THE EFFECTS OF MEDIA COVERAGE O F ANTI-AIDS CAMPAIGN ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR OF YOUTH INENUGU METROPOLIS

ABSTRACT

 

The study is aimed at ascertaining the effects of media coverage of the campaigning amide at curbing the spread of the disease called ‘‘AIDS’’ on the sexual behaviour of youths in Enugu. The objective of this study is also to find out through sample survey whether youths are really getting sufficient information about AIDS so as to enable them form their opinion about the disease.

The study took into account the sex, marital status, occupational variables that were off relevance to the study. The research used survey method in the execution of the study.  This no doubt helped collecting information as the way people generally perceive the AIDS since its wave get to Nigeria.

An empirical survey of the campus that make up Enugu was carried out. Data obtained in the process were systematically adzed in odder to desertion the effects of the media coverage of the anti- AIDS campaign on the sexual behaviour of the youth population in campus 3 using stratified simplify technique with random start.

Relation literature especially in the areas of mass communication, sociology, psychology and political sciences were extensively reviewed as a guide for the Theo retied from work of the study.

Three hypotheses were tested and audited using disquiet table and simple percentages.

The results of the study showed that the mass media coverage of anti- AIDS campaign has greatly affected the sexual behaviors of youths by making them discard their sexual valurability and promiscuity. More, the result of the study indicates that the youth’s via-a-vies marital status played on appreciable role in their exposure towards the anti- AIDS comparing as carried by the mass media.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION                                                               1

1.1   Background to the Study                                                 1

1.2   Historical Background of Aids                                         6

1.3   Statement of Research Problem                                               11

1.4   Objective of the Study                                                      13

1.5   Significance of the Study                                                         14

1.6   Research Questions                                                         14

1.7   Research Hypotheses                                                       15

1.8   Definition of Terms                                                          15

1.9   Assumptions                                                                    17

1.10 Scope and limitation of study                                          18

References                                                                       19

CHAPTER TWO

2.0   LITERATURE REVIEW                                                     20

2.1   Sources of Literature                                                        20

2.2   Review of Literature                                                                 20

2.3   Aids Social Implication of the Anti Aids Campaign          21

2.4   The Relevant Theories                                                     23

2.5   Media Effects on Audience                                               33

2.6   Aid: Aids Campaign Strategies and Dimensions                      38

2.7   Summary of Review                                                                 41

References                                                                       43

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0   RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                                         44

3.1   Research Method                                                             44

3.2   The Research Design                                                               45

3.3   Population of Study                                                         45

3.4   Sampling Techniques                                                      46

3.5   Determination of Sample Size                                          47

3.6   Measuring Instrument                                                     48

3.7   Validity and Reliability of Measuring Instrument             49

3.8   Method of Data Collection                                               50

3.9   Method of Data Analysis                                                  51

3.10 Expected Result                                                               52

References                                                                       54

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1   Data Analysis and Result                                                         55

4.2   Test of Hypotheses and Result                                                 60

4.3   Discussion                                                                       64

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0   SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS   68

5.1   Summary of Findings                                                      71

5.2   Conclusion                                                                      71

5.3   Recommendations                                                           74

 

Bibliography                                                                    75

Appendix I                                                                       77

Questionnaires                                                                78

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The media one established can provide for audience members a divinity of the situation on a verity of issue. By emphasizing certain topics, stressing particular interpretations and prefects specifies Thomas; the media crate some impression with their definition portraying a reflection of the real sociality. For example if sexual prodigality is regularly portrayed as widely practiced, because of this, viewer may accept such definition as normative in the society in such a situation norms internalized from media source may guide his conduct.

Simply by their presence, the media have altered the nature of societal communication nouns. Large audiences have been crated that expect the media to provide a continuous Flow of news, entertainment, political commentary and other types of messages. People depend on the media for various form of gratification based upon content if denied such communication. They feed deprived Burleson (1950:889-898). Even in relatively underdeveloped societies, populations quality develop media-related habits once mass communication become available to them in a form they understand.

The potential effect of the media in shaping attitudes and behaviour has been the subject of convictable research. It is dear, however; that the media do have at least an indirect influence on attitude if only because they made people aware of events outside their immediate experience. Through television, we witness crime, racial strife and the horrors of warn in the quiet of our own living rooms.

According to latter lip man (1922) at on the basis of the pictures in our head, rather than in accordance with reality of the world outside. That a person believes is the moral or ethical, is true moral or ethical for him. To understand him we state by digging out the roots of these pictures in our head.

We have leant through research that the images and words these media carry determine within the limitations posed by intervening factors, opinion of people and thus their actions. Woodrow Wilson (1958) saw this too. He said, unless you get the right setting to affairs, disperse the right impression, things go wrong. It is believed that in the imperfect would there is no single antidote to human ills but public is often a vital step to finding the cure of many social ills. In this line therefore, it is believed that extensive coverage will reach and perhaps touch on the sexual habits of people. When a disease is sexually transmitted, the publicity and efforts to eradicate it is fortified. In modern times when supplicated means were available and subtle means or pressure (whether engender by the said aim or net) are used by interested parties, the efforts utilized could be seen as exaggerated by simple minded people and those who have not get come across the diseases. As at now, one may say that AIDS is over publicized.

It is the worst disease to hit the human race since the black plague of the 14^th century some health experts are saying this disease will cause even more death and destruction than the black plague before it runs it course. Already 20 million unsuspecting people have caught this awful disease and do out know it and might not know it for years (van image 2005).

The function of mass media in any society cannot be over stretched. It stretches beyond the ordinary form of news gathering via information dissemination to shaping opinions and attitudes of people via proper and accurate analysis and interpretation of news events. Through their information, education, entertaining and sanitizing functions. The mass media affect peoples attitude and behaviour. Graham mutton (1990).

The media set agenda for public discussion by chromatin news events within the society. An issue becomes topical based on the provenance and degree of coverage (i.e. frequency of reportage) given to such issue by the media. The mass media no doubt, has changed or altered our culture. New products, advertised to millions via television, magazines and newspapers can achieve wide spread adoption almost overnight. The rapid spread of other culture forms such as speech mannerisms; the media can trigger fads of all kinds and other innovative patterns. In a brood view of the communication field however, the effect of the media advertising séances to be limited. Different media are effective at different point in different ways. The mass media only create awareness while the face-to-face communicati0on brings about honey. Both are complementary. But Engle and others have observed that when the audience is large it is usually necessary to accept the inefficiencies of mass communication. (Engle it al 1979:29). This implies that the mass media have shortcoming, which do not persuaded there effectiveness no mater how minimal at bringing about social ohange. Lazarsfeld and Katz have noted that ideas often sew to flow from Radio, Television and print to opinion leaders and from them to less active sections of the population. It therefore means that these who cannot be reached by these media could benefit from interpersonal flow of information or the innovation hazarded and Katz (1995) Mac Guiro (2000), observed that the measured impact of the mass media as regards persuasive seems quiets slight. A tremendous amount of applied research has been carried out to test the effectiveness of the mass media messages. The outcome, which has said has been quite embarrassing for porous of mass media. However it is the knowledge acquires through frequency of coverage of campaigns behaviour instincts of sexuality. Supporting a programmer and other factors are employed in measuring persuasive campaign effectiveness. In view of this perceived short coming, it therefore become every necessary to take a hand lot at the role of the media in the anti-AIDS campaign vies-via the effect of their coverage in Enugu Enugu.

1.2   HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AIDS

The devastating disease Acquired immure Deficient syndrome (AIDS) care into word limelight in 1981 when Dr Michael clottish of the university of California noticed an unusual disease PNEMOYSTTS CARING PNEUMODIA in four patients that were homosexual and all below 40 years of ages it is not yet known when AIDS started. It was a disgrace to the scientific community that the emergence of AIDS brought with it a lot of buck passing as regards the origin of the disease. It became polities and took raids undertones scientific data that Africa was the home of AIDS studies hoe however now prove the proponents of the Africa guesses of AIDS wrong and the western exports are now eating their own words. AIDS is a truly white mauls burden.

The whorled Heath organization (WHO) explained it to be or virus of under minded geographic origin. The first case of AIDS were identified in the U.S in 1981 and the disseat was first recognized in Uganda in 1982. But cases of it had been observed in the exile go’s before it was fully identified. The virus causes it. How I was discovered in 1983.it was not until mare 1986 that the second type of AIDS virus under H₁₂₀   was discovered Njoku obi (2002). AIDS is a relatively new arrival in Nigeria at best cam pared to many other countries. According to world health organization (NH₀) Global 1988 AIDS incidence inventers. The number of reported cassia of AIDS by the year 1988 was much less in Nigeria than in mast counties of the world. The H₁₀₂ of west African was not discovered until 1986 three years after the discovery of H₁₀₁. And it was only much latter that it was realized that a different kind of blood tested was needed to detect the H_10-2  (Njoku obi 2002).

The African concord magazine of 3^rd June 1991 published the who estimate of the number of people who have developed full Blowu AIDS in Nigeria as approximately 8.000 men and women, merry of who would now have died. In the same issue. Late Dr Olikoye Ransome Kuti, the then minister of health, is quoted as saying; even if we are able to prevent further transmission of the virus, we will expect about 1000.00 adults and 50,00 pediatric AIDS cases (that is people with full blown AIDS) between 1991 and 2000.  The rate of spared varies from country to country and may partly depend on whether HIV or 2 predominates. For new, the dreaded disease is no geometric increase in Nigeria.

The first confirmed AIDS case in Africa was reported in 1984 in Nairobi Reyna. Apparently AIDS came from green monkeys in Africa. This is the theory and some have it jumped what is known as the species brevier from animals to humans. This has very grave implications because the virus itself or this type of virus in monkeys apparently does not herm the monkey but it has terrible effects in humans.

Medical experts believe that the green monkeys of Africa passed their lent vireos to humans through biting and bestiality. Smocking one may say. But one percent of Americans have committed such acts with animals (Van Impe 2005) Next infected men engaged other men in sexual dots and soon the virus spread live wildfire among homosexuals international. As a matter of fact, when the disease was first discovered, its origin label was ‘‘GRIDS’’ which stood for Gay Related immure Deficiency syndrome (AIDS 2002). Soon Gay lobbyists to avoid suspicion worked diligently to see that the 20^th century plaigue was named AIDS. Next bisexual or men who enjoyed either men or women spread the disease to the hetersexual community and scores of such men even entered the sanctity of their homes and filled their wives with the virus (AIDS 2002).

Risk: A single exposure is sufficient for a person to contact AIDS. In plainer sufficient terms, one act of sexual intercourse could lea to a person become infected. It is estimated that among couples with one partner who is HIV positive, there is one in four chances that if that partner is male he will affect the female and one in ten that the female will infect the male (THE GUARDIAN, JULY 4 2001).

Prognosis: current statistics suggest that if a person becomes HIV positive, there is a 60 percent chance of developing AIDS within 10 years.

This figure is based on studies of groups of HIV individuals who where infected 10 years ago of the remaining 40 percent, many suffer health problems such as skin and genital diseases. One a person has been diagnosed as having full blown AIDS, life expentanoy is on average 20 months (THE GUARDIAN JULY 4 2001).

Distribution:   AIDS is a worldwide disease, so terrifying and devastating that the black plague of yester-years look like a child’s play. The highest incidence of the disease is in the united state of Africa where over 100,000 cases of AIDS have been reported and over eight million persons estimated as carrying the virus. It is being variously stated that by year 2005 the above figure might triple (Njoku obi 2002).

It has been deadly established that the united state of America and many European countries AIDS is common among homosexuals, intravenous drug abusers, hemophiliacs, recipients of blood transfusion and heterosexual perturb of patients of AIDS. Among the risk group’s drug abuses constitute about 17% and the remaining 10% is distributed among other groups (Njoku-obi 2002).

In contrast to the western world. No dear risk groups emerge in Africa. AIDS is seen equally in both men and women spread is mainly heterosexual. Prof Njoku-obi (2002) noted Zaire, Rwanda, Ugandan, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia and Melanie as the ‘‘AFRICA, AIDS Belt’’ on the other hand, New York, Los Ague’s the ‘‘AIDS San Francisco have been called the AIDS centers of the blisters world’’.

Antilogy:  AIDS is caused by a retrovirus. Retrovirus like other virus reproduces only on living cells of a lost species. But unlike other viruses they involve an enzyme REVERSE TRANSERIPTASE in reproduction. The enzyme according to prof. Njoku Obi allows the virus to copy its genetic information into a form that could be intergraded into the host cell’s own genetic code. In effect, each time the infected “host cell divided” viral copies were produced along with more cells each containing the viral code. In this way the infection host dryness is therefore the primary mechanism of pathogen.

The AIDS virus was isolated by Dr Robert Gallo in the USA in 1990 and was named HTLV III. A variant of this AIDS virus was later identified at the Pasteur institute in Paris by Dr Lue Montaginer from a patient with LYMPHADENOPATHY and was called the lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV). To give credit to both scientists the AIDS virus became known as HTLV/ LAV. Recently however, the international committee on the Taxonomy of virus recommended that AIDS virus be known as Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

 

1.3   STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

Mediator maintained that a good formal paper should begin with a paragraph of explanation that describes the problem under investigation.

Billings’s writing on statement of the problem specifies that under this section, what confront the researcher are the manifest submits of the broad base problem, problem he has observed the institution or the organisation he has deeded to study encounter this include the subsidiary problem arising from the major problem earlier observed. The research has noted that the enormous resources being put in the cursed against HIV/AIDS pandemonium especially in the media for awareness campaign. The resources are in terms of financial, material and human resources. Again the effort of international organisation, governmental and von governmental agencies involved in the HIV/AIDS awareness company and donor agencies have all worked hard to stem the rising tide of all pandemonium but nothing to write home on the end result. Local all international agene ties like the television, Radio, Newspapers and magazine daily devote their time and pages to the campaign but the information disseminated seems to exacerbate the tide. There are rising cases of the number of the HIV/AIDS infection especially in the pacific Asian and African countries. The effect is devastating to the family progress, economic development, and socio-cultural integration. Anti-HIV/AIDS message carried by the media have not changed or quenched the sexual urge and indignations of the people. The campuses, solid gatherings, gathering, sheds, and else where are evidence of the unabashed with        fever for sexual gratification among the people inspirited of the related death associated with it.

Visits to HIO/ADS counseling especially in the hospital give a good witness and credence to this malady. Recourses are taking care of the victims. The question to what impact has the media coverage on the people’s sexual behavior? That specifies the problem.

 

1.4   OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY.

The objective of the study is the main purpose of the research. It is the foundation of the research. It is the rational and baits upon which the research is male. This research work then is aimed under these objectives.

i       To measure the effect of media coverage of anti – AIDS campaign on sexual behavior

ii      To find out the extent of attitude and change as a result of the media impact.

iii     To evaluate the programmer strategies and performance of the media on the anti-AIDS comparing.

1.5   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is envisaged that the outcome of the study will help to alert the youths and the entire population on the dangers inherent in AIDS and equally econtilbity to exiting literature in the are of media effects. Also, the study will help the Health ministry to determine which media to employ in disseminating anti-AIDS information. Above all, it is believed that the study will further equip media practitioners, communication experts and researches which to come up with a cooperate and more futuristic approach to covering all maunders of campaign in Nigeria.

 

1.6   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

• Are people (single and non single) exposed to anti-AIDS campaign carried by the media?
• To what extent are people exposed to media campaign concerning HIV/AIDS than other sources.
• C Does exposure to anti AIDS compaign diseovrage youths form sexual promiscuity?

1.7   RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H₀     People are mostly exposed to anti-AIDS campaign as carried by the media.

H₁ People are not mostly exposed to anti-AIDS campaign concerning as carried by the media.

H₀    The people are more exposed to media campaign concerning HIV/AIDS than other sources.

H₂       The people are not more exposed to media campaign concerning HIV/AIDS than other sources.

H₀    Exposure to anti-AIDS campaign will tend to discourage youths from sexual promiscuity.

H₃       Exposure to anti-AIDS campaign will not discourage youths from sexual         promiscuity.

 

1.8   DEFINITION OF CONTENTS

Conceptual Definitions

Mass Media:  Means communicating information to heterogeneous audience.

Media Coverage:     Divers news dealt with by the media.

Aids:        A killer disease which is lethal

Anti-Aids Campaign:  Sequence of planned information to publicize AIDS and its preventive measure.

Sex: Ajitation, feelings leading and surrounding coitus.

Youths:   Collectivity of young men and women

Sexual Behaviour:  The manner through which people express their sexual urge or desire.

 

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Mass Media: In this context refers to various communication channels (specifically radio, television and Newspaper) through which information regarding anti-AIDS campaign is communicated to youth residents and youth schooling in Enugu.

Aids: Stands for acquired immune Deficiency syndrome.  The word immune refers to the Defense system of the body which helps the body to fight all kinds of infection this system dows not work well in AIDS.

Anti-Aids Campaign: Those attempts through the radio, television and newspaper aimed at curbing the further spread of AIDS.

Sex: Sexual activities amongst the young men and women schooling in Enugu – between male and female and a man and a man (homosexual)

Youths: Young men and women schooling in Enugu within the age range of 15-40 years.

Sexual Behaviour The attitude of young men and women in Enugu to sexual satisfaction.

 

1.9   ASSUMPTIONS

It is assumed that the respondents to the questions are informed enough to understand questions. In this regard are therefore efforts shall be made to form questions as simple possible and preciously to the points.

It is also assumed that the respondents are not only have access to mass media of press (Newspaper and magazines, elation and Television for information but at last also exposed to anti-AIDS news, commentaries advertisements and finagles. It is also assumed that the respondents are of the age to understand what six is all about.

1.10 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

As a result of inadequate finding, time constraints and convince the study shall be limited to in Enugu.  Samples shall be derived from SH and FH hostel, Mass Communication department, Business Administration and Management department and rectors village.

The researcher hope that through the use of the questionnaire and scientific sampling techniques the results of the study will be quaralized to a longer population.

REFERENCES

Bernard Burleson (1950) what missing the Newspaper means, in hazarded and station, ads pp. 111-120 and Penn Kimball, people without paper’s public opinion quarterly 23 vol 3.

Dreamers Curran (1995) No AIDS cure in sight awake  fluidal February 8.

English jeans f. Hugh Guides and wartime A blarsaw. (1979) professional strategy Irwin inc. honey wood.

Med war PB Advice to a young scientist san Francisco Harper and Row (1979).

News magazine (march 17 2003) p  64). CHEORON mp Heads coalition Against HIV/AIDS.

Paul Lazarfeld and Elilu Katz (1995) personal influence Glenese 111, the free press.

Professor A.N.Y Njoku-obi (2002). The spread and control of AIDS. an invited leatore delivered to the university of Nigeria communities, Nsukka and Enugu composes.

Whiter Leppman (1964) public opinion (New York Hare out ) Brace and world (1922) octillion.

William y. meguire, Nature of Attitude cling Lindzy and Aaronson ends Handbook of coccid psychology, 2nd ed. (2000).

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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THE IMPACT FO EXPOSURE TO NIGERIA YOUTHS

ABSTRACT

It is an indisputable fact that much of what Nigerian adults know about foreign countries and contemporary issues which shape world public opinion is gleaned from the foreign mass media. Against this backdrop, this study investigates the opinion of Nigeria youths, who are regarded as the most curious and enthusiastic members of the society.

This work, apart  from investigating the impact of exposure to foreign media on Nigeria youths, was also designed to satisfy partially the requirements for the award of Higher National Diploma in mass communication at the institute of management and technology Enugu. The entire work is divided into five chapters.

Chapter one deals with background of study, statement of research problem, objectives of study, research questions, operational definition, assumptions and limitation of study.

Chapter two deals with related literature.

Chapter three deals with research methodology; research design, study population, sampling method, data collection techniques and theoretical framework.

Chapter four deals with analysis of data and interpretation of results and presentation of results.

Chapter five gives the summary, conclusion and recommendation of the study.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

• Background of study 1
• Statement of research problems 5
• Objectives of the study `                              6
• Significance of study 6
• Research questions 7
• Operational definition 8
• Assumptions 10
• Limitation of study 11

References                                                        13

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature review 14

References                                                        34

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Research design 36
• Study population 37
• Sampling method 38
• Data collection technique 39
• Theoretical framework 40

References                                                        43

CHAPTER FOUR

• Analysis of data and interpretation of result 44
• Presentation of results 44
• Discussion 68

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary 71
• Conclusion 73
• Recommendations 73

Bibliography                                                       76

Appendix                                                           78

CHAPTER ONE

• BACKGROUND OF STUDY

In black Africa, it is a truism that Nigeria, because of her sheer

size population wise, is the largest single market for almost every known commodity and this includes the messages content of the mass media. About 300 publications serve the populace. NTA (National Television Authority) even claimed at one time that its network news was viewed by an audience of 30 million and according to their slogan, “20 million Nigerians can’t be wrong”. In  most urban centres is Nigeria, modern satellite dishes have become common sight, not only among the upper crust but more increasingly among the emergent middle class.

About 90% of the letters from listeners broadcast on BBC “Talk back” come from Nigeria listeners. The same thing goes for the volume of “sports programme” “On the sunny side of sports”. In all, the fact remains that of all black African countries combined, Nigeria owners and consumes more media messages.

Because of the sophistication of modern societies it is quite difficult to learn first hand the vast volume of experience in anyone society. Invariably Nigerians, like their contemporaries worldwide rely on the mass media to be informed, educated and entertained. The mass media serve as the primary source of information on a wife range of topics. They serve an agenda –setting function. According to Bernard Cohen in his book “The press and foreign policy”, the media may not always be successful in telling people what to think but they are usually successful in telling people what to think about. This means that the media choose and emphasize certain topics, thereby causing, the public to perceive certain issues in the society and  the world at large as important. Mass media audiences are served selected perspectives that influence their perception of the world. This is indeed the mainstay of the mass media. The ability to create images and social realities upon which the views of the audience about the world is structured. The gatekeeping role sees the media selecting items considered news worthy. It is through this process that various news agencies of the world determine the news to be received world wide.

The portrayal developing countries in international mass communication tends to be negative and biased, a clear attestation to the impact of media induced reality and media agenda setting on audience perception of social reality. In their study of  communication problems all over the world, the MacBride commission confirmed the presence of these false and distorted images of developing countries in the world media (MacBridge et al. 1981). This situation has led to the call for a new world information and communication order (NWICO).

The mass media are the main cultivations of stereo types. During the gulf war, content analysis of TV revelaled that Arabs had been typically portrayed via three main negative stereo types:

• Terrorist (although only a minuscule number of real Arabs fit into this category, it is prevalent in Western media
• Oil sheik (met too many fit in here either) and
• Bedouin desert nomad (only 5 percent of Arabs in real life are Bedouin). It came as no surprise then that many

American troops stationed in Saudi Arabia were  surprised by their contact with Arab culture. Their media exposure did not prepare them for  the reality on the ground. The American media has helped create these stereotypes associated with Arabs. As George Gerber stated in his hypothesis (Gerber et al, 1977;1986) the more people are exposed to the mass media, especially television, the more they will come to believe that the real world is like the one they observe. This forms the basis for the cultivation theory which asserts that the media, especially the TV, extert tremendous influence on people by altering their perceptions of reality.

 

• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

The mass media fuels the dissemination of information. They

make it possible for people to know about the goings on in the world around them. They create realities, which influence audience perception of the real world. The foreign media, especially, western media are in the habit of selling their points to developing countries of the world like Nigeria. They point the reality of hunger, disease, wars, crime and death about Africa and saccharine picture of their advanced civilizations. A glaring imbalance in the quality and quantity of news flow about developing countries is created as a result.

The extent to  which the activities of foreign media influence

the views  of the Nigeria audience, especially the young people of this country, forms the main focus of this study.

 

 

 

• OBJECTIVE OF STUDY

The main objective of the study is to investigate the impact of

exposure to foreign media on Nigerian youths who form the most curious and enthusiastic elements in the society. The study will investigate media channels which expose Nigerian youths to the messages content of the foreign media and the extent to which they influence the perception of the Nigeria youths on relevant issues such as goings on the global economic front, policies of western democracies especially America, and how they impinge on the interplay among nations of the world conflicts etc about the world they live in.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The need for this study derives from the prevailing trends in

the mass media world of today. It is indubitable that much of what Nigeria youths know about contemporary issue, which shape world public opinion is gleaned from the foreign media. It therefore because necessary understand the interplay between the Nigeria audience and the message content of these foreign media to which they are exposed, to determine the impact they have in creating stereotypes which Nigerian youths carry about in their heads.

It is hoped that the result from this study will help make for a better understanding of the influence of foreign media either positively or negatively on the perception of a Nigeria audience and the attendant effect of this impact.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In order to establish a research focus and premise, the need

arises to adduce research questions. The following research questions are posed for investigation.

RQ 1:                Do Nigerian youths have access to the mass media?

RQ2:         Do Nigerian youths expose themselves to the mass media?

RQ3:         Do Nigerian youths expose themselves more to the foreign media then the local media?

RQ4:         Do  the message content of the  foreign media appeal to Nigeria youths the more?

RQ5:         Are the perceptions of Nigerian youth about relevant issues, other national and their peoples influenced by the foreign media?

 

• DEFINITION OF TERMS

Some terms used in  this study need to be further clarified to

bring out their denotative and connotative meaning and make for better understanding among readers who might not be knowledgeable in the varied meanings of these terms.

1. Agenda setting: This refers to the press giving prominence to certain issue in the society, causing people to think about and discuss them.
2. Gate-keeping: This is the selection of items considered newsworthy, and at the international level, it begins with the choice by news agencies which determine the news to be received worldwide.
3. Images: These are perceptions or impressions created in minds of a mass media audience regarding nations and their nationals.
4. Media realities: This refers to the construct of realities created by the media which goes not normally correspond with the real world.
5. Message content: This refers to the totality of information, idea, attitude and culture disseminated by the media to their target audience.
6. Social realities: This refers to the real life situations as opposed to the environment or reality provided by the mass media.
7. Stereotypes: This is the representation of nations and their nationals in a fixed often biased pattern not truly representative of such nation or their nationals by the mass media.
8. Nations: According to Longman dictionary of contemporary English, this refers to countries considered in relation to their people and their social or economic structure.
9. National: The Longman dictionary contemporary English defines it as someone who is a citizen of a particular country but is living in another country.

 

• ASSUMPTIONS

• Nigeria youths are the most curious members of the Nigerian society.
• Nigerian youths form the major bulk of the consumers of mass media message.
• Media use is determine to a large extent by the level of education of the users.
• Nigerian university student by virtue of their academic environment one inclined the more to use the media.
• The mass media contribute to the understanding of other nations and their nationals.

 

• LIMITATION OF STUDY

The youth of every society from the backbone and the basis for

the future of the society. For this very reason, the issue of youth development is a very important topic for the enhancement of our society. The Nigeria population census of 1991 put Nigeria’s population at 88.5million.

a greater chunk of this figure is made up of people between 18 to 30 years. These people who are the youth of the country form the most active segment of the society. They opt for military service, may supportive role in the political arena, bear the nations colours in international sports and keep the hopes alive for the perpetuity of our nation wood.

The lives of Nigerian youth suggest susceptibility to certain values and influence. A general look around our campuses for instance reveals western influence in the mode of dressing, mentality and carriage of our young undergraduates. This is so because the ideas and cultures transmitted via the media largely, western media are readily assimilated by Nigerian youths.

In the light of the aforementioned, the main thrust of this study would be limited to Nigerian youths between the age of 18 to 35 years; who are undergraduates in a selected Nigerian federal and state university. These would form a representative microcosm of Nigeria undergraduates with the stipulated age bracket and make for a troper generalization of result at the end of study.

 

 

REFERENCES

Dominick J. (1993): The Dynamics of mass communication. New

York.

African Council for communication Education (ACCE) (1993):

Africa Media Review: Nairobi.

Mac Bride, S. et al  (1981); Mary voice, one world. Ibadan:

Ibadan University press.

Longman Dictionary contemporary English (1995) Essex:

Longman House Co.

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THE IMPACT OF THE PRESS IN SHAPPNG NIGERIAN

POLITICAL STRUCTURE

A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE

CHAPTER  ONE

Introduction:

1.1   Background   of the study

• Statement of problem
• Objective of the study
• Research question
• Research hypothesis
• Delimitation of the study
• Significance of the study
• Definition of terms

CHAPTER   TWO 

• Review of literature
• The impact of the press in political mobilization
• The quality of coverage’s the press carries out on political
• The press creating of awareness to rural dwellers
• Summary of review of literature.

 

CHAPTER    THREE

3.0     Research    methodology

3.1    The   design of the study

3.2     Area of   study

• The population of study
• Sample and sampling technique
• Instrument for data collection
• Validation of instrument
• Reliability of instrument
• Method of data collection
• Method for dada analysis

 

CHAPTER    FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION   AND ANALYSIS

• Data analysis
• Summary of results

 

CHAPTER     FIVE

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION OF RESULTS

• Discussion of findings
• Conclusion of the study
• Recommendation
• Implication of the findings
• Suggestion for the further studies
• Limitation of the study

 

CHAPTER   ONE 

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The  Nigerian  press  have been  a vital  instrument for  dissemination  of  government   policy and  news  for opinion  leaders  and  decision  making  within  a political  structure as  will  as  the general  public. Those in decision making   body who are not able to come in contact with international communities for forcing policy rely on the press for such issue.

The press therefore   stands as a link between the government and the public, the  old  and  new era of  administration etc. A regime that newly arises into power can  hold  its predecessors  carp able  for  some  economic  and political  problems  through the press to communicate its record in funding popular  since with the part regime and reminds the public of the oppression they receives form the oppression . All these analysis hinges on the fact that the press is a veritable channel through which the government bares its mind to the public.

This chapter surveys a segment of the Nigerian press and their roles during a series of relates national policy decision made   by Nigeria in the period of British imperialism to the present political dispensation.

Nigeria came into existence as one country in 1914 when lord Fredrick laggard, its first government as governor –general, Amalgamated the northern and southern protectorate prior to this period, the quality and quantity of the press courage toward  agitation for self –rule formed the genesis of the prescribe in shaping Nigerian political stuntmen . To substantiate our point, a mention should be, made of the first in 1859 at Abeoknta  by an Anglican  Reverenced, Harry Town  send. This paper combined social, cultural and political commentary with religions reporting with an effort to reach large native readership. In similar dimension, the portion of Anglo-African by Robert Campbell in laying the foundation for press involvement in shopping Nigerian political structure cannot be for fetched. All these are clear testimony to the fact that the activities of the press In Nigeria political structure are as old as Nigeria itself.

In view of this, the press as the surgeon of information should be held in high esteem by all and Sunday. In the institution of the press, the media must be regulated and guides accordingly especially in this democratic dispensation to guarantee the judicious discharge of their function. To achieve this, the press council must be given the appropriate legal status to punish any err owing media houses. It should also be give emergently power to regulate media activities during election period. This is to prevent them from becoming political tools to the detriment of the concept of fair play in the election period.

Until 1930, the movement had no control of the press ownership. The period saw the emergency of creating mass awareness in political mothers. The return of Zik from Gold cost now Ghana germinates the seed of private ownership. Realizing the impact of the press in political mobilization. He established the Zik press limited, published of the West African pilot in 1937. other political parties that emerged also used one new paper or the other as political tool by which they create awareness for their parties.

During this period in Nigeria people hart the press on the way they openly attacked the British with word of mouth and everything that was said to be against the British was acceptable to all.

However as time goes on, the government start to interfere in the activities of press through licensing pre and post relationship etc; and this affects the quality of coverage the press have in stock on political matters .As no formal lists and media worker will like to risks his life or job; they states succumbing to the time and tickets of the government

Notwithstanding; the oppression from the government; the press no doubt facilitates in rural area. Not only this, it strives to educate individuals on political participation and interpret it to those who are ignorant of the political activities in the country.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

The genesis of Nigeria press via the establishment of the first newspaper –Iwe Irolin by Hery Town sand in 1959 indicates that Nigeria press was borne in freedom the objectives of the newspaper which includes getting people to read and cultivate the habit of reading left a blue print in the annual of Nigeria political structures.

The statement of the problem therefore include the following

1. The role of the press in political mobilization
2. The impact to the press in creating poultices awareness to rural dwellers

• The awareness created by the press in political matters.

1. The quality of coverage the press carries one on political matters
2. The enlightenment programme of the need for political participation
3. The position of the press in disseminating political information to the residents in Enugu state

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objectives in mind for the thing include the following

1. To enquire into the impact of the press in creating political awareness to residents in Enugu states
2. To ascertain the role of the press in political mobilization

• To find out the impact of the enlightenment programme of the press on the need for political participation

1. To know the consequences of the press efforts in creating awareness to rural dwellers on the issues of political important.
2. To find out the quality of press coverage on political issues
3. To find out the position of the press in disseminating political information to the people in Enugu state.

 

 

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 The following questions are involves in the study.

1. How can we access the impact of the press in political mobilization before and after independence
2. How do we rate the press patronage of political matter to rural dwellers
3. Have they (press) over reported any political activity that is hidden known to the people
4. What is the press relationship with the masses in period of 1960 till date.

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following research hypotheses are initiated in the study  (2) the press in a veritable instrument for creating political awareness.

 

 

 

 

• THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study canters on the analysis of the press coverage of political activities that culminated in the shaping of Nigeria political structure using Enugu as a case study.

 

• THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study is significant owing to the following research

In the first place the study will save as a viable reference work to our political celebrities in the discharge of the political activities that is to says it will enable then to assimilate the impact the press have in arousing and creating political awareness for their political parties it will also motivate them on the need to contract the services of the of the press before and during election period.

In a similar taken the study will equally help opinion leaders and policy maker to bear in mind that the press stands as their go between with the international communities for design policy and other issues in the formulation of their policy.

Mass communication and political science students will no doubt find this study consistence and imperative in their various field of study. This is because it is uniform to their profession and line of educations.

Realizing this importance of the study it will also help students to understand that the press centres on the impact of the press in shaping Nigeria political structure using Enugu state as a case study. It help students and political enthusiast a like to have regain uses and the extensively as a weapon to extricate Nigeria from the clans of British imperialism in 1960.

Particularly the study  will enable mass communication students to note that their field of study requires balance objectively fair play and honesty at all times not matter now ox is gored. On the other hand the study will help political science students on how to cultivate affordable relationship with the press and the masses during election period.

To a large extent the study will serve as a reader that directs both the state and federal government in planning their programmes for the press succinctly put it will help them to articulate their right and privileges of the press in political matter so that they ( the press) will not be intimidated and trampled upon in reporting some government activities. In addition to this the study will also inspire the government on the need to engage the services of the press in disseminating government and political programmes to the people and the collection of the opinion of the people in government on these programmes.

This study goes for to serves as a reservoirs for posterity who would do it necessary to have a glimpse on the use of the press in shaping Nigeria political structure.

That is to say the study helps to preserve information for generations to come on how the press fared in uplifting the image of Nigeria political structure.

Finally the study is also of prime importance to media houses that are griped with fear of possible oppression for reporting political matters to the public. It will simply erase the cowardice in reporting politic matter to the public and also imbue them to blaze the trail in reporting any political activities of the government which is their sole responsibility.

 

• OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following definitions are assigned as in the study.

1. The press operational definition: The press operationally can be defined as a group of newspaper magazines and radio workers (journalists) who reports an issue event happing etc that affect the life of people.
2. Report operation definition: Operationally report can be defined as the communication of news about people issue event it through print and electronic media

• Dissemination operational definition: Operational it can be defined as the spreading in information or new form one area to another area

1. Politics definition (operational): It is a system or art of government or political affair or life political principled

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THE ROLE OF GLOBAL SYSTEM OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM) IN JOURNALISM PRACTICE IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF VANGUARD NEWSPAPER)

ABSTRACT

The application of Global System of Mobil Communication in News gathering, processing and reporting in Nigeria comes as a result of many reasons; the scope of media is expanding the task before the media in this era of development is enormous and the pressing need of meeting up with time pressure in a news gathering and reporting starring on their face.

Indisputably, news developments round the clock and many stories develop unexpectedly. Not only is news perishable, but it becomes less valuable with time. Consequently, to meet up these challenges remain relevant and effectively complete with the western journalists; the Nigerian journalists in consideration of GSM phones as a veritable tools of their profession becomes desideration.

Therefore the project discusses the role of the global system of mobile communication in journalism practices in Nigeria (A case study of vanguard newspaper). If comprises chapter one to five. The chapter one aspect discussed extensively the background of the study, statement of the research problems and other chapters follow suits according to their peritonitis.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   Introduction                                                             1

1.1   Background of the study                                          1

1.2   Statement of the research problem                          4

1.3   Objectives of the study                                             5

1.4   Significance of the study                                          6

1.5   Research questions                                                  7

1.6   Research hypothesis                                                        8

1.7   Theoretical frame work                                            10

1.8   Definition of terms                                                   11

1.9   Assumptions                                                            12

1.10 Scope and limitation to the study                            13

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0   Literature review                                                      14

2.1   Sources of literature                                                14

2.2   Review of relevant literature                                     14

2.3   Summary of literature                                              22

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0   Research methodology                                             23

3.1   Research method                                                     23

3.2   Research design                                                       23

3.3   Research population                                                24

3.4   Research sample                                                      25

3.5   Instrument for data collection                                  26

3.6   Method of data analysis                                           26

3.7   Expected result                                                                27

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   Data presentation and analysis                                       28

4.1   Introduction                                                             28

4.2   Research question, analysis and testing of hypothesis 41

4.3   Discussion of finding                                               48

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1   Summary                                                                 53

5.2   Conclusion                                                              54

5.3   Recommendation                                                     55

 

Appendix                                                                 58

Bibliography                                                            62

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

From earliest time, communication has been one of the man’s priceless and highly cherished commodities. Indeed, man’s major re-occupation since the inception of the world has been how to collect information, store and retrieve it and above all, distribute it through the fastest means feasible. The consequences of this, is that man has adopted various but varied approaches to gathering, recording, storing, retrieving and disseminating information which range from clay tablets in ancient times through papyrus to sophisticated forms of paper, films, magnetic tapes, etc. To day, the media for transmitting information to a mass audience have increasingly become varied, sophisticated and advanced. They include, radio, television, telephone, telex, tax, computers, satellite, internet, etc.

However, the emergence of information and communication technologies, no doubt revolutionized information gathering, processing, storage retrieval and transmission which synonymous to journalism thus making information available ever more widely, rapidly and less expensive. Agba (2001) seems to lend credence and support to the foregoing views, when he opined that the development of telephone (GSM) radio and television in relation to the use of these technical equipment in transmitting ideas and news stresses the point that man has overcome the challenges of distance and has linked continent, with a world-wide system of telecommunications.

Indisputably, news development round the clock, and many stories develop un-expectedly. Not only is news perishable, it becomes less valuable with the never ending flow of news gathering, processing and delivery. This situation has brought a revolution of momentous magnitude in the mass media industry. At the heart of this revolution is technology. Indeed, one of the most striking characteristics of mass media development during the 20^th century was a trend towards electronic reporting and delivery of news and programmes. This leap forward was given impetus by the increasing advances in communication technology, which made is possible for news to be reported and delivered from the scene of event through the global system of mobile communication (GSM) and other allied electronic news gathering, processing and transmission gadgets. Besides, evidence abound that the global system of mobile communication has put a tremendous speed on news processing storage, retrieval, reporting and transmission, thus making the process almost instantaneous. In other words, recent research shows that GSM serves as a veritable instrument for gathering, processing and reporting news, especially almost developing nations of the world like Nigeria.

Consequently, the global system of mobile communication (GSM) is a news technology introduced in the communication industry in Nigeria in 2006, following the deferral government deregulation of NITEL as guardian (March 11, 2001.4) put their MTN (Mobile Telecommunication Network) was one of the three companies that won the GSM license after a three day auction process conducted by the Nigerian communications commission (NCC) from January 17 to 19, 2001. It (MTN) paid its license fee of N285 million February 8, 21 and flagged off commercial operations on August 8, 2001 in Lagos. Moreover, the companies that provide GSM services in Nigeria today include MTN, GlobalCom, Zain, M-tel, StarCom, Etisalat and other evolving ones.

 

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Some are of the options that notwithstanding the paucity of empirical data prevailing in the information and communication scene in most developing countries of the world like, Nigeria, still point to the fact that most practicing journalists in media outfit in the country, have embraced the use of GSM phones in news gathering, processing and reporting, although the utility of such electronic news gadget is still inadequate.

The arguement on whether or not Nigerian journalists make use of GSM phone in their daily reportional duties still raise some dust in certain quarters. This is the reason for this research work, which is motivated primarily by the fact that in Nigeria and other developing nations, much is not yet known about how practicing journalists make use of GSM phones in gathering processing and reporting breaking news to their home radio, news editors and television stations. This is to say that the spate of acquisition and utilization of the news communication technologies such as Global system of mobile communication in news gathering and reporting by newsmen in Nigeria is at variance with what is obtains in the developed nations. Moreso, the extent to which practice in Nigeria can only aptly be captured through empirical study, and that is the essence of this research project.

 

1.3   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are as follow;

• To find out the role Global system of mobile communication (GSM) play in journalism practice in Nigeria.
• To determine if Nigerian journalists has fully embraced the use of GSM phones in sending breaking news stories across to their media organization.
• To unravel if the advent of GSM foster a brighter prospect for the practicing Nigeria
• To find out if there is challenges facing Nigerian journalists and their media organizations in gathering and reporting news stories with GSM phones.
• To prefer lasting solutions to the problems inhibiting maximum utilization of GSM phones in news gathering and reporting in Nigeria.

 

1.4   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study, the role of global system of mobile communication in journalism practice in Nigeria is timely especially now that all media outfit are seeking for the fastest means of gathering, processing and dissemination of enormous information available in Nigeria; in order to meet the ever increasing demand of their vast audience. However, this research work will be of immense benefit to the Nigerian journalisms as it will enable them to maximize the utility of GSM phone in news gathering and reporting. In Nigeria especially as it is a known fact that they work with limited time and pressure.

Also,  this research work will be very important to the media researchers, academicians, media consumers and editors as that will enable them to known that the usage of GSM in journalism practices will reduce time and cost of news production.

Consequently, it will be of great benefit to the GSM service providers and government as they would understand the modalities to adopt in order to ensure stable service and suitable policy adoption.

 

1.5   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This research work is anchored on the following research questions.

• What role does GSM phone play in news gathering and reporting in Nigeria.
• Have Nigerian journalists fully embraced the use of GSM phone in sending breaking news stories across to their media organization?
• Does the news trend hold a brighter prospect in news gathering and reporting in Nigeria?
• What challenges hinders Nigerian journalists from maximizing the benefits of GSM phone in their media organizations?
• What are the remedial measures for surmounting the challenges posed by the utility of GSM phones in news gathering and reporting.

 

1.6   RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The tentative and conjectural statement of this project are as follows.

H1    GSM phones plays a veritable role in journalism practices in Nigeria

H0    GSM phones does not play any role in journalism practices in Nigeria.

H1    The Nigerian journalists have fully embraced the use of GSM phones in sending breaking news stories across to their media organization.

H0    The Nigerian journalists have not fully embraced the use of GSM phones in sending breaking news stories across to their media organization.

Hi     The news trend hold a brighter prospect in journalism practices in Nigeria.

H0    The news trend does not hold a brighter prospect in news gathering and reporting in Nigeria.

Hi     Nigerian journalist encounters some of the challenges as a result of using GSM phones in news gathering and reporting.

H0    Nigerian journalist does not encounter any challenges as a result of using GSM phones in reporting and gathering the news stories in Nigeria.

Hi     The Nigerian journalist has maximized the benefits of GSM phones for their media organizations and the society at large.

H0    The Nigerian journalists has not maximized the benefits of GSM phones for their media organizations and the society at large.

 

1.7   THEORETICAL FRAME WORK

This empirical project is anchored on communication theory known as information theory propounded by Shannon and weaver.

According to the theory, notions about signals, noise, bits, efficiency, redundancy and channel capacity have found the way into mass communication through a news technological means news gathering and reporting, in Nigeria and world at large may be this theory was necessitated as a result of the fact that man’s major pre-occupation since the inception of the world has been how to collect information, store, and retrieve it and above all, distribute it through the fastest means possible with efficiency. In communication systems, the theory has been enormously successful with emergence of ICTs ad GSM as an integral part. This is because technology based on this theory is providing the building blocks for constructing information super high way thereby making it available and accessible with efficiency.

The concerned of this theory was accurate transmission of messages over telephone (GSM) which is synonymous to journalism and subject of the as course in this research work.

 

1.8   DEFINITION OF TERMS

Conceptual and operational definition of terms

Conceptual

Role:        The function or position that something like (GSM) has or is expected to have in an organization in society or in a relationship.

Operational: The function and important of global system of mobile communication GSM is news gathering and reporting in Nigeria.

Global system of mobile communication (GSM)

Conceptual: This is a technology that is invoke in communication world and has enable faster gathering and reporting information in media industries.

Operational: This is a new technology introduced in the communication world which could ack as a tool for gathering and reporting newspaper.

Journalism

Conceptual: This is the work of collecting ad writing news stories for newspapers magazines, radio and television.

 

1.9   ASSUMPTIONS

The researcher could assured that GSM phones faculties speedy communication between news correspondent and news sources with ease and immediacy and it has ensured speedy appointments to the news sources, quick clarification, confirmations, reminders and also short interviews as these are the cardinal role of GSM in journalism practices in Nigerian and the world at large.

The researchers could also assumed that GSM has not facilitates journalism practices in Nigeria. This is because of the problem that journalism may be encountering such as network failure, high tariff etc in a bid to use GSM in their day to day activities.

 

1.10 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF STUDY

The problem being investigated in this research project is such that concern every practicing journalists and media organizations nation wide as a result requires that the scope takes a national nature.

However, as a result of the existing constriants, this study shall be limited to only vanguard newspaper. The essence is to ascertain how they (vanguard reporters) utilizes GSM phones in their media job.

Adequate sampling size is likely to pose threats to this research; this is because not all the respondents may have exposure to the role GSM phones has played in news gathering and reporting in their media organizations.

Also this research work focused on the reporters and editors as they are in good position to tell better their experiences since the arrival of GSM in Nigeria.

This is as a result of time and financial constraints of the researcher to carry out a thorough and indepth study of the project topic; as a result was limited to 200 respondents. It is however, hoped that this could be generalized to all media organization in Nigeria.

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