Category Archives: Medical Science Material Samples For Nigeria Students

Medical Science Material Samples For Nigeria Students

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATIONOF RENAL DIMENSIONS OF PREGNANT AND NON-PREGNANT WOMEN IN DELTA STATE

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATIONOF RENAL DIMENSIONS OF PREGNANT AND NON-PREGNANT WOMEN IN DELTA STATE

 

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ABSTRACT

  INTRODUCTION:  The gross structure of the kidney has been   known   to be   related to its function. Hence significance deviations would be expected to affect  the excretions of metabolic waste and production of erythropetin, prostaglandins , and renin necessary for homeostasis. The aim of this research was to determine the normal kidney size and volume  of pregnant and non- pregnant women in Delta State.

METHOD: Ultrasonographic   kidney measurement were performed   on 142   subjects(  pregnant  and non- pregnant women), without no[H1]  renal lesions, with the age range of 18- 57 years.[H2] Measurements  include[H3]  length, width, thickness, and estimation of the renal size was obtained by multiplying the first three variables, and renal volume was obtained by multiplying the first three variables and by dividing by two. The effect of age, body mass index(BMI)  to renal  variables, size and   volume was statistically analysed.

RESULTS   : On the right, the mean renal(length, width, thickness, size, and volume), are 9.48  + 0.86cm,  6.42 + 0.72cm, 3.99 + 0.55cm, 245.42 + 61.55cm3 and 122.71 + 30.77cm 3 . On the left, the mean renal( length, width, thickness, size, and volume), are 9.72 + 0.87cm, 6.64 +0.97cm, 4.54 + 0.87cm, 299.26 + 90.43cm3, and 149.63 +45.21cm3, for non- pregnant women. For pregnant women , on the right  mean renal(length, width, thickness, size, and renal volume) are 9.75 + 0.99cm,  6.68 +0.63cm, 4.22 + 0.50cm,  279.49 +73.95cm3  and 139.97 +  36.94cm3. On the left,  the  mean renal  ( length, width, thickness, size, volume), are9.93 + 1.76cm, 6.63 +0.82cm, 4.82 +0.62cm, 324.52+ 109. 59cm3,  and  162.26 +54.79cm3.

Left renal ( length, width, thickness, size and volume  )  was greater than right (length, width, thickness, size and volume) for pregnant and non- pregnant women.

CONCLUSION:  The  mean  renal size and volume  for pregnant women were greater than non-pregnant women, also there was a slight  correlation to renal size and volume to age and body mass index (BMI).

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The gross structure of the kidney is known to be related to its functions. Hence, significant deviations could be expected to affect the excretion of metabolic wastes and production of erythropoietin, prostaglandins, and renin necessary for homeostasis of the internal milieu (Meyer and Bellucci, 2009). Kidney sizes and function can be affected by age (Meyer and Bellucci, 2009). Also, the kidney sizes of patient are valuable diagnostic parameters in urological and nephrologic practice. Most adult kidney sizes have been described by most authors as 11cm long, 6cm wide, 3cm thick, and weigh 150g (Moore et al, 2010). Further review of literature have showed that renal size varies with age, gender, body mass  index (BMI) and pregnancy. (Shcherbak et al, 2009).

Renal infections, DiabetesMiletus[H4] , hypertension, obesity, and other nephrogic[H5]  disorder are import[H6]  condition affecting renal size (Wianaf et al, 2010). Renal size and function reflect the health status of the kidney.Therefore, a change in renal dimensions is an important sign of renal disease (Baxet al, 2010). Kidney sizes are significantly influenced by congenital anomalities, urinary tract disease, systemic disease, micro and macro vascular disease, and neoplasia (Weisenbechiet al, 2009).

Also during pregnancy, sonographic measurement of renal size, volume and length is important for the evaluation and follow-up of renal pathologies. Most Authors are of the opinion that during pregnancy, there is a change in the sodium and electrolyte regulation and hormonal effect of relaxin which is produced in the kidney during pregnancy (Khatiet al, 2009). The change in renal system is important for the outcome of an index pregnancy (Platt et al, 2008). These changes in renal system are anatomical and physiological, which affect the renal blood flow, the kidney calyces, ureter, bladder and the urethra. Some of the physiological changes which are seen are increase in the renal plasma fluid and the glomerular filtration rate with the corresponding anatomical changes which are seen in the renal volume (Morrafiet al, 2008). Renal volume which is one of the parameters affected by pregnancy is important in accessing the health status of the kidney (Christensinet al, 2010).

Ultrasonography is one of the most important methods used in the estimation of kidney dimensions such as length, width or breadth, thickness and renal volume (Gauelaet al, 2009). Ultrasonography is simple, reliable, non-invasive and reproducible (Brandthet al, 2009). It is safe and has advantage over other radiological imaging modalities such as Conventional radiography and Computed axial tomography (Jerbulamet al, 2007), because it does not utilize ionizing radiations which is harmful to the developing foetus and other radiosensitive organs in the body (Radermacheret al, 2008).

Ultrasonography offers excellent anatomical details, requiresno[H7]  special preparations, is readily available, cheap, and does not expose patients to radiation or contrast agent. Renal ultrasound is used to determine the site or size of the kidney and to detect any focal lesion (Methond T, 2008). It also helps to evaluate pertinent anatomy and pathology especially during pregnancy (Widjajaet al, 2009).

Renal size can be determined by measuring the length, volume, and cortical or thickness [H8] of the kidneys (Kang et al, 2010). Renal size and volume measurement are used frequently as the basis for making clinical decisions.

 

  1. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
  • This study will establish the effect of pregnancy on renal size.

Sonographic dimension

Medical Science Material Samples For Nigeria Students, MEDICINE SCIENCE PROJECT TOPICSS

GENETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN Monodora myristica(GAERTN.) DUNAL IN EASTERN NIGERIA

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GENETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN Monodora myristica(GAERTN.) DUNAL IN EASTERN NIGERIA

 

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ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447

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Account Name: 3059320631

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION                                                                                                     

1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Monodoramyristica (Gaertn.)Dunal.,also known as African nutmeg or calabash nutmeg, is a tropical tree of the family Annonaceae (Custard-apple family).  Its seeds are widely used as an inexpensive nutmeg substitute becauseof the similarity between the two in odour and taste. Nowadays, however, it is less common outside its region of production(Celtnet recipes, 2011)

 

The genus Monodora contains approximately 15 to 20 species includingMonodora borealis, Monodoraclaessensii andMonodoragrandiflora.Monodoramyristica is easily recognizable by its very long and pendulous pedicels, an undulate upper bract, a large globose fruit with a black and smooth but finely ribbed surface (Burkill, 1985).

 

The Calabash nutmeg tree is native to tropical West Africa, where it grows naturally in evergreen forests from Liberia to Nigeria and Cameroon. It is also native to Angola,Uganda and West Kenya (Weiss, 2002). Due to the slave trade in the 18th century, the tree was introduced to the Caribbean islands where it was established and became known as Jamaican nutmeg (Barwick 2004). In 1897, it was introduced to Bogor Botanical Garden, Indonesia, where the trees flowered on a regular basis but no fruit could yet be collected (Weiss, 2002).

 

 

1.2 GENETIC DIVERSITY IN PLANTS

Genetic diversity refers to any variation in the nucleotides, genes, chromosomes, or whole genomes of organisms. At its most elementary level, it is represented by differences in the sequences of nucleotides (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine) that form the DNA within the cells of the organism. Nucleotide variation is measured for discrete sections of the chromosomes, called genes. Thus, each gene comprises a hereditary section of DNA that occupies a specific place of the chromosome, and controls a particular characteristic of an organism (Harrison et al, 2004).

 

Diversity enhances the chances of populations’ adaptation to changing environments. With more variation, it is more likely that some individuals in a population will possess variations of alleles that are suited for the environment. Such individuals are more likely to survive to produce offspring bearing that allele. The population can thus continue for more generations because of the success of these individuals (NBII, 2011).

 

Most organisms are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, and therefore two copies (called alleles) of each gene. However, some organisms can be haploid, triploid, tetraploid or more (having one, three, four or more sets of chromosomes respectively) (Harrison, et al, 2004). Within any single organism, there may be variation between the two (or more) alleles for each gene.

 

This variation or polymorphism is introduced either through mutation of one of the alleles, or as a result of reproduction processes,especially if there has been migration or hybridization of organisms, so that the parents may come from different populations and gene pools. Harmless mutations and sexual recombination may allow the evolution of new characteristics which increases diversity(Andayani,et al.,2001).

 

Each allele codes for the production of amino acids that string together to form proteins. Thus differences in the nucleotide sequences of alleles result in the production of slightly different strings of amino acids or variant forms of the proteins.These proteins code for the development of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the organism, which are also responsible for determining aspects of the behavior of the organism (Harrison, et al, 2004).

 

Plant diversity is part of the biological diversity and contributes towards achieving food security, poverty alleviation, environmental protection and sustainable development(Frankel 1984).

 

It is being eroded rapidly in important spice plants and other crops mainly because of replacement of traditional landraces by modern, high yielding cultivars, natural catastrophes (droughts, floods, fire hazards, etc.), as well as large scale destruction and modification of natural habitats harboring wild species(Frankel 1984, Bramel-cox and Chritnick, 1998).M. myristica population is threatened by urbanization which damages its natural habitat, and leads to the cutting of most of the trees without replanting.

 

Additionally, the plant is listed under Kew’s difficult seeds due to its inability to easily grow outside its natural habitat(Burkill, 1985). Genetic variation in traditional landraces and wild species is essential to combat pests and diseases and to produce cultivars better adapted to constantly changing environments(FAO, 1994).

 

Molecular tools such as have been found to be more useful and accurate in the study of inter-species and intra-species genetic diversity in several plants. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers have been successfully employed for determination of intraspecies genetic diversity in several plants. These include Phaseolus vulgaris (Razviet al., 2013),Ocimumspp (Sairkaret al., 2012), Chrysanthemum (Martin et al., 2002), Annonacrassiflora( Cotaet al.,2011), Prosopis ( Goswami and Ranade, 1999), date palm (Corniquel and Mercier, 1994), papaya (Stiles et al., 1993), poplars (Bradshaw, et al., 1994) and amaranths (Ranade, et al. 1997). No such attempt has so far been reported for Monodoramyristica

 

1.3 RATIONALE

M. myristica is largely harvested from the wild and greatly affected by wild fires, urbanization, reckless and uncontrolled felling of trees for timber and firewood without replanting. There is need, therefore, to initiate breeding programs for this orphan crop by first documenting available genetic and phenotypic variations in this crop. The present report was done with this in mind, and should provide the much needed baseline for further studies.

 

 

1.4 OBJECTIVES

The general aim of the project was to characterize accessions of African nutmeg inSouth eastern Nigeria and estimate the range and distribution of genetic diversity.

The major objectives of this work were:

v  To determine the level of genetic diversity among 21 accessions of Monodoramyristica using RAPD technique

v  To compare morphological and yield related traits among the accessions using analysis of variance tests

v  To confirm the efficiency of RAPD technique in genetic diversity studies of this important plant.

v  To identify traits contributing significantly to variation in this species.

 

 

 

 

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