MEDIA COVERAGE OF 2007 ELECTION (A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF AUDIENCE PERCEPTION)

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The much-touted 2007 elections now belong to the past.  Nigeria did not break in pieces, at least, literally.  However, like every other significant event in a nation’s history, the 2007 general elections is just still present.  It left in its trail unrestrained outbursts, tantrums, violence, condemnations as well as commendations.  All the major actions had something to say – the aspirants, the political parties, the elections observers, NGOs, pressure groups and indeed, the electorate around whom, the whom electoral process revolves.

President Olusegun Obasanjo, shortly after his re-election, said in an nationwide NTA broadcast, April 21, 2007, that he was indeed humbled that he was still the choice of the Nigerian people for a second term.

The European Union observes noted that in ‘Thisday’ (2007:19) that the elections were though successfully rigged in many parts of Nigeria.  The National Newspaper, for the most part, were full of victory and reprimands for the re-elected aspirants, who they accused of massive rigging, very many other newspapers contents eulogized the conduct of the polls.  Furthermore, many Nigerians Lanproved the elections, vehemently unleashing consignments of invective on the PDP seeming conspiracy against defenseless Nigerians.

Now, whose words are apt to describe the elections?  Because the media are purveyors of mass information; the pivots of social communication and agenda setters, the electorate always turned to the mass media, especially the print media, for relevant information.  There are however, as many print media houses as there are editorial philosophics that underlie media operations.

This is why this research project is devoted to exploring audience perception of press coverage of 2007 Election.  The bedrock of democratic government is the people’s will.  This opinion is pronounced in elections through the electorate giving legitimate mandate to a crop of people to represent them in government milieu.  It is little surprise then why ascertaining the opinion of the people is very important at this point.  The people will be unhappy if they are convinced that their choices did not reign supreme eventually.  This is because they know that election provides the opportunity for them to censor their governors through the ballot box.  The electoral process is used to keep leaders within the rue principles of democratic institution.

Yet opinion is nor merely a question of just finding out how people feel or describe the elections.  Beyond the peripheral descriptions, there ought to be an analysis of the implications of people’s reactions to the elections especially in view of past occurrences in Nigeria’s political experiences.  People’s reactions come in form of acceptance, rejection, tolerance, (in the so called interest of peace rather than justice) praise, attack or total condemnation and abhorrence of the whole process.

We will situate our quest within some theoretical foundations, the views of pundits on various election matters, and give insights into Nigeria’s election past with focus on people’s perception of the past electoral processes.

Communication experts try to underscore the importance of the reporter in guiding audience actions and in actions before, during and after elections.  We are particularly interested here.  Given my course of study, and the place of the media in guiding public opinion formation, it becomes imperative that we look into studies on media and public opinion on election matters.

Umechukwu (2001:39) notes:

“The political reporter studies, comprehends, articulates and interprets relevant national issues.  He also has the duty of making an intelligent analysis of political activities and profiling the main actors in the p0olitical stage with the view of giving explanation of issues.  With the reporters profiling, the masses can make their choices among candidates to be voted for in election”.

In his own submissions, Nwozuzu (1999:75) makes our point sharper.  He posits that;

The basis of democratic government is the opinion of the people, and opinion, which the free press helps to shape through information dissemination.  The media derive their importance partly, if not wholly by fulfilling, and supplying this information need of the electorate.

In carrying out this obvious social responsibility the media not only inform but also help the people elect individuals or leaders who serve to safeguard public liberty

What we are labouring to clarity is that the opinion of the people should have been guided by the media.  The media have to see themselves as a conduit through which the people receive vital electoral information to help them in the contributing to the electoral process.  Paramount in this contribution ought to be assessment of elections.

After these analyses, we shall make projections as well as recommendations both to the people and all other political actions.  This is a veritable means of making our inquiry meaningful and in fact, useful.

One thing the media must note about the political process in Nigeria is that it (the process) goes on without one part of the most important actors – the citizenry.  And its minorities should be respected, I think nothing in political reporting should be considered ahead of the solution to the above malady in the Nigerian political life-alienation of the electorate.

How can the citizenry be launched into the mainstream of the political process?  How can they be made to be active and be the sole determinants of election results as well as the system of governance.  This is the crux of political reporting no more.

The starting point, I think is that the press should extricate itself from the strangle-hold of politicians and be public oriented, this will divest them of the same in difference and distrust with which the estranged citizenry treats politicians.  What I mean is that the media should start work of political reporting from its own house – eschew superficial reports, brazen bias and such acts that stifle effective elections.

All public activities must be analyzed see if they are underguarded by any political undertone.  A court ruling may indict school system in an area either to undermine or extol the effort of either a political foe or friend respectively.  The media, that fails to look beyond the judicial proceeding may fail to detect the undercurrents in the proceedings.

Hage et al (1976:193) gives the following as functions of a elections reporters.

Reporting and interpreting events

Defining issues

Portraying personalities

Investigating support

Identifying trends

Checking and analyzing public opinion.

The media must understand the relationship between his political sources.  The media is a channel and the politician is a source.

• STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Concretely, the research project seeks to dissect people’s opinions of media coverage of Nigeria’s transition to the 5^th Republic as epitomized by the April 2007 election.  People’s views need to be placed within the framework of the past and present political cum electoral realities and their impact on Nigeria’s socio-political future.

There is equally a need for close examination of the views against a backdrop of ethnicity, partisan spirit, nepotism and sycophancy as well as objectivity and fairness which can attend people’s views of any issue including media attention.  My analysis will also respect the nature of public opinion.

These problems, if fully analyzed and interpreted will require as a follow up necessary recommendations to all elections factors, especially the media electorate and the rulers.  The above, I believe will form the comprehensive hard nuts, which my study set to crack in the subsequent chapters.

• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to analyze people’s perceptions of media coverage of last elections.  The aim is to ascertain if the media exhibited their responsibilities as they ought to.  Election is all about freedom to choose the leaders in a society by rational people.

This study aims at analyzing the people’s views in the spotlight of a diversity of interests and other variables that colour opinions.  The chief aim is to work out a healthy solution to Nigeria’s electoral problems.  It is out desire to  guide the electorate right on issues of nature, Nigeria runs the risk of existing national unity.  Nigerians hardly fight a common political cause.

My postulations will portray on ordered arrangement of electoral behaviour from which Nigerians can work out last problems.  The mass media will readily appropriate corrections.  It is my aim to make this possible.

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Nigeria, as an entity needs this type of study to help her find solutions to all kinds of political problems.  Much of the problems belong in the area of difficulties witnessed by emerging democracies like Nigeria.

Jibo (1997) holds that Aside from the problems of National Integration, another one (problem) in an emerging democracy is the fostering of the democratic culture n its politics.  By this we mean, getting all political actors or the crucial ones among them, to accept the rules, which are made to guide the conduct of elections, and to abide by them.

This study is structures to guide mostly the electorates on opinion formation after due inquiry into what they now think of the immediate past elections.

The study will add to the existing models of political behaviour and can be drawn from deal with any intellectual as well as practical political affair.  The study will equally be beneficial t the mass media as they have a score sheet to learn from.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Within the context of our research problem and aims, we put forth the following as concrete questions that will guide my inquiry:

• Generally, what are people’s views about media coverage of the elections?
• What are the important factors that conditioned people’s views?
• Are there common views across all shares of opinions?
• What role did the mass media play in shaping people’s opinions?
• What would the electorate expect from the media in future elections in the light of their present views?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H1:   People generally, approve of the way the elections were covered.

H0:   People generally do not approve the way the elections were covered.

H2:   The mass media were an important tool that helped to shape views.

H0:   The mass media were not an important tool that helped to shape views.

H3:   Given the variables that condition people’s views, the latter are objective.

H0:   Given the variables that shape people’s views the latter will not be objective.

 

• CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

People:     Here, we are concerned with the electorates.  The latter are that part of the citizenry who are qualified by age to cast votes for aspirants to electoral posts.

Electorates:      Those who eligible to vote, the electors.

Views:      We use views to mean people’s attitudes, opinions, reactions in actions, literal interpretations and general behaviour towards the just concluded April elections.

Election:   The process through which the electorates choose their leaders who will represent them in government.

 

• ASSUMPTIONS

Loud screams rent the air immediately after the elections.  The noise consists of growls, howls, lampooning statements as well as eulogizes.  I assume that these various reactions will reflect varying interest ranging form ethnic, partisan to assorted interest like sheer sycophancy.

I assume, too that the views will not portray a people ready for crucify the media for their lapses.

The views will be for those people who are merely tired of political system, but are very helpless and unwilling to take their destiny into their hands.

 

• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study  ought to be extended to quite a large number of societies in Nigeria.  This will help us gather data that will reflect various opinions coloured by an assortment of variables, like ethnic background and party affiliations.  Time and resources limited me.

Also, the bulk of literature review as well as data acquisition should come from key political actors like party chairmen and INEC OFFICIALS I am limited by the same factors added to the difficulty in getting the sources on hand to comment.

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OBIAGU’S VIEWERS ATTITUDE TOWARDS MID-NEWS COMMERCIALS TV NEWS

(A STUDY OF OBIAGU’S METROPOLIS)

ABSTRACT

Advertising is known as the process of marketing things (products and services) known to the people and it is considered as a non-personal communication of information usually paid for in most media, advertising spot art broadcast regular programs, the researcher’s aim is to examine the Obiagu’s viewers attitude towards mid-news commercials on ETV television news and ways through which used by the researcher, it is considered appropriate method as it involves large quantities of data gathering and distribution of questions to the respondents.

The chapter four of this work which represents responses to questions pose to them and as well test the hypothesis finally, this study reveals that majority of the viewers who watch ETV television should designate commercials to prgrammes such as musical or design a special program during which commercials will be aired.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                        1

• Background of the Study 1
• Statement of the Research Problem 5
• Objectives of the Study 5
• Significance of the Study 6
• Research Questions 7
• Research Hypothesis 7
• Theoretical Framework 8
• Scope of the Study 9
• Limitation of the Study 10
• Definition of terms (Conceptual and Operational) 11

Reference                                                            12

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW                                                13

• Sources of Literature 13
• Review of Relevant Literature 13
• Summary of Literature 26

Reference                                                            27

 

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY                                                         29

• Research Design 29
• Area of Study 30
• Population of Study 30
• Research Sample 31
• Sampling Techniques 32
• Instrument of Data Collection 33
• Method of Data Collection 34
• Method of Data Analysis 35
• Expected Results 36

 

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS  

• Data Analysis and Results 38
• Analysis of Research Questions 38
• Test of Hypothesis 44
• Discussion of Result 45

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

FOR FURTHER STUDY

• Summary of Findings 51
• Conclusion 52
• Recommendations 53

 

Bibliography                                                         55

Appendix                                                              56

 

LIST OF TABLES

 

Table 1:   Age range of respondent                                38

Table 2:   Gender of the respondent                              39

Table 3:   Respondents marital status                            40

Table 4:   Respondents who one television set        40

Table 5:   Respondents who watch television

programmes                                                 40

Table 6:   Viewers choice of station                               41

Table 7:   Audience choice of progarmmes                     42

Table 8:   Views perception toward ETV commercials      43

Table 9:   The state of facilities                                      44

Table 10: Impact of ETV mid-news commercials             45

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The solve functions of the every business enterprises is getting and keeping customers. A business man learn to see himself as not merely a producer of goods and services but also as a buyer of customers and as a door to those things which will make people want to deal with it as put by theotra levite.

In Nigeria, where a free enterprise economy of business intervention. Anybody that has mean of small scale business or a big capital can set up a business.

Though there are many products, services and organization in existence and of various kinds, the market itself is the customer and the process of winning and retaining them is rooted in stiff competition without customer patronage. To ensure this patronage, advertising is extensively used by advertising practitioners.

Advertising plays a role in electronic and print media and to the society at large. At this point lets take a look at the key ward “Advertising” advertising is the process of making things (product) known to the public. Advertising is the non-personal communication of information usually persuasive in nature about products and services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media (:Nwosu, 1996).

Advertising is a from of communication, it informs and entertains in broadcasting, advertising is an inherent element of program transmission which is deemed synonymous with broadcast commercials. Advertising is also a form of communication because it involves payment by interested parties who could benefit from it. The origin of advertising can be traced to the struggle by man to have a means of livelihood. Most advertisement is intended to the persuasive to win converts to a product, services or idea (Brown, 1981) while some such as legal announcements are intended merely to inform not to persuade.

Advertising as defined by the American Marketing Association (AMA) is a controlled, identifiable information and persuasion by means of mass communication media. advertisement reduces the publics through the various mass media. In addition to the traditional mass media radio, television, newspaper, magazines and billboards advertising carts, blimp and video (Doghuldje, 1992).

Also, it is important to know that television is effective in mass media as most advertisement messages and commercials are seen by the views which avails them the privileges to know more about the products as they are seen on their television screen, while messages and commercials advertise on radio is only heard and the products are not seen by the viewers and at the end the advert may not have effect on them like the viewers who has seen the product on television.

Basically, ETV air their English news by 8.0 clock pm and the Igbo version at 9.0 clock pm respectively, during the news, mid-news commercials paid for that are aired this is because the television station is recovering from financial constrain to sustain program publication. Also during the ETV news mid-news is aired together with the news which is referred to as news commercials as it is included in the news bulletin.

Also, to improve the effectiveness of an advertisement message.

The advertisers are interested in knowing the demographic information such as; age, sex, education and psychological information as attitude and belief thereby enabling the sponsor research to find out from time to time who is attending to the commercial message.

The advertisers of varied products and services creating awareness in television is with the aim of reaching to the target audience. ETV commercial is mainly for Enugu state environs. Therefore, advertisers exploit this medium to bring to their different customers and prospective customers their goods, services and products.

Hence, the viewers attitude towards mid-news commercials is the research point of study.

 

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS

The study is focused on television mid-news commercials during ETV news. However, this study feels that vrdue advantage is being taken of the ETV news views as the series of mid-news commercials are inserted during the news. The ETV news captures the attention of the audience especially people in Obiagu metropolis who would not ordinarily wish to be exposed to such unwanted commercial which sometimes make them loose interest in the news.

 

1.3   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The ultimate purpose of this study is

1. To examine the Obiagu’s views attitude towards mid-news commercials during ETV news.
2. To examine the area where there is need for improvement in the ETV news
3. To find out the effect and perception of the news on audience towards the placement of mid-news commercials during the news.
4. To examine the factors the accounted for the coverage and signals of ETV.
5. To examine the positive and negative impact of ETV commercials on the audience.

 

1.4   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The aim of every research work is to discover problems and at the same time proffer a good solution to the problem. Bearing the in mind, this study intends to discover the underlying factors that hindered the effectiveness of commercials during the ETV news. This solution will help the program planners and advertisers of products and messages in their placement and positioning of their commercials during ETV news.

1.5   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. How do ETV mid-news commercials have positive or negative impact on the Obiagu’s viewers?
2. How do low technologies affect the wide coverage of ETV?
3. To what extent do the Obiagu’s viewers patronize ETV?
4. How was ETEV mid-news commercials up to conventional stand?
5. What is the perception of the audience towards ETV mid-news commercials?

 

1.6   RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

Ho:  ETV mid-news commercials affect Obiagu’s viewer’s attitude.

H₁:   ETV mid-news commercials do not affect Obiagu’s viewer’s attitude.

Ho:  No null hypothesis facilitates affect the wide coverage of ETV programmes.

H₂:   No null hypothesis facilitates do not affect the wide coverage of ETV programmes.

Ho:  Obiagu’s viewers have positive perception towards ETV mid-news commercials.

H₃:   Obiagu’s viewers have negative perception towards ETV mid-news commercials.

 

1.7   THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Agenda setting theory

This research is aimed at examining the impact of ETV mid-news commercial on the audience and their perception according to McCombs and Shaw in Sina Ama (2003) state that:

The mass media focus attention to certain issues, they build up public images of political figures they are constantly presenting objects suggesting what individuals in the mass should think about know about, have teaching about (p.999).

Media like the broadcast plan their commercials to motivate and appeal to the emotions of the audience on the availability of a particular products and services.

However agenda setting theory, pronounced by Maxwell McCombs and Donald L. in the year 1973, explains how the audience depends on the mass media as the watch dog and they believe and hold onto what the media disseminate.

According to them, the areas includes pictures, ward, numbers and headline are used to captivate the audience attention even though it is what they already know they mass media with the use of words and pictures will redirect their though to accept the message.

 

1.8   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study will be restricted to the Obiagu’s viewers attitude towards mid-news commercial during ETV news using Obiagu’s metropolis as a study.

This study will focus on the residents of Obiagu comprising of male and females adults who will be helpful in giving information on the Obiagu’s viewers attitudes toward ETV mid-news commercials, it will also be geared towards finding out how ETV mid-news commercials influence the people in Obiagu.

 

1.9   LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

It is a known fact that research encounter lots of problems which are inherent in our society and this research is no exception personal constraints to environmental problems are enumerated below.

Bias – some respondents suspected the extent to which information supplied would be treated with confidence and for this reason, they felt that giving correct information will implicate them, therefore the absence of bias cannot be over looked.

Time – Considering the short time for the semester and also time for lecturers limits the time to source for materials which will enable the writing of this project.

Also material resources such as fund, unavailability of related literature constitute inhibition to the study.

 

1.10   DEFINITION OF TERMS (CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL)

Conceptual Definitions

Viewers – A person who looks at something or consider it.

Attitude – This refers to sometimes aggressive behaviour to somebody which do not show care about people’s opinion.

Commercials – This is the buying and selling of gods and services.

Operational Definitions

Viewers – This refers to a people watching a program or television.

Attitude – This is the feeling towards something and thoughts about something negatively or positively.

Commercials – This is an advertisement paid for broadcasting on radio or television.

REFERENCES

 

Ananrou & Onah A.V. (1989). Viewers Preference for Television Stations and Program A Pilot Study in Advertising in Nigeria.

 

Doghudje, C.A. (1992). Political Advertising: Thoughts and Non-thought in Adworld.

 

Eze, M.A. (2008). Fundamental of Communication Theories.

 

Omeje S.O. (2008), Issues on Contemporary Advertising (Campaign, Planning and Execution).

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THE ROLE OF RADIO IN MOBILIZING NIGERIAN WOMEN INTO POLITICS

ABSTRACT

The man trust of this study is to find out the role of radio in mobilizing Nigerian women in politics. This is studied in relation to other media of communication.

We became interested in this project since 4^th March, 2004, when some of us listened to the review on the international women’s day on COSMO FM with the title “Nigerian Women Since 1985”. There were so many women liberation that spoke especially on the role women play in the socio-economic and political development of Nigeria.

We made a proposal that comprise of our interests, objectives, and importance of the study; Research methodology research problems, research hypothesis and definition of terms etc. We used survey method in conducting this study. The major objective is to ascertain if there is any significant difference between radio and other media as sources of political information to women.

Hypothesis one (H1) postulated that Nigerian women tend to be getting more of their political information from radio than any other medium of communication. It was empirically supported with a calculated value of X₂ = 77.04, as against a table value X₂ = 11.345. Thus Nigerian women tend to be getting more of their political information from radio than any other medium of communication.

The second hypothesis (H2) postulates that Nigerian women tend to prefer news from radio to political news from opinion leaders. It received empirical support with a calculated value of X² = 81.621 as against a table value of X² = 11.345. In essence of our respondents are pf the view that Nigerian women tend to prefer news from radio to political news form opinion leaders.

The third hypothesis stated, “Women who are exposed to political news tend to be more influenced than those not exposed, in their political opinion formation. It has as well received statistical support with a calculated value of X² = 114.08 as against a table value of X² = 11.345. It then means that Nigerian women that are exposed to political news tend to be more influenced in their political opinion formation than those not exposed.

 

The fourth and the final hypothesis of the study postulates that radio tends to be more accessible to Nigerian women than any other medium of communication. The hypothesis is empirically supported with a calculated value of X² = 98.66 as against the table value of 11.345. This means that the audience believes that radio is more accessible to Nigerian women than any other medium of communication.

 

In general analysis, our findings are in line with our postulations in literature review that among the various medium of communication, radio is the most veritable tool of mobilizing Nigerian women into politics. This is because it tends to be fast and immediate in delivering their messages to their target audience than any other medium of communication.

Recommendations were given on how other studies should be carried out and how radio should be equipped, modernized, privatized and used to enhance its use in mobilization of women into politics.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                                     1

• Background of the study 1
• The statement of problem 8
• Objective of the study 10
• Significance of the study 10
• Research questions 12
• Research hypotheses 12
• The scope of study 13
• The limitation of the study 14
• Definition of terms 15

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

• Sources of literature 17
• Introduction 18
• Theoretical framework 19
• Radio as a mobilization tool 21
• Nigerian women in politics 33
• Summary of literature review 42

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Research method 49
• Research design 49
• Research sample 50
• Measuring instrument 52
• Data collection 52
• Data analysis 53
• Expected results 53

CHAPTER FOUR                  

DATA ANALYSES AND RESULTS

• Data analysis (introduction) 55
• Data distribution and analysis 56
• Interpretation and discussion 71

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

• Summary 76
• Conclusion 77
• Recommendation                               79

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This study, the role of radio in mobilizing Nigerian women into politics will look into the role played by radio as a medium of mass communication in galvanizing and preparing Nigerian women into politics especially towards participating in this on going transition programme.

There are so many other communication media like the festival, gongs, drums, and town crier. But in view of how the channels could be used in performing the role of mobilizing Nigerian women into politics, radio is more effective in getting messages to its target audience (Nigerian women). Though the magazine and newspaper, for their non-transient feature would have helped, but it is found difficult for women to afford it. Infact average Nigerian women can not afford to spend their income in buying newspaper and magazines just to get political information. Hence radio could be used as last and best resort to reach Nigerian women in case of wide reach and transcend language problem/literacy problem. This why during one of her lectures Mrs. Ukozor stressed that through integration, mass media can turn the whole world into a “global village”. Radio as a mass media does the same work.

Also Television is a very expensive communication gadget that cannot be afforded by every family in Nigeria.

A set of traditional communication system cannot work for the nation because of so many ethnic groups in Nigeria. There is no unification of traditional communication system in Nigeria. Many Nigerian women are living in urbanization so it is ineffective to disseminate political information to women through the use the traditional communication media system.

Elelstan A.G. (2000) in his study about audiences concluded that the audiences evaluated sources of information in terms of content, television in breath of perception and radio in availability.

Hence radio for its availability characteristics is always handy to these women.

Again N. Akpan (1999) in mass communication in Nigeria. Book of reading (ed) (Nwuneli) says that the public is entitled to all facts in a political situation and that of the basis of those facts; it can make its decision. Therefore these women if informed about political news tend to be politically aware.

 

Introduction to mass communication (Agee, Warrant, Kendall) by Noelle Neumann (1985) says that “real life is different from laboratory controlled studies, the media are so ambiguous that it is difficult for a person to escape a massage. Repetitive massages have reinforced impact and news stories are so much the same that there is few option for selective perception. However, the media for its agenda setting role and using radio to disseminate information repeatedly about politics. These Nigerian women tend to be influenced by listening to these repetitive political messages, hence develop the habit of liking politics.

The mass media generally perform six conventional functions to the audience. They are education, information, entertainment, socialization, survellant, and cultural transmission. Ben Agbo stated these roles during his lecture with year two students (2004). Radio as a medium generally performs the same role; radio uses these roles in mobilizing Nigerian women into politics.

According to Edwin Ude (HOD) during his lectures with the class while in ND1, the ‘Radio reaches places where television cannot reach. The cities, even the rural areas feel the power of this medium. No wonder old men and women don’t joke with their battery radio. Radio as a mass medium-collect, store, process and disseminate political information, which the Nigeria women require.

The radio as entertainment channel entertains Nigerian women through the chips of information and political giggles in the radio. Entertainment gives by radio to Nigerian women these women on doing their work easily, fast and simultaneously with radio entertainment. Women also memorize these political giggles and sing them in other to relieve boredom.

The socialization need of the radio agree with the Nigerian women on a particular candidate or politician to vote for. Radio exposes every thing concerning a candidate and then the audience (Nigerian women) will then accept the person they want. Thereby making this women to socialize in the community ‘they are.

The radio as surveillance channel, here the radio plays the role of watchdog. According to Ben Agbo during his lectures with your one students (2003) “states that watch dog role of the press is and adversarial to the government”. This is in effect that radios investigate the candidate very well and watch the present government for the betterment of the country.

Radio promotes culture of the country. It is through radio that you will hear about the culture of almost all Nigeria ethnic groups. In radio you will hear certain programmes that are done in so many languages. Infact different language in communities like Udi ndee, Awgu unu ejee, Onitcha ado ndonuoo, Awka demenu. During such programmes radio announces the political aspirants and people that have high post in the government.

Introduction to mass communication states that the media also help in the development of culture by awakening and stimulating the imagination and aesthetic creativity of individuals, thus leading to the precaution of cultural air facts. Radio, “As a medium disseminate cultural and artistic products for the purpose of preserving the past heritage of the people. The status conferral is another role of the radio that is when radio confers status and legitimacy on political leader and issue. Here radio is setting the political agenda for the Nigerian women by deciding what political topics Nigeria women talk about.

According to sandman et all (1976). The editorial decision that a particular event is not news is a self-fulfilling judgment; if the news media ignore it, then it cannot be news. Conversely, any event given major play in the mass media becomes by definition of a major event… In this sense, even when the media do not tell us what to think, they tell us what to think about.

 

An example is what we have in the network news. The NTA Network and other daily’s has been announcing how powerful Dr. Dora Akunyili (Mrs.) is, such kind of announcement raises high the women status and inspire Nigerian women into politics. Dr. Dora Akunyili is the present Director General NAFDAC.

The researcher had an interview with the former chairman of Nkanu West Local Government Mrs. Evelyn Chukwu about what motivated her into politics. Mrs. Chukwu said that she got motivated from the various political messages she hears from the radio about the on going political campaign.

‘She went further to say that women who came to vote for her during the election proper, got mobilized during her political campaign through the radio, and felt that her position or a change in government will bring them a radical development change. The enemas turn up of female voters made her to win.

Meanwhile, this study will look into the critics of radio credibility about radio information; especially of political news messages. This aside it will also tackle the various critics why women since the inception of Nigerian independence (1960s) and Nigerian political eras have been showing head above the water to compete with the male counterparts in Nigerian politics.

 

 

• THE STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

All over the world, the media have been regarded as veritable tools of political socialization and mobilization. Among the developing countries especially, radio has been singled out as the most veritable tool of mobilizing people into action be it politics, developmental progammes etc.

In Nigeria, both before and after she gained independence; women have not been fully taking part in the political game of the country. The very few women that are particularly conscious, according to chief Mrs. Ebun, Oyaghola, minister of national planning (1992) in her address to the intra parliamentary “Have contributed to the event handing over of power to people and will always be remembered as some of the pioneering landmark of the great journey to political independence by this great nation”.

 

Some other women that participated in politics include Chief Mrs. Ramson Anikulaopo Kuti, Mrs. Margret Ekpo, Mrs,. Elizabeth Okaro, Prof. Ikeji Ani clark and other women of substance that have participated in politics.

The status conferral media especially the radio have been identified to be responsible for their inspiration, motivation and mobilization.

 

It is in tight of this political apathy among Nigerian women that the researcher wants to find out the following research problems.

1. What role does the radio play in the mobilization of women into politics?
2. From which medium does Nigerian women get their political information.
3. Which sources of political information does Nigerian women prefer?
4. How does exposure to political information influence Nigerian women?
5. How accessible are radio to Nigeria women?

 

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
  1. The objective of the study will focus on finding out the role of radio in mobilizing Nigerian women for political participation in the country.
  2. To find out how Nigerian women radio listeners views political information/messages.

• To find out why some Nigerian women are suffering political apathy.

1. To find out the medium Nigerian women prefer getting their political information from.
2. To find out how Nigerian women that are exposed to political news are influenced into political participation.
3. To find out the medium that are most accessible to Nigerian women.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is expected that after this study, Nigerian radio broadcasters will know the best techniques involved in packaging political information that will be able to catalyze, stimulate, mobilize, and inspire Nigerian women into participating in politics.

 

Also the study will be of relevance to students, studying communication and its paradigms because, it will enrich their knowledge in determining how to disseminate political information and get effective feed backs from Nigerian women, especially when they go into the labour market.

Lectures will also benefit from this study because, the areas and ways that students need to be though about how to package political information will be made clear in the study.

 

In all, the study will be of relevance to the government because it will make a policy statement on the need for adequate funding for radio station, as the most veritable tool or medium of mobilizing women into politics.

 

 

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Do Nigerian women get most of their political information from radio more than any other medium?
2. Do Nigerian women prefer political news from radio to news they get from opinion leaders?
3. How does exposure to political news influence women on their opinion formation in Nigerian politics?
4. Does objectivity of reporting affect the listener ship of radio political information?
5. Do the Nigerian women have access to radio than other medium of communication?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H1 Nigerian women tend to be getting more of their political information from radio than any other medium of communication?

H0 There is no difference? Between radio and other medium as a source of political information to women.

H2 Nigerian women tend to prefer political news from radio to political news from opinion leaders.

H0 There is no difference on the Nigerian women’s preference of political information from either radio or opinion leader.

H3 Women w

Ho are exposed to political news tend to be more influenced than those not exposed in political opinion formation.

H0 There is no difference between those exposed to political news and those not exposed in political opinion formation.

H4 Radio tends to be more accessible to Nigerian women than any other medium of communication.

H0 There is no difference between the accessibility of radio and other mass communication channels to Nigerian women.

 

• THE SCOPE OF STUDY

The study shall treat only the role of radio in mobilizing Nigerian women into participation in politics. The study is a very wide one that comprises the whole of Nigerian women.

It is limited geographically to four main areas in Enugu because of financial problem, lack of time and inadequate material, I can not cover the whole states in Nigeria.

 

In effect, the four main areas to be covered are Mgbidi-Awgu, Amechi Awkunanaw, Obeagu, and Independence layout Enugu. These areas shall constitute the researcher’s sample population in each of these for areas represents almost the whole of Nigerian women.

 

• THE LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study is focused on mobilizing and participation of Nigerian women in political news on radio. The focus in not on the rate of usage of radio etc, since an average of about 60-70 of Nigerian women listen to radio.

Also, the study will be on pure political news and programmes, with exception of other news.

The study is centered on Nigerian women. Due to the topic of the study it shall not study women globally.

 

Finally, the scientific nature of the sample and the standard of measuring instrument (questionnaire) will help to generalize the larger population.

 

• DEFINITION OF TERMS

RADIO ACCESSIBILITY

CONCEPTIONAL DEFINITION: An audio medium of

Communication that can be reached.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION: The percentage number of radio

sets that Nigerian women use in getting her information.

 

MOBILIZATION

CONCEPTIONAL: To assemble people into readiness for group

action/service.

OPERATIONAL: The number of women that radio has galvanized

Into politics.

 

OPINION FORMATION

CONCPTIONAL: Drawing a judgment of a with respect for merit.

OPERATIONAL: Forming opinions concerning political news in

Nigeria.

 

OPINION LEADERS

CONCEPTIONAL: People who direct judgment of political

Information to women with respect to merit

OPERATIONAL: People who direct women concerning political

issue in Nigeria.

 

POLITICAL INFORMATION

CONCEPTIONAL: Messages or news concerned with politics.

OPERATIONAL: Information that are about the political news in

Nigeria.

EXPOSURE TO POLITICAL NEWS

CONCEPTIONAL: The act of someone being exposed to receiving

information about politics.

OPERATIONAL: The number of Nigerian women that expose

                   themselves to political issue in Nigeria.

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RADIO AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIAN RURAL AREAS

ABSTRACT

         This project is an attempt to find out the role of radio as an effective tool for social development in rural areas in Nigerian.

The radio has been considered by many “authors experts and policy makers alike as an agent of rural development especially at the information dissemination level. This project tries to find out how successful the social development program for rural dwellers was able to educate, mobilize and organize the rural people in a more productive activity, using radio as a vehicle for creating awareness about its programmes and activities.

The present and the past federal Government of Nigeria emphasizes on the creation of avenue for the development of rural areas. Therefore, this work tries to find out too how social development programmes were able to get to the rural communities effectively and efficiently through radio.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                      1

• Background of the study 1
• Statement of the research problem 7
• Objectives of the study 12
• Significance of the study 13
• Limitation of the study 14
• Research hypothesis                                      15

 

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature review 18
• Summary of literature review 28

CHAPTER THREE

• Methodology 30
• Research design 31
• Research sample 31
• Instrument for the study 33
• Validity of instrument 34
• Method of data collection 34
• Data analysis 35

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data analysis 36

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS                                         47

• Findings of the study                  47
• Recommendation 49
• Conclusion 53

CHAPTER ONE

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Communication is the epicanthic of human society. It is the

wheel on which all human activities revolve. Without it, society will remain static or stagnant. Communication is said to be the transferring of information, ideas and attitudes from one person to another. This definition presupposes that both the sender and receiver of such information operate at the same wavelength in terms of understanding the same language or symbols. Communication is made up of tour, intrapersonal communication, interpersonal communication group communication and mass communication.

However, this project is centre on mass communication which is the process of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes to many people, usually through a machine. This kind of communication has as its channels – radio, television newspapers, magazines, books etc. The information carried by these channels can be received by different people in different places at the same time.

This project is a study on Radio as an effective tool for social development in Nigerian rural areas. In tracing the history of electronic media in Nigeria, radio was introduced in 1933 as the first medium by the then post and telegraphic department of Britain. In December 1935, wired broadcasting was commissioned in Lagos known as Radio Distribution Services (RDS). By the end of 1949, stations were created in many parts of the country. In 1952, Nigeria Radio Broadcasting Service (NBS) was commissioned by Sir John Stuart Macpherson. In order to enjoy Radio services by the people, the country was divided into three regions and each of them did promote the culture and customs of the people in the area. This served to promote the role or impact of radio in effective communication.

Radio is one of the electronic media used for creating awareness and mobilizing people to support government’s programme and policies, thereby contributing a quota in rural area development. Rural development as a socio-economic phenomenon, is not as new as the current emphasis it appears to portray, it is as old as the rural communities itself. The rate of rural development has been so slow that it has been unnoticed or neglected for many decades of studies in rural development have shown that Radio has been looked upon as the sole agent for change and development in the rural areas. Therefore Radio has played a positive role in the rural area development situations.

Radio serves as a social control measure to the society especially in the rural areas in Nigeria. It creates awareness as well as enlightens those in the rural areas on governments programmes and projects. The Radio is a source of valuable information to all members of the society and of course to those inhabiting the rural areas.

The electronic media especially the radio are a source of valuable information on the development efforts of the government to the people in the rural setting. Radio is a means of socialization to all and it is particularly beneficial to those in the grassroots level who may solely depend on it.

It is a source of marketing channels and employment creation viable because advertisement of vacancies are sometimes relayed via the radio for which those in the rural areas to often times benefit from.

It is a dependable avenue for political campaigns through which those in the rural areas get to know what is being planned or done in terms of politics. It is a training and educative source to the people in the rural areas. It is also a good source of music and entertainment to them. Radio broadcasting is one of the most effective means of getting messages across to a large number of people. It is defined as “an apparatus used for transmitting and receiving messages.” It is then of importance to examine the significant impact of Radio broadcasting to the development of rural areas.

A lot of people are surprised as to the effectiveness of radio in getting messages across to the people so easily and the positive impact it has on the lives of individuals both in the rural areas and in the cities. Other people believe that radio, like other mass media, presents an unreal picture  of the events. They argue that radio understates or exaggerates issues out of proportion. Radio has performed mayic in message transmission that some individuals and families are so addicted to the radio that they hardly work a step without their radio.

Many people in the rural areas in Nigeria can not afford television as a result of financial constraint, especially as regards prevailing economic circumstances in Nigeria. Radio has been the most efficient and effective electronic medium for the dissemination of information  and social development in Nigerian rural areas. This is also because of the rural areas in Nigeria do not have infrastructures like electricity which is the only power used in operating television. Another aspect of the radio that is worth mentioning  here is it’s ability  to break language barrier. This is due to the fact that it utilizes also the vernacular and pidgin English in broadcasting.

In spite of the worrisome generalization that “mass media can do nor more than creating awareness regarding any development project, radio has continued to wax stninger as a medium of the people. Radio is regarded as a medium of the people because it has become a common sight in both urban and rural communities in Nigeria. In the  rural areas in particular, it is not unusual to see people tie a radio set around their waist while climbing trees or tilling the ground. With the exception of radio which has been found to be effective in reaching the rural Nigerian masses other  channels of mass media communication have been found  to be relatively less effective. All the mass media generally available to Nigerians, radio is the most widespread and accessible.

This project will help to determine how effective Radio has been in creating awareness educating and stimulating the people towards embracing government policies thereby aiding in the social development of rural areas in Nigeria. We shall equally determine how Radio in it’s educational and enlightenment programmes have helped a large number of rural dwellers and with what meaningful results.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Over two billion people live in rural areas in Nigeria. Most

agricultural communities live in rural areas. In these rural areas one finds that there is a direct relationship between agricultural and rural development. This comes about by the fact that most people in rural areas depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Because  such a large population lives in rural areas, they are often the birthplace of trends and events, which will have a major impact on cities later on. For example food is grown there to feed the whole nation and droughts, diseases and infestations to crops are first felt there. Even research  meant for better farming practices is tested there. Therefore there is need to keep the communities informed of what is happening in and around them in order for them to adapt to varying situations.

In this breath, radio has forever time stood out as a major dialogue initiator, temperament respondent and untiring arbitrator. The link therefore between radio, the rural community, agriculture and development cannot be over emphasized. The nature of life in most rural communities need basic life necessities like food, shelter, clothing, all mainly got from agriculture. It is therefore important that the agricultural sector is developed, in order  to develop the rural areas. The pivotal role of rural broadcasting therefore becomes handy.

However, rural Radio signifies a two way process, which entails the exchange of views from various sources and the adaptation of media for use by the communities. It allows members of a community to gain access to information, education and entertainment and offers an opportunity for the community to participate actively in the media as planners, producers and performers. It is the means of expression of the community rather than for the community. It is different from urban radio in that it is directed specifically to rural people and to their information needs.

Community participation is a fundamental characteristic of rural radio  live public shows, villages debates and participation in the actual management of the radio station are just a few examples. This approach empowers rural people to participate in the dialogue and decision – making processes essential for them to control their own economic, social and cultural environment and play an active part in development activities.

 

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

         According to Lele Uma, “Rural development is clearly designed to increase production and raise productivity. Rural development recognizes, however that improved food supplies and nutrition together with basic services such as health and education cannot only directly improve the physical wellbeing and quality of life of the rural poor, but also directly enhance their productivity and their ability to contribute to the national economy”.

Meanwhile, Nyerere Julius K. says, “Rural development is participation of people in a mutual learning experience involving themselves, their local resources, external change agents and outside resources. People cannot be developed, they can only develop themselves by participation in decisions and cooperative activities which affect their well – being. People are not being developed when they are herded like animals into means ventures.

It is evident that development implies change, and the first change that takes place is the attitude of the people who will be directly affected by the development in this case; the farmers and rural communities. In order to achieve this goal, there must be a fundamental change in the way farmers approach agriculture and the rate at which they adapt new technologies, husbandry and farming practices. In order to achieve this change farmers and rural communities need to be informed on the importance of adapting these new practices.

• Rural radio encourages villagers to take an active part in the development process or even better to take their own initiative to improve the living conditions in their communities.
• Since most farmers have not been to school, rural radio acts as a substitute for formal education.
• Rural radio enables communities to articulate their experiences and to critically examine issue and policies affecting their lives for example a community can use the radio to highlight new agricultural policies. These policies can be debated upon and discussed using the radio and immediate feedback can be given for relevant authorities to take action.
• In cases where extension workers may not be able to reach, rural radio takes on that role. Here a community can be given a recording on cassette to substitute the extension worker who has not be able to reach that community.
• Vital information for agricultural development can be passed on through the use of radio for people in rural areas.

 

• OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objective of this research is highlighted as follows:

1. To identify major problems that slow down development in the rural areas and how radio broadcasting contributes to the increase in the pace of development.
2. To identify various advantages of radio broadcasting to the rural dwellers.

• To find out the level of response of the rural dwellers to rural development programmes.

1. To identify what other future measures could be adopted in order to stimulate increasing impact of radio communication on rural development.
2. To identify the role of radio for social development in Nigeria rural areas.
3. To determine how radio has educate and enlighten the rural dwellers.

• And also to determine the effectiveness of radio in creating awareness and educating the rural dwellers in Nigeria.
  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research topic is very timely and of great importance

because the main them in national development is to mobilize our diverse human and material resources in order to transform our physical  environment for the good of our people and one significant way to achieve  this is through rural development.

In the third and fourth national development plans, (1875-80)

and (1981-85) respectively, efforts were made to develop the rural areas and ensure job opportunities that will help to reduce mass rural/urban migration, providing infrastructural facilities, social amenities that could make life bearable for the dwellers.

All these efforts of the government were mostly communicated to the rural dwellers through the radio this means that radio played a significant role in educating and providing adequate information to the rural dwellers.

This research will now help to assess to what extent radio was able to make significant impact in the life of the people and with what results.

 

• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This research will focus mainly on the significant impact of

radio broadcasting as an instrument used towards stimulating  social development in the rural areas in Nigeria.

The research is constrained by limited time available for the project and low financial support to execute the project extensively.

Another constraint encountered was the fact that not all respondence returned their questionnaires because the villagers in the sample of study were mostly illiterates and it depended mostly on face to face and oral interview.

Despite all these limitations, I have ensured that this work has been done and presented with utmost objectivity and accuracy.

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of relationship between

two or more variables. Hypothesis is always in declarative form and they relate either generally or specifically to variable and are tested.

Based on these, the research hypothesis on this study is highlighted below, as follows:

H_i­:    Radio broadcasting is an effective tool for social development in rural areas.

H_o­:    Radio broadcasting is not an effective tool for social development in rural areas.

H_ii­:   Rural dwellers cannot be stimulated to be conscious of social development in their areas through the use of radio transmission.

H_ii­:   Rural dwellers can be stimulated to be conscious of social development in their areas through the use of radio transmission

H_iii­:   Radio programmes in rural areas brought about significant positive impact on the rural dwellers thereby making life easier for them.

Hooo: Radio programmes in rural areas do not make any significant positive impact on the rural dwellers, therefore, it did not change for the better of their lives.

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THE ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN CRISIS RESOLUTION. A CASE STUDY OF IJAW/ITSEKIRI OF 2005

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research work is find out the crisis resolution of ijaw/ itesekiri of 2005.

In the chapter one we make a research on the conflict between the ijaw and itesekiri of warri metropolis between may and July 2005 which could be regarded as inter – communal feud as a result of economic and political tuasles.

While in chapter two we took onto the sources of literature, the Review, social objective political objectives and summary of literature Review

Chapter three we make research over methodology, Research method, Research sample, measuring Instrument, Data Analysis and Expected.

Finding of Data Analysis in chapter four and conclusion in chapter five.

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction/background of the study 1

1.1     Statement of problem                                                                   11

1.2     Purpose of the study                                                                    12

1.3     Research Question                                                                       13

1.4     Research Hypothesis                                                                    14

1.5     Definition of Terms                                                                     15

1.6     Assumptions                                                                                16

1.7     Limitation of the study                                                                 16

CHAPTER TWO

Review of the Literature                                                              17

• Sources of literature 17

2.1     The review                                                                                   20

2.2     Summary of literature Review                                                     21

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology                                                                                         23

• Research method 23

3.1     Research Design                                                                         24

3.2     Research Sampling                                                                      24

3.3     Measuring Instrument                                                                  25

3.4     Data gathering                                                                             27

3.5     Data Analysis                                                                              28

CHAPTER FOUR                  

Presentation of Data & Analysis of data                                                30

• Data Analysis 30

4.1     Result                                                                                          31

4.2     Discussion                                                                                   34

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary and recommendation for further study                                  43

5.1     Summary                                                                                     43

5.2     Recommendation                                                                         45

Bibliography                                                                                47

Appendix                                                                                     50

References                                                                                   54

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

The conflict between the Ijaw and itesekiri of warri metropolis between may and July 2005 could be regarded as inter – communal feud as a result of economic and political tussles.

There are some Issues worthy of note

Example:

The political Issues

This involves land ownership tussles, when the urholo indigenes of warri were presently memorandum to the justices Alhassan Idoko led judicial commission of inquiry on the 19^th of June, 2005 at the petroleum Training institute centre auditorium effuru warri, the urhobo testified that the ethnic conflicts between ijaw and itesekiri in warri North, South and southwest local Government Area was due to political and economic problems

Chief Benjamin Okumagba stated that the olu of warri ogiame otuwase II is a ruler in exile and it is an abomination for a traditional to buy a piece of land for his palace chief okumagba told the commission that the father of the present Olu, Erejuwa II begged his father (Okumagba’s father) for a piece of land. Also, okumagba stated that the federal government succumbed to the bidding of the olu of warri Ogiame Atuwatse II and his itesekiri rule warri metropolies through river – rine wards of ode – itsekiri, obodo and ibeji.

 

HEADQUARTERS RELOCATION

Also, the transfer of councilmeant for the ijaw clan of ogbeh – yoh, Isaba and Abaramatu on the 13^th of march 2005 to the itsekiri and the citing of the headquarters in an itsekiri settlement called ogidigba in warri North local   government, also triggered of the conflict between the communities of ijaw and itsekiri on 17^th May, 2005.

 

THE TITLE OF OLUSHIP

More so, going memory lane chief Bajamin Okumagba allega that changing of the tittle of olu of itsekiri to olu of warri in 1952 by chief obafemi Awolowo Action Group government is one of the remote causes of the tribal feud because of the Urhobo and the ijaw in warri see it as a punitive action against them because 1960 – 1966 they were against Action Group rather they voted for Dr. Nnamidi Azikwe NCNC

Tendering a letter of 13^th Septemeber 1952 from the acting civil secrtary western rgion to the chief secrtary to the government, chief Okumagba insisted that subsequent move by the royal father to create chieftaincy title from the itsekiri to redlect warri and the warri communal land trust by the then Action group of the itsekiri was the genesis of the constant communal feud in warri,

 

ECONOMIC SABOTAGE

The ijaws also complained that the oil companies operating in the area could not embark on any development programme in the areas, instead according to chief E.K. clark, a frontline ijaw senator representing warri and its environs during the second republic testified before the justie Alhassan idoko led judicial commission of enquiry at the petroleum training institute conference centre (PTI) warri in 19^th June 2005 that instead rendering help to the various Ijaw communities the oil companies decide to help the olu of warri ogiame otuwatse II thereby leaving the communities in a devastating and helpless state.

According to the chief clark the olu is involved in fund misappropriation and resources from the oil companies operating in the areas especially, chevron Nigeria limited to intimidate people in an attempt to Lord it voer, every body including the ijaws and the Urhobo’s of warri.

This is economic sabotage because instead of keeping the ijaws and the urhobos who’s the oil companies are situated and bless by God as a gift of nature. The oil companies in collaboration with the olu of warri decide to embezzle and babish the money to the masses. For example, lake the case of Ugbodo community who took the oil company to court for allegedly paying the olu of warri the sum of one hundred million naira (N100m). This is money that can be used in developing the communities being wasted in an individual while the masses suffer, in fact, this is purely on economic sabotage.

Though the arrowhead of the discontent was the relocation of the warri south local government headquarters from ogbeh – ijoh in 2005 this in which many lives and property were lost in the warri metropolis

 

COLONIAL INFLUENCE/ADMINISTRATION

An ijaw leader, Mr. Ekpebibe Akeh, enumerated the historical background of the ijaw relationship with the itsekiri dand the oil companies especially, chevron (formally Guif oil company) which he said, started operartion there in 1960. He disclosed this in the Guardian News paper of 13^th October 1998 while conducting the Guardian reporter round the ijaw communities. Mr. Ekpebibe traced the ethnic group feud from the colonial days when forcados, an ijaw town was headquarters of Nigerian and as a district, had a native court sited at Ogidigben for the ugorodo, thus establishing itsekiri leadership over Ijaws.

The Issue of the relocation of warri south Local government headquarters from ogheh – ijaw to ogidigben in 13^th March 2005 was a return to colonial times.

 

ITSEKIRI CLAIMS

Subsequently, there are counter claims on the true of the ownership of warri from all ethnic group corners example concerned itsekiri professionals Guardian

Thursday 1^st May 2005 in an adventional title

 

“ITSEKIRI REQUEST FURTHER ACTION BY FEDERAL MILITARY GOVERNMENT”

Stated among other tings that the ijaws enclave settlement of ogbeh – ijaw, Egbema and Abramatu all in warri metropolis are itsekiri land.

They also cited a suptreme court judgement suits number sc/37173/3. in the same way the itsekiri regard the urhobos as customary tenunts of itsekiri

This was in line with statements of a prominent itsekiri leader and retired judge of the defunct bender state, justice franklin Atake in the front page

News story, 13^th June 2005 with the headline – ijaws, Urhobos are tenants in warri. Justice Atake claimed that the ijaws came from their homeland of western ijaw while Urhobos migrated from Agbarho – Otor.

 

IJAWS/URHOBOS CLIAMS

More so, the ijaws and the Urhobos also have their claims, for example, the Guardian of 30^th April 1007 titled “URHOBO INDIGENES OF WARRI” chief Benjamin Okumagba (JP) referred to itsekiri clainms as a repeact of the itsekiri and the olus usual false propaganda and reckless in timidation of government functionaries over the warri crisis.

This was actually reported on 29^th April in the Guardian Newspaper. In this report titled” THE OLUAND HIS ITSEKIRI PEOPLE HOMELAND THEORY” chief Okumagba stated that every human being has a homeland and that he olu and his itsekiri leader homeland is in ode – itsekiri and their respective villages not in warri metropolis. He also stated that the olu and his chiefs are strangers in warri metropolis. He cannot lay claim to a square metre of land acquired through inhertance as compared to his humble self and other Urhobos of like situation whose landed property in warri metropolis are acquired through inheritance for a period spanning 600 – 650 years. He also disclosed that the father of the present Olu was a tenant of okere Urhobo clan. Warri as confirmed by the consent judgement in suit number w 28/65 and situated that thuse is nothing like warri kingdom but there is okere Urhobos egbama, Ogbeh – Ijoh, Abavamatu, Agbara and itsekiri kingdoms, all in former warri local government area and each of these have their own homelands.

The ijaws maintain their claims in statement by chief E.K clark, that the olu and the itsekiri’s who claim to be leaders of though have no land in warri metropolis and their place is Ode – itsekiri.

He also stated that the ijaws are the bonafide indigenes of warri, the ijaws were already there and it was called ogbe – ijoh village and was support by citing confessional statement by the late chief Dore Numaa, an itsekiri leader in 1923.

To understand clearly the location of both the ijaw and itsekiri communities it is necessary to study the map attached to this study in page 1. The ijaw /Itsekiri communities are location in Delta state and Delta state was carved out of the old Bendel state.

According to the west by the ijaws and itsekiri in the north by the Benin in Edo state and in the South by Isoko and the Ijaw. There is also vital issue that is worthy of note also and that is issue of lease.

 

LEASE AGREEMENT FROM 1898 – 1930’s

In 1906 Ogbeh – ijoh in warri urban areas was leased to the British colonial government by itsekiri chiefs at an annual rent of 100 pounds for 99years.

Alders Wilkey and pessy towns (Now Davdu) were leased by itsekiri chiefs in 1908 at an annual rent of 60 pounds. On 5^th February 1911, itsekiri chiefs of the colonial government at an annual rent of 30 pounds leased Agbassa village. These three important leased were existed by chief Dore and Ogbe Yowuren on behalf of itsekiri people as olu representative on 5^th October 1904, late Ogbe Yowuren an itsekiri chief and depaty of chief Dopre, as Olu representative granted a parcel of land to masser john Holt and inconsideration of the surrender of the said lease by the grant the said chief ogbe made another grant to the said John Holt on 16^th October 1911.

On 5^th February, chief Dopre Oghe and Egbegbe all itsekiri chief people granted apart of warri Land to messer. African Traders company, the deed of which was registered as 15/1907 in the registry of deeds calabar and on 6^th 1918 the said lease was assigned to messer. John Holt and company (liver pool) ltd. And registered accordingly.

On 6^th July 1908, chief Dore acting as Olu representing granted a parcel of land at warri to Rollard Harvis Dewetty acting as Aitorney of German firm, know as masser pangentecher and co. the said lease was later assigned to messer. John Holt and co. (Liver pool) ltd. In October 1917, No wonder chief pessu said in 1922, that it was chief Dora one had to go for a lease in warri. If one desires to have it a British company messer. African Association to him to obtain a lease of a part of warri in 1898. also he made a grant of an adjoining land to another Brish company messer. Miller Brother in 1901. The two companies were taking over by UAC ltd.

In 1979 and 1958, the Olu of warri granted to UAC  a revised lease of the above name two leases.

In 1900, the colonial government of Nigeria applied for and by 1901, was granted a large parcel of land known as “NWKI WARRI” on yearly oriental basic for a term of 99 years for the purpose of building residential quarters, barracks and offices.

The deed of this grant was sign by chief Dopre and ogbe for and on behalf of themselves and the itsekiri people. No wander justice webber in 1926 in the case of ometain against chief Dorte said in terralia.

The defendant (Dopre) as a successor to the olu of jekris and the paramount chief of the jekris has exercised… socereign rights over all there lands.

Moro so in 1922, prima pendo and other as descendants of olu Akengbyna I, sued chief Dopre over the control of that parcel of land in warri known as ogbeh – ijoh and Aider’s town and terranded and account of rents received by him from the ten colonial government of Nigeria in respect to the said lands.

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The relocation of warri south local government headquarters from ogbeh – ijoh to Ogidigbeh in 13^th March 2005 by the military government of Late general Sani Abacha. Other News reports on the announcement follows broadcast by the media resulted to protest sand demonstration by ogbeh – ijoh people.

More so mass media’s function is to educate the masses, especially the conflicting communities on the negative implications of such crisis.

Persuasion function is another function of the mass media. The masses should be persuaded to eschew violence and embrace peace, Organising special programmes for the paper to watch can do this.

 

• PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Therefore, the aim of this study is to defermine the contribution of the mass media in the resolution of ijaw / itsekiri crisis. More so, examine if mass media Organised specific c programme to help resolve the crisis, if there is any specific programme designed for that purpose, the extent met the need of feuding communities and helped to resolve the crisis.

Therefore, these are the areas to be determining by this study.

The effort mass media made to improve the socio-economic and political development of both communities is equally to be determine by this study.

More so, there are aims/objectives of media if the society is deprived of media, the society will mostly feel the impact of the observe of the media.

Therefore, the extent, which the media can help the society is a vital issue. The individual is placed in a certain social/physical environment, which he assimilates through a higher form of perceptions stocking item later in his memory where they make up the actual content of his brain at each moment. The main channel, which acts as a relay between the environment and the individual, are the mass media.

 

1.3     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

These research questions will reflect in the questionnaire. Responses will be elucted from the respondents in order to confirm where mass media played any role in the resolution of ogbeh – ijoh/itsekiri crisis the research question are:

• What specific programme has the mass media organized to change attitude and behaviour of the conflicting communities?
• What has been the contribution of the mass media in the resolution of ijaw/itsekiri crisis?
• Did these programmes meet the needs of the feuding communities?
• Did mass media report grievance of the communities or is it only when there are conflicts?
• Does mass media care about the grievances of the communities’ remote causes of conflit?
• What effort has mass media made to improve the soci-economic and political development of both communities?

 

1.4     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

To effectively ascertain the role of mass media in crisis resolution of ijaw / itsekiri crisis the following hypothesis was tested.

H1:    The mass media had not contributed meaningfully to the resolution of ijaws / itsekiri’s crisis.

H0:    The mass media contributed meaningfully to the resolution of ijaws / itsekiri crisis.

H2:    The mass media have not organized programmes to change attitude and behaviour of conflicting communities.

H0:    The mass media organized programmes to change attitude and behaviour of conflicting communities.

H3:    The mass media does not care’s about the grievance of the communities.

H0:    The mass media does not care about the grievances of the communities only when there are conflicting.

H4:    The mass media care about the grievances of the communities only when there are conflicting

 

• DEFINITION OF TERMS RELOCATION

According to the Advanced learner’s Dictionary relocation is the moving into a new place or area the relocation of population, the has to do with the compulsory evacuation with resettlement in a New area.

 

CONFLICT

Dictionary defines conflict as to be in opposition or in disagreement, fight, struggle, and quarrel.

 

RESOLUTION

According to the same dictionary resolution is having the quality of being resolved. Fixity or boldness or determination.

 

 

 

• ASSUMPTION

From the research hypothesis it is assumed that the mass media did not contribute positively to the ijaws/itsekiri crisis resolution and this had prolonged the speedy resolution of the crisis.

 

• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Research of this nature is not without problems as there are myriads of shortcomings, which the researcher encountered such as:

1. In accessibility of some relevant data: both rivalry communities find it difficult to give confidential information, which they treated as confidential material. Therefore, the researchers were not able to obtain all relevant information.
2. Time constraints: the time is short and so, the researchers did not have enough time to go beyond the scope.
3. Lack of fundamental fund is required to do beyond the scope.

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