THE APPLICATION OF PUBLIC RELATION IN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, ENUGU MANAGEMENT OF THE WITHDRAWAL OF COURSE ACCREDITATION BY NATIONAL BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION IN 2011

ABSTRACT

       The aim of this project research work was to know the application of public relations in Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu: A Case study of Enugu Management of the Withdrawal of Course Accreditations by National Board of Technical Education in 2011. The public relation activity of IMT has led to industrial harmony, this is evidenced by the fact that the last admission is moderate. It is also led to impact position on students patronage of the institution. The review of related literatures was done to expose the researcher to what has already been done such as secondary sources of information and also primary source of data. The methods employed in the collection of data are population of the study, sample size, measuring instrument, methods of data collection and methods of data analysis. This was achieved through the aid of research questionnaire. From this, the researcher find out that public relation is potent tool for marketing of goods and services, IMT must embrace its satisfaction of its numerous publics.

CHAPTER ONE: 

    INTRODUCTION                        1

1.1  Background of the Study                                         1

1.2  Statement of the Problem                                 3

1.3  Objective of the Study                                      4

1.4  Significance of the Study                                         5

1.5  Research Questions                                          6

1.6  Research Hypothesis                                        7

1.7  Theoretical Framework                                     8

1.8  Scope of the Study                                          10

1.9  Limitation of the Study                                     10

1.10 Definition of Terms                                          12

References                                                      14

CHAPTER TWO:    LITERATURE REVIEW               14

2.1  Source of Literature                                                15

2.2  Review of Relevant Literature                                   15

2.3  Summary of Literature Review                           31

       References                                                      32

 

CHAPTER THREE: DESIGN OF THE STUDY             33

3.1  Research Method                                             33

3.2  Research Design                                              33

3.3  Area of the Study                                            34

3.4  Population of the Study                                    34

3.5  Determination of Sample Size                                  36

3.6  Instrument for Data Collection                           36

3.7  Method of Data Collection                                 37

3.8  Method of Data Analysis                                   37

 

CHAPTER FOUR:   PRESENTATION AND

ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1  Presentation and Analysis of Data                       38

4.2  Test of Hypothesis                                           53

CHAPTER FIVE:    SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS

AND CONCLUSIONS                  60

5.1  Summary of Findings                                       60

5.2  Conclusion                                                      61

5.3  Recommendations                                           62

 

Bibliography                                                    64

Appendix                                                        66

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Public relations has become a potent marketing tool in modern business management in recent times. Its influence is being felt on both big and small firms with the influence of even greater expansion. It is important for management organization including tertiary institutions to understand its potential and limitations.

Nwokoye (1984:212) defined public relations as the activities of co – operations, union, government or other organizations in building and marketing sound and productive relations with special public such as customers, relations employees or stock holders and with public at large so as to adopt itself to its environment and interpret itself to the society.

Bush and Houston (1995:200) noted that public relations is management functions which evaluate public attitude, identifies policies and procedures of an individuals or an organisations with the public interest and execute a programme of action to earn public understanding and acceptance.

Chukwu (2000:3 – 4) stated that public relations practice is a management philosophy aimed at doing everything possible to create good relationship between one organization and its publics. Public Relations is aimed at making friends for the organization and building internal and external good will on the reasonable assumption that these are strongly needed for an organization to remain in business and make profit with the increase in the activities of an organization. The need for an adequate communication between the organization and those who in one way or the other are affected by these activities of the organization becomes more imperative. An organization while wanting to remain liable, need to have good relations with its employees, consumers of its products and services, future investors, stock – holders and infact that is the general public.

 

1.2  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Over the years, there is evidence that institute of management and technology (IMT) Enugu, have been experiencing the ugly situations. It was degenerated to the extent that students, especially class representatives were selling admission to candidates, while admissions were also influenced by members of house of assembly, government functionaries and party stalwarts. This led to over bloating of students enrollment, without corresponding increase in facilities at the institute. This resulted in gross inadequate infrastructures, under finding, poor facilities. To this end, hostel facilities which become grossly inadequate was a great problems to the institute as most students have live off campus, while various forms of social vices including cultism, examination malpractices, violence, indecent dressing and prostitution becomes the order of the campus.

How will the institute not face these challenges when the students are no longer living on campus, when admission are cash and carry, or when majority of the students stay on the corridors to receive lecturers for lack of shortage of classrooms.

To ensure that this ugly situation come to an end, Iloeje led management took off on a clean slate, a panel of inquiry was raised by the government to take a critical look at the immediate and remote causes of rot at the institute of management and technology (IMT) Enugu with a view to restoring the institution to its past glory which every Igbo man and woman will be proud of.

1.3  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives or aims of this research work are as following:

1. To identify the problems which leads to course withdrawal accreditation in institute of management and Technology.
2. To know how public relations help in improving communication between people and the organization.
3. To recommend solution to problems on public relations identified.
4. 6. To determined the impact of public relations on consumers (students) patronage
5. To appraise the public relations activities of IMT Enugu
   

1.4  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The most outstanding hope of this study is that, its finding will be of immense benefit to students, lecturers and staff of management of tertiary institutions. These will help to minimize conflicts in these institutions.

The study also gives an insight into the problem and practice of public relations in Nigeria Institutions of higher learning. This study by its objectives will not only assess the effectiveness of classified public relations, but all its application and uses generally. Therefore, when successfully carried out and documented, this study will serve as a source of relevant information to many institutions and organizations on ways of using public relations.  public relations practitioners have been deprived of excellent performance in the operations because of scanty and insufficient data and adequate literature availability in this area. This successfully completed and adequately supervised will be an addition to the essentials literature needed in public relations. Practitioners and consultants will therefore use it extensively.

 

1.5  REEARCH QUESTIONS

1. How public relations help in improving communication between people and the organization?
2. What are the effectiveness of public relations activities towards course withdrawal accreditation in institute of management and Technology?
3. Is there any solution to problems on public relations identified?
4. What are the impacts of public relations towards course withdrawal accreditation in institute of management and Technology?
5. What are the implication of course withdrawal accreditation in institute of management and Technology?

 

1.6  RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Ho: Public relations has effective activities towards course withdrawal accreditation in institute of management and Technology

H₁:  Public relations has no effective activities towards course withdrawal accreditation in institute of management and Technology Ho:     public relations has impacts towards course withdrawal accreditation in institute of management and Technology

H₂:  public relations has no impacts towards course withdrawal accreditation in institute of management and Technology

Ho:  There is solution to problems on public relations identified.

H₃:  There is no solution to problems on public relations identified

Ho.  There is implication of course withdrawal accreditation in institute of management and Technology.

H₄: There is implication of course withdrawal accreditation in institute of management and Technology.

 

1.7  THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The basic premise of the agenda setting theory examines how public relations activities reports on particular issue and influences or shapes public awareness and debate  (Farnklin et al 2005). Editors act as gatekeeper of mass mediated message. The promote a public relations by prioritizing certain issues. They can provide sustained and prominent coverage and reports an issue while other are marginalized or ignored.

Earlier propositions about the agenda setting theory suggested that while public relation do not tell us what to think or what they intended to do, they may tell us what to think about. This suggests that public relations has the potential to draw peoples attention to certain issues, and allows for conclusions already raised in the public agenda, Griffin (2011) notes that the agenda setting theory reaffirms the powers of the press, while still maintaining the individuals freedom to choose. The theory assures that individuals members of society reflect on such issues already raised, and then make personal submission based on their subjective reasoning.

Based on the agenda setting theory, we sought to examine the Nigerian NBTE’S contribution to achieving the public relations activities. We also examine whether the press has been able to raise public relations-related issues to the public agenda.

1.8  SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study covers public relations activities in institute of management and technology (IMT) Enugu. It is equally covers an overviews of public relations in service industries. The role of public relations activities in improving the image of service industries especially tertiary institutions.

The researcher’s emphasis was placed on institute of management and technology because it is used as a reference point to collect adequate information for the research problem.

 

1.9  LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

A lot of circumstances dismounted the extent of this research work. This circumstances based on lack of time, inadequate fund, and inability to get relevant materials in time.

1. Lack of Time: One of the major limitations of this project is lack of time. The researcher had limited time to carryout the research had limited time to carryout the research work due to the fact that the researcher has been engaged in many activity or other basically academic.
2. Inadequate Fund: Research work involves a lot of capital out lay. Most people who are interested in research work cannot afford to finance the project work. The government and the business sectors of the economic do not provide enough funds to support research.
3. Inability to get relevant materials: Most of the data required by the researcher were not readily available and current. Some vital information were regarded as classified data and are hardly made available for the use of researcher.

1.10       DEFINITION OF TERMS

The researcher use both conceptual and operational definitions in define the terms.

Conceptual Definition:

Accreditation: This is official approval given by an organization stating that something or somebody has achieved a required standard.

Withdrawal: This is the act of moving or taking something away or back. It is also the act of no longer taking part or being a member of an organization.

Management: This is the act of running and controlling an organization or institutions.

Institution: This is a large important organization that has a particular purpose such as university, polytechnics, etc.

 

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Public Relations: This is the act of examine, enquiry, or investigate the activities of the on organization, institutions, or business co-operatives to know if their activities influence the people’s life or not.

Withdrawal Accreditation: This is the act of stopping an organization or institution from being functioning for the main time due to mismanagement of the institution or organization.

Registration: This is the act of bring back the past glory of an organization or institution which have being not functioning to function properly.

REFERENCES

Nwokoye, N.G. (1984), Modern Marketing for Nigerian, London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd, .212.

Chukwu, I. (2000), Public Relation; its Role in Marketing, Enugu: Meltin Publishers, p:3-4.

Bush and Houston (1995); Public Relations, Role and Evaluation; New York, Macolle Publisher, p. 200.

Lawrence, N. (2011), How IMT Enugu Regained Full Accreditation, Guardian Newspaper, Wednesday, Nov 28^th.

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PRESS FREEDOM IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF GOVERNMENT AND RELATIONS UNDER IBRAHIM BABANGIDA REGIME

ABSTRACT

 

The study  on “press freedom in Nigeria” was a historical event of the past military directorship from 1985-1993 under Ibrahim Babangida regime.

This work used survey method and the purpose of this study is to find out it there was a press freedom under IBB’s regime or not. It also carried at  knowing the extent by which press freedom was curtailed or favoured during IBB’s regime.

This work found out that IBB’s regime intact killed press freedom to its highest level. Journalists were jailed, detained while newspapers organizations were closed.

Decrees were unlawfully promulgated to he detrainment of the journalists and other media practitioners.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Statement of problem
• Objective of the study
• Research questions
• Significant of the study
• Scope of the study
• Limitation of the study
• Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

• REVIEW OF LITERATURE
  • Sources of review
  • The review
  • Press freedom
  • Conditions and actions that promote and bridge press freedom
  • Press freedom in Nigeria.
  • Theoretical background

 

CHAPTER THREE

• Research methodology
• Research method
• Research sample
• Measuring instrument
• Data collection
• Method of data analysis
• Expected result

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Data analysis and result

• Analysis of demographic
• Result
• Discussion
• Prior and subsequent censorship

 

CHAPTER FIVE

• Findings, conclusion and recommendation
• Conclusion and recommendation

Reference

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

In independent society a major test of a nation’s freedom is the amount of liberty its people have in speaking writing ns publishing, indeed, one can say that life of a nation depends on the extent of freedom of speech and press that the people enjoy. One can also say that extent by which a nation enjoys this freedom depends on the relationship between the government and the press.

As a result of importance of this right the countries of the world have emerged through the limited nations organization (UNO) in a bid to protect this right s other. These countries signed the universal declaration of human rights in 1945.

Article 18 of this universal human rights established that “ every one has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (worship).

Article 19 of the same declaration also asserts that every one has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, this right includes freedom to hold opinion without interference and to seek receive, impact information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

The guarantee of freedom of the press in the universal declaration of human rights is the right to freedom of expression which includes freedom of speech and if the press.

In compliance with the declaration, many countries of the world have in various degrees provided in their people constitution and opportunity for their people to express themselves within the limits of law.

However, although almost al nations of the world have subscribed to thee universal ideas and replicate them in their constitutions, the ideas  have remain in effect general principles as their interpretation and implementation have always been, subject to the political philosophy of the state applying them, the level of political freedom in such a state, the states history as manifest in some of its economic system and general societal influences.

In spite of differences in interpretation and implementation, certain patterns seems to have emerged. Due to the librarians of democratic societies the rights of citizens to take precedence over those of the state in such societies and whatever right are enjoyed by the states are meant fro larger fulfillment and protection of he right of the citizens. In democratic societies, freedom of the press is usually paramount and will protected.

This is the difference from what brains in totalitarian and authoritarian societies where the emphasis respectively is largely on the welfare of the state and of the cities.

Therefore in authoritarians and totalitarian societies, freedom of the pres or of expression isles protected when compared with that of democratic societies.

Nigeria as member of the entitled nations organization (UNO) has UNO’s declaration of human right in-cooperated into constitution from independence until the present day.

In Nigeria 1963 republican constitution provided that “everyone shall be entitled to freedom of expression including freedom to hold opinion and receive and impart ideas introduction without interference.

The 1979 constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria, also contains in its provision son freedom of expression section 36.

1. Provides that “every person shall be entitled to freedom of expression — section 36
2. Further provided that “every person are entitled to own, established and operates any medium for the dissemination of introduction, ideas and opinions —— 5”

However, the Nigeria constitution did not grant any person or body to operates a television wireless broadcasting stations apart fom these especially authorized by the president or the state and federal government. when compared with at of the united state of America (USA0 however, this is a limit to press freedom in Nigeria.

As in the united nations declaration of human rights it is the freedom town establish and operates any information that serves as a guaratee of press freedom in Nigeria.

However, the implication of the provision on press freedom in the Nigeria constitution have varies depending on the administration that is in power some  administration has greater respect for freedom than others.

From 1960 to 1993 Nigeria had series of civilian and military administration with varying attitudes to press freedom before the regime of Sam Abacha cam to power

It is behaviour of the Babangida administration which came to power in 1985 as regards to freedom of the press that forms the subject of this study.

 

• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS

This study aimed paramount at examining press freedom under General Ibrahim Babangida regime in Nigeria. The study also extended its horizons on the military directorship on the image portrays internationally in terms for restrictions of press operations in external and internal point of view.

Since 1985 to 1993 the press freedom has emerged with much problems such as the following.

1. Detention of the press members
2. Government control over citizens expressions
3. Totters and willing of the journalists by the military regime
4. Embargo on establishment of individual media house
5. Confiscations of daily and periodic publications.

The press freedom from 1995- 1993 has its mark of identification and irrespective of the  irrespirable remarks on the populace of the regime. It will go along way in rephrasing the major actions against maltreatment to journalists profession during the regime of Ibrahim Babangida. The study will ensure the infringement and inefficiency of Ibrahim Babangida during his rulership as been undemocratic to the press.

The  infringement of the press freedom under Babangida regime became a channel of its own in comparative to other military regime and heads of states order than tyranism to the administration and also to the citizens of Nigeria.

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

There is this view hold by some political personalities,. They strongly believe that the administration of Ibrahim Babagida is unjustiable to other  military regime which has  taken place here in Nigeria before the 1985 over-thrown by Babangida. The experience gotten from dictatorship was sequentially syndromenied on Babangida regime.

The objective of the study incredibly foster adventure to democratically elected government by MKO Abiola and other  to actualize the lost of the press freedom in Nigeria.

In 1993 the upsurge of the Babangida administration agonist press freedom tactically cursed June 12 election annulment in which press liberty was regime to both citizens and press operations in Nigeria.

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The stud will answer the following questions.

1. What degree of freedom did the media have under the Babangida regime?
2. How did Babangida administration guarantee or curtail freedom of the press?
3. Did Nigerians experience greater press freedom under the Babangida administration of less?
4. What was the performance for the Babangida regime in guarantying press freedom visa-vis the 1979 constitution?
5. Do Nigerians collectively feel cheated when press freedom was trampled upon?
6. How many citizens enjoyed private media ownership during the era?
7. Where there freedom of information orientation to the press and citizens?
8. What was the negative stigma left on the infringement of the press?

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study has been lay in the t\fact that there has been frequent claims that press freedom was on its lowest during the Babangida regime from 1985- 1993. The study will examine press freedom under the Babangida  administration to the variety of these claims. The study is also significant in that  it will ascertain whether there was more press freedom under the Babangida regime or less.

This became important because it would enable us to find out whether Babangida administration is according to the ascertain and opinion of the masses,. This study would help us to confirm or disconfirm that Babangida regime is as ugly as the mind of the both press and citizens on the freedom of the press.

The press freedom on the claim of the media practitioners is, may be seen the only rights that eh journalists and information organization have , this significant study will be highlighted on the both press freedom and practitioners of the media during Babangida regime. But here in this study precisely it is specifically rely in the nature of 1985- 1993 directorship events.

 

• SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study will be mainly examine press freedom under the Babangida regime from 1985-93. The study will equally include the major action taken for or against the freedom of the press by the administration. It will find out if the Babangida administration acted in line with the 1979 Nigerian constitution in its dealings with the press or not.

 

• LIMITATIONS:

This research, no doubt encountered one or two setback in its effort to know the extent of press freedom in Nigeria under the leadership of president Ibrahim Babangida.

The first limitation is that I found it very difficult to get facts that would have helped us to bring this work together.

Fiancé was another limitation  encountered. I did  not have enough money to transport my self to various places, where to would have sourced vital and reide infractions in order to draw the ideas close into this study, money  to transport my self to various places, where I would have sourced virtual and ride information in order to draw the ideas close into this study. Money also restricted me from setting some materials from intents and also rock ticket for more investigations and research on this study.

 

• DEFINITION OF TERMS

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION

The terms used by the researcher have both their conceptual and operational meanings. The terms are: Press freedom.

Conceptually, according to the oxford advanced learners dictionary

1. Press: news papers, magazines, the news sections of radio and television and the journalists who work for them.
2. Freedom: the state of not being a prisoner or a slave the power or right or right t act, speak etc as one wants without any one stopping one.

Operationally:

1. Press: this involves both press professionally media practitioners and all the equipments used in publications and broad casting
2. Freedom: it means the right given to the media parishioners and journalists to operate and control the affairs of

The practicing filed of journalism without the interruptions or stopping of the operations of the publications and opinion and expression as a right  of he press.

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PRESS FREEDOM IN NIGERIA

 AN EVALUATIVE STUDY OF THE SITUATION FROM 1993 TO DATE

ABSTRACT

This project is an appraisal of press freedom in Nigeria from 1993 – date. In that case, it is going to involve the regimes of various presidents as follows; from 1^st January, 1993 to 27, 1993 to November 17, 1993, that of Chief Ernest Shonekan, November 17, 1993 to June 8 1998 then Sani Abacha who died in office, June 9, 1998 to May 29, 1999, General Abdulsalam Abubakar, and Chief Olusegun Obasanjo who observed his first tenure from May 29, 1999 to May 29, 2003, as he wabbled his way into a second tenure from May 29, 2003 to date. The aim is to provide realistic knowledge of the degree of freedom granted to the press during the period under review.

The research would start from a theoretical point and would later delve into the practical event i.e incidents or experiences of both the media organization and their workers (journalists).

Chapter  one would introduce the subject providing a bird’s eye view of government’s press relationship whether military or civilian. This would lead to the second “segment” which will deal with theoretical framework, significance of the study and literature review of works already done on military and civilian government relationship with the press in Nigeria.

Chapter two would review the various legal restrictions against the press in t he military regime along side the amount of freedom offered them by the civilian regime under study.

Chapter three would be dealing with the diary of conflicts between the press and the regimes under study and the findings there in.

CHAPTER ONE

• Introduction 1
• History of press freedom 7
• Statement of research problem 9
• Objective of the study 10
• Significance of the study                         11
• Research hypothesis 12
• Conceptual and operational definitions 13
• Assumption 15
• Limitation of the study 15
• Notes and references 16

CHAPTER TWO

• Sources of literature 17
• The review 17
• Summary of literature review 81

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY                                               86

• Research 86
• Research sample 86
• Measuring instrument 88
• Data collection 89
• Data analysis 90
• Expected results 90

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

• Data analysis 92

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION, SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

• Conclusion 112
• Recommendations for further study 112

Bibliography                                                       114

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Modern  societies are governed by laws or constitutions, normative conventions and sanctions. The resultant effect being the maintenance of law and order to enhance socio-economic and political stability which breads congenial environment for development. The government is the sole custodian of law and order within the state and also sees to its enforcement for the welfare  of the people. The citizens deal with any government through different means or channels of communication. In Liberal democratic societies, the parliament, the political parties, electioneering campaigns, constituency visits, the press, the representatives of the people etc. Would suffice as the various channels of communication. In a monarchy, military and authoritarian regimes the channel narrows down, and in most cases leave the press as the only substantial  means of communication or link between the government and citizens.

But then, necessary as her role is, most governments have not actually  found the press as healthy  partners in progress. In such countries, the government with its monopoly of the instrument of power, asserts its authority over all other s institutions within the political system including the press.

Of course, such fundamental or basic freedoms like individual rights of movements, association and interpersonal exchange  of ideas and opinions are usually guaranteed and embodied in may systems. Be that as it may, the actual or real freedom sought by the press transcends such rudimentary kind of freedom. The role of the press is that of institutional watch dog i.e to hold the government accountable to the people, hence   the clamoring call by pressmen for more freedom so as to perform this role effectively.

It is a standing fact that the press acts as an interlink between the government and the governed. It actually exposes the programes and policies of the former to the later and as a result creates an enabling environment for politics. Moreso, it is apparent that in the discharge of its enormous responsibility, the press transforms itself into an institution as opposed to the transient position of the editor or the reporter. The reporter and the editor are only agents rather than the press itself. Owing to the sensitivity of their  responsibility to the society, pressmen and journalists demand some kind of constitutional shield laws to protect them against hazards in the performance of their duties. That is the conceptual genealogy of the age – old struggle  for freedom of the press. In other words, the right to gather news and information freely without interference for freedom to print and circulate same.

This freedom of the press. In other words, the right to gather news and information freely without interference and freedom to print and circulate same.

This freedom has perpetually been resented by the governments all over the world. The history of press development in the world over is synomuous with legal restrictions and subtle governmental pressures to control media contents. The difference is that the degree of such controls and its method varies from system to system.

The press is mostly embattled and greately suppressed in military and authoritarian regimes, military men and dictators are rigidly trained to have their orders obeyed irrespective of the moral implications. As a result of this, the military are not supposed to deal with civilians since their training does not allow for that. Rather, they are supposed to deal with their fellow military men especially in times of war. For instance, the press thrives in exposing government secrets and corruptions in official quarters while governments are jealous in guarding these issues and detests such actions. Based on this, various governments have enacted the official secrets Acts which the press regard as undue restrictions to its duties. This functional incompatibility is the cause of the conflicts between secrecy in the conduct  of its affairs, and the duty of the press to inform the people about government actions remains the pivot or the centre point of the conflict, discard and antagonism.

Apparently, the nagging question that lies into the picture is where to draw the line between what the press should publish freely and is actionable.

In Nigeria, and many developing countries, the problem between the press and government is a fact that has come to stay. And there is the assumption that restrictive laws against  the press exist more in military regimes than in civilian administrations. The relevance of comparisms like this rates  from the fact that the phenomenon of military intervention in third would politics  has become a fashionable design in common phenomenon. According to Alhaji Lateef Jakande, former civilian Governor of Lagos State and also former minister of works in Abacha’s rule,

“The press under a military regime is akin to being in

a state of emergency or war, hence, the press

should co-operate with the regime accepted by the

society  by deliberately restraining its freedom of

action in two vital areas of defense and security”

It is apparent from Jakande’s writing that the press in a military regime would only try to survive by keeping  within limits  rather than fighting for its due rights and privileges military intervention always go with the suspension of constitutions and the scrambling of the legislatures. These are often  substituted with decrees. Commenting on this situation Dokun Bojawaide, a notable commentor in national issues said;

“With the institution and democratically

elected representatives gone, it was

another time for the people to look

up to the press to fill the vacuum

created by these representatives and

play the role of people’s watchdoy”

However, according to Dr. Patrick Dele Cole, former presidential aspirant in the then social Democractic Party (SDP) during the aborted third republic, the military and the press are the two institutions in our national life that are apparently in irreconcilable conflict both in terms of the way they perceive their role and in their mode of operations.

 

HISTORY OF PRESS FREEDOM

Rulers and church leaders restricted the writing and distribution of certain materials even before there was press. In those days when everything was written by hand, books considered offensive were banned or burnt. Since the AD 400s, the Roman Catholic Church had restricted materials that it considered contrary to church teaching.

Early printers had to obtain licence from the government or some religious groups for any material they intended to publish. In 1944, the English poet and political writer John Milton criticized such licensing in his pamphlet. This essay was one of the earliest arguments for freedom of the press. As time went on, Great Britain and other nations ended the licensing system. By the 1800s the press of many countries had considerable freedom.

However, this freedom resulted to some amount of abuses on the part of the press. In the late 1980s, some US Newspaper published false and sensational materials to attract readers. Some people favoured government regulation to stop such abuse of the so-called “Yellow Press”.  But in most cases, the press accepted  its responsibility to the public and self regulations made government actions unnecessary.

By the 1900s, the press in many countries had lost their freedom. For example, the fascist in Italy and the Nazis in Germany destroyed press freedom and used the press for their own purposes. In same vein, most of the countries, created around the end of the World War II took to either civil or military dictatorship which actually censored the press.

Moreso, most democratic governments limited  freedom of the press in three major types of cases. In such cases, these governments believe that press freedom could endayer individuals, national security or social morality. As a result, the following press laws were put in place:

• Law against Libel- This law protect individuals from writings that could threaten their reputation or privacy.
• Law against sedition- This prevent the publication of materials that could harm a nations security.
• Law against obscenity – This law aims at the protection of the moral, of the people.

Dictatorship do not allow freedom of the press. The rulers of these government believe that they alone hold the truth and that opposition to them endangers the nation.

 

STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

The importance of the press in a society especially developing countries cannot be over emphasized. The press helps in reporting the activities of those in authority to the people so that the people will know how effective their rulers are hence making those in authority mindful of what they do bearing in mind that the growth of the country depends on how effective they are.

A country like Nigeria which has actually experienced different types of government such as the military and the civilian is yet to have a proper research work which would show the extent to which freedom has been given to the press in either of the aforementioned governments.

 

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Having stated the problem of this research study, and how important the press is and how it is necessary for it to be free in the surveillance of the environment and the society at large, it is therefore the objective of this study to evaluate the situations surrounding press freedom in Nigeria within the stipulated years.

The study would examine the effect of the activities of the government (military and civilian) on the freedom of the press.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Knowledge is not absolute, and therefore cannot exist on its own, or on particular lines of thought or ideas in isolation of other lines of thought or ideas. This study aims at contributing to the stock of knowledge already existing in this area of research. Press freedom and various types of government in Nigeria.

This study is important, in that people, at least some, are still at a loss as to which system of government brings out the best of the press.  Questions, such as whether the military skittles the press or whether the civilian government promotes the concept of press freedom, would have been provided with answers, by the time this study would be over.

The significance of this study to the audience and particular students of mass communication and even practicing journalists cannot be over emphasized. It will enable them know the pros and cons of the job, especially where the environment of practice is brought to bear. This will no doubt shapes their focus on the profession. Moreso, this study would flood the minds, of the understanding of future leaders so that their eyes would be open to the fact that the government has it as a point of duty to support the press and give her  the enabling environment to do her watch dogging in the society.

 

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

In this study, the following hypothesis were tested:

Hi: There is more press freedom in the civilian administration than in the military administration.

Ho: The press is not more free in the civilian administration than in the military administration.

H2: The press has some degree of freedom in some administration.

Ho: The press has never experienced freedom in Nigeria.

H3: There is more repressive press laws in the military administration than in the civilian administration.

Ho: Repressive press laws are not more in military administration than civilian administration.

 

CONCEPUTAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

The terms to be defined are press freedom, forms of government, the press. These terms are defined operationally and conceptually.

Press Freedom: Conceptual definition

Press freedom conceptually means the absence of censorship and other restrictive measures like harassment of journalist and editors, seizure of equipment and denial of access to source of information.

Operational definition

Operational press freedom means the freedom of the press to report objectively, the activities of the government in power without being hindered in anyway ay.

Forms of Government: Conceptual definition

Conceptually forms of government talks about the types of government existing. Civilian government mean a democratic government elected by the people. Military government means government of unselected soldiers.

Operational definition

The operational definition of forms of government is the two types of government we have experienced in Nigeria: military and civilian government (administrations).

The Press: Conceptual definition

Printed periodicals; the newspapers generally, radio and television, journals, memories, diaries.

 

Operational definition

The media houses: the Newspaper establishments, radio houses, television stations etc.

 

ASSUMPTION

It is assumed that the press is free to comment freely in their reporting of government activities and indeed all other news worthy events.

It is also assumed that in the execution of its duties, the press would gain the full support of the government not oppositions.

 

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

A closer look at the topic of this study shows that it is quite broad, covering virtually all the administrations of the country, it requires enough time to dig into materials for necessary data. This has actually created a hindrance in the collection of relevant data.

 

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1)     The World Book Encyclopedia

(F) Volume 7. pp 77. World Book – Child Gratt International, Inc.

2)     Ikechukwu E. Nwosu  Mass Communication And National

Development 1990.

3)     E. Micheal Joye/Kings Igweike   Introduction to the

Nigerian 1979 constitution 1982.

4)     The press and Government restriction Across National

study over time international journal of mass communication studies vol. 23, 1977 p. 75.

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THE EFFECT OF BILLBOARD ADVERTISING IN PRODUCT PROMOTION (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU METROPOLIS)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION                                    1

• Background of the study 1
• Statement of research problem 9
• Objective of the Study 10
• Research Questions 11
• Significance of the Study 11
• Hypothesis 12
• Definition of Terms 14
• Assumptions 15
• Limitation of the study 16

References.                                17

 

CHAPTER TWO

 

LITERATURE REVIEW                           18

 

• Introduction 18
• Sources of literature 18
• Contemporary mass media theories related to effects of Billboard Advertising 19,20
• Historical Development of Advertising 22
• Billboard Messages 29
• Society’s Uses and Attitude to Advertising 34
• The Advertising Media 36
• Media Selection 38
• Summary 41

References.                                              42

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                              43

• Population of Study 44
• Sampling Procedure 46
• Sample size 46
• Measuring Instrument 47
• Data Collection 47
• Data Analysis
• Expected Results

References.

 

CHAPTER FOUR

 

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS                            50

• Introduction of Data Analysis 50
• Analysis of Hypothesis 52
• Discussion 61

 

CHAPTER FIVE

 

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION, CONCLUSION

 

• Summary and Recommendation 63
• Recommendation 65

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                          69

APPENDIX.                                               73

 

ABSTRACT

 

The aim of this research work is to find out the Effects of Billboard Advertising on product promotion in Enugu metropolis.  To do this, we used survey research method to elicit the desired information from the sample produce.

In this work we started the research problem, set the objective and significance of the study, communicated the research questionnaire, reviewed some relevant literature, defined some terms, and hypothesis.  In the work, the whole of the given-tested hypotheses was empirically supported.

From the findings, we concluded that.

1. Billboard create awareness of product existence, more especially on newly introduced goods, and increase the sales.
2. Billboard advertising is more likely to convey that other forms of advertising.

• Billboard advertising appeal more to advertisement than other forms of advertising, and position goods and services quicker in people’s mind than any other media.

1. Billboard generally influences consumers’ decision
2. Billboard advertising does complement other means of advertising, thereby carrying the same message on product and services with radio, TV and other media.

After analyzing our findings and drawing our conclusion, we made some recommendations.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

 

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Advertising has grown increasingly popular as an object of academic inquiry, a field of professional practice and an index of modern business.  It has come to assume the centre of modern marketing and it is one of the major forms of promotion in product and service marketing.  Billboard advertising has assumed a wider and prominent position in product promotion in recent times in Nigeria. Despite electronic media, billboard advertising got product promotion on the increase.

This new discovery in product promotion has not only given rise to advertising agencies that specialized only in billboard advertising, and also a strong association of billboard advertising in Nigeria which is recognized by advertisers as a subsidiary of the advertising practitioner Council of Nigeria APCON.  But as has been articulated by Adeyemi (1969), the constitutional provision on freedom of expression can be said to amount only to an ordered freedom of which cannot be used as a license to spread communication that debased public morality.  However, many of these ethical principles have in the course of time grown to become statutory regulation codified laws. Decree 55 of 1988 among other provisions provides that APCON show regular and control the practice of advertising in all its aspects and ramifications.  It is in exercise of this immense and wide power conferred on it, that APCON developed a code of ethics to guide and regulate the practice of advertising in Nigeria.

The evidence increase in billboard advertising under sources the effectiveness of billboard in project promotion.  Billboards ensure frequent and repeated exposure to the advertisement.  Billboards are usually located at points with higher vehicular and human traffic.

Consequently, users of such points are regularly exposed to the advertisement in the board.  Secondly, billboard, also offer a high degree of locational flexibility.  In other words, the boards can be placed where the advertisers actually intended them to be.  In addition, they tend it has lower cost per thousand that most of the other media.  They are usually more cost efficient, especially for the advertiser with a small budget.  Billboard offers the advantage of very good colour reproduction and at the same time it is an effective reminder medium offer servicing as a catalyst for buyer who buy io impulse.  The greatest problems encountered by advertisers and their agencies with regard to billboard are site monitoring.  Monitoring is usually difficult and so when posters get torn or washed out, it takes a while to discover and repost.  This is because the sites are usually scattered around very far geographical locations.

The posters used on the boards are usually tedious to print and post especially when the number of sites to be covered are too many.  In other to be covered are too many.  In other words, boards make intense creative demands on the agency.  Because they are usually seen in a fleeting second, they have to be powerfully executed so as to intrude on the passers-by’s consciousness.  In this case they tend to function better as reminder media and therefore cannot serve well as the primary and sole medium for an advertising campaign.  Aside its cost efficient contributes to environmental aesthetic and enduring feature of landscape of towns, in the country.  Although the voice of the street vendor in Nigeria grows fainter with each passing year, it is still possible to hear the mournful call and tinkling bell of the old clothes and junk man, the call of the itinerant fruit peddler with his pushcart, or the street corner vendor of hot chestnuts.  And what will a football game be without the kids hawking peanut and soft drinks? Much the same call in a different language, echoed in the street.

Again, if you will glance down the length of the street in Enugu metropolis, you will notice that the storekeeper around the town have taken some pains to make sure they are not unobserved just as the market keepers did in Ogbete main market so you can see that broadcast advertising (Billboard) have all been around for a long time.  But it wasn’t until the middle ages, with the world shaking advent of the printing press and moveable type, the advertising began to take the firm most familiar to us today.

Winstan Fletch, (1979), identifies the following determinant of the strength of a billboard advertising, such as, the number of posters put in any given area the size of the poster, the specific sitting of the poster and the length of the campaign.  Because of the problem of more boards in a given area, the greater the problem of dotter, many authorities regulate the sitting of boards as to prevent their indiscriminate location poster come in standard sizes referred to as sheets.  The dimensions of a single sheet are usually expressed in inches for easy handling and processing.  A single limit of sheet is usually 20 inches wide by 30 inches deep.  The most commonly available poster formats are 16 sheets, 32 sheets and 48 sheets.

In addition, there is the painted board or bulletin boards, which are hand-painted (instead of printed posters) and typical sizes are 14 feet by 48 feet.  Posters sited at busy locations or junctions with high human and vehicular traffic are often more effective than those at less endowed locations.  Furthermore, the longer the duration of a campaign the more impact it tend to have.

Outdoor advertising has become a major advertising firms in Enugu metropolis and an indispensable source of revenue for Enugu State Government.  While advertisers buy space in Newspapers and magazines, for outdoor they rent sites.  In Enugu metropolis, renting a site centers on an advertiser the right of having his poster displayed on the site.  To do this, advertiser or his agency will retain an outdoor advertising company.  The advertising companies will have to usually built and acquire a particular site it wants or chooses from the ones the billboard company supplies.  It pays the outdoor agency for the production of the posters as well as rental fee for the sites.  Its media and client service monitor the posting to ensure that all the sites are constantly and clearly posted throughout the duration of the campaign.

For all the media enumerated, management of the advertising operation is very delicate task, since in most cases, advertising represents a significant source of corporate profitability.  For billboard companies particularly, the key task will entail keeping a tab on advertising agencies and solicitation so that they can use the billboard firm for their campaign.  Other task include monitoring of sites to ensure that posters are in good order and properly posted, invoicing agencies for sites created and posted, ensuring prompt payments      and prompt payment of rental charges to the state government via local authorities.  In executing this research, the researcher will try to identify why billboard advertising seems to be more popular than other means of advertising in terms of product promotion in Enugu metropolis.  Also this study will try to find out the acceptability of billboard advertising in the society.  Among other things, this study also hopes to establish the contribution of billboards to product promotion and consumption.

 

• STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS

There has been an appreciable growth in product and services promotion activities by marketers in Nigeria, especially through advertising.  Recently, below, the line advertising especially billboard has gained tremendous popularity.  Going round the major roads and street in Enugu metropolis particularly strategic location will reveal the degree of usage ad number of colourful billboard of various sizes carrying advertisement promotion products of various manufactures.

They are located in strategic traffic points.  Also rural areas are not spread of this billboard galore.  Why his sudden increase in the use of billboard?  Could it be that billboard has acquired new potency for product promotion?  This and many were ignited the researcher, to look into the effect of billboard in product promotion with special emphasis on Enugu metropolis as a case study.

 

• OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This study has among other objective the following.

1. To find out if billboard advertising is increasing in Enugu
2. To determine the effectiveness of billboard advertising in product promotion.
3. To determine why it appeals to prospective product consumers.
4. To find out whether it carried or reinforces the same message with other media in the same product.
5. To find out the contribution to environmental beauty or otherwise.

 

 

• RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

For this study, the following questions are raised.

1. Is billboard advertising on the increase in Enugu metropolis?
2. Do Nigerian advertisers patronize billboard advertising?
3. Do billboard advertising influence consumers in Enugu
4. Does billboard advertisement message reinforce electronic and print media message?
5. Does billboard advertising contribute to environmental beauty?

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study brings to our knowledge the degree of influence other product promotion activities and advertising exerts on billboard advertising.

The study will also serve as a guide to manufacturers and advertisers in their day-to-day management of product promotion via the billboard advertising.  On the other hand, this study will serve as literature/good feasibility study for prospective investors in billboard advertising sub-sectors.

 

• HYPOTHESES

H₁:  Billboard advertising is more likely to convey the advertising message better than other forms of advertising.

H₀:  Billboard advertising is not more likely to convey the advertising message better than other forms of advertising.

H₂:  Billboard advertising appeals more than other forms of advertising.

H₀:  Billboard advertising does not appeal more than other forms of advertising.

H₃:  Billboard advertising influences consumer in his choice of product or service.

H₀:  Billboard advertising does not influence consumer in his choice of product or service.

H₄:  Billboard advertising message contradicts other advertisings messages.

H₀:  Billboard advertising message does not contradict other advertising messages.

H₅:  Billboard advertisings tend to be defacing the beauty of our citizens more than other forms of advertisings.

H₀:  Billboard advertisings do not deface the beauty of our citizens more than other forms of advertising.

 

• DEFINITION OF TERMS

Conceptual and operational:

1. Effect:

Conceptual:   This refers to the striking impression of message a picture or an event has on the individual or society.

Operational:  This refers to the average number of Enugu residents that the picture and wording of Coca-Cola billboard have made striking impression on.

2. Promotion:

Conceptual:   This is the publishing and advertising of product tangible or intangible.

Operational:  This is the placement of board – Coca Cola drink in strategic places in Enugu metropolis.

3. Product:

Conceptual:   This refers to a bundle of utility offered to the consumer by a profit and non-profit organization.

Operational:  This refers to the average number of product advertisement that are placed on billboard in various strategic places in Enugu metropolis.

 

1.8  ASSUMPTIONS

1. Billboard advertising is not a remainder medium in Nigeria
2. Billboard advertising if properly packaged, beautifies the environment.
3. It is assumed that billboard advertising is easy to understand and repeat.
4. It is assumed that communication is very simple with few words and big illustrations.
5. It is also assumed that billboard advertising on the streets is seen by passers-by who can only take a brief and hold message.

 

1.9  LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Time for the study was not enough to do more than is done.  The study is restricted to only billboard advertising and is limited to Enugu metropolis for convenience.  The measuring instrument adopted also constituted limitation on its own.

However, the researcher turned the necessary stones – finance was a serious handicap and uncooperative attitude of people during research.

 

REFERENCES

Adeyemu O. (1969), The Use and misuse of Billboard in Laos.

Bidem 91991), Essentials of modern Advertising, Lagos, JICE COMMUNICATION.

FLECHER, w. (1979), The strength and weakness of Billboard advertising, Quoted in Mon, S. J. (1987), Advertising (3^rd Edition) India Prentice Hall Private Limited.

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MASS MEDIA COVERGE OF CRIME IN NIGERIAN NEWSPAPERS, A CONTNENT ANALYSIS OF THE GUARDIAN AND DAILY TIMES NEWS PAPERS

ABSTRACT

One major media ethics is to disseminate information using the various forms of media to reach their teeming audience.

However, considering the fact that this topic examined the “media coverage of crimes” in our society, directing attention towards the control of criminal activities in the society.

However, to ensure that the exposure of illegal activities is one of the surest way of combating this, readers of newspapers and the society at large are bound to enjoy. This crime as they occur in the society are adequately reported, so as to be put into the newspapers, this like case study which was fail and to Guardian and Daily times newspapers both of the have a strong hold on the people as regards crime stories which hope fully the, was able to screened through.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

• Background of study
• Statement of research problem

1.3 Purpose of study

1.4 Research question

1.5 Research hypothesis

1.6 Definition of term conceptual operational

1.7  Assumption

• Scope and limitation
• Theoretical frame works

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review

2.1 Summary of literature

CHAPTER THREE

3.0    Research methodology

• Research method
• Research design

3.3      Research population and sample

3.4      Technique used in determing sample size

3.5       Measuring instrument

3.6        Definition or description of categories

3.7         Story type or treatment

3.8         Method of data collection

3.9          Method of data analysis

3.10        Remedies/solution

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Presentation of data

4.1 Presentation of data and analysis & result

4.2 Data analysis and interpretation

4.3  Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Summary and conclusion

Appendix

Reference

Bibliography

LIST OF TABLE

 

Table 1 number of crime stories on the front and lack pages and inside page table 11 list of times cases / motive were or stated.

Table 111 classification of length of crime stories or mention.

Table 1v classification of crime stories into straight news and investigation and interpretation report.

Table v number of times remedies or solution were either includes or not.

Table v1 number of times crime stories were features as lead stories.

Table v11 number of times crime stories were accompanies with illustrations of picture.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

“One promise for the suppression of crimes activities is to recognize that lack of awareness and concern by the public is the crimes greatest ally. The efforts of any branch of society directed toward controlled criminal activities will be largely unsuccessful unless the public is made aware of criminal methodology and the magnitude of crimes. Publicity and honest exposure of dry ups source of revenue for an organization engaged in criminal activities. ”

The above statement by Denny F. Face and Jininie c style 1975,pp.89-90 underscores the need for the Nigerian mass media to intensity efforts in crime reporting.

Crimes, whether against person, habitations property morality and decency, public peace, against justice and authority or against public safety, are serious offences which are not only punishable by law but can also seriously hinder the development of a society. In case, crime divest effects of the offender on a negative path toward development.

Crime seems to be accentuated in the society by lack of patience of each new generation to pass the rigorous and arduous process which their parent have passed to attain greatness, other sociological and psychological or every hereditary problem often erupt contribute to crime. For instance, a child who is brought up in the ghetto with not much facilities of leaning or without a good up bringing and grows up exposed to aggregation as a way of life will most likely grow up in an aggregation adult.  Because no individual lives in isolation of his/her environment, a child born in a disorderly society where crimes is on the increase will well direct, live to reflect in his/her styles all these abnormities in which he/she is born into . The worry is what are the chance of such an individual brought up in such a conditions ever becoming a good citizen”

There are number of advantage reader of newspaper and the society at large are bound to enjoy if crimes as they occur in society are adequately reported and given the desired pronounce in the pages of newspaper.

Firstly, the citizen are alerted about the made of operation of criminal in order to safeguard themselves from the menace of the criminal.

Secondly, the citizen are educated on the techniques of a crime. This is important, because a large number of Nigeria do not know the  law, let alone what constitution a crime .

Unfortunately, ignorance of the law is no excuse and same weight of punishment faces the informed and uninformed citizenry but in the Nigerian situation crimes stories tend not to be given due prominence in the pages of the newspaper. The assumption may be that no other classes of stories have a edged out such crime stories. There is however, an expressed by manifest psychological feeling of Nigerian, toward crimes. The society itself treat criminal with contempt perhaps the preference given to non-crimes by the media arises from the thinking of the practitioner to spot-light issues that will generate larger reader interest.

It is quite clear to us that in our society deviation from agreed social norms and mores are regarded with disdain. Even the ex-convicts are not fully rehabilitated and accepted. Even when crimes are reported in Nigeria newspaper emphasis may or many not be  placed on probing the motives of such a crime, stress seems be attached more to the out come or punishment that accompanies such crimes

It is a truism that an intention to comment a crime to one of the essential ingredient of a crime. The motives for a crime should be ascertained by reporting in order to provide clues that will help to reforming the criminal. It is important also to ally the feat that reporting a crime by our mass media may result in lawlessness and increase in waves. This study also recognized that an increase in crimes waves many hinder the economic, political and social advancement of the society.

1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

A more pertinent question is:

1. Does the coverage of crimes were the newspaper guide the possible causes of crimes?
2. How does a Nigeria newspaper view crime?

3          Do they state possible remedies to these crimes?

4          Does the editorial process of editing and rewriting influence or affect the reporting of crime stories?

5          Does the personalities of the criminal affect the reporting of crimes ?

These and others are the numerous kinds of question which we went to approach in this study, so that a complete answer and resolution of all these question or factors could lead to a presentation and stoppage of crimes .

Some of the causes why crimes are reported the way they are presently or why some crimes stories do not get reported is as follows:

The journalist is an individual who has his or her own biases and in the reported is as follows:

The journalist is an individual who has his or her own biases and in the reported crimes, he first of all decides if his crimes is newsworthy using his own sense of value judgment and other parameter for judging news value like prominence, proximity, consequence, human interest   etc. Even when he decides that such a stony is of significance, he also has decide from which angle to approach it what issues to include or exclude in the news storm.

At every stage of the process, the strong has a high probability of changing it’s form at any stage of the process through either being edited (inclusion or exclusion of some facts) or through being totally rewritten.

Some of the consideration at this stage could be who were involved in the crime story. We cannot escape from the fact that newspaper publishing is a business interest of the paper in involved, the story gets omitted completely, re-adjusted so as not hurt them or the names of the individuals involved are completely omitted. The legal involvement of the story is also another primary consideration in the way and manner the story is also reported. The story may be true in every material aspect, but either as a result of Timidity or fear or instigations the story may get meddled up or not adequately reported.

 

• PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The nonchalant attitude of some media organization in the country to crime reporting is a neglect of the important rote which the press is expected to play in the society. The purpose of this study therefore is to determine the degree of importance mass media. Organization in Nigeria attach to crime reporting.

Another purpose of this study is to highlight the need for proper and frequent reports of criminal events in the country. This is very important as the study aims to set out good guideline for crime reporters in the reporting of crime news

The important of the study Conklin (1970—375) stated that; “fear of crime in a community not only affect the mental well being of residents from the area , but it may also lead to isolation of stranger and new resident from those who have lived in community for longer period of time feeling of not being safe in the area may lead to a deterioration of social solidarity in the community for resident may stay in doors rather than walking on the streets and interact with neighbor” .

The above statement underscored the important of this study. These is need for adequate investigation and interpretation of criminal news event as they occurs, therefore this study will in addition focus on the necessity of regular reporting of the made of operation of criminal. We are doing this on the ground that no good government can fold its hand or pay lip service to the activities of heartless criminal. This is the role, which the press in their social responsibility function are expected to play. The inadequacy of such reports and their lack of objectivity in a print a major concern.

Obviously, crime news stories most of the time are not given the prominence relative to other news stories carried by Nigeria newspaper. This neglect a lots of advantages to be gained by reporting criminal activities regularly and objectively. This study will perhaps help to draw attention to these pages.

• RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research question guided this study:

1. What are the effects of reporting crimes in Nigeria newspaper
2. Does the coverage of crimes by the newspaper guide the possible covers of crimes?
3. Does the editorial process of editing and rewriting influence or affect the reporting of crime stories?
4. How does Nigerians newspaper views crimes?
5. Does the personality of the criminal affect the reporting of crimes?
6. State possible remedies to these crimes?

• RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H1       only a relatively small percentage crime stories appear on the front and back pages of most Nigerian newspaper .

H0       not only a relatively small percentage crime stories appear on the front and back page of most Nigerian newspaper .

H2       Nigeria newspaper tend to emphasis the problem , motive or caustic of reported crime.

H2       Not all NIgeria newspaper tend to emphasis the problem , motive or cause of reported crime.

H3       Not all newspaper devote enough space to public enlightenment of what constitution a crime .

H4       Crime stories are likely to form the  lead stories in the front and back pages of most newspaper.

H4       Not all crime stories are likely to form the lead stories in the front and back pages of most newspaper.

 

1.6       DEFINITION    OF TERM:

CONCEPTUAL & OPERATIONAL

Conceptual: The website reference dictionary of the English language defines coverage as , covering or provision for something by agreement covered communication , the send and receiving areas of  radio or TV station the number of readers in an area served by a publication or broadcasting news.

Crime: “crime is defined as an offence for which there is serve punishment by the foolish or wrong act, not necessarily an offence against the law”

Newspaper: A medium of communication usually published daily or weekly, by which information and current affairs opinion and entertainment features are circulated among the people.

Coverage of crime: May be defined to them the publication of news stories concerning or more crimes as defined above.

Criminal acts: criminal acts will be defined as a deliberate intention aimed at committing a crime as defined earlier.

Such crimes and criminal acts are: murder

Burglary, robbery, fraud                                                                                                                                                             Kidnapping , embezzlement

Homicide, rot, defamation, arson

Manslaughter, dry trafficking,

Conspiracy, counterfeiting

Food and drug acts

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

CRIMES: Excludes all civil offence but will include all other offence against the state or a person no matter it’s classification

NEWSPAPER: The researchers wish to define newspaper to means “the guardian and the daily times.

COVERAGE: The amount types or nature of stories pertaining period of times in the newspaper understudy.

ASSUMPTION

In this study, the researcher made the following assumption.

1. That Nigeria newspaper carries stories relating to crimes in their various editions.
2. Nigeria newspaper is an effective instrument that can help in crimes prevention.
3. Nigerian press use investigation journalist in coverage of crime in Nigeria.
4. It will serve bases for reference future researchers in these areas.

 

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMINATION

As it usual with a study of this nature guardian and daily newspaper, time is always a constraint, in addition to lack of adequate finance to embark on a more extensive study.  These limitations have made this research to be limited to a study of two national newspaper am0ong the many newspaper in circulation in the country. This is with the thinking that the finding from this study will give an insight into the coverage of crime stories by other Nigeria newspaper.

 

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The teleological theory also called consequence ethnics (Tschidin, 1992) which can also be referred to as “kind sight” ethnics (Merrill and Lowenstein, 1979)

Considering the fact that the project is concerned about the coverage of crimes in Nigeria, the laws guiding our journalists still puts them in check. If we have to avoid reporting crime in our newspaper or policies station how then are the people going to be aware of the happen ? and how do they get assistance.

This theory mentioned above early is concerned with the good or bad it produce under this theory it gave rise to two other ones which are namely Egonish and the other utilitarianism. The ethnical egoist according to Thiuroux (1980) believes that human being ought to act in their own self – interest.

While the utilitarian says that human being ought to  act in the interest of all concerned . You will accept with me that report event especially crime which is for the good of the society and with the assistance of the police such crimes can be arrested.

Having in mind that the laws guiding the press too does not permitted receivable of gift for a job which is rightfully theirs. Whenever to report a police officer misconduct or a contract deal involving a top government official. Such is also criminal. If it involves the life of a citizen, its even worse.

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