, polio, multiple scterosis and cancer.  However, sensible way of stopping the spread of AIDS is through dissemination of information and deliberate education, combined with personal changing life style, there has to be public health measures take.

 

1.5    THE NIGERIAN SITUATION

Up to the end of 2003, ever 20 millions of Nigerian have proved positive for AIDS.

The truth is that the diseases is spreading fast.  It is worthy to note that with the above figure.  That about 150 people get infected per week in Nigeria.  More than 15 million or 80 percent are female while the remaining 20 percent are male.  Beside, 15 percent out of the 80 percent are female children under the age of ten.  While 8 out of the 20 percent are male children under the age of ten years also.

Researcher proved that the adult infected AIDS victims fall within the age range of 18-45 years which is the prime age of like.

 

1.6    STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

The role of mass media in any society cannot be ever emphasized.  It goes beyond the ordinary art and science of news gathering and dissemination to shaping opinions and attitudes of people via proper and accurate analysis and interpretation of news events.  Through their information, education, lentering, and socializing function of Mass Media Impact people’s attitude and behaviour (Grahamen Mytton 1983:32).

The mass media set agenda for public discussion by chronicling news event within the society.  The mass media, no doubt, has changed or altered our culture.  New products, advertised to millions via television, magazines, radio and newspapers, can achieve wide  spread adoption almost overnight.  The rapid spread of other cultural forms, such as speech mannerism, fades of all kinds, and other innovative patterns, can be trigged by the media.

Different Mass Media are effective at different points in different ways.  The mass media only create awareness while the face to face communication bring about change.  Beth are complementary.  But Eagle and others observed that when the audience is large, it usually necessary to accept the inefficiencies of mass communication, (Eugle el al 19709: 29)

This implies that the mass have short-comings which do not produce their effectiveness no matter how minimal at bringing about social change.  Lazars field and Katz Radio, television and print to  opinion leaders and from them to the less active sections of the population: It therefore means that those who cannot be reached by the three media could benefit from interpersonal flow of information or the innovation. (field and Katz 1955).

Macgurire (1969), observed that the measured impact of the mass media as regard persuasiveness seems quite slight.  A tremendous among of applied research has carried out to test the effectiveness of the news media messages…The out come which he said been quite embarrassing for proponents of mass media.

In view of this perceived shortcoming, it therefore, becomes very necessary to take a hrd work at the role of the mass media campaign against AIDS vis-à-vis their impact among the teenagers in Benin City.

However, research is a systematic search of knowledge the media of which a primarity to find solutions to existing problems (s).  proper identification of a problem determines the direction of the study.  Therefore, the problems this research work aims at solving are:-

1. To determines the major sources of information regarding to AIDS.
2. The impact of exposure to AIDS campaign among teenagers in Benin City

 

1.7    OBECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The primary aim of this study is to examine the extent to which mass media campaign against AIDS has affected and influenced attitude and behavioural change towards sex.  Influence here, will therefore, be regarded as the ability of the campaign against Aids messages carried by the mass media to induce the teenagers to change their behaviours to sexual promiscuity) and help them also know more about AIDS and suggested preventive measures.

The study id interested in the audience ie the teenagers.  Do their sex and age affect the way they perceive the messages?

Are they really getting the information (exposure) has their level of education got something to do with their behaviour and attitudes to sexual matters.

 

1.8    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is envisaged that the outcome of the study will help to alert the teenagers population on the dangers inherent in AIDS and equally contribute to existing literature in the area of mas media impact.

Also, the study will help Health ministry to determine which of the mass media to employ in disseminating AIDS information.

Above all, it is hoped that the study will further equipm mass media practitioners, communication experts  and researchers to come up with a concrete and more futuristic approach to covering all manners of campaign without much do in Nigeria.

 

1.9    RESEARCH QUAESTIONS

1. Do people get most information about AIDS through the mass media?
2. Does campaign against AIDS relate to the use of condom during sexual intercourse amongst teenagers?
3. Does exposure against AIDS campaign discourage teenagers from sexual promiscuity?
4. Do teenagers who are single expose themselves

 

2. MEDIA IMPACT:-
3. AIDS A deadly infectious disease
4. COMAPAIGN AGAINST AIDS; series of planned information to pulolicized AIDS and its preventive measures
5. SEX: The activities surrounding, centering on and leading to coitus.
6. TEENAGERS; collectively of young men and women

 

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

1. MASS MEDIA

In this context, refers to various communication channels (specifically a radio, television and newspapers) through which information regarding campaign against AIDA is communicated to teenagers in Benin City.

 

2. MEDIA IMPACT; The range of new death with by the media

 

3. AIDS;

The four letters AIDS  stands for acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.  The word Immune refer to the Defense system of the body which helps the body to fight all kinds of infections.  This system does not work well in AIDS.

 

4. COMPAIGN AGAINST AIDS

Those attempt through the radio, television and newspapers aimed at curbing further spread of AIDS.

 

5. SEX

Sexual activities amongst the teenagers men and women in Benin between male and female and/or a men and a man (homosexual).

 

6. TEENAGERS:- young men and women using in Benin City, both indigene and no-indigene who in the age of 15-40 years.

 

1.12  ASSUMPIONS

An Assumption is a phenomenon or event that can be measured or manipulated and is used in the development of constructs.  They are concepts that have been assigned values.

Two sets of assumptions are identifiable the research topics.

• Media Impact as i8mpendent Assumptions
• Sex as dependent variable.

 

1.13  LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

As a result of poor funding, time constaints and convenience, the study shall be limited to Oredo municipal in Benin City, Edo state, samples shall be derived from ugbowo, Ring road quarters, usehe quarters and Akpakpava areas.

The researchers hope that through the use of questionnaire and scientific sampling techniques, the results of the study will be generalized to a larger population.

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