FEEDBACK MECHANISM AS A TOOL IN DETERMINING PROGRAMMING

(A CASE STUDY OF ESBS 2 FM) ENUGU.

ABSTRACT

Feedback mechanism is a very important yardstick for measuring audience acceptance f and participation in programmes and messages would be missing if feedback is omitted from the source. A very important element would be missing if feedback is omitted from the basic structure of communication which contains sender, message, channel and receiver.

It is cleared that the numerous gains and or effectiveness of FM broadcasting cannot be isolated from the basic element of broadcasting as a whole these elements on their own would be incomplete without the inclusion of feedback mechanism, of education, informing and entertaining the public. This study furnishes them with better understanding of the value which feedback as a matter of necessity occupies in broadcasting.

Feedback mechanism comes in various forms, through face to face interviews, through telephone calls or through the mail; also in letters in the forms of feedback expressing condemnations, suggestions, condemnation, usually come from any angle, ranging from presentation patterns, presenter, or general organizational patterns, on subjects talked about.          This study exhaustively explained the usefulness of feedback mechanism in determining programming thus: To the listeners who is the ultimate consumer of media message and whose reaction and attitudes towards broadcast messages are under analysis, this study has provided answers to questions which arises in his mind regarding feedback mechanisms, its working in full broadcasting.

Also for the operative, it will have an unbiased focus on their success and failures in the areas of educating, informing and determining and failure in this assignment based on in effective use of feedback as a yard stick for determining audience participation and effectives of communicated message. It has also pointed areas of lapses and suggested measures of improvement.

On the part of mass communication students, this study has aimed putting them on a sound footing for the chosen carrier or thinks its relevance to broadcasting.

To explain this study better, the E.S.B.S 2 FM was used and letters to the management of the station, which much reference to their programme content, style and audience expectation and action analyzed. As such, the content analysis research method was used.

Chapter One (Introduction)                                           1

I Background of study                                                   1

Ii statement of research                                                  3

Iii Objective of study                                                     4

Iv Significance of study                                                 5

V Research question                                                      7

Vi Research hypotheses                                                 7

Vii Conceptual and operational definition                     8

Viii Assumptions                                                           9

Ix Limitation of study                                                    10

Chapter Two

Review of literature                                                       11

I Sources of literature                                                    11

Ii The review                                                                  11

Iii Summary of literature review                                    19

Chapter Three

Methodology                                                                 20

I Research method                                                                   20

Ii Research design                                                          20

Iii Research sample                                                        21

Iv Measuring instrument                                                         23

V Data collection                                                           23

Vi Data analysis                                                            23

Vii Expected result                                                        24

Chapter four        `

Data analysis and results                                                        25

I Data analysis                                                               25

Ii Results                                                                        29

Iii General recommendation and discussion                            35

Chapter Five

Summary and Recommendation for further study

I Summary                                                                     40

Ii Recommendation for further study                                      40

Bibliography                                                                43

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

I        BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Communication by definition is a two way process. It is an international experience between a communicator at one end and audience, the receiver or destination, at the other. A piece of communicated message that is not received by its targets audience is an exercise in futility.

Obviously, communication has remained the most important means of socialization. Need we say more before we understand that communication is very vital for man to success? The free flow on information, ideas and values from the source to the receiver is now made more effective due to improved communication gadgets. In the chain of communication, the message from the source to the receiver has been given very serious attention while feedback has been utterly neglected.

Feedback in communication is a product of the receivers’ reaction to messages received from eh source of mass media. Feedback can come in various forms, through face-to-face interaction like interviews, through telephone calls, or through the mail. Letters in the form of feedback expressing commendations suggestions, condemnations and criticisms, usually come from any angle, ranging from presentation patterns, presenter or general organization patters, or subjects talked about.

Whenever feedback arises from the receiver, conveying either strong or mind criticism, suggestions, and commendations, are thing that is sure is desired change. Now the question is how do the media mergers react to feedback? Do they make use of suggestions put across by the receivers?

From all indications, feedback is a very important yardstick for measuring audience acceptance of and participation in programmes and messages from the source. A very important element would be missing if feedback were omitted from the basic structure of communication, which contains sender, message, channel and receiver.

When messages are sent, it is usually a mental or physical, verbal and or non-verbal process of response by the receiver that indicates whether the message is understood and shared.

This response is called “feedback”.

Ii       STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

Feedback in broadcasting is an essential as the original message. Daily, volumes of messages are sent, out through the radio, thousands, even millions of copies are gathered for future transactions, censored and uncensored,, cajoled into forming burdening on state security, general well being even international proportions. Other times the listener is saddled with unsolicited information, his privacy is invaded and disturbed. And the media, they claim, are only performing their duty an obligation to inform, educate and entertain the listener.

A perfectly normal thing, except that media operatives do not bother to think beyond this stage of study to the stage of feedback and its importance.

Operative’s very rarely try to feedback the question on te essence of feedback or think about its relevance to broadcasting.

Furthermore, there is one general view that very little use is made of feedback the listener is continually bombarded with materials and presentations that the listener considers irrelevant to his immediate comfort, environment, state of mind and stations.

Also, that unpopular presenters and programmes are never changed. Conclusively, the notion is that little consideration is given to audience preference in programming.

The question this study seeks to answer therefore is: Does feedback bring about change in programming? If so, to what extent? Definite answers to this question or even an impartial attempt at answering it as candidly as possible would go a long way in enhancing the value of feedback in broadcasting.

 

Iii      OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Since inception in Nigeria, the FM broadcasting has continued to take the lead in entertainment charts. Opening new frontier for an ever-increasing opportunities for listeners, advertisers and media operators.

The medium offers media operative a wonderful avenue for the exhibition of professionalism per excellence. It also provide advertisers the medium for products reach and awareness of their products while for he listeners, it affords him recreation and at the same time allowing him an opportunity through feedback to exercise   his basic right of choice and preference.

The numerous gains and or effectiveness of FM broadcasting cannot be isolated from the basic element of broadcasting as a while. These elements on their own are incomplete without the inclusion of feedback mechanism, of educating informing and entertaining the public. This study win furnish them with better understanding of the role in the society and the place of value which feedback should as a matter of necessity occupy in the broadcasting.

Iv      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be significant to three groups of people in the society:

1. The listeners

1. Broadcasters and media managers and
2. Mass communication students.

To the listener who is the ultimate consumer of media message and whose reaction and attitude towards broadcasting messages are under analysis, this study will provide answers to question which mechanisms, it working in FM broadcasting.

For the operatives, this study will have an unbiased focus on their success and failures in the areas of educating informally and entertaining and failure in this assignment based on in effective use of feedback as a yardstick for determining audience participation and the effectiveness of communicated messages. This study will also point areas of lapses and suggest measures of improvement.]

On the part of mass communication students, the study will ai m at putting them on a sound footing for the chosen carrier or think its relevance to broadcasting.

There is a general misconception that very little use is made of feedback, the media managers always run the risk of bombarding and disturbing the listeners comfort, state of mind with programme packages which the listeners deems irrelevant. Also programmes and presenters remain unchanged. One may at this point say that the listener does not have choice as to the pattern and style of programming. The question, which this study seeks to answer, therefore is:

Does feedback bring about changes in programming? If yes, to what extent?

Definite and impartial answer to this question will surely go a long way in improving the value of feedback mechanism in broadcasting.

 

V       RESEARCH QUESTION

1. Is feedback mechanism used in evaluating FM stations programming?

1. Does effective feedback mechanism help in enhancing audience participation in FM station programming?
2. Does feed back mechanism help managers in programme packaging?

Vi      RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

H1- Feedback mechanism tends to be used in evaluating FM stations programming.

H0- Feedback mechanism is not used in evaluating FM stations programming.

H2- Effective feedback mechanism tends to enhance audience participation n FM stations programmes.

H0- There is no difference in the enhancement of audience participation with or without feedback mechanism.

H3- Feedback tend to help media managers in programme packaging.

H0- Feedback mechanism does not make any difference  to media mangers in programme packaging.

H4- Feedback mechanism tends to help assessing programme performance.

H0- Feedback mechanism does not make any difference in the assessment of programme performance.

 Vii    CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

CONCEPTUAL: Remarks about or in answer to an action process using an arrangement or process of a machine.

OPERATIONAL: This is audience reaction to the progrmmes of ESBS 2 FM through letters to the organization.

EVALUATING:

CONCEPTUAL: Calculating or judging the value or degree of an action or process.

OPERATIONAL: To analyze the degree of programme performance based on audience performance and acceptance.

Frequency modulation (FM) station:

CONCEPTUAL: A broadcasting station whose system of broadcasting is usually on VHF, in which electric signal that carries sound waves has a wave that is always of the same straight but comes at a varying number of times per second, provided very clear words and music for the listener.

OPERATIONAL: The Enugu State Broadcasting Service FM station.

PROGRAMMING:

CONCEPTUAL: A complete plan showing performance one made up of several different parts.

OPERATIONAL: Programme plan for a certain period of times as would be broadcast on as ESBS2FM is effected by audience choice, preference and the management decision.

 

Viii    ASSUMPTIONS:

It was assumed in this study that age, occupation and educational background are no prerequisites to listening to the radio since the respondents did not make these available, they were not considered.

Also the other assumptions were also made:

1. Feedback mechanism is used to evaluate FM stations programming.

1. Effective feedback mechanism enhances audience participation in FM stations programming.
2. Feedback mechanism help in assessing programme performance.

 

Ix      LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study is limited to one of the major services are of ESBS2FM, Enugu. It could not arise in handling enormous samples and sampling area, like: co-ordination and finance.

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THE ROLE OF   WOMEN IN NIGERIA POLITICAL GROWTH

(A CASE STUDY OF THE FAMILY SUPPORT PROGRAMME)

ABSTRACT

This  project  is an  attempt  to  explain  the role   of women  in the  Nigerians  political  growth. A  case  study  of the  Family  support  programme. How the  family  support  was  introduced  to mobilize  the  entire  citizenry  especially  the  hitherto neglected  rural  dwellers  majority  of  them  being  the  women  folk  for  effective  participation in the  political process.

This  project is  grouped  into five  chapter. The  chapter  one  talks  about the  introduction  of the  Family  Support  Programme. Chapter  two  talks  about the  perception of  women  role in the  society  and  women  and  growth. In  chapter   three  deals  wit  the  historical  emergence  the aims  and  objectives  of the  programmes. Chapter   four  deals with  the  achievement  and  problems, in the  family  support  programmes, in  political  economic, social  and domestics  sector. Then the final chapter  which  is  chapter  five  deals  with the  assessment  and  recommendation  of the  programme.

CHAPTER  ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of  the  study                                            1

1.1     Statement  of  problem                                                  3

• Scope of  the  study                                                      4
• Objective of the study                                                   5
• Significance of the  study                                              6
• Definitions of the  study                                                         8

 

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF   LITERATURE

• Source of literature                                                       11
• Theoretical framework 17
• The perception of  women’s  role  in the  society                   21
• The contemporary  role  of  women’s  in  the  society 23
• Women and  development  activities                                      27

CHAPTER  THREE

RESEARCH  DESIGN  AND  METHODOLOGY

• Research method                                                          30
• Method of  data   collection                                          30
• The historical  emergence  of family  support

programmes (FSP)                                                                  31

• The aims  and  objectives  of the  programme               33
• Model of implementation                                              34

CHAPTER  FOUR

ACHIEVEMENT  AND  PROBLEMS  OF  FAMILY  SUPPORT  PROGRAMME (FSP)

• In the political  sector                                                   38
• In the economic sector                                                  41
• In the social and domestic  sector                                 47
• Problems and  constraints                                            49

CHAPTER  FIVE

RECOMMENDATIONS  AND  CONCLUSION

• Assessment of the  programme                                     53
• Recommendations 54
• Conclusion 56

Bibliography                                                                  58

CHAPTER  ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In August  1987, when  general  Ibrahim  Badammosi  Babangidda wrested  the  reign  of  power  from  general  Muhammed  Buhari  he  initiated  certain policies  and  programmes  aimed  at  mobilizing  the  entire  citizenry   especially the  hitherto  neglected  rural  dwellers  majority  of them  being  the  women  folk for  effective  participation  in the  political  process.

Amona  the  programme  initiated  was  better  life  for rural  women  organized  and  chairmaned  by the  them  first  Lady  Mrs Mariam  Babangida .

Following  the  crisis   generated by  the  announcement  of  June  12^th, 1993  presidential  elections  and Ibrahim  Babanjida’s  decision o  step- aside  and as  karnest  shenekon led  interim administration was  swept  aside  by  another  junta,  general Sani  Abacha , better  life  for  rural  women  programme  changed  name and  organization.

General  Abacha’s  re- organization  and  restructuring  of existing  programmes  and  politics  metamorphosed  better  life  for  rural  women  into Family  support  programme.

The  programme   not only  acquired  new  name  but  also  new  leadership, new  orientation and  increased  function, among those  functions  are :-

 

–        Mass  mobilization of  women  especially  the  rural  dwellers  for  achieving  collective  but  specific  objectives.

–        Organising  political  socialization  and  enlightment  campaigns  for  women  with  the  aim  of  encouraging  and  educating  more  women  to participate  in the  policy  offices  and  policy  making  positions.

–        The  programme  also  aimed  at  motivating  the rural  women  to  strive  harder so as  achieve a  higher  standard  of  living.

• To create awareness  on the  wide  public  on the  rights,  duties, privileges  roles  and  responsibilities  of  women  in

The  totality  of  the programme aimed  at  making  the  Nigerian  women  to adopt  more  conformably  in their  environment, be  more  resourceful  and productive  with in the  context of  our  political   process  and  to feel  free  to  contribute  their quota  in the  overall   growth  of  our  beloved  country, Nigeria.

 

1.2     STATEMENT  OF  PROBLEM

Like any  other  programmes, family  support  programmes  has  some  problems  that  imitated  and  are  still militating  against  the  full  realization  of  the  policy  objectives.

First  and fore- most  is the  level of awareness  of the  comprehensives aims  and  objectives  of family  support  programmes   on the  part of the  members  of the  public.

Secondly, the  targeted  audience  for whom  this  programme  is  meant  for  is not   clearly  defined. For  men,  women,  children  or  is  it  for  family, schools  and  others  institutions  and  the  wider  society.

Thirdly,  where  show  the  programme focus  attention. The  rural  areas,  urban  centers,  schools  and  churches  or  all of the above?

Hoe  far  has  he  objectives  of  the programmes  been  achieved  since  inception? Has  the  cultural  impediments  against  women’s  participations  in some social  and  political  activities  eradicated or  minimized  by the  formation  of  family  support  programme. In  what  ways  can  societal  bias  and  prejudice  against  women  be  corrected?.

 

1.3     SCOPE  OF  THE  STUDY

Although the  research  uses  family  support  as  its  case  study , nevertheless,  the  role  of  women  in  Nigeria’s  Political  Growth  remains  the subjects  matter  and the  topics  of the  work.

In  quantifying  the  contributions  women’s  have  made  in the  political  growth  in  Nigeria, it  becomes  imperative  to  mention  those  variables – dependents  and  independents  variables  that   aided  or  limited  the  overall  involvement  of  women in the  political  process.

Additional  to political  role and the  Family  support  programme the  project  will  briefly  summaries  he  contribution  of   women  in  economic,  social  and  cultural  spheres  so long  as  those  areas  will  help  to make  clearer  the  gains  recorded  in policies as a  result  of the  involvement  of  women  in politics  of  vice  versa.

 

1.4     OBJECTIVES OF THE  STUDY

The  primary  aim  of this  project  is to  study  the  involvement  and  the  role  women  have  played  over  the  years in Nigeria’s  political  growth.

In  doing  this  therefore, the  project  will  adopt  the  group  theory  point  of  view, looking  at the  Nigerian  women  as a group  for  themselves  and  operating through women organization. Agencies  and  associations   like  the  better  life  for  rural women  programme.

The  twin  objectives  of this  work is  to  make  useful  recommendations  based  on the  research findings. After  examining  the  contributions  of   women  through their  associations, groups  and  agencies , the  project  will make  recommendations  on the  future  role  of  women  in  our  country Nigeria.

 

1.5     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

So far  this  work has  traced  the  role  of  women  in the  political  development  of  our  nation, Nigeria  especially  in this  period  of transition  to  civil  rule  programme.

The  work  will be  important  to  women leaders, public  opinion  leaders, policy makers teachers  and schools  of  contemporary  political  analysis  research  institutes  and  government  agencies  especially  ministry  of women  affairs and in  particular  family  support  programme.

This  work will  equally  be of  assistance  to future  research  on a  similar  topics  including  serving   as  one  of the  stock  of  projects  in the  department library  of mass  communication department  of  institute  of  management  and  technology Enugu State  and as  such  furnishing  my  own  book  self  ( The  researcher).

The  work  will  go  a long way  to  stratifying  one of the  requirement  expected  of the  researchers  for the award  of  higher  national  diploma  in the  mass  communication  department  of  institute  of  management  and technology.

 

1.6     LIMITATIONS  OF  THE STUDY

All the  comments,  analysis ,  inferences findings  and  recommendations  in this  work  are  directed  to and  concerned  Nigeria  women  in general  and the  family  support programme.

The environment  setting  of the study  is limited  to Enugu  State  and  in particular  Enugu Urban. Opinions  sample,  places  visited, libraries  consulted  are  all  located  within  Enugu Urban.

However,  textbooks,  newspaper, magazines  and  journals  and  other  periodicals  reviewed  in this  work are  internationally,  recognized  texts  and  national  dealers  authored  by experts  in the  field  whose  views  and  ideas are  respected  world  wide.

The subject  matter  of the  project  will  equally  be  limited  to the  period  of  study  family  support  programme, being  on  Agenda  for the  mobilization and  involvement  of   women  in the  political  process  of this  nation, Nigeria.

 

1.7     DEFINITIONS  OF  TERMS

CONCEPTUAL  DEFINITION

ROLE : Role  means  a  person’s  task  or  duty in an  undertaking. This is  the  concept  of  defined  part one  plays or  occupies  in the  execution  of  bigger  task

Women: Women  means  an  adult  female  human  beings.  This  is  he  female  sex  which  can be  a wife, a  female  lover  or  girlfriend , the  opposite of  men.

Political:  The  word  political  is ht e adjective  form  of  politics, it  describes  activities  dealing  with the  act of  government.

Growth: This  connotes  overall  improvement  and  maturity  of  nations, entities, individual as etc, morally, academically , financial  and  spiritually.

 

1.8     OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Role: In this  write   up the  role  refers to  the  part  of / position women  are  expected  of play  in the overall  advancement  of  our  nation, Nigerian.

Women:  As  used  in this  write  up, family  support  programme is an  organization  for  women, an  agency of women affairs  formed  by  Abacha  regime  from the  old better  life for rural  women  programme.

Political : This is  the  advancement  and  improvement  of  Nigerians  women  in the act  of  governance.

Growth :In this  work  growth  is the  power  in the  task  of  Nigeria’s  women  advancement  to greater  height  through the  study  of  family  support programmes.

1.8     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. Do finance  a  deterrent  to women  participation in  polities
2. Do women  play a  dominant  role  in  Nigerian  political

 

1.9     HYPOTHESIS

1. Lack of  financial  resources  may   have  limited  the involvement  of  women  in the  political  process  of  this  nation.
2. Family support programmes may  have  formed  to  provide  all the necessary  support  needed by  women  o participate  fully  and  contribute  their  quota  in the  political development  of  Nigeria.

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A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF NEWSPAPER

READERSHIP PATTERN AMONG THE YOUTHS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS: A CASE STUDY OF IMT ENUGU

ABSTRACT

          This project was carried out to compare analytically the newspaper readership among the youths in tertiary institution. This arose because it was throught that youths do not read newspapers and, the male youths read more newspapers than the female youths.

The students of institute of management and technology, Enugu were used as case study. This was a good sample as they represent the youths found all over the country. They all experience similar socia- economic dillema. They also similar financial as well a seduction problems experienced in the nation.

250 respondents were sampled randomly and data analyzed and presented as percentages in frequency distribution tables.

The work traced the reading habits found among the youths. Research questions and hypothesis were used as guides for analysis and conclusions respectively. The study reviewed other literature on the topic and found out what their results were. The conclusions drawn were based both on other related works of literature and the results gathered from the questionnaire.

The results showed that students read newspapers and they also buy, majority of the respondents buy and read when they found convenient, only a small group hardly buy or read. It was discovered that students who buy newspapers were both financially and academically favoured then those that had lower reading habit.

It was also found out that sex was no barriers to who read and what was read. The female students read more than the male students but they both read the same content in their favourite newspapers. There was also equal reading proportion in contents that  have to do with features, politics, world news and so on.

At the and of this work, recommendations were made about activities that will help the youths develop readership platter for the newspaper.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

• Background of Study
• Problem Statement
• Objectives of Study
• Significance of Study
• Research Questions
• Definition of terms
• Research Hypothesis
• Assumptions
• Limitation of Study
• Sunmary
• Theoretical frame work

References

CHAPTER TWO:

• literature review

2.1     conclusions

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Research method
• Research Design
• Research sample
• Data collection
• Method of data Analysis
• Summary

References

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

• Introduction of data analysis
• Discussion

References

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• Conclusions
• Recommendations
• suggestions for futher study

Bibliography

Appendixes

Questionnaire

PROPOSAL

This research work aims at analyzing comparatively newspaper readership among youths in tertiary institutions. The study arises because of the through that youths do not read newspapers.

The project will help to find out the problems youths grapple and that which have made them loose interest in buying and reading newspapers.

This study shall be guided by the following research questions:

• Do educational and financial position affect newspaper readership among the youth?
• Do female youths read more of entertainment news than male youths?
• Do male youths read more news paper than female youths?
• Does age affect newspaper readership?

Other literature on this topic will be reviewed so as to find topic what their results were. Conclusions are going to be drawn based on the related works of literature and results gathered from questionnaires.

A sample survey method is to be used, where three hundred (300) respondents of institute of management and technology Enugu will be sampled randomly. Data collected will be anodized and presented as percentages in frequency distribution tables.

References

1. Hurlock B. Elizabeth; Adolescent Development, Mc- graw Hill Book Company lnc. New York 1955, page ll.
2. Chaffe h and Choe sun, Newspaper reading in longitudinal perspective: Beyond reading structural constraints Journalism Quarterly, spring 1981 page 201.
3. Ude E.C; communication theories Handout MAC 321 2005. Page 37

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKAROUND OF STUDY:

communication being what it is very vital to the growth and development of the psychosocial make-up of man. This in turn equips the total man in fitting into healthy patterns modelled for definite objectives in national polity.

The background against which this study is being set up include issues like literacy level, interests in role of newspapers for the development of man, factors that influence choice/ preference of news content, sex dependent variables among the sex of age brackets, etc. it is in view of this that a remote  understanding of the history, mechanics and principles of communication is deemed vital to this study

Since the existence of man, varying forms of communication have been discovered. These includes; infra / inter-personal, mass-communication and group communication, each is characterized by peculiar and specific channels have futher been modified into radio, television,  newspapers books, etc. the newspaper being one modified channel of information dissemination, presents the element of research for this study.

The principle of communication, in the sense used in this work speaks only of the laws of good communication, some of which are good grammar and syntax, appropriate use of literary devices that are not too common.

In the present work, the words readership pattern is under stood as the cross section of the society that find time out of interest and habits to indulge in the act of reading newspapers. This under standing is only elementary as further into the work, readership assumes a wider scope.  The study will seek to analyze computational the subject matter from background of the more complex definition. In view of this; readership among youths in general and students of institute of management And Technology in particular, Present a Peculiar Phenomenon that arouses interest. More serious emphasis is laid on habit- oriented readership paltern – a pattern which is more sustaining this is not to say that this readership paltern influences more positively than the demand and supply curve

Comparative analysis here, refer to relationships existing between under studied elements from the pack grunal of stock taking. In comparative analysis presented in this work, comparison models have been created from which appreciable and well defined results are gotten. The following are the comparison models employed in this work:

• Sex oriented comparison model
• Age oriented comparison model
• Finance oriented comparison model
• Education oriented comparison model
• Popular trend oriented comparison model
• Politics oriented comparison model
• Religious conviction oriented comparison model

 

1. SEX ORIENTED COMPARISON MODEL: This model has nothing to do with who reads a particular content in newspaper. Sex was not barrier to who reads and what is read in newspaper, both the female and male youths can read the same content in their favourite newspapers.
2. AGE ORIENTED COMPARISON MODEL: This is an important factor in the determination of any event or activity. Age was discovered to be no barrier to what is read and by who among the fourths.
3. FINANCE ORIENTED COMPARISON MODEL: it is no secret in economics that as people’s spending power grow with their standard of living they can more easily afford to indulge in less necessaries it will not be out of place for a hungry man to spend his last #30 for a little lunch than buy a newspaper and go hunger students who always run a budget line.
4. EDUCATIONAL ORIENTED COMPARISON MODEL : All things being equal, the more educated one is the more easier it is for him to appreciate as well as extract information from the newspaper
5. POPULAR TREND ORIENTED COMPARISON MODEL: This is a less serious model as it is not sustaining. Nevertheless when its cycle comes up, it can be quite impressive. By trend we mean a particular response due to abias in society.
6. POLITICS ORIENTED COMPARISON MODEL: Nationalism and patriotism can compel ardent readership from patriots as they prefer their own local newspapers to better produced but foreign newspaper. It is under such a model that we see custamership done to certain newspaper that advance the cause of independence.
7. RELIGIOUS CONVICTION ORIENTED COMPARISON MODEL: Under this model, we find people who for one religious conviction or the other prefer some kinds of news contents in newspaper which presence may persuade or disuade them from doing custom to newspaper publishers.

 

• PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Information is very crucial to the development of any country and it is obtained through the mass media. The youths are ranger generation o the nation who will help in running and development of affairs in the country. So information and the youths are two sides of the same coin.

Despite the truthfulness of  above statements, youths have been accused of having an allergy towards information dissemination and collection. Certain factors have contributed negatively or positively to information consciousness among the youths. It is in the light of this problem that we have to:

1. determine the problem associated with forming good reading habits among the youths.
2. Evaluate the reading habits among the youths of the youths, that read newspapers and what difficulties that fashioned then to read the contents they read.
3. With the evaluation of the problem, we shall find out if the youths consider picking and reading newspapers important or not to their economic and intellectual development.

 

• OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The aim of carrying out this study was prompted by an observation made by earlier researchers, that the youths are generally not information conscious and it is only the males that try at all to obtain information specifically through the print media.

This study wants to find out if the new socio-economic status of the female their new political awareness and orientations have affected their readership pattern. It also aims at finding out if it is only the female youths that still read entertainment and family based materials in newspaper or if males have been affected by changes in the society.

 

• SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY:

This study will help editors of different newspapers to know th demography of their audience. With the result obtained, they will know what material to retain or remove from their news content. The work will also help editors in knowing how to reach out  to the young generation

This research work will equally help to find out the problems the youth grapple with that have made them lose interest in buying and reading newspapers.

 

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

The following research questions shall guide the study.

• Do educational and financial positions affect newspaper readership among the youths
• Do male youths read more newspapers than female youths?
• Do female youths read more of entertainment news than male youths?
• Does age affect newspaper readership among the youths?

 

 

1.6     DEFINITION OF TERMS IDENTIFICATION OF VARIABLES

• sex
• readership
• newspaper contents

The independent variable here is sex while readership and newspaper contents are dependent variables.

CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION:

          Sex: this means being male or female. It also means the sum total of characteristics which distinguish male from female. This term as well means the differences that exist between male and female.

READERSHIP: This means being in a position to peruse or understand written or printed matter.

NEWSPAPER CONTENT: This means that which newspaper can hold for example features, articles, cartoons, editorials, fashion, etc.

OPEATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Sex: Apart from the usual definition of sex as being a gender of a particular species, this word as used in this project is particularly defined as gender in terms of species peculiarities. This means that not anybody belonging to the human species can fall in to this definitions. By peculiarities, we mean  variables like age, education, this term also include different characteristics or psychological make-up that affect their perception of materials which they come across.

 

READERSHIP: This means the amount of money a reader is willing and  is able to send in newspapers on an established patterns of consistency despite all odds. Readers do not imply people who subscribe as well as read the newspaper.

NEWSPAPER CONTENT: This word is conceived to imply interesting articles and news material with particular attention paid to the individual reader. The peculiarities like seen earlier are conditioned by certain demographic factors (like age, sex, educational finances, etc. which make a large impact on things devoted time to content here, is the total of what an individual is prepared to read in a newspaper and in what order he reads.

 

1.7     RESEARCH HYPOTHESES AND NULL HYPOTHESIS 

H1     Educational and financial positions are likely to affect newspaper readership among youths.

H0     Educational and financial position are not likely to affect       newspaper readership among youths.

H₂      Male youths are likely to be newspaper readers than female youths.

H_o      Female youths are likely to be newspaper readers than the mal.

H₃      Female youths are likely to read entertainment materials than         male youths.

H₀         Male youths are likely to read entertainment materials than   female youths.

H₄      Age as a factor is more likely to affect newspaper readership          among youths.

H₀      Age as a factor is not likely to affect newspaper readership   among youths.

 

• ASSUMPTIONS:

It is assumed that both male and female students of institute of management And Technology Enugu are literate, of age of youths posses a similarity of psychological as well as other dispositions with the rest  of youth that live in the country.

It is also assumed that they have equal access to newspapers both financial and otherwise

 

1.9     LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

the study would have taken more youths in Nigeria but because of time limitation as well as high cost of such project, it was limited to youths (students) of institute of management  and technology Enugu.

Nevertheless, the population of the students  in the campus, which might run into the wands, only 5% of this number was sample size. A greater percentage would have been used but for reasons given above.

 

1.10   SUMMARY:

it is no doubt that readership pattern are affected by so many factors and for these reasons, results to questions in the questionnaire will help in getting some answers dear on what affects every trend of readership.

 

 

 

1.11   THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:    

this work is guided by the following mass- communication theories. They are as follows:-

• knowledge gaps theory: this theory predicts that some groups will acquire and moke use of more knowledge than other groups. This is an important theory for today because it suggests that increasing the flow of information will not always ensure its widespread acquisition. This hypothesis predicts that people of lawer souci-economic classes and those with less education tend to be information poor this means that those who do not have access to today’s media especially newspaper, computer and internet – based media, will have less chance of becoming knowledgeable in areas that might make then more successful in life.
• individual differences theory: this theory looks at how media users with different characteristics are affected in different ways by the mass media, some types of users will be more susceptible to some types of media messages than others for example, girls seem to be more influenced by the “body image” of their media models- they often try to be as shim as fission models, an influence that generally expanse boys besides sex and level of education, class and a wealth of other characteristics that were referred to as demographics.

REFERENCES

1. Hurlock Elizabeth (1955), Adolescent development, Mc-Grano Hill Book Company inc. New York Page 11.
2. Burnoan K. and Burgnoon Michael (1980) “Age education and Economic states as factors in newspaper reading” Journalism Quartely Spring.

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THE EFFECTS OF WORLD INFORMATION FLOW IMBALANCE ON THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES

(A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA)

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0  Background of the Study

1.1  Statement of the Problems

1.2  Objectives of the Study

• Significance Of The Study

1.4  Research Question

1.5  Research hypothesis

• Definition of terms
• Assumption
• Limitation of study

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

• Historical basis of the news flow
• Media imperialism in Africa: A Historical perspective
• Nigeria mass media: tools for cultural invasion
• Reasons for the existing imbalance in information flow in Nigeria.
• Effects of the imbalance information flow on Nigeria
• Efforts at correcting the news imbalance

 

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

• Research method
• Research design
• Research sample
• Measuring instrument
• Data collection
• Data analysis
• Expected Result

 

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data analysis and result
• Result
• Discussion
• Proving research questions

 

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION

• Summary
• Recommendation

Appendix

Questionnaires

Bibliography

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The world information flow controversy is perhaps the most topical issue in international communities today.

This global controversy is basically about the demand by the south for a change in the present pattern of information flow between it and the north. The south also knows that the third world or under developed or developing countries of the world contends that there is gross unbalance both in quality and quantity, in global information flow between the south and the north, also known as the first world countries of the world.

This inbalance according to the south, has placed it at the receiving end as developing countries are daily bombarded with information and other media materials which do not meet their development needs and more importantly tend to debase their culture and portray them as inferior in the eyes of all.

Supporting this assertion, Okunna (1993:92) say, A lot of research evidence has been gathered over the year to demonstrate the unbalance in the quality and particularly, quantity of global mass communication. This unbalance with the attendant dangers of culture domination through mass communication in at the root of protracted demand for a new world information and communication.

The north on its own part argues that the flow of information should be free and unrestricted quoting the 1940 united Nation (UN) declaration on the freedom of information as the basis of her arguments.

According to the UN declaration of 1946, all state should proclaim policies under which the free flow of information within countries and across national boundaries could be protected. This free flow of information itself could be on offshoot from the liberation press theory of value of free information. Although third world countries accept the freedom of their citizens to receive and disseminate information they argue that such information freedom be checked in the interest of their sovereignty

The South, therefore rejects free flow of information in which there is an overwhelming amount of information flowing from a small number of industrialized countries into the numerous countries of the developing world. This rejection is partly rooted in the negative effects or consequences of this type of flow on cultures of the third world countries cultural imperialism or synchronization could be a resultant effect of the unhindered and unbalance global information flow.

Supporting the south’s line of argument, Opubor (1986:4) says, it is a very difficult state of affair indeed that a small group of people concentrated in four countries can arrogate onto themselves and preempt the management of our image of the world through controlling what is called news. Expressing similar views, Uche (1996:4) states, the western media’s on sought against Africa and the third world has continued to better and dent the image of the people of the southern hemisphere who are protracted as lesser beings. The demand for a new world information and communication order (NWICO) which Nigeria subscribes to is therefore borne out of the design to change the present pattern of the world information flow and also free her citizens form being passive receivers of distorted and biased information.

Historically, the new world information and communication orders debate has its root in the 1976 UN declaration on freedom of information. The disagreement stated in 1948 when Russia and her Allies opposed the idea of freedom of information at the Genva convention. The earliest quantitative study on it was the international press institute’s 1953 study of which suggested that there was unbalance the global news flow.

The debate gathered momentum in the 1960’s and 1990’s the united national educational scientific and cultural organizations involvement began precisely in 1970 when the issue was first tabled at its general conference. Two years later, the majority of its delayed resolved that there was potential danger of global news flow unbalance.

In 1974, the UNESCO conference approved a declaration on the new international economic order (NIEO) several other efforts were made before UNESCO in 1977 appointed a – 1b – man committee of communication experts headed by an Irish diplomat, san Macbrige to study the world communication problems and make recommendations. The Macbrige report was submitted in 1980. the report stated in no uncertain terms that there is unbalance domination is a reality of this unbalanced (Okenna, 1993:94) This did not go down well with some western countries. However the UNESCO chairman then Senegalese Amadon Mahtar M’Bow defended it stoutly, arguing that freedom of information in one directions freedom and liberty are not the monopolies of any group.

The argument however did not impress the west, as united states of America (USA) pulled out of UNESCO, in 1985 Britain and Singapore followed suit, maintaining that Nwico declaration was an endinic hostility towards the institution of free press, free market and above all individuals human rights. UNESCO, however remains unmoved and insisted that NWICO will bring about “more justice, more equity reciprocity information exchange, less dependence in commutation flow less downwards diffusion of message, more self reliance and cultural identity, more benefit for all man kind” because of the complex nature of this debate and the opposing stand of the different ideologies involvement the debatee has consumed many man hours and according to Juan Somavia, “This might lead to the wars major conflict among nations after the world wars”.

 

1.2  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Third world countries like Nigeria suffer the consequences of the global information flow unbalance and faced with cultural subjugation and conquest by the first world which threatens their existence as sovereign nation states through cultural imperialism. Given the nature of the international communication system, there have always been fears that the massive flow of western countries, predominantly America, media cultures into non-western countries of the third world could lead to cultural dominations which distort and displace native cultures and lead to adoption of foreign life style and behavioral patterns

 

1.3  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this study is find out the degree of  unbalance in global information flow between the first world and the third world. This study also examine the cultural context of the global information flow and highlights how it affect the countries of the third world. Finally thus study will attempt to offer suggestion and propose a model of international communication that will help bring about desired global understanding.

 

1.4  SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

As one of the most topical and persistent issues in international communication and world politics today it is pertinent to find out the effects of the global information flow unbalance on third world countries. Although numerous studies have been conducted on this particularly issue, the resolution of the controversy about the world information flow pattern, also the target population of the studies have been diverse, but these studies will survey the opinion of enlightened and educated population of the issue that is undergraduates of mass communication of the HNDI and HNDII levels of study. Finally this study will analyze the old issue under a new setting the present world situation and purpose new ways different from all others for the resolution of the controversies surrounding the global information flow pattern. Here lies the uniqueness of this study

 

 

 

1.5  RESEARCH QUESTIONS

These research questions serves as a guide in finding answers to problems being investigated and hence they focus on the major problems.

1. To what extent does unbalance exist in global information flow between the first and the third word?
2. To what extent do cultural values form part of the global information flow between the first and the third world?
3. What are the effects of the world information flow unbalance on third cultures?
4. To do third countries especially Nigeria poses the potentials to counter first world media influences on their culture and bridge information flow unbalance.

 

 

 

 

 

1.6  RESEARCH HYPOTHESES.

The following assumption which are subject to testing the are made for the purpose of this research work.

H₁:  World politics today is an effective means of finding out the effects of global information flow unbalance on third world countries.

Ho:  World politics today is not an effective means of finding out the effects of global information flow unbalance on third world countries

 

1.7  DEFINITION OF TERMS

The South: This refers to developing or under developed countries of the world. They are also called third world countries.

The North: Refers to the developed countries of the west. They are called first world countries.

Information Flow: This is the movement of all mass media messages from one country to another.

Unbalance: This is the unequal flow of mass media can also be seen as unidirectional flow which means the one sided flow of information from the developed world.

Cultural Imperialism: This refers to the subjugation of a local culture and the in position of an alien culture.

Cultural Traniangulation: This is intended to mean the process of selecting cross cultural entertainment, information and other media products from those countries whose cultural product are meaningful.

Cultural Synchronization: This implies that the tariff of cultural products goes massively in one direction and has basically a synchronic mode. The north offers the model with which the receiving parties synchronize local social inventiveness and cultural creatively are usually destroyed.

Global: This is a word used interchangeably with world.

Inter Dependence: It is used here to means that each actor or participate in the information flow controversy would aim at being truly independent and self reliance before involving itself fully in global cooperation activities and projects.

Association: This implies that a nation in corporate into its development only those aspects communication technology and development that are meaningful to its well being.

Dissociation: This portrays a growing separation and isolation.

 

1.8  ASSUMPTION

1. The researcher assumes that world politics has an important role to play in finding out the effect of global information flow unbalance on third world countries.
2. This research also assumes that without concentration on world politics the global information flow on third world countries is left imbalance.
3. Even at world politics some third world countries have not realized the importance of global information flow.

 

 

1.9  LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.

This study was supposed to be a research on the effects of world information flow imbalance on the third world countries.

However, because of obvious difficulties and deficiencies Nigeria will be used as a case study. Therefore this study will focus on the Nigerian perspective of the world information flow imbalance and its effects on third world countries.

This study also extends to some different stated in Nigeria which have universities, polythecnics that offer mass communication. Accordingly four stated out of the thirty six states that make up Nigeria were studied the stated were Lagos state in south west, Anambra, Imo and Enugu state in the south east of Nigeria.

Finally only the local governments within the chosen stated where the universities and polthecnics that offers mass communication were also studied.

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ANALYSIS OF REPORTED CASES OF CRIME FROM THE YEAR 1996 TO 2003 IN CENTRAL POLICE STATION ENUGU

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Crime is any act that is contrary to the law, which can lead one to punish accordingly.

Nigeria is a country where things work on a reversible order. Some crimes are punishable by law, depend on the country. In our state (Enugu) to be precisely, some offences like cheating, rigging of election, stealing, advance free frauds (419), and many more are tend to be in reverse other.

Any citizen that fall under crime may be punish depend on how the state used to punish their offenders, due to neglection. The rate of crime in Nigeria is a nagging one, such that it will be difficult to known the real criminals. However the word crime compasses the acts which are contrary to the law and the principle of National Justice, since the society has streamline crime to only armed robbery.

 

 

 

• STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is the reported case of crime committed in the country, recorded. This is a research work which seeks to convey out an analysis of reported cases of crime from the year 1996 to 2003.

• AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1. To critically examine whether the crime in Enugu state exhibit or display a trend.
2. To compare the rate of crime between one class of crime and another.
3. To find out whether the class of crime is independent or dependent of sex.
4. To ascertain if seasons contributed to number of crime committed.
   • CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME
5. FELONY (Crime against person)
6. MISDEAMOUR (Offence against properties)
7. SIMPLE OFFENCE(FELONY NOR MISDEAMOUR)

FELONY- can be defined as a serious breaking of law, which may be sentence that lead to death. Example murder.

MISDEAMOUR – can be defined as an unlawful act, which is not serious in nature it is punishable for more than six months (that’s penalty for a committee). Example Arson.

SIMPLE OFFENCE – This neither felony nor misdeamour, it is punishable by imprisonment for less than six months, examples: forgery and unlawful possession.

• SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study would be great vital to the general public, the government, the Nigeria police and other agencies of crime concerned.

• THE SCOPE AND COVERAGE OF THE STUDY

Aim of this study and basis of the availability of data, where attention is given to the Enugu state central police station as a unit study. It is choosing as consequent of my interest in the study of crime in Enugu urban areas. The research work covers the analysis of cases of reported crime for period of eight year from January 1996 to December 2003.

• LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study was designed formally to cover more year is restricted to 8 years due to financial and constraints of time.

• DEFINITION OF TERMS

CASE – is a set of events, which demand action.

OFFENCE – is any unlawful act.

IMPRISONMENT – This is the act of putting some one into prison for a period of time.

PRISON is building that made for lawbreakers.

CONSTITUTIONS are laws upon which government of a state or country is build up law are rules made by government of a nation.

BRIBE – this is a process by which thing offered to influence a person to act in the favour of the giver.

ARSON – It is unlawful setting up against one’s properties eg setting on fire of some one’s building or car.

MURDER – It is the illegal deliberated of killing human beings. It is seriously law breaking which is under felony.

KIDNAPPING – this occur when there is problem between two parties and one of them decied to target where the other party is and take the party away for Assign, so that he/she can step down for him.

Forgery is a crime that can emphasis where by a person is claiming what is not his belong by force. Instance, you can see where people of Ngwo is claiming a land from Nike people.

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