SALES PROMOTION AS A PANACEA FOR IMPROVED SALES THE NIGERIA BOTLLING COMPANY EXPERIENCE

 (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA BOTTLING COMPANY PLC 9^TH MILE CORNER)

ABSTRACT

 

This study treats or focused on sales promotion as a panacea for improved sales. The Nigeria Bottling company experience. Using NBC plc 9^th mile corners as a case in point.

The major problems investigated was to determine whether actually manufacturing companies derive benefits by engaging sales promotions and other business incentives.

The primary objectives of this study was to find out the extent through which sales promotion can be used to improve sales.

The review of other related literature which was necessary for this study was made.. out of a population of three hundred workers of NBC PLC one hundred and seventy one was chosen as the sample size. The sample size was determined using the Taro Yamani Formula.

Survey research method was used because of its reliability in generating results and analysis. The data for the study was collected through the use of questionnaire. Data were presented in tables while analysis were according to research questions, however, the major statistical tool for analysis include, simple percentage, mean score and bar chart.

From the analysis carried out, it was discovered that NBC PLC, Enugu benefits from engaging in sales promotion and other business incentives.

The finding also reveals that the level of response from the customers and consumers of NBC PLC sales promotion include; the size of promotion, the audience participation requirement, type of promotion and ease of getting the offer.

The researcher recommends that NBC PLC should engage in extra marketing strategy to stimulate consumer patronage and rate of turn over for its survive the present economic competition such as strategy is sales promotion.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of the research problem
• Purpose of the study
• Significance of the study
• Research questions and hypothesis
• Definition of term
• Assumption
• Scope and limitation of the study

References

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• The meaning of sales promotion
• The objectives of sales promotion
• Sales promotional tools and its implications
• Advertising (the promotion effort)
• Summary of related literature review.

References

 

CHAPTER THREE

• RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
  • Research method
  • Research design
  • Area of study
  • Population of the study
  • Sample and sampling technique
  • Instrument of data collection
  • Validation of the instrument
  • Method of collection
  • Method of data analysis

Reference

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data presentation and analysis
  • Presentations of data

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

• Summary of findings
• Conclusion
• Recommendation

Bibliography

Appendixes.

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION.

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Sales promotion is the activity that tends to educate, inform, persuade and induce prospective buyers, or consumers to patronize a particular product or services. Although advertising is seen as one of the sale products, colliers Encyclopedia volume 15 states that sales promotion covers various promotional techniques used by manufacturers and wholesales other than advertising and publicity.

Sales promotion also sanitizes and creates better awareness about a product or services with the intention of driving home the possible need and wants, such product or services can satisfy a consumer.

Operationally, sales promotion is an all marketing exercise or activity which are usually put together to principally create and ensure a steady increase in the demand for a particular product or service. Sales promotion which can also be called business promotion is also a principle factor that makes for desirable sales in any product or services. Historically, the use of sales promotion started effectively in Nigeria in the 18^th century when the retailers displayed their product in triangular shop to attract consumers. Since then, various sales promotion strategies have been developed by business organizations and these had contributed in various ways to the success of their respective business.

However, some business entrepreneurs and merchant have also criticized sales promotion as a waste of money, arguing that as a statement, debunking the statement, has been a serious puzzle owing to the fact that the study which can prove the sales promotion can be used for improved sales in any business is not easily fetched. This is why the researcher has chosen to embark on a study that will bring to charity for improved sales, on a business venture especially as it regards improving sales.

Consequently, the researcher also intends to examine the difficulties associated with planning and executing a sales promotion capable of making their desired improvement.

In other words, this study will concentrate on determining the use of sales promotion as a panacea for improved sales, Nigeria bottling company PLC makers of coca-cola and other brands of soft drinks. Nigeria bottling company is subsidiary of leventis group of companies, which produces soft drink in Niger under franchise granted to it by coca-cola company of Atlanta USA. The late Ag Leventis in 1943 established AG Leventis and company (NIG)LTD. The main business then was testile trade, but by mere providence, the two brothers, Messers AG Leventis and L Leventis nurtured the company to a group of companies with business interest like wholesales, retailing through departmental stores etceteras. Others were manufacturing of soft drinks, glass and plastic products.

About five companies which the group of companies are quoted to the stock exchange market. Branches include Enugu, Onitsh, Lagos, Aba, Ibandan and other scattered all over Nigeria significantly the marketing philosophy of the NBC is to create and distribute to Nigerians consumers soft drink that offer satisfaction to the demanding population. Hence it is charged with the responsibility of establishing sales promotion that should propagate high sales.

 

 

 

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS

          The following problems are involved in this study

1. Difficulties in the determination of whether actually manufacturing companies derive benefits by engaging sales promotion and business incentives.
2. The impact of various departments towards the planning, design and execution of sale promotion.
3. When of these promotional tolls do manufacturing companies use in planning design and execution of sales promotion as it relates to NBC PLC Enugu.
4. Which factor influence the response of the consumer to a sale promotion/incentives programme.
5. Which of these methods does the company use to advertise or determine the performance of sales promotion

 

1.3     THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The ultimate purpose of sales promotion is to increase and create better awareness about a product or services with the intentions of inducing the consumer to make more purchase which will at the same time, satisfy the consumers needs.

The primary objective of this study is to find out the extend through which sales promotion can be used for improved sales. The Nigeria bottling company experience.

Specifically, the study is intend to:

1. To determine the benefits derived by companies engaging in sales promotion and business incentives.
2. To find out the extent various departments contribute to the success of sales promotions.
3. To identify the promotional tools manufacturing companies use in planning, design, and execution of sales promotion.
4. To find out the factors that influence the responses of the consumer to a sales promotion.
5. To know the extent advertising help to determine the performance sales promotion.

 

 

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is significantly carried out for the following reasons.

1. The result of the study would help the management of NBC PLC Enugu in manufacturing increase return in investments to enable them remain strong in our competitive market.
2. The result will go a long way to alleviate the problems associating with sales promotion in manufacturing companies
3. This research study would also create a foundation that will facilitate the understanding of the need for sales promotion and its valuation.
4. It is hoped that result of the study will encourage various departments in NBC PLC Enugu to help contribute data for planning and controlling of sales promotion.
5. The result will help NBC to assess their overall performance for possible modification policy strategies and economic growth.
6. The result will also help manufacturing companies review their organizational goals and sees the extent their objectives are been achieved.
7. This study will definitely encourage manufacturing companies to sending their staffs to the course and workshop to acquire new skills and update their knowledge on sales promotion.
8. This study will help include new ideas to the management on various methods that can influence consumers response to achieve an increase in return on investment and profit position of NBC PLC.
9. This will also serve as work of reference to future researchers, while suggestions made in this study would serve as a rally point on formative evaluation of the best maximum and utilization of the best approach to planning, design and execution of sales promotion in NBC PLC Enugu.

 

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTION

          To guide this study five questions were formulated as follows

1. What benefits can be derived by engaging in sales promotion
2. To what extent do various department contributes to the success of sales promotion manufacturing company.
3. To what extent do manufacturing companies use promotional tools in planning, design and execution of sales promotion.
4. To what extend do many factors that influence the response opf the consumer to the success of the sales promotion.
5. What is the extent various methods or means of advertising used, help in sales promotion.

 

1.7     DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. SALES: Means the action or process of selling something or being sold
2. PROMOTION: Advertising or some other activities by intended to increase the sales of a product ore services.
3. PANACEA: An answer or cure for all troubles or problems
4. IMPROVE: To achieve or product something of a letter standard or quality than some thing else.
5. INCENTIVES: Something that incites rouses or encourages a person to do something either a work or a social service. It may be in form of honor, rewards and gift.
6. SALES FORCE: A number of person or vehicle used by the firm to distribute and sell products in different outlets
7. TOOLS: Instrumental whether tangible or intangible held and used by work man to achieve an organization goals or objectives
8. COMPANY: This is a group of people working together or business or commercial purpose, a business organization.
9. MANUFACTURING : This means the activity of making things by industrial process
10. DEPARTMENT: A division of a large organization
11. AWAARENESS: making something known to people
12. CONSUMER: This is people who buys goods or used services.

 

1.8     ASSUMPTIONS

          Promotional activities are designed to break down brand loyalty

This is because sales promotion has an element of immediacy, which will being the consumer to go for a particular product. As Thomas cook of the Journal for marketing week put it: “No matter what ones marketing requirement. There is a solution at the end of the line” Promotions are tailored to suit your objectives and budgets.

In this research work, the researcher made the following assumption.

1. The respondent in NBC PLC are likely going to respond actively to the questionnaire in this study.
2. The study will give or yield dependable results.
3. Future researchers will have to use this work as a reference material to make suggestions.
4. The management of NBC PLC will use all the information in this work for further promotions
5. The result of the work can be generally

 

1.9     SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study is to analyze the use of sales promotion as a panacea for improved sales as an experience of the Nigerian bottling company PLC Enugu. It covers the staffs of NBC Plc 9^th mile corner Enugu

The researcher experienced some set backs while carrying out the research work.

Perhaps the best approach of this would have been to go to all the different manufacturing companies of this product to know their experienced on sales promotion. But the under listed to NBC PLC Enugu metropolis.

1. Time factor
2. Financial constraints
3. Attitude of respondents
4. Illness
5. Logistic factors.

 

HYPOTHESIS

H1:    Members of NBC PLC have the time to improved sales promotion to their consumers.

Ho:    Members of NBC PLC did not have time to improve sales promotion to their consumers.

H2:    The members are not influenced by all the sales promotion to their consumers

Ho:    The members are not influenced by the sales promotion ti the consumers.

H3:    The consumers benefited from sales promotion of NBC PLC

Ho:    The consumer did not benefit from sales promotion of NBC PLC

H4:    The NBC PLC use the strategy for sales promotion to stimulate consumer patronage and rate of turnover for it to survive the present economic competition.

Ho:    The NBC PLC do not use the strategy of sales promotion to stimulate consumer patronage and rate of turnover for its to survive the present economic competition.

 

REFERENCES

Coller:                            Encyclopedia Volume 15, Macmillan educational corporation, New York London P.f collier Inc.

Curry D.R. Mc: (1971)  15 Tips for more effective sales promotion: Business management Vol 40 No.5

Thomas Cook (1995):    Journal of marketing week, London.

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MODERN JOURNALISM AND THE EFFECT OF GRATIFICATION PRACTICE

(A CASE STUDY OF ESBS) ENUGU

ABSTRACT

The pace of social development everywhere seems to be quickened by the important roles the mass communication play in our society. Unfortunately modern journalism and the effect of gratification is on the increase and it has now posed seriously concern to enlightened Nigerians.

The study is aim to find out why Journalism demand gratification and if the practice influences the selections of news to be aired.

A survey was employed in the study, responses were coded in percentages and presented in tables. The result of the study shows the lack of financial stability is the major reason why modern journalists demand and accept gratification.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                               1

• Background of the study 1
• Statement of research problem 5
• Objectives of study 5
• Significance of the study 6
• Research question 7
• Research hypothesis including the

null-information                                                             7

• Scope of study 8
• Limitation of the study 8

CHAPTER TWO      

Review of literature                                                                   10

• Acceptance of Gratification 10
• Need for training                                                            13
• Effect of gratification 16
• Gratification and media resources 24
• Summary of related literature 26

CHAPTER THREE  

Research methodology                                                   29

• Research design 29
• Area of study 29
• Population of study 29
• Research sample and sampling procedure 30
• Data collection 30
• Validity of instrument 30
• Reliability of instrument 31

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and result                                                            33

• Data analysis and tabulation 33

Lists of tables

1. Pattern of response on the effect of financial packaging in influencing the behaviour of journalist (samples)
2. Assessment of importance of journalism in over society

• Necessity of accepting gratification in practicing journalism

1. Assessment of training and retraining in boosting better performance among journalists
2. Pattern of response on the effect official background in influencing the behaviour of journalists
3. Support and non support response on the possibility of the new anti corruption crusade eradicating gratification practice

• Patter of responses on whether gratification practice can influence news judgment
• Patter of response on whether gratification practices can increase the credibility of ESBS

1. Pattern of assessment of impartial of press freedom in eradicating the problems of journalist
   • Result
   • Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary and recommendation for further study

• Summary 42
• Recommendation 43
• Recommendation for further studies 44

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Mass media such as radio, television and newspapers are those channel of information which can make simultaneous message available for a diversified public.

This ability to reach large audience both those in the rural and urban areas makes the agent of mass information very attractive to those who wishes to influence the masses, their actions and reactions to events, in a predetermined direction. Unknown to many perhaps is the fact that not all the news stories they hear these days from the radio, watch on television and even read from the newspaper are selected or used purely because of their news values.

There are traditional criteria for judging certain events, ideas, places and personalities as newsworthy in journalism, as Mac Bride (1980) put it “Important events especially in the countryside are pushed aside by unimportant events, trivial news items concerning urban events and the activities of personalities.

Inextricably linked to the present corrupt practices in the country today is gratification practices by journalist demanding or receiving gratification to perform their official duties or using positions of authority and power to exhort gifts either directly or indirectly, although hen questioned, some journalist explained that most of the gift they receive were insignificant as far as they are concerned saying that it is a small taken of appreciation for their work and will be less willing to accept the gifts if they were better paid.

In government ownership of mass media, journalist are not well paid event the money for their fare is very difficult to be provided and still the government makes sure that the journalist working under them dance to their tune instead of perfuming their rightful duties as a watch dog in the society. Even when the journalist write stories that should be published the editors will make sure that they edit and correct the news stories and sometimes they intentionally remove or censor vital information from been published so that they will not be sacked by the government without bearing in mind that it is very detrimental to the development of the society as a whole.

Today, there are private owned media organisation whose aim is to propagate the truth, no matter the circumstance wihtou any gratification acceptance and so the journalist have to be very careful of what he is publishing, libelous and seditions statement should be removed by the editor because it can earn the journalist who wrote the story a jailed sentence or the establishment closed.

However the journalist must not rush to the editorial room with a story whose facts have  not be thoroughly checked, besides he must make it a point of duty to acquaints himself with the constitutional provisions governing libel, slander, sedition, defamatory and obscenity so that if at anytime he is charged with any of the offence he would be able to defend himself successfully in collaboration with his lawyers.

Same professional journalist that are objective and non subjective in writing their news stories don’t mind any hazard they will encounters but they only wants to project the good image of their media house for individuals to believe and have truth on any of their publish stories, for instance, a journalist was assassinated while performing his lawful duty, the journalist was no less a person than Dele Griwa, the chef executive of news watch magazine who was killed by a letter bomb in his study in Lagos although he is dead but his effort of his objectivity was recognized, he never depended on any gratification and that was why he was assassinated.

Moreover, the rest chapters will elaborate more on the topic using Enugu State Broadcasting Station or A case study.

 

• STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS

Gratification practice by Journalist has reach its credo and is posing  serious threats to socio – political and economic development of the country, yet mass communication claims they are socially responsible, the question of their creditability therefore revolve around the following questions.                                     

1. Should journalist demand or receive gratification to perform their duties?
2. Should acceptance of gratification influence news judgment.
3. What effect has the above conditions on the society?

 

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to investigate and ascertain the positive and negative effect gratification practices has among journalism which maybe the factors militating against the smooth operation of journalist.

 

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY  

This study will help to put an end to gratification practice among journalists.

1. The study will help to arrest the declining attitude of public confidence to the media houses
2. The study will help in future, government policies as its effects “Journalist salary scale”
3. It will also help the management of Enugu Broadcasting Stations in formulating policies.
4. It will also help to ensure that media monopoly do no act as though they own the news.
5. this study will equally help to guarantee the freedom of the press and the right of people to know about events taking place inside and outside their community without any infringement of an individuals liberty they anyone or from any quarters.
   • RESEARCH QUESTION
6. What are the impacts of journalism is our society?
7. Has demanding and receiving of gratification by journalist any impacts in the public?
8. What are the role of training on the performance of journalists?
9. Could financial background play a role in influencing the attitudes of journalists towards gratifications?
10. Could the new anti corruption crusade quencit the thirst for gratification practices among journalist.
    • RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS (INCLUDING THE NULL HYPOTHESIS)
11. Government censorship of the mass media have had a negative effect on the practices of journalism.
12. The gratification practices among mass communication has led to mistrust and hatred among its publics (audience).
13. The government control on the mass media both radio, television and newspaper has affected the free flow of information which deprive the members of public the right to know what is happening in society in which they live.
    • SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of study is Enugu, the establishment is Enugu State Broadcasting Services (ESBS).  

 

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

          This study, modern journalism and the effect of gratification practice should have encompassed all the media in Nigeria, but due to poor finance and logistics, it was limited to Enugu State Broadcasting Services (ESBS) which is government owned media organisation.

The project topic deals with the effect the gratification practice have among modern journalist and on mass communication and the public as a whole.

Moreover the limitation of time made it impossible for a further research work beyond one case study used (ESBS) poor access to textbooks and study reports, the study could not go beyond what we have in this materials but with the scope used. Commendable and reliable result at the end is generated.

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THE ROLE OF ELECTRONIC MEDIA IN THE CRUSADE AGAINST RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF RESIDENCE IF AWKA ANAMBRA STATE)

ABSTRACT

This research work aims at finding out the role of electronic media on the crusade against religious intolerance. How electronic media mobilize and educate the religious intolerance and the best way to improve TV and radio station to help avoid religious intolerance in Nigeria.

This work has been divided into four chapters, chapter one deals with the introduction with background of the study, statement of problem, significance of the study and research questions, hypothesis, chapter two deals mainly with the review of literature while chapter three looked into the system in which data were collected. A detailed analysis and interpretation of data collected are dialed in chapter four. Percentage is the instrument used in the analysis and questionnaire distributed and collected.

Table were also analyzed finally come chapter five, the concluding chapter was devoted to findings, recommendation limitation of  the study

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

• Background of the study
• Statement of problem
• Objective of the study
• Significance of the study
• Scope of the study
• Research question

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review
• The Nigeria electronic media a historical overview
  • The radio
  • The television
  • The internet
• The causes of religious intolerance in Nigeria
• The Nigeria electronic media and crusade against religious intolerance in Nigeria
• The electronic media and social integration
• Summary of the review

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Methodology

• Research method
• Sourced of data
• Study population
• Sample size and sampling method
• Instrument for data collection
• Method of data collection
• Method of data analysis.

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT.

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary and conclusion

5.1     Summary of finding

• Conclusion

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Since primordial times. the major concern of man has been self preservation. He desire above all things security, that is a feeling of well being, contentment  and being at peace with nature (Tukur 200). However, the elusive nature of these values made ,ore complex by the uncertainties of life has motivated man into a perpetual search for reassurance from the supernatural. This is the idea of religion and many religions have sprung up since man’s existence here on earth. However religious influenced  by and influences the society in other words, like after aspect of human existence religious is born out of man’s interaction with his environmental (Nwokoro, 1998)

Like in all forums of interaction, sometime it smooth and progressive while at other times it could be turbulent, volatile and very destructive in religious principles and methods. It is however worthy of note that religious intolerance could only be explained when one understood the differences in the interpretation of the concept of religious and worship by the various religious seats/groups

According to the Islamic religious there is only one God who is called “Allah” (Eze, 2002). The life of muslem are governed by three authorities, the Quaran, the Haddith and the Sharia., the Quran is their holy book which they believed to have been revealed to Mohammed (The founder of Islamic religion) by the angel Gabriel the Haddith or Sunnah is the record of actions or saying of the prophet. The sharia (or canon law) which was based on the principles of the Quran, regulates a moslem sense (Abosed 1998).

Ilslam involves five principle obligations and five basic belief (Obinze 1999). The five basic belief include the following

1. Belief in angel
2. Belief in one God (Allah) (Surah 23:116,117)
3. Belief in many prophet but one message. Adam was the first prophet which others include Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Maohammed (the seal of the prophet)
4. Belief in a judgment day
5. Belief in God’s Omniscience, prior knowledge and determination of all events.

On the other hand, the five principal obligations or observance of a Moslem are as follows.

1. Frequent repetition of the creed (no god but Allah, mohammed is the messenger of Allah)
2. Saying prayers (salt) towards Mecca five time a day
3. Charity the obligation to give a percentage of one’s income and of the value of some property
4. Fasting, especially during the mouth long celebration of Ramasam
5. Going for pilgrimage, in which case every male Moslem is required (at least once in his life time) to make the journey to Mecca. Only illness and poverty are life excuses.

In contrast to Islamic belief the christens believed in one God (Jesus Christ) whose death on the cross salvaged mankind from damnation (Nwoye 1998). The Christian also believed strongly on the Bible (Their Holy Book) as well as on life after death. The Christians equally are strong believes on handwork, justice and fair play

The Christian Bible which is being regarded as the “Corner stone” of Christian religious, Consist of the 39 book of the Hebrew scripture, called by many the “old testament” and the 27 book of the Christian Greek scriptures (often called the new testament). Thus the bible is a miniature library of 66 books written by 40 men in the course of 1,6000 years of history (1 yawn 2000)

It is important to note here that while the Christian are usually clam and diplomatic in their interactions with the members of other religious the Moslem are usually more fanatical. This is because of the teachings of their Holy Book that to kill a non Moslem (an infidel) will help them to make heaven. The voueties in religious interpretation often lead to religious conflict on many occasion (Mgbo 2000)

Adeyanji (2001) reported that religious divisions and differences in Nigeria which are predicated on historical antecedents have great potential for religious on historical antecedents  have great potentials for religious intolerance, rival icy and outright of religious in Nigeria can create is very obvious. This danger is real and had in several cases erupted into actual killing, mining, burning and looting the properties of religious opponents. The manta sine uprising in 1980, the kano roits in 1982, 1984, 1985, the Ok riots of 1986, the Bauch riots of 1991 and the Knao and Kaduna riots of 200 are the testimonies of the extent of damage religious conflict can cause in a society where differences in religious belief are treated with little carelessness.

The difficult relationship existing between Orthodox Christians and the Pentecostals cannot be ignored for example the “Weekend Times” of January 18, 1997 )p.6) reported the move by the national restoration movement (an organization of the Pentecostal church leaders) to worn some leaders of the Orthodox churches to be windful of their utterance in public as they were capable of causing disfavor and feelings this more portends an ill-wind that will blow up no one any good.

From the foregoing, it is clear that the practice of each religion in the country has always brought out the worst in us and each day the results get usher. It seems therefore that conflict will always attend the practice of religious in the country unless of course religious is outlawed. Conversely, the religious adherents must device ways and means of acceptance co-existence for corporate survival.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Regions had been a vital aspect of the life of mankind for a time immemorial. However, in Nigeria the intolerance and misunderstanding among the various led groups/sections had on many occasions led to civil unrest resulting to unwanted destruction of lives and properties, e.g. Kano Riots of the 1980s and the Kaduna and Jos riots of the 1990s.

The occurrence of these religious riots are widely reported in the country’s electronic media (the radio and the Television) the electronic media had equally be used as a tool for exposing the absurdity of such religions uprising. Despite this regions intolerance and conflict appeared to persist in Nigeria. How would the electronic media be effectively applied in the crusade against religious intolerance in Nigeria in this question presents the problem that necessitate this research.

 

1.3     OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

          The objectives of this research are as follows

1. To identify the roles of the electronic media in the crusade against religions intolerance in Nigeria.
2. To discuss the impact of the electronic media towards reducing the incidence of religions uprising in Nigeria.
3. To highlight and appraise the extent of coverage of religions uprising by the Nigerian electronic media.
4. To suggest the strategies for making the Nigeria electronic media more effective in terms of crusading against religions intolerance in the country.

 

1.4     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

          This study will be guided by the following research questions

1. What are the roles of the electronic media in the crusade against religion intolerance in Nigeria?
2. What impact had the Nigeria electronic media made in terms of reducing the incidence of religions uprising in the country

• Had the Nigeria electronic media made total coverage of all the religions uprising in the country?

1. What are the strategies for making the Nigeria electronic media more effective in terms of crusading against religious intolerance in the country?

 

1.5     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS.

HYPOTHESIS ONE

Ho:    The Nigeria electronic media had not made any significant impact in the crusade against religious intolerance

H1:    The Nigeria electronic media had made positive impact on the crusade against religious intolerance

HYPOTHESIS TWO

Ho:    The activities of the Nigeria electronic media had not induced tolerance among religious groups.

H1:    The activities of the Nigeria electronic media had not prompted inter-religious tolerance in Nigeria.

 

 

 

1.6     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings and recommendations to be made in this research, if implemented will benefit all Nigerians in many ways. This is because it will reduce the occurrence of religious riots uprising in this country. The country’s nationals citizens will thus be free to live in any part of the country without fear of molestation or being murdered by religious fanatics.

 

1.7     SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of this research borders on the electronic media and its role in the crusade against religious intolerance. The research is limited to the residents in Awaka, Anambra state.

 

REFERENCES

Tukur C.O. (2000)                  Media Religions Relation in Nigeria. Benin: Longman.

Nwokoro F. (1998)                 Religion and the media in our society Benin city: Bernhard process

Eze I. (2002)                            The History and Religion of Nigeria people Lagos: SCM press ltd.

Absosede A.A (1998)              Communication and Religion A functional Appraoch Ibandan: Spectrum Book.

Nwoye I. S. (1998)                  Fundamentals of Africa Religions Calabar: Macmillan

Parsons T (1951)                     The social system New York: New York press.

Ukpong S. (2001)                    Religious studies- The Nigeria Perspective Lagos: University press.

Adeyanji A. (2001)                  Religious and polities in Nigeria Lagos: DCM press ltd

Iyamu F. (2000)                      Sohology for Nigeria schools and colleges Lagos Global press.

Mgbo (2001)                           A Basic course on Religious Port Harcourt: AcG books ltd.

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THE IMPACT OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE COMMUNICATION INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF NTA CHANNEL 8 ENUGU)

ABSTRACT

Scientific and technological development is the wheel upon which modernity evolves. As science and technology churns out new wonders, the world and life in it takes a more complex form. It is the gate way to information dissemination and the improvement in the Acknowledgement of communication as the grease that lubricates the frictions of social life.

This project work takes a look at the rate of development of the communication industry in Nigeria as a result of the increasing development in the area of science and technology ever since science waded into communication, communication has taken new dimensions, information dissemination has become a lot easier. It is now possible to communicate pass across vital information is second between persons separated by millions of filometres apart.

Chapter one of the text looks at the origin of science and technique as well as its debut into the communication industry in the application of scientific knowledge to the development of communication. It also looks at the main objective behind the carrying out a research of research work on this particular topic.

Chapter two is a critical review of related literature . here works of other writers in the field of scientific and technological developments in communication are reviewer, relating their  views on the matter to the research topic at hand. It looked at the orign of the mass communication industry in Nigeria comparing the achievements of the industry decides ago and its performance today in the twenty first century against its counterparts in the developed countries of the world.

The third chapter states the research method used in carrying out a research the research work to arrive at the results. This research process used includes research design, the sample the method of data collection and analysis of the data collected and the result of the entire research work. charts and other illustrations were used in explaining the results to a lay man’s understanding.

Finally, chapter five bears the summary of the entire research work as well as recommendations of areas of further study in the field of communication.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The development of science and scientific observations.

Science is a systematic knowledge of natural and physical phenomena which explores truths by observation, experiments and conclusions. The origin of science data as far back as the days of the early non whose accidental discovery of fire triggered off the curiosity in man.

The rotational pattern of the day and night, its relationship with movement of the sun, monnon, stars, seasons of the year etc are some of the natural phenomena that captured the famly of the early man. This crave for knowledge became the driving force behind the growth of science.

The evolution of scientific methods of enquiry gradually began to unravel the mysteries surrounding these natural phenomena and at the same time providing answers to man’s quest for improved environmental status. Around the 15^th – 18^th centuries BC three was this radical scientific revolution. This was a great Step towards the attempt by man to conquer his environment.

APPLICATION OF SCIENCE IN TECHNOLOGY

          The learners encyclopedia defines technology to be the utilization of scientific knowledge to arrive at a system of  production which involves the technical, engineering, managerial, administrative, marketing and consuming aspects of the economy.

This is to say that armed with the knowledge of early and recent scientific discoveries, man has continued to churn out new technological inventions, some of which would have mystified the early scientist.

Science therefore, is the core foundation of technology.

Examples abound of application of scientific knowledge to technological inventions.

• The early mans discovery of fire by striking two stones is today applied in the production of cigarette lighter.
• The law of floatation and up thrust by Archimedes is applied in designing and building of ships and submarines.
• Newton’s laws of motion is applied in the manufacture of automobiles etc.              
• The knowledge of projectiles is utilized in launching missiles, bullets, rockets and even in sports (short – put and javelin).

APPLICATION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN COMMUNICATION  

          “Communication basically means sharing ideas, information, opinions or experiences between people” (Okunna, 199). It can be intra-personal (within oneself), inter-personal (between two or more people), or mass commercial (involving large number of people). Ever since science and technology invaded the communication industry, communication has become simpler.

It is now easy to pass on information in seconds between person separated by millions of kilometers apart. Scientific and technological developments in communication have been very pronounced. Technological ingenuity has produced the telegraph, telephone, radio, television, newspaper and even books.

However, these mass media as they are known today have developed over a number of centuries.

THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN COMMUNICATION

          Gradually, the first humans began to communicate through pictographs drawn on walls of caves or on trees or stones. These messages reflected prehistoric peoples conception of their life and environment.

Pictographs was thus the earliest form of written communication. With time these pictographs revolved into symbols which became increasingly stylized until they are developed into alphabets.

This marked the beginning of recorded history (Bittner 1989). This was followed by the development of hicorglyphic writing by the Egyptians in 3100 BC. The stage was therefore set for emergence of the forerunner of the modern print media.

Books

The first book “the book of the dead”, was written in Egypt in 1580 BC (Sandma et al 1976) but for a long time books did not actually become “a mass” medium they were hand copied. They were in very short supply and very expensive. This situation however, charged drastically when in 1450, Johann Gutanberg of Mainz, Germamy invented a metal movable type. This break through in technology, revolutionzed the art of printing and ushered in the European age of printing when the famous Gutenberg bible was printed.

Newspapers

Chronologically, books were quickly followed by Newspapers. The earliest publication that could be called the fore-runner of the modern newspaper appeared in China in 500AD. It satisfied the literacy class who yearned for news rather than books.

ELECTRONICS- RADIO               

Although the principle of the motion picture was discovered in the 19^th century, the 20^th century signaled the era of the electronic communication. It was in this century that the principle developed into motion picture when the ability to capture moving visual images with the camera was perfected. They also discovered how to capture movement and sound on film (Bittner 1989).

Radio on the other hand owns its origin to the perfection of wireless transmission. According to Bittner, just as 20^th century dawned, a system was perfected by which electro magnetic impulses could be sent through the air without wires carrying voice transmissions over long distances. This new invention was to become “Radio”.

TELEVISION

          The television came into existence in 1920’s though its root were discovered in the 19^th century. The beginning of modern Television technique and the basis of television transmission was the “iconoscope”. This device was invented in 1923.  The iconoscope tube used electrons to detect and transmit pictures instantly and its invention transformed Tv into an electronic medium. Before then, television depend on the mechanical reproduction of visual images.

Thus, the communication industry has really come a long way. Today the industry can boast of highly sophisticated technological equipments found in telephone, radio, newspapers, magazines, e-mails etc, all forming a complex web of global communication. By their powers combined the world as a whole has been ‘reduced’ into global village.

 

• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

The impact of scientific and technological development on the communication industry in developed nation today is really applandable but can same be said of its developing counterparts like Nigeria. The high level of information technology (InfoTech) in the world today has earned this era the name “the information”. Has Nigeria come of this age?

As this study looks into how far Nigeria has gone in adapting to the level of technological advancement in the communication industry today, the following problems became so glaring.

1. There is a lower level of communication network in Nigeria compared to the developed counties.
2. There is a poor quality out-put in the available communication media in the country.                   
3. Nigerians have very little knowledge of information technology.
4. Lack of trained scientist in the filed of communication development.

 

• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Having identified the research problems of the study, the following are therefore what the study aims to achieve at the end of it all.

1. To find ways of improving the communication network in Nigeria.
2. To discover ways of effecting better quality output in the different areas of mass communication.
3. To find solution and advice the government on how to benefited the people on the use of information technology.

 

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The aspect of this study that specifically sets it apart from others already done is the area of ‘timing’.

Other research works done in this area in the past may not have witnessed the latest improvements in the communication industry both globally within this 21^st century and in Nigeria within this present regime. Due to the high level of information technology a today, this particular study has better access to global and national information as regards to technological development in communication.

This particular study therefore is in a better position to compare and contrast the level of effect these advancement have on the Nigerian communication industry and as such serves s a more adequate reference material both to the authorities and to future researchers. It sets a solid foundation upon which future research work can be based.

 

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This research work is geared towards finding answers to the following research questions.

1. How far has technological development improved the communication industry in Nigeria.
2. How aware are Nigerians of information and communication gadgets available in the world today.
3. How much attention does science and technology receive from the Nigerian government.

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

Hi:     The communication industry in Nigeria is technological under – developed?

Ho:    The communication industry in Nigeria is not technological under – developed?

H2     Science and economic is neglected in Nigeria?

Ho     Science and economic is not neglected in Nigeria?

H3:    Nigeria lack knowledge of information technology?

Ho     Nigeria do not lack knowledge of information technology?

 

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS

The impact of scientific and technological development on the communication industry in Nigeria.

The chambers twentieth century dictionary defines he above key words as follows:

Scientific:             Pertaining to knowledge ascertained by observation and experiment, critically tested, systematized and brought under general principle.

Technological:     Pertaining to the practice of any or all the applied science that have practical value and or industrial use.

Development:      The act of process of bringing to a more advanced or more highly organized state.

Communication: Act of succeeding in conveying one meaning into others.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

These are definitions of the key words in relation to the research topic.

Scientific:             Relating to systematic knowledge of how to enhance communication, obtained by observations and experiments.

Technological:     Application of the systematic knowledge of improved communication to produce gadgets and equipments that actually improve communication.

Development:      Improvement in the acquisition and application of systematic knowledge of enhancing communication.

Communication: The field of information dissemination both t intra-personal and inter-personal and mass level.

 

Simply put, the above operational definitions of key words defines the research topic as: How much the improvement in the acquisition and application of systematize knowledge has been able to help or enhance the dissemination of in Nigeria.

 

 

1.8     ASSUMPTIONS

In carrying out a research this research work, certain assumptions were made though subject to error they form the anchor upon which this work is tied.

1. Nigerian is aware and responding although at a show face to technological development in different sectors of the economy, hence the desire to find out how these developments have affected the communication industry.
2. Measuring the journey so far in communication technology advancement world initiate the motivation for further improvement.
3. Nigeria has the basic potential (human, financial and material resources) for greeter technological development, all that is required is proper motivation, management and allocation of these resources to the appropriate channels.

The above assumptions were made and this research work stands to prove them right or wrong at the end.

• LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Like every other research work done in this part of the world, limitations abound. There are very few research centers.

The few ones around have little or nothing to offer. As a result of this finding materials for this work was a lot of troubles. The few available materials were either obsolete or irrelevant to the study.

The issue of poor transportation network ws also a problem. Reaching the different areas where one has the possibility of getting relevant materials was such a tedious work because of the poor transport system.

Again the low level of in technology in the country hindered our access to global information as it relates to the topic. There are very few centres where one can browse through the internet for information. Generally, many Nigerians are totally ignorant of the information technology available hence just few people could be of help towards this research work.

Finance was another major problem that threatened the success of this work but all the above troubles not withstanding, with dedications and competence, this project work as brought to a successful conclusion.

Faced with the myriad of problems above, we had to limit the study to a manageable size using only the media houses in Enugu state to determine the level of technological advancement in communication industry in Nigeria.

We focused mainly on the broadcast media. We used the what, why, when, where and who question formula to limit the problem.

What –         A study of technological development on the communication industry.

Why –         To determine whether the media houses are adopting to these technological advancements.

When –        Currently.

Where –       Enugu state

Who –         Nigerian Television Authority (NTA)

The process of reducing the problem to a workable size has also established some firm limits to the research.

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GOVERNMENT USE OF EXTRA LEGAL MEASURES AGAINST MEDIA PRACTITIONERS A CASE STUDY OF SANI ABACHA REGIME.

CHAPTER ONE                                                                     1

BACKGROUND OF  THE STUDY                                       1

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM                                       7

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY                                            8

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY                                         9

RESEARCH QUESTIONS                                                     10

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS                                                   11

DEFINITION OF TERMS                                                      11

ASSUMPTIONS                                                                     13

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY                                           13

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW                                                        15

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY                                                                  27

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS                                                                 34

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION                                      42

REFERENCES                                                                       45

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The media as the watchdog of the society aluminates its light on the  society not forgetting its responsibility of entertainment, information and educating its audience as to keep them abreast of the dynamism of the world, condemning the ills of the government and the governed,  all geared towards a better society.

 

Median practitioners by implication covers  all the people who are trained in the art of journalism and work in radio and television station, newspapers and magazines and other medium through which people get informed.  The concept of the media developed right from the time the printing press was invented five centuries ago.  The invention revolutionized man’s ability to communicate ideas and information.  But, from that time, there was always this desire of  those who had control of  political authority/ power to create barriers against the free flow of ideas and information which the believe could threaten  their rule.

 

Press  freedom as a  concept of libertarian philosophy  is always assailed by those  who us quo maintained hence use of extract legal measures against medial  practitioners which was colossal during military era.

 

For media practitioners to carryout their duties effectively and efficiently, they should be granted  certain degrees of freedom hence absolute freedom is unattainable.  Media practitioners in trying to meet up with  its expected roles have encountered grave unhealthy confrontations ranging from harassment, intimidation, detention, to  censorship which is more pronounced during military dictatorship.

This work is restricted to Late General Sani Abacha military junta who  reveled in gagging and  muzzling the media using  state security apparatus despite the fact that modern  constitution endavours  to safeguard basis  freedom which the military had always defied, flouted, suppressed and violated with impunity.

This government use of extra legal measures against media practitioners can be traced back to  the infamous Decree No. 4 as promulgated by general Buchari (Ltd) in 1984 which endavoured to  strangle press  freedom .

The Decree become the  sword of Damocles of dangling over the head of every journalist.   Of course,  the two of Nduka lrabor and Tunde Thompson were detained for violating the infamous Decree No.4 otherwise known as the “ Public officers protection from false Accusation”

Decree 1984 for publishing story about changes in Nigerian High Commissioner in Britain whose to be withdrawn and replaced by Rtd. Gen Hannaniya.  They refused to divulge the  source of their  information.  They were later charged to court, tried and convicted under the provisions of the Decree,  on April 4, 1984.  they were jailed for 18  months.

 

It was intriguing that after Irabor and Thompson had been convicted, Rtd Gen.  Hanvaniya was subsequently accredited to UK as Nigerian High Commissioner.

 

In 1995, the quarter of Mrs. Chris Anyanwu, Kunse Agibade, George Mba and Ben Charles  Obi were detained in different prisons across the country on 15 years jail sentence each by a special military tribunal headed by Brigadier General Patrick Aziza for allege coup plot which has to do with  reports carried by their magazines on the alleged Col. Gwadabe Coup of 1995.

In another development, security agents  swooped on Onome Osifo-whiskey  and Whistled him away on  Nov. 9, 1997 with his colleagues at Tell headquarters at the mercy  of invading security  agents who had come for the previous week edition of the magazine which was titled ‘why Abacha  won’t hand  over’ Tell premises was sealed off and all the staff who  were around beat a hasty retreat.  Thinking that a parted delivery  van continued the magazine in  question the operative brought in a tow van and force –fully removed  it to their operational base.

In Feb 14, 1994, News watch magazine carried news on the drug war and in March 7, News watch reported the trial of the suspect which unveiled the deify deals in  drug agency,  tribunal and justice ministry.  After  this report, the aggrieved tribunal judge Fumilayo  Oni-Okpaku “tried” and  detained News watch editors for contempt.

Following this incident, on  Aprial 12, 1994, the Sledgehammer fell on News  watch against government  descended on the magazine  arresting its  editors  and charge them to court for interview published by the magazine.  The subsequent trial  of the accuses persons did not seem to meet internationally recognized standard of fairness as a result of articles they had published concerning the alleged coup and other stories.

Military dictators have  maintained unabated posture in trying tp gag the press like laying siege at media houses like  Tell Newswatch and the news just to mention but a few.  The apogee of proscription and champ down on the press took place  in August 1994 Acholonu (1999:30) was in line with his observation when he maintained that the zenith of the  champ down on the   press was the outright proscription, in  August, 1994, of the National concord, the Punch and the Guardian  group of newspapers by three retroactive decrees.  They  were captioned:

The Concord News papers and African Concord weekly magazine (proscription & prohibition from circulation )Decree No. 8 The proscribed papers were considered too critical of the ruling Junta, especially during the renewed struggle by port democracy forces to undermine military rule.

Journalist have always had the onerous duty of acting as the  conscience of the nation, the watchdog of the society, defenders  of the rights of the citizens, and promoters of justice and  fairness.  In the process of doing this, they often fail under the slege hammer  of government,  especially that is run by a military tyrant-

The type of military  dictatorship which bestrode upon Nigeria for decades since independence, like colossus, startled every right- thinking person.  Regimes upon  regimes inflicted upon the citizenry the pains of authoritarianism and gagged the press with merciless brutality.  But these successive military regimes only succeeded in “Killing the messenger and not the massage.”

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study knowing the harsh treatment media practitioners faced during the Abacha junta,  and how the press was gagged and muzzled intends to x-ray how the regime  disregarded the tenets of free press which is geared towards dissemination of information as to get the people informed and then watchdog the society.   It will be germane to know that social responsibility will be defeated it the government continues to muzzle and gap  the press.

It should be highlighted  here  that press has always found the environment unfriendly under military rule due to its extreme control and censorship which hampers free press.  The harsh conditions under which media practitioners work has not deferred them, though  in some  cases they had to be detained, arrested, harassed and copies of Newspapers and magazines confiscated which the junta feels their contents are unpalatable to the state and its agents .

The work  tries to find out how late  Gen Sani Abacha junta used state security paraphernalia and other extra legal measures to muzzle the press as to get her pander to its whims and caprices which could not dampen the spirit and courage of the media in  its surveillance and watchdog role as to entrench egalitarian   and corrupt-free society.

 

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.

The press has been described as the  fourth Estate of the realm. Because full and accurate information no matters of public interest is the means by which governments,  institutions,  organizations and all others in authority, at whatever, level, are held responsible to the  public.  But, often, we find that those in authority tend to  conceal that which is inconvenient or likely to arouse public opinion  against them.

Given the financial and political shenanigans that transpired during Gen Abacha days and the ordeal media practitioners went through the period under review  which culminated into detention, arrest, harassment, post-censorship and subsequent closure of some media houses at different time, one decided to dabble into this heart-rending topic in order to bring to the  fore the horrendous and harrowing experience journalists underwent during the  dare days pf dark –goggled Abacha.

This work is also meant  to unravel some of the extra judicial arrest and detention that were visited on journalists in the course of carrying out their duties,

 

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.

Based on the terrain in which media practitioners  operate under military dictatorship, this highly instructive work is aimed to enlighten mass communication students and generating of  the citizenry to  gain secondary knowledge of how journalists were harassed, intimidated, detained,    brutalized and victimized under the draconian reign of Late Gen. Abacha, as  it will give an uniformed mind an insight about the hazards of journalism.

This study is expedient as it will help  Nigerian journalists, Non governmental organizations (NGOS) to look back at the inglorious past, present  environment under which journalists  practice and crave towards ensuring a glorious and landable future.

This work will also help to evaluate critically and analyze the extent to which much talked about press freedom has thrived under military dictatorship and how unfriendly the environment was for media practitioners  to practice

 

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

Some  sets of questions were outline and  were attempted to answer within  the scope  of the study.  The under listed  are the outline questions:

1. To what extent does Ownership affect editorial contents?
2. Were those journalists arrested tried in competent court of law or military tribunal?
3. Were journalist arrested under Gen-Abacha regime objective in their noting?
4. Was Abacha regime the most hostile  military regime to media practitioners?

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H1     Ownership affects media content more in military junta.

Ho.    Ownership affects media content more in a democratic          government.

H2.    Repressive laws  & Decrees are more under  military government

Ho.    Repressive laws are less in democratic government.

H3.    There was much champ down and proscription of media houses during Abacha regime

Ho.    There was less champ down and proscription of media houses during Abacha regime.

 

1.7     DEFINITION OF TERMS

In defining the terms, the study will give vivid explanation of press laws, extra judicial measure, media practitioners.

These aforementioned terms will be given operational and concept ional definitions  .

 

Press laws

Conceptional definition of  press laws means those rules that  media practitioners must obey and abide  with in carrying out their journalistic practice.

Operational definition of press laws are the laws of defamation, libel,  sedition, invasion of privacy , printing of obscene materials.

Extra Judicial Measures.

Conceptional – These are those laws or measures that are not  connected with a court of law or judicial  process.

Operational – These are measures like Harassment, intimidation, detention, proscription, post-censorship, trials  in tribunals etc.

Media Practitioners.

Coneptional –These are those trained in the art of gathering and dissemination of  information through the medium of mass communication.

Operational – These are Tell magazine, News watch, This day, NTA, Radio Nigeria, Guardian e.t.c.

 

 

1.8     ASSUMPTIONS

There is this assumption that press should be free as to have the right to write freely about government activities, its agencies and other  organizations through its publications and programmes.

 

It is also believed that  repressive laws and extra judicial       measures which retards journalistic practices used to be more         pronounced during Gen –Sani Abacha days  of terror.

Above all, there is also this assumption that media  ownership goes a  long way in determining media contents.

 

1.9     LIMITATIONS OF TH STUDY

In  the course of writing this project, the researcher encountered a lot of obstacles  which could  have  dampened the enthusiasm but he remaindered lentless and unruffled so that he could put up a good academic research work.

 

Some of difficulties encountered which can recounted  ranged from inability of the researcher to get hold of those in charge  at the regional officers of Tell Magazine, News watch magazine, The News magazine and Guardian News papers which made  the researcher to spend reasonable amount visiting these offices.  There were also  cases where some of their looked incorporative and reluctant to assist.

Financial constraint restricted the researcher to Enugu, though the researcher had hoped to travel beyond Enugu for the research work.

Academic work load  back in school also retarded the  pace of progress of this project that it had to be abandoned for several weeks so that assignment and quizzes could be given adequate attention.

Lastly the work in  the department took a heavy toll  on the  research that the researcher gets home worn-out and finished without putting the project in his order of the day’s priority.

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COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE