THE ROLE OF PRINT MEDIA COMMUNICATION IN SPORTS DEVELOPMENT (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE)

PREFACE

A baby’s first attempt at walking is sometimes very calamitous, when not properly guided, indelible sears are left as a result of bruises sustained from “Childish” falls. In the same vein, as green horns in the act of writing books for classroom and professional use, the debut may be riddled with a lot of errors which make it fall below the standard set by the giants in the filed.

This being the case, we pray you, in the name of Jesus Christ, to consider’s us as a baby’s first attempt at walking. Do not crucify us.

The flaws notwithstanding, this project with a Nigerian background has come to address the Chronic and unimaginable vacuum left unexplored by many scholars.

The project is about the expected role of print media communication in sports development of society like Nigeria. However, for the purpose of Clarity and easy been divided into five chapters.

Chapter one deals with the introduction, the statement of problem, purpose of study, definition of terms, limitations.

In chapter two, the literature review and hypothesis are discussed.

Chapter three explains the methodology and instruments used. Chapter four features the analysis of the information got from the questionnaire while Chapter five, concluded the study and offers recommendations.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Preface:

Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION
• Statement of Problem
• Purpose of Study
• Definition of Terms
• Limitation of study

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature Review
• Hypothesis

CHAPTER THREE

• Methodology
• Instrument Used

CHAPTER FOUR

• Results and Analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

• Conclusion
• Recommendation
• Bibliography
• Appendix 1 – Sample of the Questionnaire

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

The fact that communication regard at area of print media is an indispensable factor in all aspects of human relation, is now too obvious to require any emphasis. As it was, the world revolves around the forum of communication networks.

In the communication network, the print media serve as the bedrock, supplying all the necessary ingredients for the smooth and uninterrupted flow of information. Indeed, the role of print media in the communication process is very vital in the development strategies of any nation.

Generally, the print media of mass communication, viz. Newspapers, magazines. Handbills etc are very important modern social processes. They bring public issues to the fore before wider readers other than can be reached by public meetings or inter-personal communication. For instance, the print media play an active part in broadening our enjoyment of life, furthering our knowledge

of things in our immediate as well as distant environment and getting information to us which stimulates individual and group action. Through these varies thrust, the process of social change is given more impetus by the print media.

The aim of this research is to find out “the role of print media in sport development” print media as a veritable source of information, entertainment and education is like the weather. And like the weather, it is always with is and providing us with constant material for conversation and adverse comments.

The history of communication regards to print media is itself originated during the mediaeval period, it is full of flash points and wonder points signifying vital landmarks in the domain of human relation. It is a notation of milestones and critical discoveries which has continues to power the engine of development to greater pedestal across time.

The history of modern sport however, can be originally traced to the ancient Greece about (778BC). At first when the City State sent only their aristocrats to the game, the sport were then conducted in a spirit of amateurism. The aristocratates possessed the money and leisure time to practice for the strenuous events. Popular sports in ancient time include foot racing, wrestling, boxing, archery, discus and javelin throwing. But as the advent of print media began to pervade the games, the city-states took to subsidize their best sportment.

There are many print media in Nigeria today: Newspapers, Magazines, Computer Cable wire etc, all trying to process and package sport news in a way that will attract and hold the interest of their readers. They vary in the kind of sports news stories they carry.   While some key emphasis on foreign sports news there are still others that package more of local sports news stories. This diversity in the kinds of sports news stories print media carry is just to satisfy the interest of the heterogeneous group of people in the country.

Many sports lovers, fans and readers of sports news, will find it difficult to imagine sports life and existence without print media communication. Just think how it would be like if Nigeria were in South-Africa for the African cup of Nations and the match story is not carried by the Newspaper or magazine. Or you rush tot he street or any departmental store to check for Newspaper or magazine that carried the match, yet no newspaper or magazine carried the story. If such would occur many sports lovers would feel that the world was in the grip of some cataclysm.   Many of the readers of sports news story would not want to experience such deprivation more than once in their life.

Several avenues exist for analysisng roles of print media in sports development, this study focuses on why some people love to read sport story and others ignore it. The kind of printing medium that attracts people describes their attention, habits and the degree of interest one has on sport also plays a part on how one will appreciate the role of print media in sports.

In addition to finding the role of print media in sports development, this study is also projected toward finding out what will happen to sports if there is no print media industry like Newspaper and Magazine etc.

Since there is other, existing literature on the subject matter, this work therefore is intended to serve as a reference, not only to interested sports lovers and research students who might in future carry out studies on the importance or role of print media in sports but also to remedy the chromic and unimaginable problem left in this interesting aspect of human endeavour.

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PROPOSALS FOR EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF THE MEDIA IN THE CRUSADE AGAINST FEMALE CIRCUMCISION IN NIGERIA (A CASE STUDY OF VANGUARD AND THIS DAY NEWSPAPERS)

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

• Background of the study
• Statement of problem
• Objective of the study
• Research questions
• Significance of the study
• Scope and delimitations of the study

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

2.1     The various types of female genital mutilation (FGM).

2.2     Reasons for the practice of FGM (Female circumcision)                   11

2.3     Health implications of (FGM)

2.4     Prevalence and distribution of FGM (female circumcision)

2.5     Current World Health Organization (WHO)

Actions related to FGM

2.6     The mass media as advocates of the crusade

against FGM in Nigeria.

2.7     Empirical framework.

CHAPTER THREE

Research methodology

• Research design
• Sources Of Data
• Population of the study
• Sample size and sampling
• Instrument for data collection
• Validity Of The Instrument
• Method of data collection
• Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

Data analysis and result

• Data analysis
• Test of hypothesis

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion of result

• Discussion and findings
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
• Limitation Of The Study

Reference

ABSTRACT

In this study, the researcher set out to examine the various strategies for applying the media in the crusade against female circumcision (or female gental mublation). Towards this end 86 staff of the ministry of women affairs were randomly selected to form the study sample. The 86 members of the study sample were issued with 86 copies of structured questionnaire to complete. The analysis of structured questionnaires to complete. The analysis of their responses related the following findings.

1. There are no genuine reasons for the performance of FGM in Nigeria
2. Some of the reasons given for performing FGM in Nigeria include the following:-

• To prevent sexual promiscuity among women
• To maintain chastity and virginity among the women folk before marriage
• Cultural reasons e.g. initiation of girls into womanhood.
• Mythical reason e.g. enhancement of fertility.

3. The media compaign against FGM had made positive impact on those societies where it is being practiced. Some of these impacts include:-

• Discouragement of the masses from performing FGM.
• Encouraging FGM practitioners to retire from the practice.
• Reduction of the complications from FGM

4. The Nigeria media had made laudable efforts towards the eradication of FGM. These efforts include:

• Condemnation of the practice of FGM through public enlightenment campaigns in the print media/electronic media.
• Exposure of the public of the practice of FGM.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:

According to Akpoekong (2000) female genital mutilation (FGM), often referred to as “female circumcision” comprises of all procedures involving partial a total removal of the external female genitals or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons, FGM has been a big health problem of women in most developing nations.

Many reasons have been given for the performance of FGM. Some of these reasons, in some communities, are cultural in nature, while in other communities they are done for religious reasons. For whatever reason given for the performance of FGM, it is important to realise me scale and scope of the problem it causes to women in general, and the sufferings which underlies it, had rightly made it an issue of great natural and international concern. Presently no international organisation cares for the welfare of its circumcised women, and their desperate plight often draws scarf attention from the media (Ibe, 2001)

In most African countries, culture is the major factor that induced over wheming support for the performance of FGM. In there nations, culture beliefs purport that the performance of FGM makes women to be less promiscuous. This implies that the culture of there nations had made its citizens to believe that female circumcision makes wires to be more loyal to their husbands. The more nauseating thing about this is that, in those nations where FGM is practiced, its women on often noy in a position to question the dictates of their cultures or to make suggestions as regards eradicating some harmful traditional practices. Nsidi (1999) enumerated some of the tribes in Africa where FGM is being practiced as a result of cultural factors. There among others, included the following:

• The Ibos of Eastern Nigeria
• The pymics and primitive tribes of some remote parts of Congo forests.
• The Kikuju and Masai or Kenya.
• The numerous Indian tribes in its Amazou region of Brazil as well as the Negroes in the same countries.
• Some Negro tribes in the following countries of Africa:-

1. Uganda
2. Tanzania
3. Burkina Faso
4. Chad
5. Mali
6. Republic of Benin
7. Ghana (the asante and panti tribe)
8. Mozambique
9. Ethiopia

• The itsekiris and Urhobo of Mid –Western Nigeria and some primitive tribe in:

1. Argentina
2. Peru
3. Uruguay

FGM had in this modern days attracted a lot of condemnation and criticism due to the dangers inherent its practice. Thus from the amplified voices of women’s rights advocates through to the affirmative action of many civilised societies, the issue of stopping the performance of FGM has taken a new dimension. Prominent in the crusade against the performance of FGM are some women organisations who regards some cultural practices as good violation of the rights of the women. Among the demands of there groups of women is then push for the accordance of due rights to women in all concernable fronts, including the abolition of the performance of FGM in allsocities (Wonuma, 2000).

In the religious fronts, the picture remains the same on the issue of FGM. Most Christian groups, had always taken the stand of absolute prohibition of the performance of FGM. Some of the Christian groups that condemned the performance of FGM in Nigeria, according to Nwana (2001) are the following:-

1. The Roman catholic mission
2. The Methodist church
3. The Baptist church
4. The Anglican communion
5. The Cahu mission
6. Presbyterian church
7. Congregational churches
8. Eastern orthodox churches
9. Salvation army and
10. The Pentecostal churches.

Despite the public condemnation of the practice of FGM, many communities, especially in the Southern part of Nigeria had continued with the practice. Although it is difficult to obtain national statistics on FGM (Female Circumcision), the practice is generally regarded as an increasing problem in the rural areas of the country. This made the conduction of this study a matter of urgent importance to the country.

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BROADCAST NEWS COMMENTARIES AS A STRATEGY FOR SOCIAL CHANGE

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of problem
• Purpose of study
• Significance of study
• Research questions and hypothesis
• Scope of study/ limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• Early strategies of social change

2.1     Propaganda –an evaluation

• News commentary and propaganda
• Mass psychology and social control
• News and current affairs and news commentries
• News commentaries and other creative articles

CHAPTER THREE

• Research design
• Area of study
• Population of the study
• Sample and sampling procedures
• Instrument for data collection
• Validity and reliability of the research instrument
• Method of administration of the research instrument
• Method of data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR

• Data presentation and analysis of results
• Test of hypothesis
• Summary of result / findings

CHAPTER FIVE

• Discussion of results / findings
• Implication of the research findings
• Conclusions
• Recommendations
• Suggestion for furthers study

References

Appendices

ABSTRACT

This study examines the crucial role of news commentaries in social change. It accordingly recognizes that its true subject is always the audience, especially, how that audience is constructing social reality in their minds and daily lives. News commentary plays a strategic role in social change because it represents, or rather presents, society as something already under discussion, in the here and now, by media persons (press). In other words, it provides a communications infrastructure for the revolution of everyday life.

However, various obstacles exist in the path of Nigerian journalist that militate against effective performance of his/ her duties. Here lies the role of the press. This study takes a look at what constitutes a social change and the role news commentaries are plating and are also expected to play.

This research work is carried out to help determine and highlight some of the problems militating against the successful production and utilization of broadcast news commentary with special emphasis on broadcast media and the audience within Enugu metropolis. The aim here is to find out if news commentary truly affects social change, its limitations, and recommendations. It also proffers solutions that would help promote media effectiveness, based on the result of the analysis and findings.

This research exercise is divided into five chapters, viz, chapter one deals with the background of the study, statement of problem, objectives, scope, hypotheses and significance of the study. Chapter two deals with review of related literature. Chapter three deals with research methodology and design, while chapter four deals with data presentation and analysis of result. Chapter five deals with findings, conclusions and recommendations and limitations of the study stating some of the problems encountered in the course of this research exercise.

A reference of all library sources, or authors whose previous work were quoted or referred to by the researcher is made available at the end of this chapter. Also in carrying out this research, the major types of data employed include primary and secondary data. The primary data were obtained through questionnaires, surveys and observations, while the secondary data were collected from interviews and appraisal of available literature and documents.

In convulsion this research affirms that news commentary lies are indeed both a potent force and effective tool used to achieve social change. Recommendations were also made.

CHAPTER ONE

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY.

The introduction of broadcast media in Nigeria was dated back to 1930’s starting with the Radio.

Radio broadcasting in Nigeria started with the colonial policy, which demanded sharing of information between colony and the colonial Lords, in 1932 as British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)

The system used them was wired wireless connected to the rediftusion boxes (loud speakers) in subscribers hones. This system was called, Radio Distribution service (RDS)

This era led to the establishment of Nigerian Broadcasting service (NBS) in 1951, that Nigerialization of radio program news reflected the environmental pattern/ culture of the people. It was renamed in 1957 as Nigerian Broadcast Corporation (NBC).

Although the scope of the NBC was designed to cover the regions, radio stations were simulfeneously established by the Eastern and Western regions to   cater for the mass communication needs of their respective region.

The Eastern region established the tasters Nigerian Broadcasting service (ENBS) IN 1963.

The radio was set up not only to supplement NBC’s efforts, but also provided a team of spirit of competition and electivity which are to have tremendous impact on the quality/ quantity of their programmers.

To further ensure effective broadcast performance, the NBC established zonal station to Lagos, to provide impartial broadcast service to the country.

Television transmission in Nigeria also began in Western Nigeria on October 31^st 1959. The service which was initiated by the regional government of the west was not only the first in Nigeria, but the oldest in Africa’s continent as a whole, (Egbon, 1985: 34). The birth of television in Nigeria was accidental having been born out of political motivations. Hitherto, Radio broadcasting in Nigeria was solely provided by the NBC and entirely financed by the government sought to establish its mass media, which it could control and through w2hich it could voice out its opinion independence of the federal Authority.

The new WNBC was set up to provide television and sound broadcasting services, which includes education, i8nformation and entertainment programmers.

These tasters Nigeria Television (ENTV) now NTA Enugu was established in 1963 while others came later. The federal government of Nigeria in 1975 took over all the old regional Television stations.

Television broadcasting was introduced in developing countries recently with its coverage limited to urban centers. The main idea that informed this transfer of television Technology was the view of education and social planners who perceived television as a possible panacea for development and that it may advance modernization and also encourage mass production techniques.

Radio, as the commonest mass media in the third world has proven to have some merits over the last thirty years, radios out reach has expanded cultural communication, television continues to expand rapidly, although from a much smaller and more urban base than radio. The programmers which those television viewers see continue to be largely imported much of it from U.S. Therefore, for most countries, television will continue to be an international medium with a high degree of foreign cultural influence to social change.

Broadcast news commentary is however, as old as the news itself. News commentary as the name implies, is the news behind the news. It is a critical interpretation, evaluation and presentation of significant, contemporal social events in such a way as to inform, entertain, educate and as well influence the audience (ie the publics), (Okoro & Agbo 2003: 125).

News commentary was created to fill the vacuum which news story failed to fill, due to lack of time in the broadcasting media. It is certain issues that need to be highlighted or further elucidated, especially, on a social burning issue.

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