THE CHALLENGES OF NIGERIA FEMALE JOURNALISTS IN PERFORMING THEIR DUTIES

(A CASE STUDY OF FEMALE JOURNALISTS ENUGU STATE)

ABSTRACT

This project studied the challenges of Nigeria female journalists in performing their duties with special reference to Enugu state female journalists. In the course of the study therefore, numerous challenges of the Nigerian female journalists will be narrated among which are radicle, hazards of the profession, martial status, media education, and a lot of others not mentioned but will be contained in this project work. The aim of this project is to find out really the problems of female in media organization and suitable ways of remedy the problems. To achieve this fask, survey research method was used to generate data from the population, FRCN national station, Daily star publishers and the general public within Enugu state. And a sample size of 200 respondents was used. The research found out that most of the media management and the general public don’t use female journalists in the coverge of serious professional programmes and that they are placed in the background to discus romantic relationship and other domestic matters. It was also found out that respondent representing 53.7% of the population supported the fact that female journalists faces a lot of challenges in performing their duties. Finally, it is recommended in this study that women should not be discriminated from certain roles, programmes allocation offices, news editors, manager should design a device so that no exclusion sex is made to produce more or cover events within a particular unit. The issue of under representation of female journalists in local, state and federal should be given urgent attention by the policy makers. These recommendations is useful for future purpose.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                               1

• Background of the Study 1
• Statement of the Research Problem 3
• Objectives of the Study 5
• Significance of the Study               6
• Research Questions 6
• Research Hypothesis 7
• Theoretical Framework 8
• Scope of the Study 10
• Limitations of the Study 10
• Definition of Terms 11

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW                                       12

2.1  Sources of Literature                                        12

2.2  Review of Relevant Literature                            14

2.3  Summary of Literature                                     20

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY                                               23

3.1  Research Method                                             23

3.2  Research Design                                              24

3.3  Population of Study                                          25

3.4  Research Sample Size                                       26

3.5  Sampling Technique                                               27

3.6  Measuring Instrument                                      28

3.7  Reliability of Validity of Instrument                            29

3.8  Method of Data Collection                                 30

3.9  Method of Data Analysis                                   30

3.10 Expected Results                                             30

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT PRESENTATION     32

4.1  Data Analysis                                                  32

4.2  Research Hypothesis Testing                             49

4.3  Discussion of Findings                                      54

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS    56

5.1  Summary of Findings                                       56

5.2  Conclusion                                                      59

5.3  Recommendations                                           61

Bibliography                                                    65

Appendix                                                        67

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1:  Sex distribution                                        34

Table 2:  Age distribution of the respondents                    35

Table 3:  Marital status of the respondents                36

Table 4:  Academic qualification of the respondents    37

Table 5:  Whether women journalists have any

positive impact to play in national building   38

Table 6:  Type of impact in women journalists           39

Table 7:  Whether women perform their function

as supposed                                             40

Table 8:  The hindrances                                                41

Table 9:  Whether hazards of the profession affects

their functions                                          42

Table 10: Effectiveness of these in built bias               43

Table 11: The extent of the hectic nature of

the profession                                          44

Table 12: Whether female journalists face particular

challenges in their work places                    45

Table 13: Media politics and inadequate of managerial

abilities are factors that affect the

development abilities are factors that affect

the development of women                        46

Table 14: High rate of illiteracy has an effect              47

Table 15: Four media gives time and participation

to all workers                                           48

Table 16: Credit the performance of female journalists 49

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Over the year women have been regarded as inferior and the weaker sex. In 1929, it was clear as to what women could collectively achieve in what used to the colonial Nigeria.

This was evident in the Aba women’s riot of that same year, the anti-colonial struggles saw women protesting against traditional, rules who were not in conformitng to the tradition of the land, and against the existing colonial structures. Sawba Gambo and Mrs. Ransome Kuti were clear case of feminine power that mobilized many others to fight corruption and unwanted desecration of tradition held in awe.

By the time Nigeria gained its independence, the first indigenous regime, recognized the contribution of women as such appointed some into pubic offices. Their entry was not so much by merit but by what their male counterpart regarded as a cometic arrangement. Lack of education hindered many women from equal participation in the media. The very few women who had education then aligned then aligned themselves in conformity with the cultural expectation of he country. Women’s awareness could be said to have increased towards the end of the 1970’s. During this period they were praised for participation in roles and to be un-African, unfeminine and immoral. Provenly the burden of most women deprived them of voting according to Nigerian constitution. Women constitute about half of the world population and work force, they are been excluded from most of the very roles that are geared towards national development in which they ought to participate in.

As earlier pointed out, women are delegated to the background in the modern industrial wage labour. In the media for instance, they are under represented. This under representation has made analysts and scholars to describe it as a male domain in which perforce revolve around them. Others have linked with situation in the media management as quite marginal, tokenistic and practically disappointing in the upper echelon of media management, it is for the same reason that media message are said to be even misrepresentating, the image of women and the issues concerning women are not given adequate coverage.

1.2  STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

The women in media organization have proved to  effective in educating the masses on many issues of political, economic and social importance in media development and the nation as whole.

However, the role often faces some constrains, and those are problems, which this study is set to investigate.

First, there is still high level of illiteracy and low level of education among a greater proportion of the Nigerian women populace. This militates against the effects of the media and technological education for the populace as well as the teaching of desirable social rawes that will promote national building.

Secondly, there is the problem of the demanding of the profession, which now side bars women journalists from the practice. Again Nigeria has a heterogeneous populace with a diversity of language, culture and social institution. These differences influence the behavioural tendency of most traditionalists, to resist changes fashioned by government programme intended for women and media development. Furthermore, media organization are technology intensive and given the relative level of indigenous technology in Nigeria, there exist prejudice discrimination and all sort of atrocities against women media practitioners by their male counterparts and managers in assignment of newsbeats and other forms of ill relationship which as a result militated against effective mobilization of the women for media and social development.

Finally, there is inadequate skilled manpower in management, engineering, technical operation, programme production and news gathering. All these militates against effective use of the women in media organization to promote and achieve societal development.

1.3  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study are:

1. To determine the extent to which the prudent high level of illiteracy and low level of education in the country affect the effectiveness and development of women in media organization.
2. To determine the extent at which the discrimination, to women militate against professional upliftment of media labour force.
3. To determine the extent to which lack of cordial relationship and prejudice by male colleagues affect the well being.
4. To examine the effect of media ownership and politics on the development of women in media organization.

1.4  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is significant because it would reveal the problems bedeviling most women in media organizations, using Enugu state as a point of reference, it has to be noted that female form the bedrock of any national development, because greater part of the nations population is based in women. It is anticipated that this study would succeed in bringing the limelight, the fact that not all segments of the nations population are exposed to be abilities of female in media organizations. This study also would provide some literature for further and wider researcher in this field of mass communication.

1.5  RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following questions are necessary in the study:

1. Do women journalists face peculiar challenges in their work places as a result of their gender?
2. Do female in media organization have any positive impact to play in the development of the mass media and women in national building?
3. In what ways do the women in media organization, influence Nigeria social-economic, political, etc. towards the development of the country?
4. Do female journalists encounter challenges in their work places as a result of language barrier?
5. Do high level of illiteracy among women in the country affect the role of the female in media organization?
6. Does inadequacy of managerial and technical manpower affect the development of women in media organization?

1.6  RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

With the aid of the research question, I can now be able to deduce the following research hypothesis.

H₁:  Women journalists face peculiar challenges in their work places as a result of their gender?

Ho:  Female in media organization have many positive impact to play in the development of mass media and women in national building.

H₂:  Women in media organization, influence Nigeria social- economic, political etc, towards the development of the country.

Ho:  Female journalists encounter challenges in their work places as a result of language barrier.

H₃:  High level of illiteracy among women in the country affects the role of the female in media organization.

Ho:  Inadequacy of managerial and technical manpower affects the development of women in media organization.

1.7  THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

1. Hypodemic Needle effect Theory

According to theory which was later nickname magic bullet effect theory mass media is seen as to be ultimately effective in nature and that is why most women faces a lot of challenges in performing their duties well in Nigeria. And again suppose to has the impact of a bullet on human being when struck by the powerful stimuli from the media.

The major view being canvassed here is that the media is a powerful mind controlling agent and that all mass media audience receive and react without fail to the powerful, stimuli they are exposed to. Women faces a lot of challenges such as ridicule, hazards of the profession, lack of moral competence, inadequate education, etc. all those might make them not to perform their duties or throw their effective act in media.

2. Minimally Powerful Media Theory

This theory is a study on perception. Perception here refers to the ways that people perceive media messages targeted at them.

According to Burgeon and Ruffner (1978) is the process of making sense out of experience. In real communication terms perception is discussed within the framework of selective. They are, selective exposure and selective retention, etc.

Selective exposure: This is the idea that people expose themselves or attend to those messages that are consistent with their pre-existing attitudes and beliefs. On the other hand, they avoid those messages that contradict their pre-disposition.

Selective Retention: Naturally, it is impossible for human beings especially women to retain all the messages that they receive.

1.8  SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study borders on the challenges of Enugu state female journalists in performing their duties.

1.9  LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The researcher encountered two major constraints in the course of the study. First is the scarcity of data, this arose from the fact that limited studies have been carried out on the subject matter. Consequently, there are limited data in following document for the researcher.

I relied much on the information provided by the respondents.

Secondly, there was the problem of limited finance, otherwise, the scope of limited only to Enugu state.

1.10 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS (CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL ON MEDIA LITERACY)

Challenges:  A new or difficult task that tests somebody’s ability and skills.

Female Journalist: A person whose job is to collect and write news stories for newspaper, magazine, radio, or television.

Performing: To do something, such as a piece of work, task or duty.

Duties: Something that you feel you have to do because it is your moral or legal responsibility.

Conceptual: Literacy for all the masses

Operational: Mass media literacy for adequate processing and dissemination of information.

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THE NATURE AND CONSEQUENCES OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LGA, ENUGU STATE

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AN APPRAISAL OF NIGERIA MEDIA AS INSTRUMENT OF ERADIATING CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA

(CASE STUDY OF NTA EFFECT ON OBASANJO’S ANTI- CORRUPTION CRUSADE)

ABSTRACT

This research work has investigated the media as an instrument in eradicating corruption. Using Obasanjo’s anti-corruption crusade (a case study of  the Nigeria television authority)

The objectives of this work among other thing was to find out the problems that follow corruption and also to find out solution to the problems based upon which hypothesis were formulated.

The research work was carried out by using primary and secondary data like interview method, questionnaire personal observation and the review of related literature.

The literature reviewed include the journals, magazines, textbook periodical news papers lecturers, seminars. Response from the respondents show that the major problem in Nigeria is corruption like illegal ward of contracts, lobbying syndrome, indiscipline like brown envelope, godfathers, unpatriotic pracfraudster bad name and bloody  practices etc. which promoted president Obascanjo to launch crusade against corruption after the military regime brining them to book for offence and punishment due for any offence committed without fear on favour of  personality whereby he used Nigeria television authority for quick enhancement.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of problem
• Objective of the study
• Significant of the study
• Research questions
• Research hypothesis
• Definition of terms
• Assumption
• Limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

• Sources of literature review
• How have
• What has the media done about review
• Summary of literature review
• Theoretical framework

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Research method
• Research design
• Measuring instrument
• Data collection
• Data analysis
• Expected result

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1     Data analysis

• Summary of results/ findings
• Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

• Summary
• Recommendation for further study
• Suggestion for further research

Reference

Appendix

Questionnaires

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is necessary to glorify the minds that made ventures to the establishment of media. Media as a watch dog and the mirror of the nation perform crucial roles in the society media educate entertain analyses interpret ,motivate, create avenue, to failure and to success. Media as well monitor evaluate and correct al wrong activities concerning human existence. It executive and recommends, encodes and decodes and ensure feedback etc.

Media is metaphoric when we termed it to be a watchdog of eh nation and as well the mirror through which the  nation see and recognize itself. it is the importance of the media that place it to that position in that somebody cannot just get up and started printing or criticizing a nation  or society without having in mind any channel of dissemination of his information whether good or bad informational concern sense to the  target audience . It is therefore at this junction that journalist uses media aid to bring the nation what their society is like and how their government is  like and how good or bad the  personalities involved are like, then it is through this means that they will know what the are and how their activities moves whether it encourages the audience or discourage them.

It was through this mirror media the news that exposed the forgery certificate of Alhaja Salisis Buhari which he did at the University of Toronto Canada . the made president Obasanjo after taken over the government to launch crusade that will redress what he saw in the mirror . this made Alhaja Salisu Buhari to be brought down from his position of speaker of house representative

The media educate the ignorant it teaches them from known to unknown without it was when media publishes or air what people know that they will analyze was through media that people get to know what brought about the removal of Evans Ewerem from the position of senate president because of his falsification of age. The Nigerian media therefore exposes them, he evil operator of  their evil deed and drag them down from the success to failure through mentoring of their movement and activities and  evaluating and correcting their wrongs by disseminating it on air and preparing the audience to feedback recommending to the government the punishment that the deserve for the issue of awareness to be accomplished.

Furthermore, in Nigeria society, the role of broadcasters and the broadcast media, as agents of rural and motional development,, especially at the information dissemination, watchdog level, is now generally recognized and accepted by experts and policy maker alike. Also, a critical appraisal of the socio-economic development of he people of he world indicates that the sits a spectrum of levels of development of he people of the among he nation stake and that within a given country there also  exist a spectrum of levels affluence poverty

Importantly he development spectrum of the nations is demonstrably corrected with the amount of natural resources, indigenous technology and political stability whereas the affluence or poverty of  individual within a nation, may be  corrected with family background, ethnic origin, educational statement etc. depending on the character of the nation in question. Nigeria as a typical developing country to day has a citizenry with a multiplicity of ethnic groups, language, dialects, rural patterns, religious beliefs, and traditional institutes that lend to defy the best of intonations internal integration and development. usually only a small percentage of the people are literate in nay language, indigenous or foreign.

Meanwhile, the national government the enlightened segments of the society are aware of the need for wide spread education for both children and adults in order to achieve prescribed goals in economic growth, health care, political and special awareness, political stability, self reliance and nation identify, among other things for national development.

From the above points, broadcaster media is a powerful and effective instrument for achieving these national goals, it has been recognized all over the world and in Nigeria in particular as the role of  broadcast media. In national development according to ADSDI, Uyo in the book the mass media and social change, he identified the functions performed by the  media of mass communication especially broadcast media as , information, education, entertainment, persuasion which he referred to fondly as the media pile- an acronym derived from the four basic function,

Therefore this study is an attempt to discover how media as an instrument for eradicating corruption of Obasanjo’s anti—corruption crusade. A  case study of NTA.

Since assuming office in May, 1999 president Olusegun Obasanjo has never hidden his intention to fight corruption which has permitted the social fabric of Nigeria from the top to bottom.

In order to raise that goal, he set up the independent corrupt practices and other related offences commission, otherwise known as the  ICPC, handed by justice Mustapha Akanbi, a retired judge of the court of appeal. But since then, the commission has remained a came dulk and toothless building until recently. In what observes sees a departure from the past and  a renew vigor in the anti-graft campaign the ICPC in early December imitated the arrest of prominent politicians and former government officials. In one fell SWOAP a serving of corrupt was fired over allegations of corrupt practices. not only was former minister of labour and productively, Alhaji Hassani Akwanga sacked he was  later arrested by security agencies for involvement in a $214m scan in the Jinx national identity card schema being handled by the minister of internal affairs. He was permanent secretary of that ministry before retiring and being appointed a minister.

The ICPC is currently prosecuting about sixty-two persons for various offense, these include politicians, judges, academic and members of the commission is said to have received over 942 petitions since inception out of which about 400 are still being investigated,. Firstly ,in view of this study.

• STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

The problem of study is the effect of the media and instrument for eradicating corruption. A case  study of Nigeria television authority inform of Obasanjo anti-corruption crusade. Opinion of the researcher to see if there is any significant effect on media being a powerful instrument to Obsanjo’s  crusade against  corruption. Truly, the has been series of struggle to attain this objective’s

Similarly, the legal philosophers and various notions of the nature, meaning and scope of corruption. Today the struggle to bring to the public the notification of their freedom from corruption by the media had been  respected attempt done by the media for its is the obligation of he media to carry out government opinions, translate it and analyze it to layman’s understanding.

Today, it is a mater of a national and internal affairs or concern in that that the rule of law has no meaning as some government as some government in African countries are dictatorial in nature and operate above the law, thereby something or action that above he law of its laud is a problem and that is the statement of problem of corruption and Obsanjo crusade against instrument to enforce awareness and motivates actions which was achieve a last.

For instance late Abacha chose Bariabas Jabilla (Nick names Roger) as his killer squad leader who carryout a lot of assassination for him therefore instead of investing money on development be rather used the money to send segment Rogers to North Kores to learn self defense and assassination and as well was given asset to presidential jet and many carts of which was announced that Tell magazine describe his appearance as lefty bearded Rogers who always poses a deceptive look with his athletic physique and cherubic face who usually decked in a special black Arab captain when on a mission to kill, al enemy of evil like assassination of Kurdurat Abiloa late and other simply because of the interview grange to her by the British broadcasting separation where she exposed late Abacha she was killed because she vowed to fight Abachs’s corruption to the last. She was killed  her husband Abiloa late won a free and fair election which was announced on June 12.

Problem are imminent in very aspect of human edeavour. As scholars researcher student are know that the Nigeria nation as Bedeviled with so much corruption which has hitherto been a constraint to national development. A category of corruption in synomious with Militaries, politicians, some are caused by employer government agencies, the common men, leader of thought the youths, the aged ad these are the component that make up the federation. A sample of corruption which this work tends to address is crime, drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, cultism, bribery and disobediences.

Therefore, in a situation like this, as the powerful instrument for r\eradicating corruption is at work but suffers in that there is no freedom of media activates yet that does not stop the media from motivation and action, through some personnel lost their lives in the process a good example is late Giwa founder of Newswatch, who was assassinated.

• OBJECTIVES FO THE STUDY

The researcher intends at the end of this work to provide a lading solution of the problem of corruption in Nigeria. It also intends to asses the Obasanjo anti-corruption crusade to tell the public how far it has gone in trying to eradicating corruption in the society it also tends to form a frame work or basis for further research as far as corruption in concerned in Nigeria.

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The  research work will go a long way toward using the media to address the issue of corruption practices in Nigeria.

We must not fail to welcome the constitution democracy, be it as benevolent ad it may be a military regime still, falls short of the mark. It is a government that owes its origin and authority to sheer force and not to the people. we would  like to have a government that will owe its origin and authority to the people and as well as give its accountability to the people and have an air of change in mind when he did not account to his people fine otherwise was promised by president Olusegun Obasanjo on the day of the launching on 9^th September, 1999 at Bayalsa state in  yewe gua, he promised to be cooperation with the staff and to work towards the upliftement of he standard of living of the  people manifestoes. With that will be reduced and media will perform its roles effectively without hindrances

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Do media aid anti-corruption crusade
2. To extent does anti-corruption crusade help to sustain Nigeria democratic growth?
3. To what extent ahs the ant-corruption crusade helped in eradicating corruption
4. To what extent had NTA gone about the anti- corruption crusade?

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Hi: The media aid anti-corruption crusade

Ho: The media do not aid anti-corruption crusade

H2: Anti-corruption crusade help to a great extent in sustaining democracy in Nigeria

Ho: Anti-corruption crusade  does not  in any way help to a great extent in sustaining democracy in Nigeria

H3: Corruption poses serious problem to democratic growth in Nigeria.

Ho: Corruption does not poses serious problem to democratic growth in Nigeria.

H4: The anti-corruption crusade has to a great extent helped in ridding Nigeria of corrupt leaders

Ho: The anti-corruption crusade has not in anyway  helped in ridding Nigeria of corrupt leaders

H5: NTA has been an affective instrument in the anti corruption crusade

Ho: NTA has not  been an affective instrument in the anti corruption crusade

• CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

In order to made far adequate clarity of purpose and presentation, such words will be defined in this section in accordance with the usage That will be made of them. In dong so the author hope to present an ideal aid towards the effective understanding of the day set up. Such worlds explained include

Appraisal

Appraisal is the act of appraising valuation, especially official valuation

Eradication

Is the process of pulling up by the root or destroy thoroughly media

Media is usually with sign, mass communication examples are television, radio. Media is a medium of exchange of idea is it a channel by which messages or information and decoded to the final audience.

Corruption

Corruption as has been reviewed by oxford advanced learns dictionary of current English as an immoral actions depraved ailment dishonest through offering and accepting bribes impure through bloody practices debased by errors or alternation falsifying of age, embezzlement of or illegal passion of equitation of wealth

• ASSUMPTION

In following the investigation, the researcher made the following assumption NTA Enugu is very active in championing anti- corruption crusade of government to its staff.

NTA carries programme aimd to create awareness to the public on the need for sanity in public office among political office holder.

This study will serve as platform for future researcher in this area

• LIMITATION OF STUDY

In the course of this writing a lot of problems were encountered as in adequate material. Easy assess to materials for this work becomes difficult even in the school library, the ones been could not bring the demand of he study in the course of this, I had to travel far in obtaining materials that make this writing a reality.

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