AN APPRAISAL OF NIGERIA MEDIA AS INSTRUMENT OF ERADIATING CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA

(CASE STUDY OF NTA EFFECT ON OBASANJO’S ANTI- CORRUPTION CRUSADE)

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ABSTRACT

This research work has investigated the media as an instrument in eradicating corruption. Using Obasanjo’s anti-corruption crusade (a case study of  the Nigeria television authority)

The objectives of this work among other thing was to find out the problems that follow corruption and also to find out solution to the problems based upon which hypothesis were formulated.

The research work was carried out by using primary and secondary data like interview method, questionnaire personal observation and the review of related literature.

The literature reviewed include the journals, magazines, textbook periodical news papers lecturers, seminars. Response from the respondents show that the major problem in Nigeria is corruption like illegal ward of contracts, lobbying syndrome, indiscipline like brown envelope, godfathers, unpatriotic pracfraudster bad name and bloody  practices etc. which promoted president Obascanjo to launch crusade against corruption after the military regime brining them to book for offence and punishment due for any offence committed without fear on favour of  personality whereby he used Nigeria television authority for quick enhancement.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background of the study

1.2            Statement of problem

1.3            Objective of the study

1.4            Significant of the study

1.5            Research questions

1.6            Research hypothesis

1.7            Definition of terms

1.8            Assumption

1.9            Limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1            Sources of literature review

2.2            How have

2.3            What has the media done about review

2.4            Summary of literature review

2.5            Theoretical framework

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1            Research method

3.2            Research design

3.3            Measuring instrument

3.4             Data collection

3.5             Data analysis

3.6            Expected result

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1     Data analysis

4.1            Summary of results/ findings

4.2             Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1            Summary

5.2            Recommendation for further study

5.3            Suggestion for further research

Reference

Appendix

Questionnaires

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is necessary to glorify the minds that made ventures to the establishment of media. Media as a watch dog and the mirror of the nation perform crucial roles in the society media educate entertain analyses interpret ,motivate, create avenue, to failure and to success. Media as well monitor evaluate and correct al wrong activities concerning human existence. It executive and recommends, encodes and decodes and ensure feedback etc.

Media is metaphoric when we termed it to be a watchdog of eh nation and as well the mirror through which the  nation see and recognize itself. it is the importance of the media that place it to that position in that somebody cannot just get up and started printing or criticizing a nation  or society without having in mind any channel of dissemination of his information whether good or bad informational concern sense to the  target audience . It is therefore at this junction that journalist uses media aid to bring the nation what their society is like and how their government is  like and how good or bad the  personalities involved are like, then it is through this means that they will know what the are and how their activities moves whether it encourages the audience or discourage them.

It was through this mirror media the news that exposed the forgery certificate of Alhaja Salisis Buhari which he did at the University of Toronto Canada . the made president Obasanjo after taken over the government to launch crusade that will redress what he saw in the mirror . this made Alhaja Salisu Buhari to be brought down from his position of speaker of house representative

The media educate the ignorant it teaches them from known to unknown without it was when media publishes or air what people know that they will analyze was through media that people get to know what brought about the removal of Evans Ewerem from the position of senate president because of his falsification of age. The Nigerian media therefore exposes them, he evil operator of  their evil deed and drag them down from the success to failure through mentoring of their movement and activities and  evaluating and correcting their wrongs by disseminating it on air and preparing the audience to feedback recommending to the government the punishment that the deserve for the issue of awareness to be accomplished. Furthermore, in Nigeria society, the role of broadcasters and the broadcast media, as agents of rural and motional development,, especially at the information dissemination, watchdog level, is now generally recognized and accepted by experts and policy maker alike. Also, a critical appraisal of the socio-economic development of he people of he world indicates that the sits a spectrum of levels of development of he people of the among he nation stake and that within a given country there also  exist a spectrum of levels affluence poverty Importantly he development spectrum of the nations is demonstrably corrected with the amount of natural resources, indigenous technology and political stability whereas the affluence or poverty of  individual within a nation, may be  corrected with family background, ethnic origin, educational statement etc. depending on the character of the nation in question. Nigeria as a typical developing country to day has a citizenry with a multiplicity of ethnic groups, language, dialects, rural patterns, religious beliefs, and traditional institutes that lend to defy the best of intonations internal integration and development. usually only a small percentage of the people are literate in nay language, indigenous or foreign.

Meanwhile, the national government the enlightened segments of the society are aware of the need for wide spread education for both children and adults in order to achieve prescribed goals in economic growth, health care, political and special awareness, political stability, self reliance and nation identify, among other things for national development. From the above points, broadcaster media is a powerful and effective instrument for achieving these national goals, it has been recognized all over the world and in Nigeria in particular as the role of  broadcast media. In national development according to ADSDI, Uyo in the book the mass media and social change, he identified the functions performed by the  media of mass communication especially broadcast media as , information, education, entertainment, persuasion which he referred to fondly as the media pile- an acronym derived from the four basic function,

Therefore this study is an attempt to discover how media as an instrument for eradicating corruption of Obasanjo’s anti—corruption crusade. A  case study of NTA.

Since assuming office in May, 1999 president Olusegun Obasanjo has never hidden his intention to fight corruption which has permitted the social fabric of Nigeria from the top to bottom.

In order to raise that goal, he set up the independent corrupt practices and other related offences commission, otherwise known as the  ICPC, handed by justice Mustapha Akanbi, a retired judge of the court of appeal. But since then, the commission has remained a came dulk and toothless building until recently. In what observes sees a departure from the past and  a renew vigor in the anti-graft campaign the ICPC in early December imitated the arrest of prominent politicians and former government officials. In one fell SWOAP a serving of corrupt was fired over allegations of corrupt practices. not only was former minister of labour and productively, Alhaji Hassani Akwanga sacked he was  later arrested by security agencies for involvement in a $214m scan in the Jinx national identity card schema being handled by the minister of internal affairs. He was permanent secretary of that ministry before retiring and being appointed a minister.

The ICPC is currently prosecuting about sixty-two persons for various offense, these include politicians, judges, academic and members of the commission is said to have received over 942 petitions since inception out of which about 400 are still being investigated,. Firstly ,in view of this study.

1.2            STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM

The problem of study is the effect of the media and instrument for eradicating corruption. A case  study of Nigeria television authority inform of Obasanjo anti-corruption crusade. Opinion of the researcher to see if there is any significant effect on media being a powerful instrument to Obsanjo’s  crusade against  corruption. Truly, the has been series of struggle to attain this objective’s

Similarly, the legal philosophers and various notions of the nature, meaning and scope of corruption. Today the struggle to bring to the public the notification of their freedom from corruption by the media had been  respected attempt done by the media for its is the obligation of he media to carry out government opinions, translate it and analyze it to layman’s understanding.

Today, it is a mater of a national and internal affairs or concern in that that the rule of law has no meaning as some government as some government in African countries are dictatorial in nature and operate above the law, thereby something or action that above he law of its laud is a problem and that is the statement of problem of corruption and Obsanjo crusade against instrument to enforce awareness and motivates actions which was achieve a last.

For instance late Abacha chose Bariabas Jabilla (Nick names Roger) as his killer squad leader who carryout a lot of assassination for him therefore instead of investing money on development be rather used the money to send segment Rogers to North Kores to learn self defense and assassination and as well was given asset to presidential jet and many carts of which was announced that Tell magazine describe his appearance as lefty bearded Rogers who always poses a deceptive look with his athletic physique and cherubic face who usually decked in a special black Arab captain when on a mission to kill, al enemy of evil like assassination of Kurdurat Abiloa late and other simply because of the interview grange to her by the British broadcasting separation where she exposed late Abacha she was killed because she vowed to fight Abachs’s corruption to the last. She was killed  her husband Abiloa late won a free and fair election which was announced on June 12.

Problem are imminent in very aspect of human edeavour. As scholars researcher student are know that the Nigeria nation as Bedeviled with so much corruption which has hitherto been a constraint to national development. A category of corruption in synomious with Militaries, politicians, some are caused by employer government agencies, the common men, leader of thought the youths, the aged ad these are the component that make up the federation. A sample of corruption which this work tends to address is crime, drug abuse, juvenile delinquency, cultism, bribery and disobediences.

Therefore, in a situation like this, as the powerful instrument for reradicating corruption is at work but suffers in that there is no freedom of media activates yet that does not stop the media from motivation and action, through some personnel lost their lives in the process a good example is late Giwa founder of Newswatch, who was assassinated.

1.3            OBJECTIVES FO THE STUDY

The researcher intends at the end of this work to provide a lading solution of the problem of corruption in Nigeria. It also intends to asses the Obasanjo anti-corruption crusade to tell the public how far it has gone in trying to eradicating corruption in the society it also tends to form a frame work or basis for further research as far as corruption in concerned in Nigeria.

1.4            SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

AN APPRAISAL OF PRESS FREEDOM IN NIGERIA UNDER CIVILIAN RULE (A CASE STUDY OF OLUSEGUN OBASANJO REGIME 1999 – 2004)

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ABSTRACT

This topic of research, “An Appraisal of Press Freedom Under Civilian Rule (A case study) is a top flight, thought provoking and interestingly challenging especially in our contemporary Nigeria which has embraced democracy and has been nurturing it for five years after almost thirty years if military dictatorship or domination of political power since independence in 1960.

Since military incursion in the country’s political calendar on 14^th January 1966 through a coup de-tat led by major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu and four of his colleagues, it has become a recycling decimal in the country’s political history. Throughout the successive military regimes, the press has had collusion with the rough edge of the law in the pursuit of their profession. Thus, journalism became a dreaded career fraught with dangers as they were subjected to arrest, incarceration, harassment, threat, physical violence and assassination.

Then there came a new dawn on 29^th May 1999 when the country turned to a democratic rule, journalism takes another dimension, there exists freedom of information though the freedom was not absolute. The reason was because of the decrees from the military era that found the way into this democratic dispensation. But there was room for media excellence and the press excels and are still excelling in fulfilling the social responsibility both to the government and the governed.

The aim of this research is to know whether the press has freedom in this present dispensation. However, freedom of the press is possible only when the rights of the press are protected. This can never be achieved in an autocratic set-up, except in a democratic environment as our appraisal of press freedom is such dispensation has shown.

This project was written in five (5) chapters in order of their priorities. Chapter one delves into the background of press freedom with an insight to the research question, hypothesis and significance among other. Chapter two handles the glace and review on the information bill. Chapter three takes care of the research methods, designs, population and data collection. Chapter four analyses the data collected from the questionnaires distributed and chapter five treats the summary and recommendations for improvement on making press freedom to be totally absolute.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

Chapter one

Introduction

• Background of study
• Statement of problem
• Objective of study
• Significance of study
• Research questions
• Research hypothesis
• Conceptual and operational definition of terms
• Assumptions
• Limitation of the study

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

• Sources of literature
• The review
• Summary of literature review

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

• Research Method
• Research Design
• Research Sample
• Measuring Instrument
• Data Collection
• Data Analysis
• Expected Results

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

• Data Analysis
• Result
• Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDY

• Summary
• Recommendation

Appendix

Questionnaire

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

For the press to play their basic roles, it must exercise fully its freedom. In other words, for the freedom of the press to be fully appreciated, we must understand the implication of t citizen having a fundamental right to free access to facts in all matters that directly or indirectly concern him and also the right to express and publish its opinion thereon.

In describing the operation of the press in their book entitled four theories of the press, Siebert, Peterson and Schramn (1985) said that “The Press is not an instrument of government but a device for presenting evidence and argument on the basis of which the people can check on government and make up their minds as to its policy. It is imperative that the press be free from control and influence so that truth can emerge.

On this premise, the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 14, 1946 declared, “freedom of information is a fundamental human right and is the corner stone of all freedom to which the United Nations is consecrated”.

1. According to the sub-committee of Common Wealth Press Union headed by Lord Shawcross, freedom of the press is “the freedom that is not a special privilege of Newspaper but derives from fundamental right of every person to have full and free access to the facts in all matters that affects him”. With regards to these fundamental rights, the press are expected to be free to gather news without obstruction or restriction to publish the news and to comment on it.
2. The Nigerian Constitution of 1989 Section 38 Sub-section 1 concedes that right to freedom of expression and the press by stating that “every person is entitled to freedom of expression including freedom to hold opinion and to receive and impart ideas and information without interference.

The administration and governance of Nigeria was predominantly military after independence in 1960 and a coup in 1966. The military ruled the country with successive coups until 1979 when there was a brief democracy, which lasted for four years before another army take-over in 1983. The military ruled until May 29^th 1999 when it handed over the mantle of leadership to a democratically elected government led by Chief Olusegun Obasanjo.

The media as the fourth arm of government was not spared from the military obnoxious policies. Their control, which was determined by decrees led to outright closure of media house, death of some media practitioners, intimidation and harassment etc.

3. The closure of Newspaper organizations like Newwatch in April 1987, the Guardian in May 1991, Tell Magazine in August 1993 etc.

THE ADVENT OF MODERN COMMUNICATION GADGETS: IMPLICATIONS FOR NIGERIAN JOURNALISM

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ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

form>DELIVERY PERIOD FOR BANK PAYMENT IS  LESS THAN 2 HOURS

How to transfer from your bank account to All  Nigeria banks without internet

1. Access Bank:
—-*901#

2. EcoBank:
—-*326#

3. Fidelity Bank:
—-*770#

4. FCMB:
—-*389*214#

5. First Bank
—-*894#

6. GTB:
—-*737#

7. Heritage Bank:
—-*322*030#

8. Keystone Bank:
—-*322*082#

9. Sky Bank:
—-*389*076*1#

10. Stanbic IBTC:
—-*909#

11. Sterling Bank:
—-*822#

12. UBA:
—-*389*033*1#

13. Unity Bank:
—-*322*215#

14. Zenith Bank:
—-*966#

15. Diamond Bank
—-*710*555#

To know your BVN, dial
—-*565*0#.

E.g for First bank…   *894 *Amount *Acct. No. #

Please dail d code from d number u used to register d account from the bank

CALL OKEKE CHIDI C ON :  08074466939,08063386834.

AFTER PAYMENT SEND YOUR PAYMENT DETAILS TO

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ABSTRACT

          The advent of modern communication gadget –implication for Nigerian Journalism.  The title of this study took a vivid look at the coming of communication gadget, more powerful than the ancient ones to take care of adequate communication outreach to the whole world.  It treats in succession the introduction of communication among the early men, the need for and the introduction of ancient communication gadgets, gradual innovations of the old and the invention of better communication gadgets and the proliferation of the gadgets into what is today know as the global village of communication.

Five chapters were used to achieve our win on this topic.

Chapter one: introduce the topic in forms of background to the study, significance of the study, objectives, definitions of terms and references.

Chapter two- deals with review of related literatures and comments.

Chapter three – in accomplishing this task, we adopted the historical methodology in our research using investigative approach.

Chapter four- analysis of the data collected in chapter three.

Chapter five- we made conclusions and recommendations based on the topic we have studied.

It is our belief that this research is an additional material or knowledge in this area of human endeavour.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER FOUR

PRELUDE TO INVENTION OF MODERN COMMUNICATION GADGETS

THE PRINT MEDIA –PENMAN TO PRINTER

TELEERAPH AND TELEPHONE

THE PHONOGRAPH MODERN TAPE RECORDERS

THE RADIO

TELEVISION

HUMAN COMMUNICATION GADGETS

INTERVIEWS

REFERENCES

 

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

          communication is so central to human existence and all human activities that it would be fool hardy for any group or nation to put it in the background in its economic, political, social and other activities infact, we are bold to say that communication is the most ustal factor in building an orgnised, unsted and progressive nation; the without it, there will be no national entity and no effective solution to national problems and national development.  All these can be confidently said because of the obvious fact that all human activities take place in cross-five of information flow and communication, whether in inter-personal, group, local, state national or international level.

Man was created to be gregarious and because of these qualities, they have always had to fall back on one another in interaction recognized as human communication.

This refers to the process of transmitting message, idea and attitudes and creating meanings between two and more people usually through the natural facilities of the human voices, sensory organ,s facial expressions, body manipulations and lately machine-assisted channels or devices.  Even now, the import and importance of communication in our modern and sophisticated society cannot be over emphasized.

The awarness for these necessifies introduced mass communication into the world.  It is a process by which a complex organization with the aid of one or more machine produce and transmit message directed at large, nitrogenous, diversified and scattered audience.  It is also the act of communicating to mass audience through the use of mass media such as books, newspapers, magarines, films, radio, television and computers to mention but fees, that the field of journalisma in Nigeria have used as a medium to get information across the audience.  Communication had been in existence all the while but it was never a kind of mass involvement because the world them lacked advanced equipments or gadgets that could carry these messages and information to many people at the same time (mass effect).  The great discaceroes and inmouations of communication gadgets from early 30’s to date has changed communication from primitive kind to modern (mass) kind.

Mass communication gadgets is as old as mass communication itself because the nation of getting people involved in communication in mass would have remained in the background if the gadgets were not modern minced or advanced technological.  Mass communication started with Johannes Gutenberg invention of the printing press.

This invention led to prolofication of the print materials such as books, newspapers and magazines, through these media more people were reached as it concerns communication.  The electronics media communication came on the scene with the invention of such gadgets as radio and television.

1.2            SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Due to the valuable and irretrievable use of the mass media and communication devices in all departments of life, one cannot over emphasis the significance of this study.  Being a kind of historical study, it would lead to the integrated narration or description of past ovents or facts concerning all technological devices fashioned to aid communication.

This study is a contribution to already existing work on the course (advent of modern communication gadgets, and its implications for Nigerian Journalism.  Every researcher who is likely to embark on any kind of research on this course would find this study very useful.  This study would also be useful to communication students – it would explain adequately the advent growth and modernization of communication gadgets.Generally the study can be assimilated by all lovers of history with scientific mind of discovery and understanding situations, cases and implications.  At the end of this study; the background growth and modifications of the modern communication gadgets would be carefully treated.

1.3            OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The past findings on this issue by various groups have given us greater misprisions and has called to challenge our curious minds.  We have therefore taken up the challenge to share in the glory contributing towards thronging more light on the advent of modern communication gadgets with the following objectives.

1. To gain a clear understanding and accurate accounts of the past as it concern communication gadgets.
2. To gain clearer perspective of the present as it concern communication gadgets.
3. To be able to give adequate companism between the abetment mean of communication (gadgets) and the modern ones.
4. The implication of modern communication gadgets for Nigerian journalism.

REFERENCES

1. Parker Edwin,

Implication of news technology mass communication in Nigeria, page 48-52 (1984). Macmillian.

1. Mrs. Chinyere Okunna,

Introduction to mass communication, ABIC Publisher (1994). Enugu

1. Ike Chukwu Nwosu

Mass communication and national development, frontier publishers limited. Aba. (1990)

1. Mass communication journal

May 1991. sunshine publishers job

1. Richard Morse

A wold word of communication

(1976) London Harper and Row Publishers

1. John Mulching

Communication gadgets in progress Stanford;

Standford university press (1971)

7.       Communication Channels journals

(1967) Longman London

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF “GATE KEEPING IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE MEDIA: A CASE STUDY OF COSMO FM AND RADIO NIGERIA ENUGU

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Branch Location: Enugu State,Nigeria.
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
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Swift Code: GTBINGLA 
Dollar conversion rate for Naira is 175 per dollar. 

ATM CARD:  YOU CAN ALSO MAKE PAYMENT USING YOUR ATM CARD OR ONLINE TRANSFER. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR BANKER SECURITY GUIDE ON HOW TO TRANSFER MONEY TO OTHER BANKS USING YOUR ATM CARD. ATM CARD OR ONLINE BANK TRANSFER IS FASTER FOR QUICK DELIVERY TO YOUR EMAIL . OUR MARKETER WILL RESPOND TO YOU ANY TIME OF THE DAY. WE SUPPORT CBN CASHLESS SOCIETY. 

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ABSTRACT

The study was to assess the gate keeping functions of the two media ownership in Nigeria (Government and Private media) and to highlight their points of differences.

In doing this, two media, the Radio Nigeria, Enugu and the Cosmo Fm Enugu were surveyed as a case study in which wide differences in their gate-keeping pattern were discovered.  These difference were supported by the four hypotheses which were formulated for the study and which states that there is a difference in the gate keeping pattern between the two, that privately owned media are more objective in news reporting and news presentation; that there are more stages of news control in the government owned media than in the privately owned media and that privately owned media exercise greater freedom in their gate keeping functions than the government owned media.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUNG OF THE STUDY GATE KEEPING          1 – 3

1.2  COMPARISON BETWEEN PRIVATE AND

GOVERNMENT OWNED MEDIA                                             4

1.3  THE RADIO NIGERIA AS A DEPENDENT

GOVT. OWNED MEDIA.                                                        4 – 6

1.4  THE COSMO FM ENUGU AS A PRIVATELY OWNED MEDIA.                                                                     6 – 8

1.5  STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM                              9

1.6   OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY                                                  9 – 10

1.7   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY                                            10

1.8   RESEARCH QUESTIONS                                                         10

1.9   RESEARCH HYPOLTHESIS                                             11 – 12

1.10       CONCEPTIONAL AND OPERATIONAL

DEFINITION OF GATE KEEPING CONCEPTUAL           12

1.11       ASSUMPTION                                                                        13

1.12       LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY                                   13 – 14

REFERENCE                                                                           15

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2.1    SOURCE OF LITERATURE                                                     16

2.2    THE REVIEW                                                                     16 – 36

2.3    SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW                                37

REFERENCE                                                                       38 – 39

CHAPTER THREE

3.1    RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                                           40

3.2    RESEARCH DESIGN                                                     40 – 41

3.3    RESEARCH SAMPLE                                                            41

3.4    MEASURING INSTRUMENT                                               42

3.5    DATA COLLECTION                                                             42

3.6    EXPECTED RESULTS                                                    42 – 43

REFERENCE                                                                            44

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANLYSIS AND RESULT

4.1    DATA ANALYSIS                                                            45 – 56

4.2    RESULT                                                                             57 – 58

4.3    DISCUSSION                                                                     59 – 60

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDTION

FOR FUTHER STUDY

5.1    SUMMARY                                                                     61 – 62

5.2    RECOMMENDATION FOR THE STUDY                    62 – 63

REFERENCE                                                                    64 – 66

BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                             67 – 69

QUESTIONNAIRE                                                            70 – 79

CHAPTER ONE

 INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY- GATE KEEPING

The term gate keeping was first used by an Austrian Psychologist Kurt Lewis who used it to refer to a person or group of persons who govern “the travel of news items in communication channel” the gatekeeper he defined as any person or formally organized group directly involved in relaying and transferring information from one person to another through a mass medium.

As journalism becomes a profession with an expanding scope instead of a sideline for the enterprising printer: the media began to engage more hands in their processing and governing of news travel. They also began to give the audience what they had selected in the midst of so many events which where considered news worthy based on the news selected criteria such as timeliness, human interest, prominence, consequence and proximity.

The gatekeeper was at every stage, determining what the audience saw and heard from these media. They had the power to focus attention on some events and ideas rather than other. This was the reason, white (1964) remarked that the editor “in his position as a gatekeeper sees to it that the community shall hear as a fact only those events which the newsman believe to be true” The mass media select and publicize numerous events such as birthday, speeches, trips, suicides, meetings, crimes etc to shape our image and perception of the world.

The typical gatekeeper’s cha in a modern electronic media house would comprise the reporter, the chief editor, and the controller of news, manager news and the production editor. However, the above arrangement applies to the Radio Nigeria (FRCN) Enugu, even though the positions might assume different names in other media organizations. The above-mentioned people will have to work with other gatekeepers such as the typist, proofreaders, etc to determine what is publishable as news.

The gatekeepers of news not only tries to identify but also keep the public informed by sieving the news from non-news and selecting majors events in the interest of his audience or as permitted by his own prejudice. The audience in the later uses makes their choice of what they expose themselves to through selective exposure. The need for gatekeepers to always have their audience in mind in their news selecting process was emphasized in the argument of Douglas C. Covert (1985 p 133-136) who stated “the visual compositions which please the makers may not be as acceptable to view as in commonly as assumed. This word entail that while journalists perform their function of the surveillance of the environment, socialization, educating of their audience and cultural transmission, journalists themselves would see their jobs as the echoing of every thing, rather than be at core for things.

1.2   A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GATEKEEPING IN

GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE OWNED MEDIA

Before doing a comparative analysis of the gate keeping procedure between the two forms of media ownerships, it is necessary to understand the criteria and philosophies of these media that guides our comparison. It is believed that this enable us understand why the government owned media. The RADIO NIGERIA Enugu, perform its  keeping function quite differently from a privately owned media the COSMO FM Enugu.

1.3    THE RADIO NIGERIA AS A DEPENDENT GOVERNMENT

OWNED MEDIA

From its inception, the electronic media industry had been established to cater for the pleasure of entertaining and informing the colonial masters. It distributed from Lagos through the rediffusion sets, educative, informative programmed from the British Broadcasting co-operation (BBC) London. Apart from performing the above-mentioned functions, it is also a vital tool in running the government activities and serve to protect the interest of the day government.

Progressively as the Nigeria Broadcasting service (NBC) took over the rediffusion services which was later to be transformed into regional radio station such as the Western Nigeria Broadcasting services (WNBS), Radio/Television Kaduna and Eastern Nigerian broadcasting. These stations remained government as their funding come directly from the government and this dependency mark the beginning of their control by the government.

‘The (RADIO NIGERIA) Enugu as a government owned media still works according to the role of protecting and serving as the mouthpiece of the government. This is because as the saying goes, “that he who pays the piper dictates the tune”, RADIO NIGERIA must always strike to the dictates the government in power if it must render its services. Since the concept of freedom of gate keeping has been mortgaged by the financial dependency of these media on government, it does not broadcast anti-government in its various mobilization campaigns in their news. At times,, it goes further to do special reports to highlight problem area for government view on                                                                                                         specific issues. When it tied to report serious matters retraining the government, it did so in such a way that they do not convey the same amount of urgency and seriousness as reported by the privately owned media in such cases. The news reported by the government media (RADIO NIGERIA) Enugu, lack completed accuracy, fairness and objectivity. It becomes mere propaganda agents for the savaging of the image of the government media as Radio Nigeria makes the                                                                                                 understanding of government activities different since what it puts forward as news was (is) no news.

1.4  THE COSMO FM ENUGU AS A PRIVATELY OWNED

MEDIA

Contrary to what seemed like a government monopoly of the broadcasting media overtime, the need for balance reportage and flexibility in programming brought the privately owned media into existence. In 1992, the federal military government under General Ibrahim Babagida regime passed a decree allowing private individual participation in the ownership of electronic media.

The aim being to fill the gap in government owned media reportage and also to generate profit reward for the financier’s enterprise, the privatization gave birth to establishment of private media house such as Minaj System Radio/Television, Cosmo FM, African Independent Television (AIT), Ray power 100.5pm etc mention but few.

Unlike the Radio Nigeria, which is owned and controlled by the government, Cosmo FM operation is independent of the government. The government does not determine the programs that are carried on this medium and because if this relative freedom, it is possible for it to comment critically and more objectivity on government matters that media owned by the government. This forms the base for the audience greater confidence in the privately owned media strive at in their gate keeping process which is public confidence as means to retain them.

Another area where the radio Nigeria Enugu differs in its gate keeping from the Cosmo is in the aspect of national crises reportage, Radio Nigeria tried to be less keen in reporting the October 22^nd 2005, Belleview plane clash and June 12, 1993 crisis but Cosmo and Minaj system television (MST) did better in carrying such news. At the radio Nigeria gate keeping begin with the head of state and the minister of information before we come down to their reporter, the chief editor, the controller of news, manager news, the production editor and the typist who work closely in the gatekeeper’s chain to determine what is aired as news.

On the other hand, as the Cosmo gate keeping starts with the financiers who may instruct his staff to check the coverage or non-coverage of certain programs. The objective of profit making seriously limits the change of all kind of news going on the screen since the organization has to achieve credibility among its audience foe commercial profit. While sanction on the privately media comes inform of revocation of licenses and closure of the private media hoses the government owned media comes in nature of supervisor or total sack of editors.

1.5     STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

There have been difference in opinion that the gate keeping process in the government owned media differs considerably from that of privately owned media. While some believe that the government owned media take greater interest in some major issues especially those affecting the government, others are of the opinion that privately owned media take greater interest and report more objectively on news events. These assertions are going to be resolved after proper analysis of research data to find out the truth of either of the two statements.

1.6  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. The purpose of this study is to find whether there is really a difference in the gate-keeping pattern of the government and privately owned media organization.
2. The study will also take a look at the two forms of media ownership (government and private) take up the responsibility of informing, and educating the masses. This will then help to direct the audience attention towards a better and reliable media.

THE ROLE OF THE MASS MEDIA IN PROPAGATING HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSE IN NIGERIAN

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Approval page

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the study
• Statement of problems
• Objectives of the study
• Significance of the study
• Research questions
• Research hypothesis
• Definition of terms

CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The political entity called Nigeria has continued since independence under one form of governance to the other. The military rulers have had to rule by decrees thus suspending the constitution that guarantees the citizenry their fundamental human rights.

It, therefore, makes it obvious that the basis for government, which is for the ultimate good of the people, is defeated when their rights are not guaranteed. And indeed authoritarian rule has not helped human right issues, as abuse had over time been recorded and even in the most bizarre manner.

This is where the mass media comes into focus, as though, the government and the governed are better informed about their various privileges and limitations as they are entrenched in the constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria, able it only under a democratically elected government.

The mass media serve as the cornstone of any progress in the society both economically and politically. And because they serve as an essential ingredients in the successful management of human right abuse all over the world. It is therefore expected that their role as societal watchdogs should not be abandoned for some mundane issue. For a society that its citizens cannot be guaranteed for the protection of their fundamental human rights cannot be said to be free in the real sense of the word.

The mass media have always been a chamel through which human rights abuse had been exposed to the public. But there are times that human rights abuses have been quite intractable for the mass media to manage either due to tribal or religious sentiments or out right ownership interference. In such cases, the citizens whose rights have been abused are unfortunately given the sthort end of the stick.

The mass media should be able to effectively manage the issue of human right abuses as they are unfolded in the society. Considering the fact that they most of the time set the agenda for public discourse, they should in the process be able to distinguish what should be known and what should not be known.

Except in that case they want to leave the role of agenda setting to the. Government, which is this case Means that the people are indolent and as Plato stressed (Odyseey press 1966:28) “they look up to the leaders of the state to say what goes”.

Despite the inability of the mass media to at times manage human right abuses in Nigeria, they have at other times pre- empted the activities of human right groups in the past, thus, leading to clampdown on members of the groups.