COMMUNITY RELATIONS AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA.
A CASE STUDY OF MULTI-NATIONAL CO-OPERATIONS IN NIGER DELTA)
ABSTRACT
The main aim of this research work is to try as much as possible to examine the level of community in Nigeria a case study of the multi-national corporation in the Niger delta.
The review of relevant literatures and results of findings demonstrated the fact that the relations between the lost communities and multi-national corporations in the Niger Delta are strained. It was also discovered that the strain is caused by institutional weaknesses and failures of both public relation policies of multi-national corporations and efforts of government.
The sample survey method was used to easy out this study; interview and obscuration method was equally used to get supportive answers to some of the research questions for proper evaluation.
Questionnaires were also used as instrument for data collection, which afford the researcher the opportunity of using close-ended questions for reliable so I restricted ensures in a bid to enhance the indisputable findings of the work.
The implication of this research study is that the residents of the Niger Delta are colossally marginalized in terms of basic social amenities and the entitlements.
Government should endeavour to abstain from it’s negligence activities on the residents of Niger Delta in Nigeria to revive the non-actual corporations in order to curb further crisis in the Niger Delta.
CHAPTER ONE
- Background of the study
- Statement of problem
- Objective of the study
- Significance of the study
- Scope of the study
- Limitations of the study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- Sources
- Review
- Theoretical frame work
- Institutional arrangements
- Achievement and failures
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
- Research method
- Research design
- Research sample
CHAPTER FOUR
- Data Analysis and results
- Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
- Summary and Recommendation
- Summary
- Recommendation
CHAPTER ONE
The year 1956 was remarkable for Nigeria. it was in that year that crude oil was first discovered in commercial quantities at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta by consortium of Royal Dutch shell end British petroleum of commonly known as shell BP. The consortium was earlier granted exploration license in 1937 by the then British colonial government. Other science operations later realized huge deposits of crude oil in other parts of the Niger Delta.
Nigeria, hitherto, an agraris economy became an oil producing country. Prior to the 1956 discovery, agriculture was the major source of revenue and foreign exchange earner in Nigeria for instance in 1960, agriculture contributed in estimated 63.4 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) of Nigeria. But after the 1956 discovery, agriculture being a profession decline-by 1975, it contributed only about 2.3 percent and by 1995, accounted for a mere less than 5 percent of the GDP.
As a colliery, the discovery of crude oil in commercial quantities in the Niger Delta made for an influx of many multinational companies engaged in crude oil prospecting, exploration engineering and other allied services into the Niger Delta. For example by 1961, spart from shell BP there were other etc allied companies operating in the Niger Delta. These include mobil, Agipi satrap (presently Ect), Texaco and Amoseas (New Texaco / Chevron). Currently there are other multi/trans and indigenous oil and skilled companies operating in the Niger Delta. Some of them include Deavior kellog marshland, Western Atlas, klaosi Halliburton summit etc
The Niger Delta is geographically defined as the states of Akwa -Ibom, Bayelse, and Cross Rive. These states jointly account for about 84.7 percent of all the oil filed (both onshore and off shore) in Nigeria. According to a recent OPEC statistics, Nigeria provides a daily Europe of about 2,029, 238 barrels of crude oil per day and has more than 200 billion barrels in proven resource. The report also predicted that in the year 2010 Nigeria the sixteen largest product of crude oil in the Western Guest of revenue generated from crude oil represents estimated 95 percent of the total revenue of the federal government for instance, Nigeria National Petroleum corporation (NNPC) realized the sum N37 billion as oil royalties But this is for crude oil revenue alone.
In the area of natural gas a bye product of crude oil, Nigeria has a reserve of about 150 trillion cubit fact. This also makes Nigeria the teeth and the world and second to Nigeria the tenth and the world and second to Algeria in Africa in terms of natural gas. Also about 1,500 billion cubit fact of gas is produced annually in the course of oil exploration of which 70 percent is placed into the atmosphere simply wasted. Again an incredible 2.8 billions standard cubit text of gas (the equivalent of 500,000 barrels of crude oil) is flared or wasted daily in the Niger Delta. Despite these wastages, the Nigerian liquefied natural Gas limited (NLNG) was able to make a first year court. But ion of about $800 million in 1999. This contribution is expected to rise to $8 billion in the year 2007 and $10 billon by the year 2007 and $10 billion by the year 2010 in produced terms, the which depends on these crude oil fixed in the Niger Delta. But this intimidating colossal; financial dressier contracts sharply with the doleful realistic in the vile producing communities of the Niger Delta, for a region that produces such immense wealth, commensurate benefits are lacking although it cannot be argued that the Niger Delta region is different from other realties in Nigeria, the Niger Delta strikes out as a peculiar case for obuidus resound. Yet want compared to the number of rural areas in Nigeria. The about argument appears precious. Nigeria is supposedly classified as a document rested largely because of the robots number of its realities. This realities sue at the periphery of document and modernization. They are steeped in the retrogressive condition of the under the document of productive forces. The auguries of under document afflict almost all this realities éclat felled exception. This lealer of basic amenities percussive. Scarcity and communalism is entrenchal hall works, which characterizes the rural condition. In other in cords, ringlet and undevelopment are largely national symptoms of the rural issue in Nigeria. But in making a peculiar case for the Niger Delta, certain features constitute imperatives for such consideration. A cursory look of the exploration activities in the Niger Delta shakes that the processes of crude oil explosion which crude “dynamic explosives in deep holes in the earth’s crust otherwise band as mapping and the drilling of deep holes or wells into the ground and other post-extraction actuaries such as gas flaring and oil sprigs impact negatively on the biosphere and ecological milieu of these oil production communities. Invariably, these exploratory eateries have resulted in environment degradation and growing resources scarcity. Together with purity and population density (which) are contribute to economic description forced migrations, ethic striate … fundamentalism and ever eco-terrorism. The above is spat in distrust the contemporary objective condition of the oil producer communities in the Niger Delta. It also reinforces the earlier syressed conviction about the peculiarity of the Niger Delta condition, which the following paragraphs express. Firstly, the exploration of crude oil infarct deep ecological sears on the environment of the hoot communities. For instance, if the 2-8 bellow standard cubes feet flared into the atmosphere daily are to be measures against the environmental cancer it creates, the Niger Delta is indeed peculiar. Also gas flared grossly depletion the ozone layer, heats up atmosphere condition, facilitates environment degradation and poses deleterious wealth hazard the oil production communities. Relationally when oil spurts occur. Hectares of financial farmland are pardoned. Aquatic lives destroyed streams and springs polluted and poisonous gases, unfit for human Inhalation, emitted into the atmosphere. Secondly, since the Niger Delta is composing mostly of rural areas, majority of the inhabitant are sedentary workers. This woes that they depend on primary products which they extract from thin immediate environment for subsistent fishermen, farmers and hunter. To a reasonable extent, they are primary attached to the environment for survival such that when any anti-environmental that, docent like oil spill occurs, they are presumably cat off from their main sources of livelihood. thirdly the population of crude oil and its devastating impacts have also resulted in significant alteration in the soil-lateral lies of these oil producing communities. Congruently, thy have been psychologically removed from their land this dimension is important but only when the centrality of lather in sing society is understood under an objective context. Lather is defined here as people’s key of life. It encompasses the totality of the society. In a key, it is the holistic perception though which people relate between swag themselves and their everymen. Culture is also the synonym of human existence. Thus, when any variable disrupts the cultural fabric of any society, is
Antithetical to survival. The forth point deals with the different terrain of the Niger Delta. The Niger Delta is mainly sidespin mangrove forests and network of creeks which entail huge financial outlays to dear and dredge receptivity this peculiar feature adds to the pyrites burdens of development in the area. All these have enencourged the peculiarity of the Niger Delta from other realities in Nigeria But the last and most important is the immense wealth produced by the waging which has attracted the attention of the inhabit ate. This more than any other factor, has influenced and severally. Shaped their perception and interpretation of realities
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
These enumerated peculiarities of the Niger Delta when added to the leak of basic amenities result to neglect. As a consequence of the neglect of these oil producing communities there manifest realties devotion in terse of provision of basic amenities and improving theguality of life. Therefore, the Niger Delta is a society which (does not) maintain its flythrough the exhaustion and dispersion of a one time inheritance of natural capital (e.g.-top soil bio-diversity, groundwater, fossil fuels, and minerals) with no investment in consecration or replacement.
This is associate (too common, sadly, to day )
That disunites in its people serially its children and parents the forces of rubric economies capital, elite detachment and special interest polities to atrophy cities and social the outcome is not far-fetched –Deprivation and regret used people to an interpretation of relativities. In the Niger Delta context, the cake of basic amnesties amount to derivation and subsequently neglect. Where interpreted under the presence of immerse wealth, antagonism to wards signifies stoke holders arise. These stakeholder are the government and the operating MNCS.but to a measurable extent, the government (at federal, state and led levels)is remotely insulted from the immediate direct antagonism this is because sigmfiecant daily contacts occur more frugally between the (multi-Na third companies)(MNCS) recipients of the realities expression of frustration. Worse stile, these MNCS cake repressive apparatus and the ultimate optimally to enforce order;
Automatically. It become a cardinal objective of the public relation policy of these MNCS and the host communities where such public relation policy is deficient in such requirement or non-existeatiantapon, apathy and resentment characterize such relations.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The research is specifically oriented to wards the examination of the public relation polities and programmers of the MNSC operating in the Niger Delta to evolution its convergence with the hopes and aspiration of the host communities it will also attempt to analyses the historical and functional objective of the public relation policies and programmers of these MNCS. Honaker these noble objectives can only be achieved if the existing problem is reduce to empirical depreciation and solstice concussions. Thus, it behaves the essences of the objective to comprehend the nature and degree of interaction existing among these stakeholders (namely the government of all areas the MNCS and the host communities). Also of germane consideration is the analysis of how these MNCS manage and dissemination information concerning their public relations activities to the host communities and the general public.
- SIUGNFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The Niger Delta is strategic for obvious reason earlier mentioned. For the MNCS, spat from the need for a responsible corporate image through good public relation, there remains anther-compelling demand to scare peace in the Niger Delta – to protect that business interest. For instance, scorned quarter global profit earning for shell Petroleum Company for the year 2004 was 4 billion. The company’s division in Nigeria account for 35 percent of the company global operation. The enormous wealth produced by the Niger Delta highlights the imperatives for cordiality to characterize relation between the MNCS and oil producing communities. Also because. “The business in any fro in any place, of any time is directly or indirectly, immediately or centrally affected by ecological and sired economic deter ration. Business take place within an is thus dependent on healthy social system. Business works would lease to there with at public safety and over. Pherefore, it is updated that the research will aid contemporary efforts being made to proffer enduring and unable solution to the ancestors of vacuole in the Niger Delta. In turn, the result will also help in improving relations between the MNCS and there host communications. This, the benefits accruable are immense. Apart from MNCS (especially the oil companies) operating in the Niger Delta, government of all levels, the international community and the geared public stand to harness the gain from their topical study. Added to these beneficiaries, the result of study is expected to increase the pool of knowledge, which is the pivotal objective of any academic endeavor.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In the course of this academic exercise certain question became fundamental in arriving at reliable and valid concluding to attain such objectives, it becomes incur bent in the study to ask the fetching question.
- Do multi nationals evolve effectives immunity reaction policy?
- Are host communities aware of any communication relation policy by the multilateral corporation
- Are these communities relational policy perceived as baring effective?
- Does the community relations’ policy provide room for the improvement of the relationship between the host communities and the multi? Nationals?
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Hypothesis are tentative but informed generalizations about problems under investigation it is what provides the search light in any investigated phenomenon. As it pertains to this research effort, it has been fount imperative to post the following alternative hypothancal statements.
H1 Multi – nationals in Niger Delta evolve effective comity relations’ policy.
H0 Multi – national in Niger Delta to not evolve effective community relation policy.
H2 Host communities are aware of community relation policy by the multinational corporation on the Niger Delta.
H0 Host communities are not aware of community relation policy by the multi – national separation on the Niger Delta.
H3 this community relation’s policies by the stakeholder are perceived as binge effective.
H0 This community relation’s policies by the stakeholder are not perceived to be effective.
H4 The community relation’s policy provided room for community of the relationship by the stakeholder.
H1 the community relations’ policy did not provide room for improvement of the relationship by the stakeholder (host community and multi – nationals)
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.
Because significant contact necessitates communications the scope of the study will be limited to the examination of the relations between the oil companies (and some construction companies) and their host communities. These companies account for almost all the practices economics and technological activities in the Niger Delta – Also these companies are in constant direct daily contact with their host communities.
Equally, the period between 2003 to 2005 witnessed the resurgence of Unicom in the Niger Delta and therefore will be used as the research scope.
1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
To embark on a topical and complex research like this many factors are bound to constitute impediments towards the realization of the objectives. Dee to the sensitive nature of the study the multi – national companies (MNC’S) vestal (especially the oil companies) in the course of the research showed reluctance in giving out comprehension. Information concerning their public reaction activities in their host communities. Also the research was confronted with the poor storage of relevant data which is the cot of government agencies like Directorate of petroleum Resource (DPR), Nigeria National petroleum corporation (NNPC), federal office of statistics (foes) and National petroleum amusement and management services (NMPIMS). The added burdens of tine constraint and lake of financial remain foremost obstacles. A sensitive work like this entries huge financial outlay, which is beyond the immediate capability of the researchers. Despite these odds, the researcher tired his best.
REFERENCES
1: Directorate of petroleum Resources Handbook (2005) p2
2: l bid
3: l bid
4: Vanguard Newspaper August 8 (PIT)
5: this day September 2, 2005 (p42)
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11: osier yak Ababa New school chemistry.
Africans – fog publishers Lagos (1990) p174
12: Thomas Gladwin mastering strategy; case for sustainable Development
Worker Business school publisher, Cardiff (1999) p183
13: l bid p203
14: G idallersthin gusted in okiduaba Nnolis their political in Niger (fourth Dimension Publishers; Enugu (1978) p185
15: Vanguard op at p18
16: l bid
17: l bid
18: Thomas Gesdwin op.at p274.
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