INFLUENCE OF NEWS CENSORSHIP ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MEDIA HOUSES IN NIGERIA

(A STUDY OF NASARAWA BROADCASTING SERVICE, LAFIA)

 

 

Table of Content

 

 

 

Title page                                                                                                                          i

 

Declaration                                                                                                                        ii

 

Certification Page                                                                                                              iii

 

Dedication                                                                                                                           v

 

Acknowledgement                                                                                                              vi

 

Table of Content                                                                                                                vii

 

List of Content                                                                                                                   x

 

Abstract                                                                                                                              xi

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1	Background of the Study	1
1.2	Statement of the Problem	3
1.3	Objectives of the Study	3
1.4	Research Question	4
1.5	Scope of the Study	4
1.6	Significance of the Study	4
1.7	Operational Definition of Terms	5

 

 

 

CHAPTER TWO: LITERAURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction	6
2.2 Review of concepts	6
2.2.1 The concept of censorship	6
2.2.2 The concept of mass media	13

 

2.2.3 The concept of news	15
2.3. Review of related studies	17
2.4.Theoretical framework	19
2.5 Summary	20

 

 

 

CHAPTER THREE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1 Introduction		21
3.2	Research Design	21
3.3	Population of the Study	21
3.4	Sampling Technique/ Sampling	21
3.5	Description of the Research Instrument	22
3.6	Validity of data Gathering Instrument	22
3.7	Method of Data Collection	22
3.8	Method of Data Analysis	22

 

 

 

CHAPTER FOUR; DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction		23
4.2	Data Presentation and Analysis	24
4.3	Discussion of Findings	38
CHAPER FIVE; SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction		44
5.2	Summary of Findings	44
5.3	Conclusion	45
5.4	Recommendations	45
5.5	Suggestion for Further Studies	45

 

References	46
Appendix A	47
Appendix B	48

 

LIST OF TABLES
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA TABLES
Table 1; Demographic Data on Sex	24
Table 2; Age range	24
Table 3; Marital status	25
Table 4; Educational qualifications	25
Table 5; How long have you worked in Nasarawa Broadcasting Service	26
Table 6; what cadre are you	27
Data from survey table
Table 7; meaning of censorship	28
Table 8; is censorship practiced in Nasarawa Broadcasting Service?	28
Table 9; to what extent is news censored in NasarawaBroadcasting Service?	29
Table 10; what form of news censorship is practiced in Nasarawa Broadcasting service?	30
Table 11; which of the following measures have you experienced?	30
Table 12; what is the reason given for news censorship in your organization?	31
Table 13; what do you think encourages news censorship am0ng journalist?	32
Table 14; do you think news censorship can affect the performance of a media house?	33
Table 15; if yes, how?	33

 

Table 16; Does news censorship in whatever form practiced influence objectivity, accuracy and

balance in news	34
Table 17; how does news censorship influence news objectivity accuracy and balance?	35
Table 18; has news censorship influence your performance in anyway?	35
Table 19; if yes, in what way?	36
Table 20; In the long run what will be the effect of this social phenomenon?	36

 

Table 21; would you suggest that news censorship should not be practiced no matter the reasons

 

given?	37
Table 22; what steps should be taken to minimize news censorship?	38

 

Abstract

 

The aim of this study was to analysis the influence of News Censorship on the Performance of Media Houses in Nigeria. The aim of this study was achieved using the survey research method. Subjects were drawn from staff of Nasarawa Broadcasting service using the purposive sampling technique. Five research questions were used in the study. The findings of the study showed that, news censorship has negative influence on the performance media houses, news objectivity, accuracy and balance and on reporters and editors. However, recommendations were by the researchers that reporters and editors should be given the freedom to gather and disseminate news without prior and post censorship and self-censorship for the interest of the public and for news objectivity, accuracy and balance; which should be priority of every media house. However, this freedom should be matched with maximum responsibility to ensure continuous public and government trust in the media. The researcher suggested that further study should be made using more refined tools, larger sample size and another geographical area that will give the study a wider scope and empirical lift.

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

 

1.1 Background of the study

 

 

The primary function of the mass media is to provide information, escapism, and entertainment, give self-worth and link different societies to other societies. (Ndolo, 2006).In any country, the media is expected to be the voice of the voiceless and to seek justice, which is the true nature of journalism.

 

The media, in the performance of its duty is expected to be neutral, objective and balanced. However, achieving this has proven to be difficult due to some factors, the most significant of all, being censorship of the media.

 

In Nigeria, as well as other developing countries, freedom is still elusive based on historical information. The media began without any definite statutory control. For instance, the first

 

documented newspaper „IweIroyin (1859)‟ was p regulating the activities of publishers. Although this unregulated situation did not remain

 

unchecked as the government grew increasingly unsettled by media content. It experienced occasional interruption by the then colonial government. This unrest increased with the emergence of nationalist papers and the need for media independence became inevitable.

 

Since the attainment of independence in 1960, the mass media have been attributed to extra-legal control measures imposed on them to restrict their social responsibilities. It was more felt during the military regime.

 

 

Since 1999, the role the media played in ushering in democracy cannot be over-emphasized as they helped to inform, educate and serve as watchdog over the society. In spite of this, it is obvious that the disposition of the society towards the media have not been favourable. Hence, there is need for this research, to find out the extent and influence of news censorship on the performance of media.

 

Historical Background of Nasarawa Broadcasting Service

 

 

In 1959, when the then premier of Western region of Nigeria established a broadcasting station. It has become the practice in Nigeria for states to own their broadcasting stations. Desirous of the need to provide social service by way of educating, enlightening, entertaining and informing the general public of government programmes and activities, the Nasarawa State government enacted an Edict No 19 of 1998, establishing Nasarawa Broadcasting Service NBS.

 

Nasarawa Broadcasting Service had its pioneers staff deployed from Plateau Radio and

 

Television (PRTV) Jos. The station‟s name was by the first military administrator Late Wing Commander Abdullah Ibrahim. Nasarawa

 

Broadcasting Service started transmission in February 1997 at the temporary state secretariat along Shendam Road Lafia.

 

Nasarawa Broadcasting Service is a two in one broadcast outfit (Radio and Television) and operates on a 2kilowatts transmitter (Itelco product) supplied by Kris OnyeKwuluje of Lagos. Nasarawa Broadcasting Service was found to be using the same frequency as Hot 93.5 FM in Abuja and was letter changed to 97.1 FM by NBC in 1997.

 

• Statement of the Problem

 

 

In many countries of the world, particularly the developing countries, the media have freedom to publish or broadcast whatever is in the best interest of the society. In developing countries like Nigeria, despite the fact that it has several laws, especially Section 39 Sub-Section

 

(1) of 1999 constitution, which gave right to the media and stipulates that:

 

 

“Every                person   shall   be   entitled   to   f

 

 

Including freedom to hold opinions and to receive and

 

 

Impact                                                              ideas   and   information   without

 

 

 

Inspite of what the constitution has stipulated, government and other influential individuals still infringe on those rights and hinder the delivery of news objectivity. The question this study seeks to answer is, how has news censorship by government influence the performance of Nasarawa State Broadcasting Service?

 

• Objectives of the Study

 

 

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AUDIENCE PERCEPTION OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT REMOVAL OF FUEL SUBSIDY

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1	Background of the Study	1
1.2	Statement of the Problem	3
1.3	Objectives of the Study	4
1.4	Research Questions	4
1.5Scope of the Study		4
1.6	Significance of the Study	4
1.7	Operational Definition of Trems
CHAPTER TWO:   LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1	Introduction	6
2.2	Review of concepts	6
2.2.1   Concept of Perception		6
2.2.2   Concept of Fuel Subsidy Removal		8
	1

2.2.3	Concept of Deregulation	11
2.3	The evolution of fuel subsidy in Nigeria.	12

2

2.4	The History of fuel subsidy removal in Nigeria	13
2.5	Reasons/Causes of fuel subsidy removal	15
2.6	The effects/impacts of subsidy removal on Nigerian economy	17
2.7	Theoretical framework	23
2.8	Summary of literature Review	24
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1	Introduction	25
3.2	Research Design	25
3.3	Population of the Study	25
3.4	Sample Size and Sampling Technique	26
3.5	Description of the Research Instrument	26
3.6	Validity of Data Gathering Instrument	37
3.7	Method of Data Collection	27
3.8	Method of Data Analysis	27
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1	Introduction	28
4.2	Data Presentation and Analysis	28
4.3	Test of Hypothesis	43
4.4	Discussion of Findings	44
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1	Introduction	52
5.2	Summary	52
	3

5.3	Conclusion	53
5.4	Recommendations	53
	References	56
	Appendix A	57
	Appendix B	58

4

	List of Tables
Table 1:	Gender distributions of respondents	29
Table 2:	Age distributions of respondents	29
Table 3:	Occupational distributions of respondents	29
Table 4:	Marital status distributions of respondents	30
Table 5:	Audience perception on fuel subsidy removal	31
Table 6:	Fuel subsidy removal reflects the nature of corruption	31
Table 7:	Fuel subsidy removal will curb fraudulent acts	32
Table 8:	Fuel subsidy removal is the elite means to enrich themselves	33
Table 9:	Fuel subsidy removal leads to increase in fuel pump price	33
Table 10:	Fuel subsidy removal is a way on been insensitive to plight of the masses	34
Table 11:	Causes of fuel subsidy removal	35
Table 12:	Fuel subsidy removal is due to corruption in the oil sector	36
Table 13	Fuel subsidy removal was as result of few corrupt individuals	36
Table 14:	Fuel subsidy removal was to create jobs for the citizenry	37
Table 15:	Fuel subsidy removal was because poverty eradication and alleviation	38
Table 16:	Fuel subsidy removal was to provide steady power supply	39
Table 17:	Effects of fuel subsidy removal	39
Table 18:	Fuel subsidy removal leads to increase in standard of living	40
Table 19:	Fuel subsidy removal will improve the economy	41
Table 20:	Fuel subsidy removal will increase the prices of transportation, food	41
	Commodities thus compound poverty
Table 21:	Fuel subsidy removal will lead to infrastructural development	42
	5

Table 22:	Fuel subsidy removal will lead to increase in operating cost of micro and	43
	Small enterprises
Table 23:	Test of Hypothesis	43

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate Audience perception of federal government removal of fuel subsidy in Warri metropolis. Three main research questions were formulated for the purpose of this study and other sub questions aimed at prying into audience perception, causes and effects of fuel subsidy removal in Nigeria. Survey research method was used because of its convenience, reliability and cheapness. The study population was Warri Metropolis. A total of 200 respondents were selected, using the purposive random sampling. The number of retrieved questionnaire was 195, representing 97.5% response rate. Statistical analyses of data collected were performed using, frequency distribution, percentages, tables while Chi-square formula was used to test the formulated hypothesis. Results revealed that audience perceived the removal of oil subsidy as an act of selfishness, wickedness and the federal government means of promoting their selfish interest, thereby making the masses to suffer. Corruption in the oil sector and gross mismanagement and also due to few corrupt individuals that are united to promote their private interest among other factors have been found to be the reasons and causes for the removal of fuel subsidy. These in turn have led to increase in prices of fuel pump oil products; increase in prices of food commodities, transportation and increase in operating costs of micro and small enterprises. The researcher recommends that there was a significant relationship between fuel subsidy removal and cost standard of living of the general populace. She suggested that the federal government should look into other sectors of the economy such as agriculture, tourism etc. in other to boost the economy.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study

For some number of years, Nigeria enjoyed subsidy on petroleum products. This came to an end on January 1st, 2012, after a declaration from President Goodluck Jonathan that afterwards, the subsidy was to be removed (Zaccheus, 2011). In Nigeria, the issue of appropriate pricing of petroleum product has always been a controversial policy issue. Successive governments have dealt with this problem to no avail. Suffix to say that in Nigeria, subsidy removal implemented by governments had always yielded negative effects on the citizens. According to Centre for Public Policy Alternatives (2012), a subsidy by definition is any measure that keeps the prices

8

consumers pay for a good or product below market levels for consumers or for producers above market. The essence of having subsidy in place for products and services is that it has direct positive impact on poverty reduction in the lives of the poor masses who could not afford high prices (Nwaoga and Casimir, 2013).

Subsidies were introduced in the Nigerian en creeping phenomenon, the value of the subsidies has gone from 1 billion in the 1980s to an expected 6 billion Dollars in 2011. In this period the specific products targeted for subsidy have changed. Diesel oil has had its associated subsidy redacted while petrol, gasoline; kerosene continues to enjoy a 54.4 % subsidy over the international spot market price at the Nigerian pump. Economists believed that social welfare is maximized when the price of each good and service is freely determined by the interaction of buyers and sellers in open competitive markets. In practice and especially in developing countries however, policy is often driven more by political consideration than rational economic theory. The risk of social unrest, street riots, and threats of civil war very easily make introduction of market distorting policies justified. Nigeria as a case in point is under increased pressures to grow its economy. Yet countervailing forces of corruption, mismanagement of public resources and poor governance conspire to frustrate efforts to sustain growth in the face of rising population numbers and demands for a democratic dividend by the citizenry (Centre for Public Policy Alternatives, 2012).

According to Centre for Public Policy Alternatives, the justifications for introduction or removal of subsidies vary markedly. In developed economies Environmental issues, international trade and maintaining competitiveness are the main drivers of policy. Whereas welfare, poverty alleviation and election cycle politics largely underpin the reasons for which subsidies are introduced in developing countries. A new factor in the current mix of policy drivers is the

9

renewed emphasis on governance reform championed by the Bretton woods institutions-The World Bank, IMF and the donor community. Lending urgency to this scenario is the global economic downturn and consequent rationalization by lenders, aid granting countries. As domestic demand for funds increase in these countries amounts available for aid, FDI and subsidies diminish. The consequence is a demand for greater efficacy in the economies of the aid receiving countries of which Nigeria is one.

Furthermore, the issue of fuel subsidy removal has torn this nation into two factions, the government and the economic experts on one hand and the masses on the other hand. The last fuel subsidy removal on 1st January, 2012 sparked an uprising that almost led to a revolution; this attracted a lot of public debate, opinions and reactions leading to NLC strike and demonstrations in various states. Therefore, the major focus of this study is to investigate audience perception of federal government removal of fuel subsidy in Nigeria on January 2012.

• Statement of the Research Problem.

Fuel is central to the economic pursuits of Nigerians, whose sustenance daily bread is tied to this bye product of Nigeria‟s rich crude.ThePetroleumoilProductdepositsPricingRegulatory Agency (PPPRA) regulates the downstream Oil and Gas industry on behalf of the Federal Government and by the removal of subsidy on Premium Motor Spirit (Petrol), the downstream sub-sector of the Petroleum industry is deregulated for Petrol. Deregulation leaves market forces as the sole determinant of product prices. While over the years, many Nigerians have opposed the implementation of the policy in the Oil and Gas Industry, international finance and donor agencies like the World Bank and IMF have been very harsh in their criticisms of the successive governments that have sustained the policy for a single inher…

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Audience Perception of Africa Independent Television (AIT) coverage of political news Programmes in Agbor metropolis

 

Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate Audience perception on coverage of political news programmes of Africa independent Television (AIT) in Agbor metropolis Delta state. Three research questions guided the study. The data of this study were gathered through various Likert scale questionnaire. Statistical analyses of data collected were performed using, frequency distribution, percentages, and tables. A total of 400 copies of the questionnaire were distributed. The number of retrieved questionnaire was 280, representing 70% response rate. Results showed that audience attach importance to the status and pedigree of African Independent Television (AIT) hence influences their perception and believes and in the way they react to certain issues of life and act as a watchdog over the government. Finally the survey revealed that African Independent Television (AIT) political news coverage is of good quality, timely, precise and detailed political news programs. The researcher recommends that since the primary purpose of the media is to inform the public then media houses should ensure that contents of their news are absolutely free from bias, factual and relevant to the larger society.

CHAPTER ONE

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 

 

1.1       Background of the study

 

 

In  this  era  of  digital  technology and  globalization  of  communication,  the  media

 

industries have crucial role to play in creating awareness and giving first class information to

 

the populace on issues emanating from the administrations and governance of their elected

 

leaders. Research has shown that successful countries are rated on how well organized their

 

system of government and political willpower as   it   affects   their citizens

 

The way and manner a society is governed directly or indirectly reflects on the behavioural

 

pattern and perception of its citizens. In a democratic society, the media especially the television station is the major source of communication between the government and its citizen. The media through the television stations disseminate information, news items,

 

showcase political programmes, developmental projects and pitfalls of the various arms of government in a particular country.

 

Private owned television stations such as Africa Independent Television (AIT) has been known for promoting news and information related to politics and major happenings in the political industries around the world. Hence, there is close relationship between

 

communicating political news and other political related news contents and citizen dispositions, attitudes, behavioural pattern and perception of their leaders. Viewers not only

 

listen to news, they also analyse, select, make comments, give opinions and share comments on how they perceive media effects on politics generally. It is against this backdrop that the researcher seeks to investigate the perception of viewers/audience on political news coverage on television stations using Africa Independent Television (AIT) as her main focus. Efforts shall be made to find out the impacts of television in the dissemination of political news and

 

3

 

 

politics in general. How do audience and the general public perceive political news and other political programmes on Africa Independent Television (AIT) in terms of quality of news items, quality of broadcast and coverage, authenticity of news source, competency of staff to mention just a few.

 

An informed society, they say, is a rich society. In other to establish a robust and information rich society, adequate communication is necessary and a media house that has distinguished itself will definitely excel especially in the present political juggernaut around the world. AIT is a subsidiary of  DAAR Communications Plc. DAAR Communications Plc is the foremost Independent Broadcast Organization in the Federal Republic of Nigeria pioneering private/independent broadcasting with the establishment of  RayPower 100.5FM, AIT, Daarsat – The first fully Nigerian base digital multi-channel direct-to-home subscription TV and an indigenous station FAAJI FM. AIT political news cut across news on Legislation, Presidency, Political Institution and Government Institutions  (http://www.aitonline.tv/live).

 

December 6, 1996 heralded the coming of a star in global Satellite Broadcasting, the Africa Independent Television channel 21. AIT provides a fresh slant to TV broadcasting with a unique programming theme that shares the African Experience with the wider global community. AIT channel 21 and AIT International share the same vision and a similar mission. AIT has a unique mission that of sharing the African Experience with the wider global community. With its fascinating cross-cultural theme and vibrant programme content, Africa Independent Television (AIT) aims to share everything that is exciting about the African experience with the nations of the world. The station logo and pay-off, AIT – Sharing the African Experience, symbolizes its vision: to offer on a daily basis, a refreshing but revealing insight into the African experience worldwide. This sentiment is proudly echoed in

 

AIT’s              corporate–AIT,SharingidentitytheAfricanexperience.

With a thematic pay-off which emphasises the objective of sharing the unique African experience with the world, AIT’s mission i untainted appreciation of the world and its peoples. Unusual amongst global satellite

 

broadcasting stations, AIT is motivated by uniquely altruistic aims to promote a methodical reduction of tension and friction and foster a greater appreciation of humanity. It is committed to the task of bridging the gap in global communication which places Africa at the

 

ruthless                       mercy   of   western   perspectives,   opi

 

Africa from a holistic African prospective. Untainted, undiluted and absolutely original, AIT offers the world a new insight into the African experience  (http://www.daarusa.com/ait).

 

The perception of audience regarding television news content has long been of interest to communication researchers. Perceptions of credibility have been found to be influenced by the content of the news reports and characteristics of the news anchor, suggesting that perceptions of credibility may be influenced by presentation variables. Public perception is the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs in a system. It can also be seen as the complex collection of opinion of many different people and the sum of all their views or as a single opinion held by an individual about a socio-economic or political topic. Key

 

component in the formation of public perception is “framing”. Framin piece of news is portrayed in a particular one way or the other. Social desirability is another key component in the formation of public

 

 

perception. Social desirability is the idea that people in general will form their perceptions based on what they believe is the popular opinion. Based on media agenda setting and media framing, most often a particular opinion gets repeated throughout various news mediums and social networking sites, until it creates a false vision where the perceived truth is actually very far away from the actual truth. Public perception can also be influenced by public relations and the political media. Mass media utilizes a wide variety of advertising techniques to get their message out and change the minds of people. From the 1950s, television was one of the main media for moulding public perception, but with the advent of the internet and social media, that has changed considerably. Public perception starts from an idea or suggestion being subtly mooted, mainly through the mass media. Questions such as why would the North always rule? The government is filled with corrupt politicians and what should the government do regarding public transportation etc. So when citizens gather they talk about politics. Generally, they proffer their opinions on what they think that their governments ought to be doing on this or that issue (Agbor, 2013).

 

In mass media, channels of transmission of news include: the press, radio, television and internet. All this media have specific technical-technological characteristics with which they transmit their news. The role of the mass media in creating and strengthening public opinion is very important. The advent of independent media houses in the present democratic settings has contributed to the growth and freedom of expression and perception. In modern societies, getting authentic information is critical to the quality decision making by the citizens and the legislators. The growth of the mass media and their capability to transmit information and messages to a large population at the same time combined with the ever ready good to go journalists have turned the media world into a large social institution.

 

In the past, the traditional media organizations have been the basic means of connecting the public with news on social and political world. For a longer period of time, such media have been observed as a means of preventing the citizens from knowing some of the misdeeds of the government especially in politics. Politics in the modern societies can be understood as a system organizing and governing the public way of life and taking care of the overall interests of the citizens. The role of the mass media in creating and strengthening the public opinion is pivotal. Hence, with the advent of independent media houses in the process of democratization, expressions and thoughts of the general public have been made easy. Public perceptions could also be related to their attitudes, opinions, and believes on certain political news and political programmes; these sometimes influence their behavioural patterns and dispositions toward their political leaders and stakeholders. Public perceptions are also conditioned by three key elements: public, the message and the channel through which the message is passed. The television today represents a channel of information dissemination, such as the political happenings, events, quarrels and debates, the manner in which the television station package and transmit the information has an influence on the audience, since it is through the media the audience learn, judge, analyse, makes contexts and make informed decisions about their political leaders. Politics cannot exist without the voice of the media, because only through it, the public get to know the plans, activities and agenda of the political parties (Siljanovska and Ejupi, 2013).

 

• Statement of the research problem.

One of the most common generalizations a informed and less engaged than voters in prior generations. This perceived decline in political…

 

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