PUBLIC  RELATIONS AS A MEANS ENHANCING BANKING OPERATIONS  A CASE STUDY OF FIRST BANK OF NIGERIA PLC ENUGU MAIN BRANCH

ABSTRACT

This work was done to final  out the assessment of the mass media’s role in the campaign against  drug abuse, because drug abuse has become a serious problem  we are facing  both in Nigeria and in other parts of  the world.

The objectives of this research  is to find out if drug abuse has increased crime rate in Nigeria, to find out if the mass media is performing  their functions effectively, its assessment in the campaign  against drug abuse in Nigeria and what impression people have about drug abuse in Nigeria.

A critical  review of related  literature  was made. The  methodology used, the research  design, sample, the method of data collection and analysis  is found  in chapter three.

Chapter four is devoted to the analysis of  data collected  and results of the research. Tables were used in the results.

Chapter five contains the summary of the study and the recommendations for further study.

CHAPTER ONE:        INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
• STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH   PROBLEM 7
• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY 7
• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY                    8
• RESEARCH QUESTIONS                              9
• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS 9
• CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION10
• ASSUMPTIONS 13
• LIMITATION OF THE STUDY 13

CHAPTER  TWO : REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

• SOURCES OF LITERATURE 14
• THE REVIEW 15
• SUMMARY OF LITERATURE  REVIEW           24

 

CHAPTER THREE:  METHODOLOGY

• RESEARCH METHOD                                  27
• RESEARCH DESIGN 27
• RESEARCH SAMPLE                                   28
• MEASURING INSTRUMENT 28
• DATA COLLECTION 29
• DATA ANALYSIS                                        29
• EXPECTED RESULTS 30

CHAPTER  FOUR : DATA  ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

• DATA ANALYSIS                                        31

 

CHAPTER  FIVE: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

• SUMMARY 43
• RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY 44

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

• INTRODUCTION

 

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

 

The concept  of public relations has been with man. Since creation public relations  existe4d between the creator  and the creature because both sought  harmony and understanding in their  relationship.

Public relations, pervades all aspects of  our socio- economic life. It is  so important but it is unfortunately that relatively little is known about its true nature as it as practiced  in our country. There is  no mystery about public relations, practiced as it ought be however    it consist of certain factors “policies, action of policies and  two-way communication  to ensure mutual understanding. In  other words, the  purpose is to establish a two-way communication to ensure understanding or resolve conflict interest, between individuals, institutions and Organization and its  publics.

However, it is common knowledge that we  live in an age of expedience, where people depend on one another  for satisfaction of their  economic and  social  needs public relations as a profession started only around the 19^th century when profession like  journalism had long taken root. Since then public relations like the  biblical  mustard seed has gradually but  steadily  grown to a every enviable  status  which cuts across every strata  of both individual and corporate development. Consequently, almost every Organization, government  non governmental Organizations, and institutions all seek, employ the services of public relations experts who will package  their image, directs them on  how to achieve  harmony peaceful co-existence arising from mutual understanding.

In the struggle to professionalize public  relations, there has been quite a number of confusion as some have  seen public relations as André  publicity or propaganda, some looked public relations as the same things as advertising . public relations is  neither  nor  publicity rather public relations is  defined as a philosophy   and functions  of management which evaluates public attitude, identifies  the polices  of an Organization  with the public interest and execute a programme of action to earn public acceptance and understanding (Nwosu 1987).

As a management function, public relations encompasses among others anticipating, analyzing and interpreting public opinion, attitudes and issues which might impact for good or ill the operations and plans of the organization.

In view of this public relations practices in Banking operations  especially in first bank plc is quite inevitable. There  is every need  to enhance banking operation through effective public relations practices.

Considering the strategic position  of banks in our national economy and development . it is actually  expedient that public  relations is allowed to play its  prominent  role  which is needed towards achieving  banking operations. In order to achieve maximum  effectiveness of public  relations  practices within the banking institutions and  the services of experts who will guide, advice, admonish, direct the establishment or institution right form the formation of its  policies through the execution of  such policies.

Nigeria  as  a nation are growing in development with different companies, Organization and  institutions. and  because of these development to achieve their aims, a public relations practitioner is  highly needed. So this has enable  the creation or several banks in the nation and one of them is the first  bank  which is  the  basis  of my study.

The major objectives of these banks is to identify and satisfy the need and demand of people (that is customers) at minimum cost or rate. To achieve  and maintain a high level of labour productivity  in all its operations. To reduce  the high rate of abject  poverty in the country. And as well to  exercise  financial prudence  and  always remain competitive wages and  fringe benefits   to people. To continually, motivate the work force towards greater achievements.

However, the recurring failures in its responsibilities to the nation are  due to the neglect  by management, the importance of public relations  department. But  this project has its aim to ascertain that public  relations practices  has enhanced banking operations in first bank Nigeria Plc Enugu man branch . It   has the  image in the word, “gate way to the nations  economy”

• PR PRACTICE OF THE FIRST BANK PR DEPARTMENT

The public relations departments started fully when  the performance of the bank was some how in 1965 sized the evaluation of employees performance by not  measuring and reporting the employees behaviour and accomplishment for a  given period for the purpose of improving job performance. So the  bank started going backwards, no more improving in its economy development in which is the one objective establishment.

The  responsibility of the PR is to project the image of  Organization to the general public. The public relations practice  was to projected the image of the bank, plan and execute  all approved  public relations programmes for the bank such programmes includes.

1. Direction of programmes designed to promote the  institution point of view among the publics.
2. Ensuring pre flow of  information  and promote the company’s view point  among government bodies.
3. Carrying out analysis of news in newspaper, radio and television programmmes.
4. Enhancing goodwill between first bank Nigeria Plc. Main branch Enugu and it s publics through distribution of corporate gifts .
5. Organizing workshops, seminars and facility visit for the staffs.

 

• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS

1. The non-chalant attitude of the management  towards  the effective practices  of the public relations  department in the banking operations.
2. The bank inability to disseminate information to its various publics
3. Poor remuneration for its workers leading to poor corporate image perception by the internal and external publics.

1.4   OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This  study aims at finding out  the essence of public relations as a mans of enhancing banks operation in the country especially when seen from the viewpoint that successful banks operation goes a  long way in meeting the  developmental programme of our nation.

This  study  is also seeking  to  find  out and establish how the  public  relations  department  in first bank  Nigeria Plc. Enugu main branch should  practice public  relations in its  refined form.

This study will make recommendations  and proffer solutions the existing  problems in public relations department based  on the research findings.

 

1.5   SIGNIFICANCE  OF THE STUDY

The finding of this  study will help to improve public relations  practice in all its ramification. It  will help the establishment to achieve its goals set and  objectives. The findings will enlighten management to place public relations department in its rightful place in the Organization.

First bank public relations department will also have the  benefits of making checks  and balances  on its  public relations programmes as well as other departments of the Organization and the publics.

This  study generally will enable  other researchers in  their   bid to probe  further  into public relations  practices  and successful banking operations.

1.6   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the various public relations programmes of the Plc department of  first bank Nigeria  Plc. Enugu main branch ?
2. Are the programmes  effective and to what extent
3. To what extent has the public relation department  promoted the activities  of the bank  before  the publics and how  did this enhance  the national economy?

1.7   RESEARCH  HYPOTHESIS

In view of the above research  questions and problems, I hereby formulate the research hypothesis  below:-

Hi     That  the PR  practices of first  bank plc Enugu main branch  public relations department has helped in enhancing  bank operations  in the bank.

Ho    That  the  PR practice  of first  bank Nigeria Plc Enugu main branch has not helped in enhancing banks operations.

H2    That  the public  relations  practice of first bank of Nigeria Plc Enugu main branch are very suitable .

H3:   That the  PR department of  first bank Enugu  main branch has been able  to highlight the contribution of the  bank on the overall development of Nigerian economy.

H4    That the PR department of first  bank main branch Enugu has helped  in the  dissemination of information regarding activities  in the bank to both its   internal and external publics.

H0    That the  PR department  of first bank Plc  Enugu main branch  has not helped in dissemination of information regarding activities in the bank to both  its internal  and external publics.

H5    That there is positive public  perception of first bank plc Enugu main branch in its operations.

Ho    That there is negative public  perception of first bank plc Enugu main branch  in its operation.

1.8   CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Public is a management function  designed to establish and maintain mutual   lines  of communication, understanding, acceptance, co-operation and  goodwill between an Organization and its various  publics.

 

OPERATIONAL

Department  establishment  and  maintain  by the management of first bank plc Enugu main branch to raise goodwill,  open communication acceptance, understanding and co-operation between them and their  staff as well as customers far, near and other Organization.

1.8.1        Practices Conceptual

Systematic exercise of a profession or  occupation performed repeatedly for the purpose of acquiring  skill or proficiency.

Operational

Public relation repeated exercises performed by first bank plc Enugu main branch public  relations department for the achievement of the desired effect in the bank.

• Means Conceptual

Method, process  by which a  result may be obtained.

Operational

Method  of achieving desired  banks  operations in first bank Enugu branch   .

1.8.3          Enhancing Conceptual

Adding to

Operational

Improving banks operation in fist bank Enugu  main branch

1.8.4  Bank Conceptual

A bank is the commercial  area of labour  where money and valuable documents are kept and provided for the goods and services of its customers.

Operational

A commercial area such as the first bank, Enugu main branch where money facilities  are kept and provide for the services of its customers.

 

1.9   Assumptions

The assumptions underlying this study  are similar. These assumptions are as a result   of the observation of the  researcher on the problem.

1. It is assumed  that public relations practices of PR department  of first bank  main branch Enugu  has helped in enhancing bank operations  in the bank.
2. It is also assumed that PR department of first  bank, Enugu

main branch  has succeeded in up lifting the  cooperate image  of the institution   .

1.10 Limitation of the Study

The study of this research work was limited  in first bank Enugu main  branch. This is  because of  some number of factors amongst are financial  constraint  and time.  This study was also limited  by skepticism  or respondents . So the outcome of this study will be applicable to other  banks in the country.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
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form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

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THE ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIA PRESS COUNCIL AS A REGULATORY MECHANISM FOR NIGERIAN JOURNALISTS

ABSTRACT

In any academic pursuit all over the world, there must be situations and reason which could propel a research or project of this nature.  This same thing applies to this project which was tentatively researched and written in order to help students who may want to inquire more on the role of the Nigerian Press Council as a regulatory machanism for the conduct of journalism practices in Nigeria.

The Nigerian Press council though not performing quite to expectation in regulating journalism practices can also play the role of making sure that individual rights are not fringed upon by journalists in the course of covering analyzing and interpreting of issues as they affect the people.

The study on this project topic was based upon the premise that the press perform a vital function in the society as it relates to educating, entertaining, informing of people in order to build a society where its citizens knows their right and enlightened to be able to meet up to the challenges of this modern world.  There is as doubt this project handy as they go further in gaining more knowledge on this topic.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1       Background of the study                                   1

1.2       Statement of the research problem                 4

1.3       Objectives of the study                                               5

1.4       Significance of the study                                  6

1.5       Research Questions                                         7

1.6       Research Hypothesis                                        8

1.7       Conceptual and Operational Definition           10

1.8       Assumptions                                                      11

1.9       Limitations of the study                                     11

CHAPTER TWO         

• Literature viewed                                              13
• The media as a watchdog                              18
• The assessment of the Nigerian Press Council 21
• Summary of the literature view 23

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1    Methodology                                                      26

3.2    Research Method                                              26

• Research Design 27
• Research Sample 27
• Measuring Instrument 27
• Data collection 28
• Data Analysis 29
• Expected Result                                             29

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data Analysis 30
• Result 41

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary 43
• Recommendation for further studies 44

References                                                                  46

Bibliography                                                                 47

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1,1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The world is a global village through information link of the media.  A society without the media the is dead, that is to say that the media play a vital role and these roles include to educate, inform, entertain the public on the happenings in the society, to enlighten and to mobilize, etc.

The media had played these vital roles creditably, especially in this inception of new political dispensation.  In an attempt to carry out these functions to the masses, the media had made use of various medium of communication with development as its goal.  The media in question are the electronic and print media.  In electronic medium, we have the radio and television and in print sector, we have Newspaper and Magazine.

In view of the above developments, all these media cannot function effectively without a regulatory body, which controls their activities and affairs as it relates to journalistic practices in Nigeria.  This gave birth to the press council.  Press council, therefore is an institution that is closely associated with the maintenance of the freedom of the Press and which also protects the liberty of individuals from being infringed upon by the media men.

The Nigeria Press Council was inaugurated on December 29, 1992 after a long chequered and bumpy journey.  This journey began over 30 years ago when the need for self-regulatory mechanism in the practice of journalism in Nigeria gained currency among practitioners and public spirited individuals alike.

Although the practice of journalism had been established long before some Nigeria other leading professions, it lacked any self-regulatory mechanism that would have won for it due recognition with attendant prestige of a body that had rendered loyal service to the nation.  However, an endless acrimonious debate over the fun, scope and functions of the envisaged press council had bogged and delayed its inauguration.

The quest for a press council got an added momentum when the Federal Government set up the Ekineh commission on the future of Nigerian Press in the late 60’S.  right from the then, media professionals began a more converted move for the establishment of a press council.  According to the speech made by the then Newspaper Proprietors Association of Nigeria (NPAN) Alhaji Lateef Jakande during the annual general meeting in Benin in 1972, he said, “I think we have talked so much about the press council that it would be appropriate for us at this meeting to take action.  In this connection, the ball is in our court.  The public wants a press council and the government is willing to legislate.  So with this the Nigerian Press Council was established.

On the other hand, the press council consist of Nigerian Union of Journalist (NUJ) Nigerian Institute of Public Rlations (NIPR), Nigeria Bar Association (nBA).

The council decree is aimed at promoting high professional standard for the Nigeria Media and to deal with complaints emanating from the members of the public about the conduct of the media and journalist in their professional capacity, or complaints from the media about the conduct of persons or organization towards the media.

The council has the function of researching into contemporary media developments and engaging in updating media documents.  In all ramifications, the council is charged with reviewing developments likely to restrict the supply, through the media of information of public interest and importance or likely to prevent media access to information and advising on measures necessary to prevent or remedy such development.

 

1.2    STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

These are many envisaging problems facing the press council today in the society and these problems are:

1. That working journalist should not allow a body composed or non-journalist to serve as arbiter between them and the government.
2. Because of the lopsided of appointment of non journalist into the council, working journalists felt that if there is any crisis, these non journalists will work against them.
3. The Nigerian Union of journalist prescribed a different standard for admission into the council while the council thinks otherwise.
4. The Nigerian Press Council is empowered to protect the right of Nigerian journalists in the lawful performance of their duties but working journalists said, it is a right/true that the body that projects their right is NUJ as a Professional body and a union.
5. The decree establishment the Nigerian Press council said that the body is autonomous. But how can a body which is established be autonomous, the federal government rejected this challenges to make sure that journalist regains the glory in the eyes of the people.

1.3    OBJECTIVE THE STUDY

We have embarked on the study to find out how this council function effectively in regulating the journalistic practices.  To find out the responses of journalists towards the press council decree.  To evaluate on the misconduct’s of journalist in the profession and how fare the council has gone in tackling these abnormalities.

After a critical appraisal and analysis of the Nigerian Press Council, a lot will be achieved in helping to place the council in its rightful position as a regulatory body and also help in shaping and championing its cause as it relates to protecting the Nigerian Journalist, as they go about gathering information and disseminating same to the overall citizens of the country.

Subsequently, the council after this analysis and write-up will seize to be a toothless bulldog as it concerns the profession but rather help bring out the flaws and things that hamper the journalist practices in Nigeria.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will assist the determined the level of assistance the Nigerian Press Council can give to the Nigeria Journalism in serving as a regulatory body of the press.

This study will also be essential to help as asses on how far the Nigerian Union of Journalist has gone in ascertaining the code of conducts of journalists.

Moreover, the significance of this piece cannot be over emphasized as it will help the Nigerian Press Council in going about its duties and also how to tackle some legal problems relating to individuals like libel, slanda, defamation etc. which the journalist used in one way or another.

In addition, some other works only handles the issue of press council and their various functions to the journalist but this unique project goes further to add the issue of check and conduct of regularism of the behaviour of practicing journalists.

The existing works on this top will be enhanced by the attributes of the Nigerian Press council especially as they go about acting as checks and balances of journalist practices in Nigerian as clearly detailed in this project.

 

1.5    RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following questions are formulated to guide this study.

1. Can the federal government, especially under this democratic setting help in improving the affairs of the Nigerian Press Council.
2. Can the Press council guarantee sustain the freedom/right of the working journalists?
3. Is the Nigerian Press council functional in piloting the affairs and freedom of journalist based on the established decree of 1978?
4. Should the Federal Government appoint non-journalist to oversee/check the actions of working journalists in the Press Council?

 

1.6    RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following hypothesis are well formulated for the purpose of this study.

HI:    Numerous problems facing the Nigerian Press Council in its quest to check the conducts of the journalists hamper the council in its discharge of duties.

Ho”   Numerous problems facing the Nigerian Press council in its quest to check the conducts of the journalists does not allow the council to perform/discharge its duties effectively.

H2:    The Press Council guarantees and sustains the freedom and rights of the working journalists.

Ho:    The Press council does not guarantee and sustain the freedom and right of the working Journalists.

H3:    The federal government especially under this democratic setting has helped in improving the affairs of the Nigerian Press Council.

Ho:    The Federal Government especially under this democratic setting has helped in improving the affairs of the Nigerian Press Council.

H4:    The Nigerian Press Council is functional in piloting the affairs of the journalist based on the established decree of 1978.

Ho:    The Nigerian Press Council is not functional in piloting the affairs of the journalists based on the established decree of 1978.

 

1.7    CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Assessment- conceptually, according to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, assessment is a carefully considered opinion or judgement.

Operationally, it is the act of assessing opinions.

Press Council – this is an institution that is associated with the maintenance of the freedom of the press and which also projects the liberty of individuals from being infringed upon by media men.

Operationally, it is an institution that oversees the operation of the pres.

Journalist – According to the dictionary, means a person whose profession is journalism.  He/she does the work of gathering and dissemination of information to the society.

Operationally, journalist is another name for press men and women.

Journalism – this means that the work of collecting, writing, and publishing material in newspapers and magazines or on television or radio.  In other words journalism is a profession, which sets standards of members.

1.8    ASSUMPTION

It is assumed that the Nigeria Press council is performing its duty by acting as a regulatory body to journalistic practices in Nigeria.

It is also assumed that the press on the other hand is adhering to the laws as stipulated by the Nigerian press council as laid down by decree 31 of 1990.

 

1.9    LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This project is limited to some extent because of financial constraint encountered in the cause of researching relevant materials required to do justice to researching for relevant materials required to do justice to this unique topic.

Also time factor is a problem we have to grapple with as we go about tackling this topic.  With the semester so short and our final exams around the corner we cannot help but try to gather some facts for this wonderful project.

Lack of some relevant materials for this topic is another issue which hinders our gathering of facts for this topic but not standing we are able to come up with some available materials at hand.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

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SUSTENANCE OF NIGERIAN MASS MEDIA INDUSTRY THE CRITICAL ROLE OF ADVERTISING

ABSTRACT

This research work was purely undertaken to discover, evaluate and exhaustively determine the critical role of the advertising in the sustenance of Nigeria mass media industry which has not been fully realized that warranted this study.

This work is in depth study into the role of advertising in the sustenance of Nigeria mass media industry. It is a five chapter work.

Chapter one is an introduction to the work, where as chapter two reviews related literature on the study chapter three is concerned with the research methodology while chapter four gives a summary of the entire work as well as conclusion and recommendation for further studies.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                                         1

• Background of the study 1
• The History of the Media 4
• Objectives of the study 8
• Significance of the study                                 8
• Statement of research problem 9
• Research Questions 10
• Research Hypotheses 10
• Definitions of Terms 11
• Assumptions 13
• Limitations of the study 14

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

• Sources of Literature 15
• Theoretical Frame Work 18
• The print Media problem
• Print Media Break Even Means 20
• Advertising, A case promotion of the Print Media 23
• Advertising and press Freedom                     25
• Broadcast Media 27
• Advantages of Advertising in the

Broadcast, Media                                               27

• The Government Advertising and the

Broadcast Media                                                         30

• Broadcast Media and Advertising Agencies has it been sweet Romance.                                                                    33

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Introduction 36

3.1    Research Method                                                        36

• Research Design 37
• Research Sample 39
• Measuring Instrument 39
• Data Collection 40
• Data Analysis 41
• Expects Results 42

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

• DATA ANALYSIS 43
• Data Distribution And Analysis 43

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary 55
• Conclusion 56
• Recommendations 58

References                                                                  60

Bibliography                                                                 62

Questionnaire                                                              66

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The media and advertising as separate institutions have a unique symbiotic relationship. Dating back to the history of the “Print Media in Nigeria, the Lagos weekly record by John Jackson was able to survive until late eighteen century in the face of low patronage, readership, amateurism, and stiff competition that characterized the    early print media in Nigeria because of government adverts placed in it. This 150 points a year advertisement gave the weekly record about 400 ponds in 1900 the (Fred Omu) (Fed Omu, 1978: 1933).

Today, the trend is still the same. The media men and advertising practitioners cannot still cope without each other. On the hand, there is no way the advertiser can send his message across without the  use of the media.

There are lots of other gains to be derived from the media advertising relations which this paper intends the explore to my capability.

In the mean time, it is relevant to induced at this point a brief definitions of the basic institutions on which lies  the care of this research project, as their importance. The media on one hand is associated with mass communication. The media being the medium for mass communication, and mass communication which involves comminuting with a mass audience or a large number of people at a particular time (Nwosu 1987). Although the use of a mass medium or a combination of media is not mention it is an essential need in mass communication.

Adverting on the other hand, has, many definitions “based on individual under standing, what advertising is (Nwosu , 1999). He believes the best definition of advertising is that “it  is mass communication which is aimed amend at helping to sell goods services , idea, persons” .

This definition apparently point out that advertising and media have a lot in common. Here is becomes necessary to  examine the  extent of the commonalties, and chiefly the ways advertisement is indispensable to the media survived. However, it could not be rule out the fact that there are some basic differences, that are not covered by theme of this research project.

In viewing this study on the side of the broadcast media in Nigeria, the case is still almost the same. Time has actually passed when the Nigerian broadcast stations were been supported solely by government funds. But the begging of the depression, advertising revenue from the sales of time and programmes has become from the sales of time and programmes has become a viral sources of income for broadcast media in Nigeria. Hence the 100% government owned  broadcast media have gone particularly or full commercial.

Lastly, this study would be based on a study of prominent newspapers and broadcast stations.

For better understating of this topic. It is however, pertinent to out line a brief history of the media and how it relates to advertising.

 

• THE HISTORY OF THE MEDIA

The media in Nigeria started as early as 1854 when a publication. IWE IROHN was established by revered gentlemen Henry Town send. At that time it was solely for religions purposes, and as such there was nothing like advertisement in the publication.

Soon after that, a total of fifty – one newspapers was established in 1880 and 1937. The Lagos weekly record own by John Jackson was the publications, and that made it to last longer than other newspapers as the government arranged to pay Jackson a sum of 150 pounds a year or government notices in the weekly record. It should also be observed that advertisement brought a revenue of  about 300 pounds in 1875,  and 400 ponds in 1900.

Noteworthy is the face that contemporary news papers than was not able to last long because of financial difficulties, hence some were running at a loss,  and this was due to lack of advertisement that could have helped to meet cost of production and as well make profit for those newspapers.

Apart from the Lagos weekly record, the Daily. Times which was a partnership venture between certain Nigeria, and European businessmen was another newspaper  was sustained though “ the significant expansion in advertisement support”.

The broadcast media formally started in Nigeria   with the inauguration of Nigeria Broadcasting service. In 1751, in Lagos, this was followed by the establishment of Western Nigeria Broadcasting Service in 1957. Eastern Nigeria Broadcasting service in 1952 and Northern Nigeria Broadcast media was solely founded by the government. In 1967 when 12 stated were created, broadcast media increased. With further creation of states in 1976 and 1988, more broadcasting stations were established as states want it for present and dissention of information of government policies.

Only state own Broadcast media and Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) sell advertise time. The Federal radio corporation (FRCO) was still being funded by the government, not until 1982 when government allowed it to go commercial. This than increase the number of stations in the country, thereby giving advertisers many stations which they can buy air time.

Advertising in Nigeria can be traced back to 1928, when  the former West African publicity  company, now LINTAS led to the advertisement of other advertising outfit as Hormblow code and Freeman, Glilines West Africa, Anger and Tunner, and Nigeria Burean of publicity. One unique characteristic of all these advertising outfit is that they were mainly owned by foreigners.

It is not all that is a success story between 1930  and    1940, in that they have initial problem in the form of ‘absence of local experts, and insufficient publicity houses”.

Between 1928 to 1944 there was not much relationship between the media  and these advertising outfits, as “the press medium begun to play a minimal role in Nigeria advertisement. There were the Daily Times, Lagos Daily News and Nigerian Telegraph. The situation continued until the  1950s and 1960s  that advertising begun to become popular.

In 70s, there was emergence of indigenous advertising outfits funded and owned by Nigerians. As at 1988, there were about 68 advertising with the increase in economic activities and need to promote  products, services, services, ideas, there comes the need to advertising, and the media to send message across.

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective (s)          of this study is to find out if advertising has any role to play in the sustenance of the media.

It will also of important interest (s) to point out how this role I played, and of  what relevant it is to the media.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SYUDY

The significance of this study is that it will help media and non – media people to know if advertising plays critical role in the sustenance of Nigerian mass industry. And if it plays and role, has this role been played or properly played. I will believe that this  will help media practitioners and the advertising practitioners to find ways of improving the  role. It will also help them to appreciate each other problem to their mutual benefit.

 

• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

It has been observed that running a mass media is capital intensive enterprises over the years, so many Nigerian mass media fund and it is under a dispute whether all the  avenue that help in sustaining a mass media come from advertisement. Therefore, this project is geared towards finding the critical role of advertising in the sustenance of Nigeria most media industry.

 

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Does advertising help to sustain Nigerian mass media industry ?
2. Is advertising as a profession advanced in Nigeria ?
3. Do mass media audience advertise in the different media are expose to ?
4. Do the income from adverting form a significant part of the industry’s revenue?

 

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H1     Advertising helps to sustain Nigeria mass media industry

H2.    Advertising does not help to sustain Nigeria mass media industry.

H₂     Advertising as a profession is advanced in Nigeria.

H₃     Mass media audience advertise in the different media they are  exposed to.

H0:    Mass media  audience does not advertise in different media they  are exposed to

H₄     The income from advertising form a significant part of the industry revenue.

 

• DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

1. Mass Media       Conceptual Channels of information and

news such as newspaper, magazines,

radio and television.

Operational                  It is modern Charnels of mass

Communication used to disseminate

News and information to very diverse

Cum large numbers of people

Simultaneously.

2. Target Audience    Conceptual  – Target – any object aim

at audience fathering of people for  the

purpose of hearing a speaker.

Operational                   Placement of advert by the advertising

Agencies in the media to make the

Advertisement research the  target

audience.

3. Advertising

Conceptual  –               Creation of awareness about a product

Idea or service to people in television

Radio and newspaper.

Operational                  Is  the paid form of non personal

Presentation and promotion of ideas,

Good or service by an identified sponsor

Advertisement is abut for something,

A notice, picture or film telling people

about a product job or service.

Operational –       Is independent organization of creative

People and business people who specialize in

The development and preparation of

Advertising, plan advertisement and other

Promotional tools like AAPN.

 

1.9    ASSUMPTIONS

It is assumed that at  the end of this work it would have been  proved that advertising sustained the Nigerian mass media industry.

This work would also bring to the forefront that the media cannot survive without advertising:: This was based on the fact that no media industry can survive on it listership or readership.

However, it is assumed that after writing this project any Nigeria mass media practitioner who reads through it will be able to know the impact addressing have in sustenance of Nigeria mass industry.     project any Nigeria mass media practitioner who reads through it will be able to know the impact addressing have in sustenance of Nigeria mass industry.

 

• LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The impediments encountered in the process of this research work includes the following.

Time – is a major factor in data collection and other relevant information in use.

Finance – is another very important factor. I could not travel for  and wide to exhaust the work of Nigeria mass media industry. Other impending factors include human resources and journals etc.

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MASS MEDIA AS AN INSTRUMENT OF POLITICAL

MOBILIZATION: (A CASE STUDY OF THE ENUGU STATE BROADCASTING SERVICE (ESBS)

ABSTRACT

The various literature studies intended to stress the mass media role in the  National Development which reflects in the area of democracy  political leadership.

In this study the researcher decided to draw home the  truism that without a national political consciousness and viable  political participation resulting in good  leadership; there could be no genuine national development.

The mass media as the fourth estate of government had been assigned the various responsibilities in the society including he watchdog  role the educator and entertainer of the various segments of the people.

The  roe of the  mass media as an instrument of political mobilization in the modern societies involves a whole network of  more or less formalized institutions that deals with communication  of all types.  Normally this requires a considerable capital as the case with the radio television and publishing houses.  Necessarily, they have to Carter for    the mass audience.

For this reason those who control the mass media is usually suggest that they have the ability and capacity to manipulate and mobilize  the people during the transition era.

The alteration of primary social relationship under the impact of industrialization has left the population lacking in sense of group  identity and social control.  The Nigeria democratic system having  been bastardized and destroyed by  certain degrunted elements, look  into the mass as the way out to correct the abnormally and injustice the Nigeria democratic dispensation.  This work tried to identify the functions problems and prospects of the mass media of  communication and equally highlights their ability to carry  out this enormous responsibility to an enviable height in the  mobilization  of the people towards a viable and sustaining democratic polity.

The success of the new political order in Nigeria comes by the year 2007 depends. To a large extent, the level of political awareness in Nigeria could  be raised, and the choice of the Enugu state  broadcasting  service as a case study  is aimed at  diagnonizing the  impact and effect of the medium towards the  proper mobilization of the people.

The work highlights the  impact of the mass media in informing educating and entertaining  the masses towards polity.  It  is hoped  that if   the  findings  and  recommendations suggested in this work are followed Nigerians  could have a chance of witnessing an enduring and lasting political culture.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                                                                                                1

• Background of the study 1
• Statement of research problems                                             3
• Objectives of the study 3
• Significance of the study                                                                  4
• Research questions 5
• Research hypothesis 6
• Definition of terms 7
• Limitations of the study 8
• Theoretical framework 9

CHAPTER TWO        

• Literature review 10
• Theoretical review 15
• Summary of literature review 18

CHAPTER THREE    

Research Methodology                                                                     19

• Research method                                                                    19
• Research design                                                                      19
• Research sample                                                                     20
• Research instruments 20
• Method of data analysis 20

CHAPTER FOUR

Results and analysis of data                                                             21

• Results 21
• Analysis of data 21
• Discussion of data 30

CHAPTER FIVE                  

Summary, conclusion and recommendations                                             33

• Summary 33
• Conclusion 34
• Recommendations 35

Bibliography                                                                           38

Appendix                                                                                40

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This research touches on the various aspect of the mass media as instruments of political mobilization.  In other words, it explores into the mass media as a mobilization agency during the political transition period.

It is thus, an important assumption of the work that a  systematic study of political mobilization by mass media, should include an  examination into the nature of operation of the mass  media of communication in the Enugu state Broadcasting service  (ESBS) Enugu.

The mass media generally referred to both the print (s)  and  electronic media as supported in section 22 of the 1989 constitution of Nigeria. “The press, radio, television and other  agencies of the mass media should at all be free to  uphold the  fundamental  objectives and highlights the responsibility and accountability of the  government to the people”.

The role of the mass media according to General Abacha in  his maiden independence broadcast on the 1^st October 19995  was to inform educate and entertain the citizenry.

Onyishi (1996) while highlighting on the role of the mass media in democracy notes that the  press not  only sustains  the  democratic principles but also end with transition period.  The media should  help in ushering  in democracy  they should play a  crucial role in nurturing and sustaining the success or failure of our practice of democratic government. To  large extent, their success  depends on how well the  mass media carries out their function  as the midwife of democracy.

This research therefore is intended to investigate how far the  mass media had fulfilled this avowed obligations.

It  is hoped that the result of his work will be useful to the media practitioners in the proper performance of their  duties.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS

          In democracies the mass media are the watch dog of the people.  The citizens are usually mobilized and informed to create awareness on the political process and programmes to ensure a viable political culture.

By  political culture, I refer to a system of politic in which  sovereignty is vested on the people rather than a small clique, or  an oligarchy, a political arrangement hat rule of law, majority rule and  constitutionals is the basic guiding principal.

Perhaps, it could be argued that the political crisis that pervaded our recent past points to the fact most of our people are ignorant of an apartetic towards the country’s political culture, it is therefore very easy to observe that in Nigeria, electioneering and voting pattern cannot be validated, in the voting pattern of Nigerians and the possible estimation of the vote attitude towards political issues.

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The level of political participation in Nigeria and Enugu state in particular seems to be very low.  Also the  political crisis occurring in this country has equally been attributed to several  factors.  The purpose of this study is to identify the reason  or  reasons that have contributed to this low political participation  in Nigeria politics.

In doing so, what usually comes to mind is to ask the question “what is the reason for the low  political participation in Nigeria politics and equally the  causes of the constant  political crisis?  As usual, it may by traced to  several factors.  .like low level of awareness and tribalism, how can this awareness be obtained ?

This will lead us to this research topic. Therefore, this study is intended to inquire into low political participation in Nigeria politics and  equally trace the genesis of the political crisis that identifies the factors responsible and  solution sought.

 

1.4  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

       it is expected that this study would be immense benefit to the government, the mass media and the people of this country.  This study will highlight the importance of the mass media as a vehicle for political mobilization in a transition era.

Through, the mass media especially the radio and television, Nigeria might have a chance  of having a viable political culture and help to choose a leadership that will inculcate a    viable and sustaining democracy.  This will also give us a society blessed with.

As  right put by  GORAN HEDEBRO:- “Communication media can create a climate of change by including a new values, attitude and models  or behavour favorable to modernization, teach new  skills act as a multiplier of resource of knowledge, raise level of  aspiration of incentive for action raise level of participation in decision making help people to find new norms and  harmony in  period of transition change the power structure of the society by giving knowledge to the masses create sense of nations, lead to  increase political activity or participation promote people’s need satisfying project and make economic  social and politically development a self perpetuating process”.

1.5  RESEARCH QUESTION

       The basic question posed as a result of these problem including the following:

1. Have the media been participating in elections in Nigeria and Enugu state in particular?
2. Has ethnic problem been hindering the smooth conduct of election in this country?
3. Can the masses in this country be mobilized and informed using mass media organ?
4. Finally what role has the mass played to ensure a viable democracy?

1.6  HYPOTHESES

H₁: Thee has been low participation in elections in Nigeria and  Enugu state particular.

Ho: There has not been low participation in elections in Nigeria and Enugu in particular.

H₂: Ethnic problem has been hindering the smooth conduct of  election in this  country.

Ho:  Ethnic problem has not been hindering the smooth conduct of  election in this country.

H₃: The masses in this country can not be mobilized and  informed  using the  mass media organ.

 

1.7  DEFINITION OF TERMS

       Conceptual and operational definitions:

1. ROLE

 

• Conceptual:- persons or duties in an undertaking;
• Operational: – function or part of the duty the mass media do to contribute national political consciousness and development.

2. MASS MEDIA

(a)     Conceptual: – Existing channel through which government and its citizens communicate to each other or means through which greater number of people are reached spontaneously with information.

3. MOBILIZE

• Conceptual: – Render something or somebody move from initial position.
• Operational:- Cause people to be actively involved  in politics  to be politically minded and conscious and to believe in political process and result.

4. CENSORSHIP

• Conceptual:- process of finding faults from whatever somebody else does.
• Operational:- unlimited supervision of the activities of the press by those in government to punish what seems to the government as conditions.

 

1.8     LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

          Since this research is directed at the mass media and political mobilization the research is centered on the Broadcasting   media in Enugu state. (i.e. the Enugu Broadcasting service ESBS).

1.9     THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

          The entire study of mass communication is based on the premise that there are effects from the media, yet it seems to be the issue on which there is least certainty  and least agreement.

This apparent uncertainty is the more surprising since every day experience provides countless examples of small effects.

Consequently we live in a world where political  and  government processes are based on  the assumption that we know what is going on from press and television and radio.  There are few people who can trace piece of  information or opinion to  a source in the media and much money and effort is spent in directing media to achieve such effects.  It is on the basis of this that research work since mobilization has to do with the effectiveness of the media.

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THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA IN THE PROMOTION OF GOVERNMENT POLICES IN NIGERIA

(A CASE STUDY OF ESBS ENUGU)

ABSTRACT

 

The research topic, has no doubt provided the knowledge about the role of the media in the promotion of government policies. It is much interest to note that the media has done a lot of functions on the move to promote government polices. Some of the functions includes programme of immunization, poverty eradication programmes, rural electrification programmes and universal basic education. Thus includes; how to administer a new  invented vaccine,  health care family, family support programme and a host of others. Nevertheless, it is reviewed that the media propaganda of the policies of the government is controlled by government. There will be no way for an effective performance as against this background. It is of relevant that even though the media carryout the information to the government, there has been a great intimidation by the government. Not to mix words, more of the government control include; press laws, pre and post censorships, law of ethics, official secret act coupled with propaganda and lots more. All the methods used in collecting the relevance information aid in data analysis and presentation of the data collected which based on the study area, in motion to unveil the role of media play interms of promoting government policies, especially the Enugu State Broadcasting Service (ESBS) Enugu which is the focusing study.

CHAPTER ONE

10   INTRODUCTION                                               1

1.2  Background of the Study                                         1

1.2  Statement of the Problems                               4

1.3  Purpose of the Study                                        4

1.4  Significance of the Study                                         5

1.5  Research Questions                                          6

1.6  Research Hypothesis                                        7

1.7  Assumption                                                    8

1.8  Scope and Limitation of the Study                     8

1.9  Definition of Terms                                          9

References                                                      12

CHAPTER TWO

2.0  LITERATURE REVIEW                                       13

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                               29

3.1  Research Method                                             29

3.2  Area of the Study                                            29

3.3  Research Design                                              30

3.4  Population of the Study                                    30

3.5  Determination of Sample Size                                  31

3.6  Measuring Instrument                                      33

3.7  Validity of the Instrument                                 34

3.8  Reliability of the Instrument                              34

3.8  Method of Data Collection                                 35

3.9  Method of Data Analysis                                   36

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS                                      37

4.1  Presentation and Analysis of Data                      37

4.2  Test of Hypotheses and Analysis                        44

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0  SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION      47

5.1  Summary of Findings                                       47

5.2  Conclusion                                                      48

5.3  Recommendation                                             50

5.4  Suggestion for Further Research                        51

 

Bibliography                                                    53

Appendices                                                     55

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.2  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The role of the media in the promotion of government policies is indeed very inevitable. But, there has been colour and cry over the traditional dissemination of information by the media. the informed message is the irony of what the government does. This single attitude by the media initiates, their by leaning little or no care at all for the disseminated message.  It is indeed very important to know that three key words: media; government, and policies are stand for: According to Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (1984:439) describe media as “A substance regarded as the means of transmission of a force or effect”. The dictionary further states clearly, what the term government stands for (1984:301). “The machinery through which political authority is exercised’. Again, the phrase means (1984:525). “An over all plan embracing general goal and procedures”. (especially of a government).

More than not, while some officials of the media seek for brown envelopes, other are examples of canker worms and wretches. They sway the good intention of the intended policies for the benefit of the masses to suit that of the government. It is likely blowing the trumpet. The media, the real to live to the tenets of journalism, burns within. But for the pre and past censorship, they are victims of circumstances. It is very evidenced that we have not yet bailed ourselves from social and political problems. Indeed, the intention of any meaningful government is to bring very closely their intentions to the government. This is a serious problems that must be addressed. How can the populace be well informed while depending on media, what can the government do in order to foster on relationally positive policies for the message. Infact, Aniebona (1987:8) said “Media is a  powerful” and effective instrument for  activating national goals such as in need for while spread   education for both certain  prescribe goals in economic growth, health care, political and social awareness, political stability and national identity”.

The above statement has leads to further explanation of the role or importance of the media in our social interactions, which cannot be ignored. The media is indeed a variable instrument for national growth. But all effect to hail Mr. E.N. Aniebona sayings about the media is said to be very abortive, since the problems of the media are not far-fetched.

It should noted that when we are talking of the press, we are referring to the print and broadcast media. Achusim (1997:34-325). The press, has to do with the authoritarian theory, the libertarian theory; others include the totalitarian theory and the social responsibility theory; Achusim (1997:113).

 

 

 

1.2  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

The role of the media in the promotion of government policies has a serious concern to everyone. There have been criticism over the type of government policies being dispersed by the media which could be either or mere propaganda. While some of media seeks for brown envelopes: other are good examples of physical and mental wrecks and wretches, who are helpless. The search for a blind ambition, canker worms growth and ignorance in the match to enlighten the populace, while the “norshed”, information is kept back, is a very great concern. The situation, is like were people are so fatalistic in their dispensation of a deplorable polices in the country.

 

1.3  PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

It is evidenced that the study of the role of the media in the promotion of government policies is a land mark to knowing the government plan for the people. However, the role of the media in the promotion of government polices to looked at the following objectives:

• To identify how people respond to the awareness syndrome
• To discover the developmental elements that such awareness has produced
• To provide effective information about the promotion of government policies to the masses
• To set up the motion to unvail the role of the media play in terms of promoting government policies.

 

1.4  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This project write up may be very beneficial to the grass root populace and the like, who are semi-literate and illiterate to the functions of the media in the promotion of government policies. It is pertinent to note that the study will develop a sense of participation and belonging to the activities of the government through a wide spread of policies through the media.

Furthermore, both the semi-intelligent and the geniuses will come to appreciate the kind of gesture played by the media as a means of disseminating a proper policies of which will be geared towards the promotion of norms, values, social, political and cultural heritage of the people. Such policies eventually relief them of their burden and place them on elevated ground. This will also determine the information level of the Enugu state Board casting to the populace, if they found it not to be far-reading to the targeted audience.

 

1.5  RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Do the Enugu state broadcasting service (ESBS) and other media play an effective role in informing the public about the government policies?
2. Are the government policies truthful and coherent when used on mobilizing the population?
3. Are the populace influence by the media roles of enlightening the populace?
4. How would the role of the media promoting the government policies?

 

1.6  RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Ho:  The ESBS and other media pay an effective role in informing the pubic about government policies.

H₁:  The ESBS and other media informing the public about government policies.

Ho:  Government policies are not objective and truthful when use in mobilize the public.

H₂:  Government policies are objective and truthful when used in mobilize public.

Ho:  The populace are influenced by the media roles on government polices.

H₃:  The populace are not influenced by the media roles on government policies.

 

 

 

1.7  ASSUMPTION

1. The ESBS as the one of the powerful and great media in Nigeria played their role in informing the masses about the government polices.
2. The government policies are mere deception and propaganda.
3. The populace are not influenced by government policies being dished out by the media.

 

1.8  SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Many person have different perception about the role of the media in the promotion of government policies some views it as a solution to the enlistment of the propaganda of the government which looks very attractive but very negative in practice. For this reasons, the masses tend to disbelieve the media in her attempt to propagate a lot of government policies.

However, it is easy important for the media to really consider the type of government policies that the promotion will benefit the masse. But, if at that, the problem of exhibiting what have been said in the media is all very false, there by dispositioning the mind of the people. It is against this background that the researchers take a look at the extent at which the media promotes the government policies. In other word the role of media in the promotion of government policies is limited to the ESBS Enugu.

 

1.9  DEFINITION OF TERMS

Those variable that are considered to be very paramount to the study of the project are enumerated as below;

Media: This is a substance regarded as the means of transmission of a force or effect. That is to say that anything from where transmission of force or effect takes place is said to be media.

Government: It simply refer to the machinery which political authority is exercised. In other words, it is a body responsible for the making of laws of the state and implement it policies and causes, maintain law and order within boundaries.

Policies: The phrase stands for an over all plan, embracing general goals and procedures of the government. If there is a more to formulate a plan for the interest of all, order to achieve a set up objective, for the upliftment of their livelihood, it is thus regarded as a policy.

Conceptual: It is substance regarded as the means of transmission of force or effect in terms of media.

Operational: The people get themselves attached to it for getting information in terms of media.

GOVERNMENT:

Conceptual: The machinery through which political authority is exercised.

Operational: A body responsible for the making the laws of a state, make and implement its policies, maintain law and order within its territory.

POLICIES:

Conceptual: An all overall plan, embracing general goals and procedure of the government.

Operational: A means through which plan are made for the interest of all in order to uplift their livelihood.

REFERENCES

Aniebona, C.N: Media Writing, Nigeria Publishers 1978:8.

Achusim, S.: History of Nigeria Press, MAC 113 Enugu: Unpublished 1997, p. 34-35

Clark, J.P Night Rain, Onitsha: As in Necessary of Literature, Macckho Ricckho Press and Publishers Company Limited (1962:51)

Oxford Dictionary, et al, London: Chancellor Press 1984: 439, 301, 525.

Otshali Osmald: The Washer Woman’s Prayer: Onitsha as in Mastery of Literature, Macckho-Ricckho Press and Publishers Company Limited 1971:50

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COMPLETE MATERIAL  COST  N2,500 Or $10.  FRESH  PROJECT MATERIAL  COST 50,000 NAIRA FOR UNDERGRADUATE, OTHERS 100,000 -200,000 NAIRA.

THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

Foreign Transaction For Dollars Payment :
Bank Name: GTBank
Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
 Account Number:  0117780667. 
Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANK SECURITY FOR GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 24 HOURS

CALL OUR  CUSTOMERS CARE  OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

08074466939 or 08063386834, YOUR PROJECT TITLE  YOU WANT US TO SEND TO YOU, AMOUNT PAID, DEPOSITOR NAME, UR EMAIL ADDRESS,PAYMENT DATE. YOU WILL RECEIVE YOUR MATERIAL IN LESS THAN 2 HOURS ONCE WILL CONFIRM YOUR PAYMENT.

WE HAVE SECURITY IN OUR BUSINESS.   

MONEY BACK GUARANTEE