SCREENING SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST MOROCCAN WATERMELON MOSAIC VIRUS

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ABSTRACT

The antiviral activities of plant leaves extract of four species, were investigated. The extract were tested for antiviral activities on the host plant (Cocumba) against Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus. Results showed that two plants (Phyllanthus amerus and Mirabiles jalapa) presented inhibitory activities against the virus. While Ficus exaspirata and Citrus spp were unable to inhibit the virus.

Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus is still a major problem on the cucubite cultivation in Africa.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

Plant viruses are responsible for huge economic losses in many countries around the world.

A virus is an infection agent that typically consists of nuclei and molecule in a protein coat, it is too small to be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living cells of a host. (Holmes, 1939). Viruses can be spread by direct transfer of sap by contact of a wounded plant with a healthy one, such contact may occur during agricultural practices, as by damage caused by tools or hands, or naturally as by animal feeding on the plant.

Most of the viruses infecting plants rely on insects to move from one host to another, some remain associated with the mouth parts and can be inoculated within seconds or minutes.     (Martinus, 1898). This work those not cover insect transmission but basically mechanical inoculation.

1.2  Methods employed to control plant viruses

Plant viruses and virus diseases have been studied for more than 100 years and much attention has been given to their control. However, this has been difficult to achieve because of the lack of any effective means of curing virus-infected plants. Chemotherapy, thermotherapy and Meristem-tip culture can be successful but they cannot be used on a large scale. (Brook, 1964).

The main approach has been to prevent or delay virus infection or to minimize its effect. Various means have been used to achieve these objectives, including phyto-sanitation. (Involving quarantine measures, crop hygiene use of virus-free plant materials and eradication) changes in crop practices, use of pesticide for control of vectors, mild strain protection and the employment of resistant or tolerant varieties. (Sarkar, 1995).

Some viruses can be eliminated from infected plant by heat or meristem-tip therapy or by the use of chemicals     (Faccioli and Marami, 1998) these methods are used widely to develop virus-free plants of vegetatively-propagated crops for further propagation. It prevents plants from becoming infected, delay infection to such a life stage of crop impaired and decrease the effects of infection. (Mink et al, 1998).

1.2.1 Ricinus Sp (Castor oil plant)

has being classified as a member of the sponge family, Euphobiaceae. The seed from Ricinus sp plant contain in excess of 45% oil. The said oil is used widely for various purposes. It is used as a lubricant, in high speed engine and aeroplanes, in the manufacture of soap, transparent paper, printing ink, varnishings, linolilium and plasticizer. It is also used for medical and lighting purposes. It has antimicrobial activities against gram positive bacteria (Nuttall & Labuda, 2008

1.2.2 Mirabilis Jalapa.

(The four 0’clock plant) has being classified as a member of the Nyctaginaleae family the species mirabilis Jalapa is a commonly grown ornamental plant and is available in a range of colours. The flower of Mirabilis Jalapa is used for food colouring, and the leaves may be eaten cooked as food. It serves as emergency food. It is used for dye production for cakes and jellies. It is also used for cosmetics production. It has antiviral protein (MAP) which was demonstrated to possess abortificiant actively in pregnant mice, inhibitory effect on call-free protein synthesis and antiproliferative effect on tumor cells. (Wong et al, 2014).

1.2.3 Phyllanthus amerus:

is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family, it is commonly called the stone breaker, the plant extract from Phyllanthus according to (Nicole, 1998) has being used for killing bacteria, expels stones, support kidneys and treat malaria.

1.2.4 Adansonia Digitata:

Belongs to the family Malvaceae. This species is found in hot, dry savannahs’ of Sub-Saharan Africa. Common names, Baobab, monkey bread tree, dead-rat tree and cream of taster tree etc. The leaves are used either fresh as a cooked vegetable or dried and powered as an ingredient of soups and sauces. The shoots and roots of seedlings are eaten as well.

The roots are boiled and eaten in West Africa in times of famine. It is used as functional food for the well being of the rural communities, food for livestock, shelter for the living and the dead, the bark of a digitata has been imported in the past into Europe by the packing and paper industry and for medicinal use. Under the name cortex Cael Cedra. It was used as a substitute for quinine to reduce fever (Jardin, 1968).

1.2.5      Acalypha Indica: belong to the family Euphorbialeae. It is a common herb growing up to 75cm tall with ovate leaves. The leaves are cooked and eaten as vegetable. This plant is held to high esteem in traditional medicine, as it is believed to rejuvenate the body. It is useful bronchitis pneumonia, ashma and pulmonary tuberculosis. It also has significant antibacterial and antifungal activities, both against human and plant pathogen.  (Burkill, 1974).

1.3  Plant as reserviour Of Antiviral substance

Plants from Northern Nigeria with a history of use in both human and veterinary traditional medicine have been investigated for their antiviral activity and their hypotoxility determined. Most of the extracts have activity against more than one virus of a dose rate of between 100 and 400 microg/100 microl. (Mehesh, 2000).

Lawsonia  Inermis: Popularly known as Hemma or mehindi in the oriental world, is an evergreen medium sized shrub belonging to the family hythraccere. This plant harbors a well documented folklore history for treating convulsion, jaundice and malignant ulcers.

Phytochemical studies in henna plant have indicated the presence of several bioactive molecular like isophumpagin, hipeol, 30-norlupan -3-01-20-one betuhennan, betuhennamic acid and nstigmasterol in leaves and roots. Plant extract have been known to be depressing antimicrobial, antioxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory antipyretic, analgesis actions, (Keyvan, 2008).

1.4 Morocan water melon Mosaic virus : the moroceam water melon mosaic virus (MWMV), has been determined to be a distinct members of the polyvirus group.

(Cockerhem, 1970) the relationship of the morocean water melon mosaic virus and other polyviruses and the W strain  of papaya rignspoot virus, was examined by comparing tryptic peptide profiles using high performance liquid chromatography. The profolus indicated that the low protein sequence of MWMV differed substantially from those of the other poly-viruses. (McKern, 1993).

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ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF RENAL DIMENSIONS OF PREGNANT AND NON-PREGNANT WOMEN IN DELTA STATE

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ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION:  The gross structure of the kidney has been   known   to be   related to its function. Hence significance deviations would be expected to affect  the Sexcretions of metabolic waste and production of erythropetin, prostaglandins, and rSenin necessary for homeostasis. The aim of this research was to determine the normal kidney size and volumeof  pregnant and non- pregnant women in Delta State.

METHOD:

Ultrasonographic kidney measurement were performedon 142subjects (  pregnant  and non- pregnant women), without known  renal lesions, with the age ranging from  18- 57 years. Measurementsincludinglength, width, thickness, and estimation of the renal size was obtained by multiplying the first three variables, and renal volume was obtained by multiplying the first three variables and by dividing by two. The effect of age, body mass index(BMI)  to renal  variables, size and   volume was statistically analysed.

RESULTS   :

On the right, the mean renal(length, width, thickness, size, and volume), are 9.48  + 0.86cm,  6.42 + 0.72cm, 3.99 + 0.55cm, 245.42 + 61.55cm³ and 122.71 + 30.77cm ³ . On the left, the mean renal( length, width, thickness, size, and volume), are 9.72 + 0.87cm, 6.64 +0.97cm, 4.54 + 0.87cm, 299.26 + 90.43cm³, and 149.63 +45.21cm³, for non- pregnant women. For pregnant women , on the right  mean renal(length, width, thickness, size, and renal volume) are 9.75 + 0.99cm,  6.68 +0.63cm, 4.22 + 0.50cm,  279.49 +73.95cm³  and 139.97 +  36.94cm³. On the left,T he   mean renal( length, width, thickness, size, volume), are9.93 + 1.76cm, 6.63 +0.82cm, 4.82 +0.62cm, 324.52+ 109. 59cm³, and162.26 +54.79cm³.

Left renal length, width, thickness, size and volume) was greater than right (length, width, thickness, size and volume) for pregnant and non- pregnant women.

CONCLUSION:  The mean  renal size and volume for pregnant women were greater than non-pregnant women also there was a slight correlation to renal size and volume to age and body mass index (BMI).

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The gross structure of the kidney is known to be related to its functions. Hence, significant deviations could be expected to affect the excretion of metabolic wastes and production of erythropoietin, prostaglandins, and renin necessary for homeostasis of the internal milieu (Meyer and Bellucci, 2009). Kidney sizes and function can be affected by age (Meyer and Bellucci, 2009).

Also, the kidney sizes of patient are valuable diagnostic parameters in urological and nephrology practice. Most adult kidney sizes have been described by most authors as 11cm long, 6cm wide, 3cm thick, and weigh 150g (Moore et al, 2010). Further review of literature have showed that renal size varies with age, gender, body mass  index (BMI) and pregnancy. (Shcherbak et al, 2009).

Renal infections, DiabetesMiletus, hypertension, obesity, and other nephrology disorder are important condition affecting renal size (Wianaf et al, 2010). It had also been noted that Renal size and function reflect the health status of the kidneys( Baxet al, 2010),therefore, a change in renal dimensions is an important sign of renal disease (Wanget al, 2010), kidney sizes are significantly influenced by congenital anomalies, urinary tract disease, systemic disease, micro and macro vascular disease, and neoplasia (Weisenbechiet al, 2009).

Also during pregnancy, sonographic measurement of renal size, volume and length is important for the evaluation and follow-up of renal pathologies. Most Authors are of the opinion that during pregnancy, there is a change in the sodium and electrolyte regulation and hormonal effect of relaxin which is produced in the kidney during pregnancy (Khatiet al, 2009). The change in renal system is important for the outcome of an index pregnancy (Platt et al, 2008).

These changes in renal system are anatomical and physiological, which affect the renal blood flow, the kidney calyces, ureter, bladder and the urethra. Some of the physiological changes which are seen are increase in the renal plasma fluid and the glomerular filtration rate with the corresponding anatomical changes which are seen in the renal volume (Morrafiet al, 2008). Renal volume which is one of the parameters affected by pregnancy is important in assessing the health status of the kidney (Christensinet al, 2010), as it is believed to be an exact measurement of the renal size(Emamianet al, 2006).

Ultrasonography is one of the most important methods used in the estimation of kidney dimensions such as length, width or breadth, thickness and renal volume (Gauelaet al, 2009). Ultrasonography is simple, reliable, non-invasive and reproducible (Brandthet al, 2009). It is safe and has advantage over other radiological imaging modalities such as Conventional radiography and Computed axial tomography (Jerbulamet al, 2007).Because it does not utilize ionizing radiations which is harmful to the developing foetus and other radiosensitive organs in the body (Radermacheret al, 2008).

Ultrasonography offers excellent anatomical details, requiresno special preparations, is readily available, cheap, and does not expose patients to radiation or contrast agent. Renal ultrasound is used to determine the site or size of the kidney and to detect any focal lesion (Methond T, 2008). It also helps to evaluate pertinent anatomy and pathology especially during pregnancy (Widjajaet al, 2009).

Renal size can be determined by measuring the length, volume, and cortical   thickness of the kidneys (Kang et al, 2010). Renal size and volume measurement are used frequently as the basis for making clinical decisions.

Continue reading ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATIONOF RENAL DIMENSIONS OF PREGNANT AND NON-PREGNANT WOMEN IN DELTA STATE →

REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF A FAULTY DEEP FREEZER IN THE DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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ABSTRACT

Mechanical Engineering Department of the Institute of Management and Technology has many non – functional machines. This is caused as a result of poor maintenance culture, which in turn resulted to breakdown of the  Deep Freezer under review.

Quality and effectiveness of machine maintenance were observed. A minimized cost of  maintenance and high Technology of repair were also adopted.

In otherwords, during the repair and maintenance of the faulty Deep Freezer, appropriate tools, instruments, cost effectiveness and high quality materials were well considered and chosen for the job.

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

CHAPTER TWO

Components of a Deep Freezer

CHAPTER THREE

Maintenance, Tools and Instruments Used

CHAPTER FOUR

Uses, and Application of Deep Freezer

Sample Calculation of Coefficient of Performance (COP) and Refrigeration Effect

CHAPTER FIVE

Cost Analysis  and Conclusion

Material Cost

Labour Cost

Conclusion

References

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a substance or space in order to make it cool. It is defined also as a branch of science that deals with the process of reducing and maintaining the temperature of a space, substance or material below the temperature of the surrounding.

For a space, substance or material to be cooled, it has to loose heat to another substance. On the other hand, for a material or substance to get hot, it has to absorb heat from another substance or material. Therefore heat is the agent of refrigeration process. For heat to flow there must be medium or mode to heat transfer. It is also a known phenomenon that heat flows from high temperature regions to low temperature regions by conduction, convention or radiation. However, in freezer and domestic refrigeration’s generally conduction and convention are employed as modes of heat transfer.

Refrigerant is the cooling agent in refrigeration. It makes indirect contact with the substance to be cooled. It is circulated in refrigeration circuit and the attendant change of state from liquid to vapour brings about the necessary cooling that is required in the system, which also involves latent or sensible heats.

Generally, when a mass absorbs heat, the following physical change takes place.

1. The mass expands in physical dimension.
2. The temperature increases.
3. There may be change in phase (solid, liquid and vapour or gas) and vice versa.
4. The specific density decreases (as the mass remains constant while the volume increases).

Since the refrigerant evaporates and condenses it is necessary that the operation is cyclic. Over and over again the process is repeated in order to produce more cooling. A refrigeration cycle is said to be completed when the refrigerant has moved from a point round the components and back to the starting point.

Worth of consideration is the  effect of pressure. It is a linear and positive relationship with temperature, which is the basic property of transmission. An increase in pressure of a body induces internal stress on the body. Also pressure increase brings an increase in the heat capacity of a body. For instance, and increase in the atmospheric pressure of water increase its boiling point and vice versa. This explains the reason for refrigerant to be sealed and circulated under pressure. We can rightly say that pressure increase or decrease of a substance brings about increase or decrease of the temperature on the substance respectively.

Nevertheless, heat does not flow from a cool region to a hot one as in refrigeration without work being done against the natural principle. This gives rise to energy  that  is required which is artificially produced and at this we talk of Deep Freezer.

Deep freezer:        It is an electron – mechanical appliance, which maintains the temperature of substance, space or materials as required by the user i.e. it produces artificial cooling. It operates on the principle of Reversed Carnot Cycle. That is to say, I t absorbs heat from a low temperature and rejects it to a high temperature region. The compressor provides the conversion of energy  that is used in circulating the refrigerant round the circuit.

The crankshaft, which drives the piston though the connecting rod, is moved by the torque produced by electric motor. The pumping effect of the piston produces the high pressure on the refrigerant, which set it in motion. In the cause of circulation and attendant change of state, the refrigerant returns to the initial state and ready for another cycle.

In a deep freezer, the condenser performs function similar to that of the radiator in an automobile. It cools the hot refrigerant gas by giving out heat to the surrounding and changing to liquid. The liquid is delivered to the dryer, which traps moisture that can block the metering device. The liquid refrigerant passes though the metering device (capillar), which expands the liquid into the evaporator pipe, which is of larger cross sectional area. The pipe is laid on the inside of the Deep Freezer. A lot of insulation is done to