MASS MEDIA AND THE COVERAGE OF HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES IN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

This is a study that is pre-occupied with an in-depth analysis of the influence of Mass Media pm the coverage of Human Rights activities and also on political issues in Nigeria. Some national deilies like the vangurage, New Nigerian, Punch and Daily Times Newspapers were critically evaluated and content analyzed, on a given period of time.

In achieving this, we embarked on a look into the extent of coverage given to human rights issues as regards their views on national political issues. The press objectivity coverage quest and the ownership restrictions were also studied to determine whether it has any relevance with ethnicity or not. There is also a drawn comparison between newspapers which area supposed to have the characters of ethnicity and those that area biased based on the ownership pattern.

On  the whole, five hypothesis were examined. The first hypothesis says that “is privately controlled newspapers report more objectively on human rights issues in Nigeria then the government owned newspapers” which was accepted by the result of this study.

The second hypothesis which states that tribalism and religious sentiments, play prominent role in Nigeria media more than professional Journalism in governing political right issues. The results obtained in this study also accepted this hypothesis.

The third and fifth hypothesis also lent statistical support. However, the forth hypothesis which states that media, operating with a particular geographical location will emphasize their interest above any other consideration in their coverage of political and human rights issues was to some extend rejected.

A part of our recommendation is that since ethnicity has been revealed to be interfering with the objective of events, identified sectionalists should be denied licenses to own news paper or other mass media gadgets to allow free hards so as to ensure objectivity of coverage and true practices of ethical Journalistic measurer. It’s therefore hoped that this research work will help to improve the mass media coverage of human right issues as this will educate and enlighten the society on their rights, which they at not fully aware of.

CHAPTER ONE

Introductions                                                                                    1

• Background of the study 1

1.1     statement of the problems                                                       4

1.2     objective of the study                                                              4

• Significant of the study 5
• Research questions 5
• Hypothesis 7
• Limitations of the study 8

CHAPTER TWO

Review of the literature                                                                     10

• Introduction on human right 10
  • Sources of literature                                                           11
  • A Reviews on the media with special

references to Nigerian situation                                                         12

2.2b   Emergence and development of human rights                         16

2.2c   Media biases vis – a – vis political and

human rights violation an abuse in Nigerian                                     19

2.3     summary of literature review                                                  24

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology                                                                      27

• Research method 27

3.1     research design                                                                        28

• Research sample 28
• Measuring instruments 28
• Data collection 29
• Data analysis 29
• Expected result 30

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and results                                                                            31

4.0     Data analysis                                                                           31

4.1     results                                                                                      31

• Discussion of result 36

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, recommendation and conclusion                                               40

5.0     introduction                                                                                      40

• Summary 41
• Recommendation 42
• Conclusion 43

Bibliography                                                                           45

References                                                                               46

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.0     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The media roles in the area of human right protection can be evaluated based on the media concept which are supposed to be on ethical binding in as much as the media in information dissemination, aims at profit making, they ought not to forget that social responsibility is supposed to be their concern on public Tuterest. According to Mrs. NKEM FAB – UKOZOR, “MEDIA ETHICS AND LAW” Pg 26, she said “However, there is bound to be conflict in any situation where making profits is against serving public interest”. “Bacareing profit and social responsibility is a concern…”

This accounts conjures well with the media ability to respond positively to the view of human right activist on major issues which are profusely identified by them. One thing among all is lack of effective leadership is a major problem contonting the euthnine met of democracy in Nigeria.

An un-emergence of a sound economy and less politicl iolence was been linked with an ethricity and tribal sentiments, yet no a properly addressed developed account and different reactions from those so called social critics.

The mass media is a tool for success or failure of human right activities and essentially the main components of human rights activities all over the world. There is also a tool of human right abuse or violation exposis through it’s programmes and ideas of human rights activities are made for actions and the re-occuring action from the authority concerned.

The leadership and human right problems in Nigeria, which has made it’s mark long ago, has been attributed to the mass inability to portray an objective rather un-objective responsibility since the incaption of the second republic. As researches identification, that Nigerians is endowed with greatness has been made but what has been responsible for the liability abundant talents, graduating into an effective economic and political leaders demands explanation.

However, the media sometimes indirectly expose plans to human right violation, who then take a precantionary drastic measures before the plans are expected. This is an act of media/human right activities hard in hard partnership in combating societal odds. For instance, when in Nigeria, the pro-democracy groups and NADECO planed to communicate the  aaAnnulled June 12, 1993 presidential Election, in June 1997, which the media exposed. In response, the Federal military Government not only warned against the demonstration but also ordenes the police in all the states of the federation to deal ruthlessly with any such demonstrators.

The idea of holding ethics loyalty above national willing is a disturbing problem in Nigeria. As a Yoruba newspaper will find it very difficult in criticizing a Yoruba leader and like other tribal owned news medias.

This project focus on the role of human rights Acticities in Nigeria and also the pros and cons of Journalistic/media reporting as in given analysis to the activities of human right violations in the country with reference to NADECO, human right committee and pro-democracy groups.

The emanating problem from reporting of human rights activities would also be examined objectively to see how the media fared in their reporting and analytical responsibilities. The reporter handicaps including media ownership problems will also come into place.

In addition to ownership, investigation on some other factors hindering media coverage of human right activities were carried out. Equally were factors not mentioned  but they affect upright objective coverage.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

The problem under investigation is the media coverage of human rights issues in Nigeria.

This uncovers the role of media ownership and coverage of human rights issues as concerning Nigeria.

The role of ethricity and religion will be the study mostly on their interference in the coverage if Nigeria media in politics and human rights levels.

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. To investigate whether professional trainig of journalists or lack of it effects the media objectively.
2. To find out the different ways of media control by government media and how it affects media coverage of human rights issues and violations.
3. To discover whether ethricity plays any influencing role in newspaper coverage of human rights activities
4. To find out whether different ethic groups cover human right issues differently.
5. Whether the discrepavcies in media coverage
6. It differs, should be attributed to tribal sentiments.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study stands as a knowledge enhance to Journalists, media proprietor/practitioners on the influence of media ownership in objective reporting analysis.

Aiding to this, is the works ability to stand as a solution finding to issue bordering on reportion in our media plans and houses especially where if borders on influence of mass media ownership.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Do privately owned Newspapers report objectively on human rights issues in Nigeria than government owned Newspapers?
2. Do tribalism and religious sentiments play prominent roles in Nigeria media more than any other issues or political events?
3. Do Nigerian Newspapers reflect issues of human rights in the content of their papers?
4. Do mass media operating withing a particular geographical location emphasizes that interest above any other consideration in the coverage of political and human rights isues?
5. Do News papers operating in Nigeria attain objectively in their coverage of political and human rights issues irrespective of what is at stake ethrically?

All these would contribute to the existing pool knowledge on media coverage of human rights issues in Nigeria. The study is expected to enhance Journalistc professionalism by identifying the issues that hinder objective and balanced reporting on Nigerian media.

 

 

 

 

• HYPOTHESES

On the process of giving vivid explanation on the course of investigating influencing factor affecting roles of media and coverage of human rights issues in Nigeria. The following hypotheses have been drawn.

HYPOTHESES

H1     Private owned newspaper report objectively on human rights issues in   Nigeria than government owned Newspapers.

Ho     Private owned News papers do not report more objectively, issues of human rights in Nigeria than government owned newspaper.

HYPOTHESES 11

H1     Tribalism and religious sentiments play prominent role in Nigeria media much more than any other issues or political events.

Ho     Tribalism and religious sentiments do not play significant role in Nigeria media.

HYPOTHESES IV

H1     mass media operating within a particular geographical location will emphasize their interest above consideration in the coverage of political and human right issues.

 

Ho     Mass media in Nigeria within a particular geographical location will not emphasize the interest of that location in coverage of political and human right issues.

• Presumptions are on the view that ethnic the coverage at Nigerian newspaper in political Journalism.
• The researchers assume that with the dependent notion on ethnic basis and views, Newspaper house lays their political issues coverage.
• It is also assumed that tribal sentiments will prevail over national unity in the coverage of human right issues.
• Presumably, ethnic brase will attect the degree of credibility of newspapers across the ethnic regions
• Finally we presume right issues if what is being reported will favour one ethnic group.

 

1.6     LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Selected newspapers, which circulate within the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria, that is, restricted investigation.

There should be a generalized result on other smaller ethnic groups which will be well presented due to time constrains and economic in balance the scope will be scaled down to a limited cirele to meet time extensor literature research done among which are relevant textbooks, Journals magazines, published track, Newspaper and oral views from prominent personalities and finally, a world of internet outreach on Nigerian issues on human right only.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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TELEVISION VIOLENCE AND THE AUDIENCE BEHAVIOUR:  A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS ON ADULTS AND CHILDREN IN ENUGU METROPOLIS

ABSTRACT

 

Violence on television affects children negatively, according to psychological research.

The three major effects of seeing violence on television are:

• Children may become less sensitive to the pain and suffering of others.
• Children may be more fearful of the world around them.
• Children may be more likely to behave in aggressive ways toward others.

FACT:        The average American child may have watched 100,000 of dreaded televised violence, including 8,000 depictions of murder, by the time he or she finishes sixth grade (approximately 13 years old).

We lived in an era where both parents are often working and children have more unsupervised time.  It is essential that you make time for children and regularly inform yourself of their day to day experiences, including while they are at school if they attend school.

If you think wall to wall violence on television has no effect, why would you imagine that one-minute advents in the breaks do have an effect?

CHAPTER ONE

1:0     An Introduction

1:1     Background of Study

1:2     Statement of Research Problem

1:3     Objectives of Study

1:4     Significance of Study

1:5     Hypotheses

1:6     Research Question

1:7     Limitation of Study

1:8     Conceptual Definitions

1:9     Theoretical frameworks

 

CHAPTER TWO

2:0     Literature Review

2:1     The Review

2:2     Short-term Influences

2:3     Longer-Term Influences

2:4     Violence in Society

2:5     Media

2:6     Summaries

 

CHAPTER THREE

3:0     Methodology

3:1     The Population of the study

3:2     The survey sample

3:3     Research Instruments

3:4     Method of Data Analysis

3:5     Expected Results

CHAPTER FOUR

4:0     Presentation and Analysis of Data

4:1     Data Presentation and Analysis of Date and Summary of Findings

4:2     Result of Hypotheses test

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation

5:1     Summary

5:2     conclusions

5:3     Recommendations

References

Appendix

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1:0    INTRODUCTION

It is certain that the television broadcasting sometimes play conflicting role because of their special power to influence and affect the way people think, feel and behave.  The Television had been credited with incredible persuasive ability to change attitudes and behaviour.

Most Nigerian children/adults spend a substantial amount of time watching films and news on the television, the child and even an adult catches a glimpse of foreign cultures as well as the adult world.  People have blamed the increase in violent crimes among the youths on the types of violent films on the screams.

This has made the media a source of worry, especially to governments.  Over the years, it was feared, for instance, that exposure to violent films/ programmes on television would directly cause the members of the audience to behave in violent ways in the society that is media violence-violent social behaviour.

There were many other fears which people had about the negative influence which it felt would arise from exposure to television film violence.  In all these fears, the exposure to television film violence is believed to have powerful and direct effect on people, since our dependency depends on the number and importance of information delivered by the media as well as the degree of change and conflict present in society.

This work of study is to expose the many ways “television film violence affect the audience behaviour and a comparative analysis of the effects on adults and children through the questionnaire method and to proffer or suggest solutions by which television film violence could be reduced to the barest minimum

 

1.1:   Background of Study:

Concerning about children and popular Media has a long history.  Plato proposed to ban poets from his ideal republic, because he feared that their stories about immoral behaviour would corrupt young minds.  In modern times, moral pressure group0s have tried to ‘protect’ children from popular literature, the music hall, the anema, conuics, television and video masties.  It is important to see the issue of television violence and children’s behaviour in a broader social  cultural and historical context.  Why is it such a popular subject? This is not often the fate of academic research issues.  Well, it may be partly that it is a convenient scapegoat.  Blaming three media can only direct attention from other causes of change, and so claims about the effects of television can be massively exaggerated.

At the same time, we can hardly ignore the fact that television does feature aggressive and violent behaviour.  One commentator notes that by the age of 14 the average American child has seen 11,000 murders on television (Aarris, 1989).

In fact, studies have shown that violence is much has prevalent on British television than on American television (Gunter & McAleer 1990).

However, the type of programme matters: there are more violence in cartoons than in many other fictional programmes, but children do discriminate between cartoon violence and more ‘realistic’ violence.  Nevertheless, violence is commonplace even in British television.

 

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM:

There has been a considerable amount of research into inter-relationship between the viewing of violent films, videos and television programmes and aggressive behaviour by the viewers of such materials especially the behaviour of children.  My words are carefully chosen in that description.  More commonly, research is framed as being concerned with what are called the ‘effects’ of television.  This analysis represents the dominant paradiging in television research.  In its crudest form, the relationship between children and television is portrayed as a matter of single cause and direct effect, which puts this kind of research firmly in the behaviourist tradition: based on what is sometimes referred to as the magic bullet theory.  Approaches  have become more sophisticated in resent decades, stressing such complicating factors as the variety of audiences, individual differences and the importance of intervening variables.

The early survey work in the 1950s by Vilbur Schramm (1961) and his colleagues in the US as well as Hillder Aimmelweit (1958) and her colleagues in Britain are remarkably cautious compared with many later studies.  Both present children as active agents rather than passive victims, unlike most of the research in the 1960s.  Both Schramm and Himmelveit suggest that the effects of television violence vary according to the personal and social characteristics of viewers, and according to how violent acts were portrayed.  Sociological research has infact tended to stress longer-term changes in behaviour and the enmeshing of television with the rest of social life, whereas psychological research has trended to focus on short-term changes in behaviour, treated in isolation in the laboratory.

The famous psychological studies of children and aggressive behaviour are Alber Bandura’s Bobo Doll studies, which are now widely regarded as early research classics in the field.  These were experimental studies in which children of nursery school age observed a playroom in which an adult was hitting, punching, kicking and throwing a large inflatable doll.  Particular actions were used (such as using a hammer and say ‘pow . . . boom . . . boom’) which children would be unlikely to perform spontaneously.

The children were then observed, as they played alone in the playroom with the doll for 10 to 20 minutes.  A control group of children was allowed to play with the doll without observing the aggressive adult behaviour.

As one might expect, the children who withnessed the adult aggression performed similar acts, the others did not.  In a series of studies, Bandura (1961) and his collegues have shown that children display novel acts of aggressive behaviour which they have actured simply through observing someone else engaged in these acts.

In a later version of experiment (1965) the children were divided into three groups one group went straight into the playroom.  The second group saw the model being rewarded for aggressive actions before they went in.  the third saw the model being punished.  Those who saw the model being punished showed significantly less aggression than those who saw the model rewarded or who saw no consequences.  This suggests that seeing a model punished leads to less learning of the model’s behaviour.  However, after all, the children had played in the playroom with the doll, they were offered rewards to behave in the playroom like the adult model had done.  In the first stage of the experiment the consequences for the adult attested the children’s behaviour.  This second stage showed that they had in fact learnt the behaviour because they were able to perform it.  So those children who had seen the model punished had learnt the behaviour but would only behave like that it offered an incentive.

Bandura (1965) suggests that we should distinguish clearly between the acquisition of aggressive responses and the performance of aggressive acts: observation of modeling is sufficient for aggressive behaviour to be learned, but reinforcement is necessary for aggressive acts to be actually performed.

 

1:3    OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDIES

This studies wishes to expose the many ways television film violence had affected audience behaviour especially on children and more so, it suggests or proffers solutions by which television film violence could be reduced to the barest minimum in the society in-order.

• To avoid ‘television film violence;
• To protect the lives and moral values in our societies.
• To encourage non-television film violence
• The audience to resort to a responsible media.
• To mark an end to ‘television film violence in our societies;

1:4    SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The findings of this work will add to previous studies carried out in the same subject matter by other research scholars.  Conversely, it will also open more avenues for further research on ‘Television film violence and the audience behaviour.

Going by the world order, there is the need for the entire populace to know about the impact of film violence in the society.  It is only when this is done that the influence of film violence on the behaviour of adults and children will be reduced.

 

 1:5   HYPOTHESIS

(i)        Hi:   There is difference in the effects of ‘television film violence between the adults and the children in the society.

Ho:    There is no difference in the effects o f ‘television film violence between the adult and children in the society.

(ii)     H₂:     Television film do have violence effect on the audience effect on the audience.

Ho:    Television film do not have violence effect on audience

(iii)    H₃:     Television programmes do offer good programmes to the audience.

Ho:    Television programmes do not offer good programmes to the audience.

(iv)    H₄:     The media is responsible for television film violence.

Ho:    The media is not responsible for television film violence.

 

1.6     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In the light of the foregoing this study is now supported with the following research questions.

• Does television film violence affects and influence audience behaviour
• Who does television film violence affect most?
• Is the media responsible for television film violence?
• What suggestions can be given to stop or reduce television film violence?
• How does the audience feel and react to television film violence?

 

 

1:7    LIMITATION OF STUDY

Due to time constraints and poor findings for the project, it becomes impossible for the researcher to reach out to so many research scholars on this topic: ‘Television film violence and audience behaviour’.  However the study had been limited to adults and children drawn from the inhabitants of Enugu metropolis.

 

1:8    CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION MAGIC BULLET THEORY:

It is a theory of the homogeneity of the audience.  This theory was propounded by these communication scholars: Pavil Lazar Fed, Bernad Berelsen and Mazel Gauilet.

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCE THEORY:  These are the categories that believes in distinguishment categories.  These differences are: Thought patterns, Psychological make-up (No two individuals are alike especially in the approach to selectivity), Physiological frame work and Behavioural traits.

 

 

1:9    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Many theories about children’s behaviour and the influence of television are in the behaviouristic tradition:  where the emphasis is on the passive learning of habitual behaviour through conditioning.  They tend to ignore the active meaning – (ie.) mnaking the children to engage in, and the variety o f meanings which they construct with television (Dorr & Kovaric, 1980).  The Magic bullet theory which is the theory of the homogeneity of the audience.  Pavil Lazar Fed. Bernad Berelsen and Nagel Gaudict (1940) are communication scholars that followed the election of academic and they wrote a book called the “people choice”.  They discovered that advertisement commercials does not change people opinion that what matters is the opinion leaders, the intermediaries who bring the information from the source and then go back to the people under them and disseminate the information.  They concluded that opinion leaders matter very much information dissemination. Opinion leaders are the people whom lower class people respect because of one knowledge or the order they have above the other class.  They believe that (scholars) people do not value the information coming from the source rather the intermediary (opinion leaders).

 

INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES THEORY:

There are the categories that believes in distinguishment categories.  They are against the mass society culture, norms, values of other group.

Irrespective of group, cohension through values, norms and on, social groups comprise still different individuals.  No matter how uniform their ideas about life about society and the media are, these people still have some differences in their overall physical and psychological attributes (personality traits or idiosyncracies), and use these differences to affect the media content (in the uses and creation) even if minimally.

These differences are:

1. Thought patterns
2. Psychological make-up (No two individuals are alike especially in the approach to selectively).

• Physiological frame work

1. Behavioural traits.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN GENERATING AWARENESS AGAINST DRUG ABUSE. A CASE STUDY OF VANGUARD AND PUNCH NEWSPAPER

PROPOSAL

One of the greatest problems facing our Nigerian society today is drug abuse. The issue has attracted a lot of attention that all well meanings Nigerians, government, private and public institutions and organisations are seeking the best possible way of controlling or possibly stopping the ugly phenomena which has both great economic, social, political implications in the overall growth and development of our country.

Statistics have shown not only that Nigeria is one of the highest consumer of such illicit drugs in the world but that our youths mostly within the age range of eighteen and twenty eight engage in this pastinc of taking drugs for so many selfish reasons without remorse to its dangerous effects of their health and individual wellbeing.

It is no time with these ugly trend that this research seeks to study the role of the mass media with particular reference to Punch and Vanguard newspaper in creating public awareness on the changes of drug abuse in the society. The research will also ascertain which medium plays greater role in this media function of information, education, modernization and entertainment among others.

A careful study of this topic will go a long way in educating the people particularly our youths on the danger of drug abuse. It  will help government, private and public institutions and policy makers in addressing the ugly situation.

To enable the researcher to take careful study of he issue the work will be divided into five chapters with chapter one dealing on the role played by mass media  in generating awareness against drug abuse. Chapter two deals with the literature review of some related existing texts on the study, chapter three addressed the method used in the study, chapter four will analysis the data collected in the study, the chapter five will summary and recommend the entire study solutions.

Survey method of research findings ranging from questionnaires, literary, textbooks will be greatly employed. There is no doubt that drug is a menace to the Nigeria society and unless the mass media play its avowed role in creating awareness at this drug abuse, Nigeria will not be a safe place for all.

 

ABSTRACT

Mass media an organisation aimed at giving news and opinions to a large number of people, retaining these people and building internal and external good will beyond reasonable assumption needed for an organisation to remain and prosper in it. This led to the establishment of the media in Nigeria, vanguard and punch newspaper for instance.

The disparities in the media function thus, informed our study in generating awareness against drug abuse in Nigeria (A case study of Vanguard and Punch newspaper). Equally the electronic media (Television and Radio) were studied too.

Consequently, five hypothesis were formulated. The first hypothesis sought to know if mass media generate awareness of dangers of drug abuse.

 

 

The second hypothesis sought to know if the existence of drug use is as a result of insufficient effort by the media.

The third hypothesis sought to know whether the awareness of the effects of drug abuse to the impact of the media the fourth sought to know if drug abuse is commonest among youths. The fifth bordered on capability of mass media in controlling this drug problems in Nigeria.

The chi-square statistical approach was used to test hypothesis after questionnaire were administered to 100 respondents. The five hypothesis received statistical support, showing that people receive information about drug abuse more on electronic media (Television and Radio) followed by the print medium (Newspaper and Magazine).

The project has five chapters in all first two chapters are mainly theoretical framework I which the principals and functions of the media were discussed.

Chapter three explained the survey methodology adopted in the study while chapter four and five are based on empirical findings. Chapter four dealt with data collection and analysis while chapter fie summarizes the empirical result.

CHAPTER ONE 

1.0    introduction                                                          1

1.1    Background of the study                                  1

1.2    Statement of problem                                        4

1.3    Objectives of study                                            5

1.4    Significance of study                                         6

1.5    Research questions                                 7

1.6    Research hypothesis                                        8

1.7    Conceptual and operational Definition          9

1.8    Assumptions                                                        11

1.9    limitation of study                                               11

 

CHAPTER TWO

• literature review 13

2.1    Source of literature review                               13

2.2    The review                                                           13

2.3    Summary of literature review                          29

 

CHAPTER THREE

• Research methodology 32

3.2    Research design                                                33

3.3    Research sample                                               33

3.4    Measuring instrument                                       24

3.5    Data collection                                          34

3.6    Data analysis                                                      35

3.7    Expected Result                                                 35

 

CHAPTER FOUR  

4.0    Data analysis of result                                                36

4.1    Data analysis                                                                36

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0    Summary, conclusion and suggestions                 47

5.1    Summary                                                              47

5.2    Recommendation for further study                           49

Bibliography                                                                   52

Appendix                                                                        55

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This research targets the role played by mass media in generating awareness against drug abuse. A case study of vanguard and punch newspaper.

Nigeria has big problems, one of which is that of serious social and economic implication for the society. Nigeria youths constitute not just the high risk group but also the bulk of Nigeria’s army of drug addicts. Studies indicate that a higher percentage of our youths within the age range of eighteen (18) and twenty eight (28) years have tied out drug on the other . a high percentage of those admitted of mental related problems also come from the same group. The drug epidemic is thus gradually eroding the manpower base and future of Nigeria.

In 1984, the Yaba psychiatric Hospital treated ,234 patients and in 1987m, the figure climbed to 12,587 and in 1985, the figure also climbed to 47,725 between January march 1989. It increased to 70,316. But these seem to be just the tip of the iceberg as culling addicts still roam our streets federal by drugs from the various drug joints that now litter our streets.

Drug abuse is one type of deviant behaviour that was previously exclusively associated with the western societies. Before the eighties, this problem has been in existence but today the footage has turned into a frightening reality, a moister that has best ridden our country like a leach and reuse to let go while gradually spreading its tentaclces.

Drug abuse is not just about the creative with a vacant look in its fast blinking eyes, a twittering body and an actered mind but its is about the student who cannot read without taking unsweetened coffee, kolanut or pills. It is about the filter lover who turns to the bottle of salvation, the business executive who must smoke to be able to work, the retrenched worker who floods his veins with “smack” to forget his sorrows and adventures party goes who ties a shift to get a kick because others are doing it. Thus drug abuse is not just about mislaying drugs but the habit involves in the use of any chemical substance that has an effect on the body and they include smack, gbana heroine, cocaine, white girl, call it whatever name you like. Drug abuse is a fatal past time Nigerians have  decided to indulge in and does the county have to show for it.

Nigerians have just woken up from the menance of drug abuse which is like a nightmare that refuses to go away. Drug abuse is not a recent phenomenon in Nigeria, it started in the late 1960s where the use of Indian ehmp (cannabis) as a stimulant became widespread and what followed was a graded upsurge in the use of hemp by the Nigerians youths.

In the eighties Nigerians was just a transit point for hard drug from the golden triangle of Asia the capital of Europe and United States. Soon drug trafficking began to increase at a geometric rate. Nigerians lined by Filthy Lune, they stood to make from the illicit business joined the growing army of drug couriers in droves.

As the menance of drugs grew wide, the government woke up to the dangers of the trade if left unchecked. Nigerians and the people carrying Nigerian passports started getting nodded and the prisous of Brazil, Saudi Anabia, United States, Brittan and Germany became filtted to the brim with Nigerian involved in the business forum. They become a fonce to be neckoned within 8500 billion per annum world drug circuit.

 

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          On the afternoon of April 10,1985, the normally serne atmosphere at Nigerian’s maximum Kirikini prison was shattered by the sound of continuous gun fire. At the end of it, the bodies of three young Nigerians namely Barthlonew Owoh, Bernard Ogedenge and lawal Akauni dangled at grotesque angles from the stakes at the prision’s fining range. The three became the first victims of Nigerian government’s attempt to seriously tackle the drug problem, the victims of a retroactive law that prescribed death for drug trafficking and which were then gradually creeping like a night maninder into out society.

 

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study is to access the role of mass media in generating awareness among the public on the danger of drug abuse; A case study of vanguard and punch Newspaper.

Considering that through their agenda setting and surveillance role, the mass media (Vanguard and Punch newspaper) becomes crucial. True, the mass media (Vanguard and Punch Newspaper) cannot do the job in isolation, the workers in these establishments have to take cognizance of some socio-cultural factors but they can go a long way in laying the background for the fight against drug abuse.

As an adjunct of the mass media’s (Vanguard and Punch Newspaper) role, this study would focus on the type of drugs in Nigeria, their effect role of communication, the effect of vanguard  and punch new a print medium, attitude change and policy on the abuse of hard drugs in Nigeria. The public policy on the drug scourge is vital because it partly shows tht societies response to problem that has become a mosquito in the net.

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The decision to study on drug abuse in Nigeria was spurred by two incidents.

The first was mind bending, a soap oppra, which nan on network television for a quarter in 1990. It highlighted the effects of drug on their users and the agony the addicts and their families go through. Going by the public reception of programme and the rare reviews it received in the press, it become clear that Nigerians were not very aware of the various ramifications of the drug problem in Nigeria. This situation amplified the need for the use of mass media in the battle against the lethal habit.

Secondly was a pensal of the various public policies on drug abuse revealed a sore point. Few of the policies prescribed education of the public as a means of eradicating the drug epidemic in Nigeria. Most of the policies prescribed punitive measure for battling the danger called drugal of the various public policies on drug abuse revealed a sore point. Few of the policies prescribed education of the public as a means of eradicating the drug epidemic in Nigeria. Most of the policies prescribed punitive measure for battling the danger called drug.

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The general problems that this study would seek to answer are as follow:

1. What is the public policy on drug abuse in Nigeria?
2. Can the mass media (vanguard and punch newspaper) generate public awareness on drug abuse in Nigeria?
3. In what ways can the mass media (vanguard and punch newspaper) play the role of generating public awareness on drug abuse?
4. Have the media (Vanguard and Punch newspaper) been generation public awareness about drug abuse in Nigeria?
5. To what extent can mass media generate public awareness about drug in Nigeria?
6. What media of mass communication would be most suitable and effective in creating awareness against drug abuse in Nigeria?
7. In what ways can mass media (vanguard and Punch Newspaper) generate public awareness about drug abuse in Nigeria.

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

These hypothesis are drawn from the topic and from the variables.

Hi.     The mass media (vanguard and punch newspaper) generate awareness of dangers of drug abuse.

Ho.    The mass media (vanguard and punch newspaper) does not generate awareness of dangers of drug abuse.

H2:    The existence of drug use is as a result of insufficient effort by the media.

H0:    The existence of drug use is not as a result of insufficient effort by the media.

H3:    The  awareness of the effects of drug abuse is due to the impact of the media.

Ho:    The  awareness of the effects of drug abuse is not due to the impact of the media.

H4:    The nature of the media messages reveals that drug abuse is commonest among youths.

Ho:    The nature of the media messages reveals that drug abuse is not commonest among youths.

H5:    The mass media can control drug abuse in Nigeria.

H0:    The mass media cannot control drug abuse in Nigeria.

1.7     DEFINITION OF TERMS

Drug

Conceptual: Medicine or material used for making medicines

Operational: An chemical agent other than food stuffs which significantly affect the body structure of function.

Abuse

Conceptual: To put to wrong use.

Operational: Use badly to the extent that there are observable effects.  

Public

Conceptual: Concerning people in general

Operational:  Mass  of people who use drugs and are reflects in media content.

Awareness

Conceptual: Having knowledge or consciousness

Operational: Act of sensitization

Role

Conceptual: The part taken by someone in any activity

Operational: A function played by someone in any activity either to create awareness or spread information for people to take corrections or amendments.

Generate

Conceptual: Cause to exist

Operational: To circulate or spread ideas, suggestions, solutions to problems at hand.

Media

Conceptual: the modern means of giving news and opinions to large number of people.

Operational: A means through which information is being generated or circulated to the publics.

• ASSUMPTIONS

It is expected that if this study is properly conducted, the researcher will arrive at the following results.

1. That the media need to do more than they are doing to address drug abuse.
2. That the media effectiveness would be determined by how they address youths and adults.
3. The media have made a lot of impact in increasing awareness of drug abuse.

1.9     LIMITATION OF STUDY

During the course of gathering data for this project, the researcher was found with some limitations and these limitations include finance and time. And also the problem of staying within the scope of the study because, to a certain extent, the project topic extensive so the researcher had to stay within the scope she could conveniently and possibly handle.

 

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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USES OF INTERNET SERVICES IN RADIO JOURNALISM AT KADUNA STATE MEDIA CORPORATION

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ABSTRACT
This research studied the uses of internet services in radio journalism at Kaduna State Media Corporation. Self – report survey was adopted for the study and a total of 158 respondents were purposively sampled. Data generated came from interviews and questionnaires administration. Relevant literature reveals that internet use among journalists is very effective in assisting the journalists for their job. The study recommended that the management of Kaduna State Media Corporation should ensure that a standard cyber café is built for the journalist to help them carry out their job more effectively. In conclusion, internet services is an effective tool for assisting journalists for their job.

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The internet as a mass communication medium constitutes an important role in a modern man’s environment. The internet as an electronic media is used in disseminating information to a large and dispersed audience through computer networking.

According to Wolk (2001) , the internet and the world wide web are not synonymous. The internet is a collection of interconnected computer network linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cable and wireless connection.

Dueze (1999) stated that the best way to define and distinguish between these terms is with reference to the internet protocol suite. According to him, the internet consists of the computer and networks that can handle data packages.

Callaham (1998) defines the internet as a rack of servers aside from the complex, physical connection that makes its infrastructure. The internet is facilitated by multilateral commercial contact by technical specifications or protocols that describes how to exchange data over the network. The internet can now be accessed by numerous computer, mobile phone, Ipad and android etc.
The internet revolution that is changing the field of communication is a potential boom to journalism. The internet which is traditionally used by researcher seeking information is now discovered by journalists to be a useful for radio journalism. Today, the internet has grown so vast and has continued to grow so much that it sometimes poses a problem to journalist seeking information. In other words, using the ‘Net’ can be a daunting tasking for radio journalist According to Wikipedia (an online encyclopedia www.wikipedia.com/radiojournalist). The ;net’ generally has three functions of the radio journalist.
1. Using the electronics mail or e-mail to locate and establish communication with sources around the world.
2. Accessing a vast array of data for stories
3. Observing the various electronic newspapers on the Net for a hint on news, comparing of stories etc.
The internet could also be used by radio journalist for live presentations via special social platform like tweeter and facebook. Mark Giaser, on November 3, 2011 hosted a live radio show via tweeter about the use of SMS and texting.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
A 2003 study commissioned by the UN Economic Commission for Africa pointed out that the media (in this case radio stations) play a critical role in sourcing information from the internet and share with the ordinary people. It added that “the abundance of information on the internet means the media with access will have an important role in the filtering and interpreting information for the public” (Opoku Mensa 2003, p.1.).
In line with the need to improve its operation Kaduna State Media Corporation is presently in the transition from analog to digital, this transition encompassed a number of ICT – related issues which include exposure and utilization of the internet. On a general note, transition to digital for most radio stations has driven them to owing websites and streaming audio on line. Some journalist have become more regular in writing and contributing as correspondence outside the state and country.
Basically, the journalist at Kaduna State Media Corporation use the internet to source for news and information to enrich their news and programs. However, the inconsistencies in internet connectivity during the analog era and in this transition

PUBLIC RELATIONS AS A TOOL FOR ACHIEVING ORGANIZATIONAL OBJECTIVES: (A CASE STUDY OF UNITED BANK FOR AFRICA (UBA) PLC., ENUGU)

ABSTRACT

The needs for a company to strive to improve its profitability are obvious and varied.

This was as a result on how active their public relations towards their clients.

As a matter of fact, Bank needs public relations as a tool for achieving its objectives.

Perhaps, public relations is relationship with the general public through publicizing those functions of an organization, corporation, church, government military, institution etc.  Concerned with informing the public and analyzing these information in an attempt to create favourable public opinion.

However, one major point in this review that is quite clear in Nigeria context is that, bank begin to understand the uses of public relations practices and strategies in improving its profitability because both offices and other categories of staff are involved in act of selling bank services at any time.

Finally, to improve the profitability was the adoption of a sound and well articulated public relations strategies which was directed towards understanding and interpreting customers’ needs and wants offering a maximum of services to satisfy these customers, informing the community on how the services are been offered and the recommendation is that the management should be referred to the public relations department which should not only promptly attain t the matter and should advice the branch managers on the complaints and remedial action to be taken.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
• RESEARCH QUESTION
• HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION
• CONCEPTION AND OPERATION DEFINITION OF TERMS
• ASSUMPTION
• LIMITATION OF STUDY

 

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• SOURCES OF LITERATURE
• PUBLIC RELATIONS IN BUSINESS ORGANIZATION (BANK)
• PUBLIC RELATIONS OF (UBA)
• SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• RESEARCH METHOD
• RESEARCH DESIGN
• RESEARCH SAMPLE
• MEASURING INSTRUMENT
• DATA ANALYSIS
• EXPECTED RESULT

 

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT

• DATA ANALYSIS
• RESULT
• DISCUSSION

 

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• SUMMARY
• RECOMMENDATIONS

REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The reason for bank to survive, to improve their profitability are obvious and varied.  In this era of competition, there is need for organizations, Banks, Business enterprises, Churches, Clubs and others to evolve procedures to improve their performances to the benefit of their consumers and knowing fully well that things have changes and so also are the dream of customers.

For banks, the need is more pronounced especially when they are faced with what we may call both Institution and Inter-bank competition, which at times lead to the declining profit margin of many banks consequent upon some factors as inflation and tight money supply measures of the government.  This competition among banks and other public relations program geared towards building good corporate image for their respective banks.

Nigerian banks have recognized that public relations has become the integrating force which interprets their environment to the bank management, defines objective and building good will through good deeds.  In furtherance of these objective, many banks in Nigeria have introduced extra incentive such as credit cards, weekend banking organizations all in attempt to provide exceptional service for their customers and to retain old customers, attract potential dispositions and win public understanding.  Those banks adopting to changing trends by creating public relations department as a tool to boost corporate image are currently experiencing increase.

 

HISTORY AND ROLES OR BANKING IN THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY

Banks is defined as an institution for keeping, lending and exchanging of money.  Banking as an industry is impossible in a non-monitored economy.  The growth of banks in the former British West African (Nigeria Inclusive) did not start until the introduction of the British colnage and currency-system in late 19^th century.

Banking business was fast introduced in Nigeria in 1892.  The First bank in Nigeria was Africa Banking Corporation from 1892; banking activities started striving with rife competition between rival banks.  This was free banking era.  It was characterized by non-existence of banking legislation.  Anybody could set up bank provided he registered under the provision of companies’ ordinance.  The ordinance prohibited formation of a banking company unless it was registered as a company.

This period, witnessed the establishment of bank of British West Africa (BBWA), Barclay Bank, Dominion Colonial and Oversea Bank of British and French Banks, National Bank of Nigeria and Africa Continental Bank Limited.

In 1894, the BBWA was established in Lagos.  It took over the service of Africa Banking Corporation.  It remained the only bank in the country until it was joined by Barclay in 1912.  Another expatriate bank of this free banking period was British and French Banks Limited established in 1949 and presently called United Bank for Africa (UBA).  The National Bank of Nigeria established by government of Western Nigeria on 11^th February, 1993 has distinction of the first successful indigenous bank were the Nigeria pioneer and commercial bank limited.  Three other indigenous banks were African Continental bank Limited, Agbonmagbe Bank Limited and the Merchant Bank Limited.

There were seven banks, which survived the free banking era.  However, the banks that failed were Industrial and Commercial Banks, Nigeria Mercantile Bank and the Nigeria Perry Banks.  By 1988, all mushroom banks had collapsed except Agbomagbe bank, Merchant Banks, National Bank of Nigeria and three expatriate’s banks.  They survived the banking booms of the late 1940s and early 1990s.  These banks were established primarily to make profit.  This explains the dissemination in lending in the early periods of their development.  The main purpose of banks in the economy is to help businessmen increase their output by providing the essential service of liquidating flow and expert advice investment.

According to the preposition of financial system review committee of 1976, sets of five objectives are expected for the banks.  The bank should actively facilitate the transformation of the normal environment by promoting the rapid expansion of banking facilitate the transformation of the normal environment by promoting the rapid expansion of banking facilities, services and banking habits in minimal communities most importantly, they will serve as vehicles for the creation of credit in the rural areas, in the form of equity and loans for small-scale farmers and entrepreneurs.

Secondly, banks should extend consistent with banking prudence, increasingly undertaking more medium and long-term investment planning for the application of the procedures.

Thirdly, they should conform to National objective and identify fall with Nigeria Inspirations by taking more active part in the financing of the economy programme of National priority.

Consequently, their sensitive positions in the financial system necessities that they brought under Nigerian control with the ownership and management.

Fourthly, decision-making in the main commercial banking sector must be localized.  This would have the possibility of our major economy.

Fifthly, the bank should use a significant part of their profit to improve the quality of service being offered to the above national objective expected of the banks.

 

BRIEF HISTORY OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN NIGERIA.

       Public relations activities in Nigeria can be grouped into two periods, pre-colonial and independence periods.

In pre-colonial era, public relations outlets were inscriptions on wall of places and graves.  These engraved information converged and lots of ideologies on mind of people who come to grace ceremonial occasions.  During this period oral media such as Town Criers, Messengers and Palace Diners were used to the advantage of the Chiefs, Obas and Emirs.

The instutitionalization of the public relations as the concept of management characterized the colonial phase of public relations can be attested to buy the establishment of ministry of information, which was solely charged with the propagation of the white man’s cause in Lagos.

Public relations as a modern practice started with civil service at Lagos, Enugu, Kaduna and Ibadan.  These offices served as persuasion out points.  The Lagos office of the ministry of information (public relation) was at 20 Campbell Street Lagos.  In 1932, radio was used to propagate information by colonial government, but as at 1944, the name of the office was changed to Public Relations Office, which was reverted to Ministry of Information in later years.  Commercial public relations started by UAC, Leventis, UTC and other multi-National which helped a lot in the development of modern public relations in Nigeria.  Publications and circulation of newspaper, magazine and printing of photographs were the initial activities of public relations events.

UAC, published the “Devine” in two Nigerian languages (Igbo and Yoruba) as well as in English.  A publication called “the Nigerian Children’s Own” was published and circulated by ministry of information.

The modern public relations came up with the emergency of Nigerian Institution of Public Relations.  The affiliations of this union to Institution of Public Relations Association (IPRA) and Federation of Advertising and Public Relations Association (FAPRA) make Nigeria public relations practitioners members of such international bodies.

Apparently, public relations in Nigeria was still developing when United Bank for Africa (UBA) was established in 1974.  the incorporation of Public Relations activities in the bank took off proper in 1993.

 

BRIEF HISTORY OF UNITED BANK FOR AFRICA

       United Bank for Africa Plc. Of Nigeria was incorporated as public liability company with an authorized share capital was subsequently increased to N120 million.  The 20,000,000 ordinary shares of N1.00 each have been issued and fully paid.  The bank was issued a license to carry on banking business on June 12, 1978.  It commenced business on June 27, 1982, United Bank for Africa Plc (UBA) is jointly owned by the state government and private Nigerian investors.  The share holding structures are as follows:  Enugu State and Anambra State government 35%, Nigerian Private Investors 65%.  United bank heal office is located in Enugu, the state capital and other various states.

Accordingly, the bank is committed to the expansion of its branch network with a view of making its services available through the country, for now, the bank has branches in Enugu, Onitsha, Lagos, Kano, Jos, Kaduna, Imo and most other states.  The bank has also embarked on a computerization programmes in order to enhance the calvary of its services.

 

 

 

 

• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS

Research is done to identity and solve a problem hence the identification of these problems gives direction to the research work in this case the problems are:

1. To find out how public relations unit function in the banking sector of the economy.
2. To find out how public relations department have helped to improve bank profitability with special emphasis on United Bank for Africa (UBA), Enugu.
3. To determine the reason for high interest rate on the customers and how customers’ feelings are relayed to the management.

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. The study is to properly ascertain how public relations, which is an innovation in the banking sector improves bank profitability
2. To find out how public relations in banks can be used in improving contact with this associate Institution of Bankers, Trade Unions, Business Community, Government Policies and Employees.
3. To find out how United Bank for Africa (UBA) public relations department functions.
4. To make recommendations on public relations activities in commercial banks based on research findings in United Bank for Africa (UBA) and Public Relations Department.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research work is aimed at offering an insight into the impact of public relations in commercial banking so as to reveal its pitfalls and success, such insight can be used to make useful inference on the performance of public relations programme in commercial bank, merchant bank and public bank (CBN).

Investigating the operation problem of public relations in banks will sensitize policy made to workout remedies for improving the efficiency of the bank’s image making department.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Is the public relations department of UBA able to improve in its profitability?
2. Is the public relations department of UBA by portraying good corporate image of the bank?
3. Has public relations department of UBA been able to promote their services to the development of the nations economy?
4. Are you satisfied with the services of the public relations department of UBA?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H₁:   The public relations units of UBA have a very high profitability output.

H₀:   The public relations units of UBA have a very poor profitability output.

H₂:   The public relations department of UBA portrays good corporate image of the bank.

H₀:   The public relations department of UBA does not portray good corporate image of the bank.

H₃:   The public relations department of UBA has contributed to the development of the nations economy.

H₀:   The public relations department of UBA does not contribute to the development of the nations economy.

H₄:   The public relations department of UBA renders high quality customers services.

H₀:   The public relations department of UBA does not posses high quality customer services.

 

• CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

Conceptual:     Public Relations: This is public conduct of the affairs of an organization with regards to its reputation and standing in public opinion.

Operational:    Public Relations: The activities and techniques reputation among its public.

Conceptual:     Activities: Any form of techniques employed by UBA in influencing customers and promoting goodwill and favourable reputations among its public.

Conceptual:     Profitability: An extra incentive or motivation strategy employed by UBA in order to make more gain.

Conceptual:     TWO – WAYS COMMUNICATION: Act of communicating between two persons and groups etc in which with participating equally.

Operational:    Two-ways communication: A strategy used by UBA to pass information between the management, staff and its customers (vise-versa).

Conceptual:     Information flow: message or knowledge passed freely between people.

Operational:    Information flow: The free movement of message passed between the staff, customers and management of UBA.

Conceptual:     Satisfaction: An act of satisfying ones need of want or an act of fulfillment.

Operational:    Satisfaction: This is the gratification or contact customer derive from banking with UBA.

 

• ASSUMPTIONS

It is assumed that the respondents to the questionnaire are informed enough to understand the questionnaire since attempts were made to frame questions to be as simple as possible.

It was also assumed in this study that single of the population will be a representative one since the organization under study is a commercial bank.  The result got from the sample will be used to generalize the entire commercial in the nation.

 

• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Due to constraints of time, money and convenience, the study will be carried out in UBA Enugu and limited to the bank management, staff and its public.

The public or study as regards pubic relations activities in UBA will be restricted to the Banks. These limitations notwithstanding of the banks has been made to ensure that the research will be carried out under conditions that leads to scientifically valid conclusions.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

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