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The impact of budget implementation in an organization

The impact of budget implementation in an organization

(a case study of ministry of works and housing awka)

 

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Table of Content

Chapter one

  • Introduction 1

1.1    historical background of the

Case study                                                           2

1.2    statement of the problem                    5

1.3    purpose of the study                           6

1.4    significance of the study                     7

1.5    research question/hypothesis            8

1.6    scope of the study                                        9

1.7    definitions of terms/acronyms            9

 

chapter two

  • Literature review 10

2.1    concept and definition of budget                  10

2.2    origin of budget                                            13

2.3    principles of budget                                     14

2.4    techniques and tools for budget          16

2.5    the budget cycle                                           22

2.6    government revenue and expenditure  26

2.7    summary of literature review              29

 

chapter three

  • Methodology
    • Brief outline of the study 31
    • Design of the study          31
    • Area of the study 32
    • The population of the study          32
    • Sample and sampling techniques          33
    • Instrument for data collection          34
    • Validation of the instrument          35
    • Distribution and retrieval of the instrument                                   37
    • Method of data analysis          39

 

Chapter four

4.0    data presentation and analysis           40

4.1    findings                                                        52

 

Chapter five

5.0    summary of the findings                              54

5.1    recommendations                                        56

5.2    conclusion                                                            57

5.3    limitation of the study                                 58

5.4    suggestion for further study               59

references                                                             60

appendix a                                                            63

questionnaire                                               64


Abstract

It is a known fact that budgeting plays invaluable role in our public institutions. However, institutions, which has thwarted in their organizational achievements, have hardly used this administrative tool in this study, the researcher used both primary and secondary data sources. The primary data source includes the use of questionnaire, observation and interview. The secondary sources of data collection (literature review) enables the researcher read as much materials that have been written on the subject matters it also enables the researcher draw up the research questions etc. Findings were made which includes that the ministry of works and housing awka carries out routine yearly budgeting exercise, which were not fully implemented. Also knotted is that frequent change of administrators affect budget adversely. Based on these findings, recommendation were accordingly made that budgeting should not be merly yearly exercise, that administrators should not be changed too often, that public influence should be encouraged and that implementation of budget must be based thoroughly on its principles so as to enable organizational desired changes and goals.

Chapter one

Introduction

budget, on indispensable tool of administration, the financial strength of an organization and the scale of organizational objectivity and transparently has generally been treated as just merely yearly ritual. Due to this ill application of this administrative tool, the research work in made to embark on this research work in ascertaining it’s impact, effect and evaluation.

the issue of budgeting has a lot of impact on the aspect of economy, finance, legal and socio-political documentaries. To every day man, this administrative tool plays an invaluable role to its activities and plans as well as its well keeping thus conventionally arousing disturbing questions on the effects and impacts of the said budget. All these motivate the research to study the evaluation and impact of budget implementation in an organization using ministry of works and housing as a cast study.

 

1.1  historical background of the case study

it must be knotted that most organizations or management institutions as well as the government mostly blame their setbacks and mal-administration to ill implementation of budget and yet many see budget as just an avenue of securing fund from the approving authority. This contrapuntal believe calls for truism in unraveling the nature, importance and effect of budgeting as an administrative instrument using the anambra state ministry of works and housing as a yard stick for measuring it’s enigma.

the ministry was established in 1918 and was named public work department (pwd). The aims were to carry out issues relating to work, housing and transport divisions.

in 1950, the name was changed to ministry of works. In subsequent years preceding 1950, the ministry of housing and transport was created and joined to the existing ministry. Before the creation of new state in 1991, the place was known as area office and have many department offices. Each department has one head that renders account on behalf of the department performance. After the creation of states in 1991 which anambra was inclusive, the name was changed from area office to headquarter, the headquarter was made up of area office or head camp. Each local government rendered account on the works housing and transport to the ministry through various head camp that works directly with the ministry. Former governors separated the ministry into housing, transport, environment, surveyors, highways and mechanical departments. Under chris ngige’s regime, he joined these separated department s under one umbrella known as ministry of works and housing which under it’s contest we are doing this our research work.

 

1.2  statement of the problems         

budget has now been reduced to mere yearly ritual with much noise made concerning it’s presentations and authorizations while nothing is done an it’s implementation which is the ultimate resolution.

sub sit to this statement is the controversy witnessed in the 2010 appropriation bill (now 2010 budget). Much heat was raised on where the bill should be presented and what protocols to be observed. This unnecessary supremacy and power tussle amongs the senate and the house of representative shows that they view budget as just yearly ritual with which they incure fund and enrich themselves thus forgetting that it’s implementation has it’s administrative proficiency and management.

it is now against this backdrop that this study will readly look at the role of budgeting in organizations, public institutions in particulars and the public at-large. It also tries to foster solutions to the problems.

 

1.3  purpose of the study

This research work has been designed to look into the role and impact of budgeting and it’s evaluation in management of public institutions in nigeria and the anambra state ministry of works and housing as a case study. Other objectives thus includes: it seeks to determine whether the ministry carries out budget in the organization. Again the research tries to look at budgeting as an administrative tool for analyzing the performance of public institutions. Further more, it intendeds to ascertain how budgeting aids public administrators in achieving their goals on organizations.

 

1.4  significance of the study

A popular saying states that “a problem known is half solved”. In line with this statement, this research work tries to identify those factors that causes budget negligence and tries to proffer administrative solutions. This will greatly help public institutions rectify it’s short comings, reach it’s desired goals and maximize it’s productivity and proficiency. Again, it tries to extemporate the invaluable nature of budgeting and it’s impact both on meritious and consequential courses when judiciously or ill implemented respectively.

 

1.5  research questions/ hypothesis

the following research questions have been drawn as a guide to the study.

Does the ministry of works and housing awka prepare budget for use by the ministry?

Does frequent change of administrators in the ministry affect the budgeting process?

Does budget on it’s impact as an administrative tool capable of transforming anambra as a state?

Does the ministry implement her budget in-order to meet peoples aspiration?

1.6  scope of the study

By scope we mean an area of coverage and this research work covers the ministry of works and housing awka, members of all staff of all cadre. In the same way, all units or sections of the ministry participated in the study. Descriptive analysis was in the study.

 

1.7  definitions of terms/acronyms

P.p.b.s: planning programme budgeting system is a budgeting technique or system where main goals are on control, management and planning (igwe, 2006) z.b.b. zero based budget which is a technique of evaluating from time to time the continual reference of on-going programmes.

public expenditure: it is the action on the practice of laying out public money presumably in pursuit of public goals.

 

 

 

Continue reading The impact of budget implementation in an organization

THE IMPORTANCE OF ETHIC AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES TO BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

THE IMPORTANCE OF ETHIC AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES TO BUSINESS ORGANIZATION

(A CASE STUDY OF UNION BANK PLC.)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE  
1.0 Introduction
1.1 General background to the subject matter
1.2 Problems associated with the subject matter
1.3 Problems that search will be concerned with
1.4 The importance of studying the area
1.5 Definition of importance terms
1.6 (Chapter) reference (using APA method}
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Lecture review
2.1 The origin of the subject area.
2.2 School of thought within the subject area
2.3 The school of thought relevance to the problem of the search.
2.4 Different method of studying the problem
2.5 Summary (2.6) references
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Conclusion
3.1 Data presentation (highlights of the study)
3.2 Analysis of the data
3.3 Recommendation
3.4 Conclusion
3.5 References

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF STUDENT HOSTEL ACCOMMODATION PROBLEM IN THE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (I.M.T.) ENUGU.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF STUDENT HOSTEL ACCOMMODATION PROBLEM IN THE INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (I.M.T.) ENUGU.

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ABSTRACT

Problems and prospects of student hostile Accommodation problem in the Institute of management and technology (IMT) Enugu, is the topic of this write-up.  the aim of choosing this topic is to bring to notice the problems students face in IMT Hostel.  These problems give bad name to the school, as a result of this, parents and guardians to longer send there children to the school.  These problems also affects the academic progress of the student thereby leading to the school producing half  baked graduates.  The government should see to it that this problem is eradicated for a better tomorrow.

This write up divided into three chapter the first chapter introduced the general background of the students matter, problems importance and definition of the terms.

Chapter two discussed on the literature review which includes the school of through and different methods of studying the problems.

Finally, chapter three is the conclusion where data presentation and analysis . Recommendations and references were made.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUBJECT MATTER

PROBLEMS OF STUDY

PURPOSE SIGNIFICATION OF STUDY

DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

SCHOOL OF THOUGHT WITHIN THE SUBJECT AREA

THE SCHOOL OF THOUGH RELEVANT TO THE PROBLEM OF STUDY

ACCOMMODATION  PROBLEM

SUMMARY

REFERENCE

CHAPTER THREE

CONCLUSION

DATA PRESENTATION

ANALYSIS OF DATA

RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE
 
INTRODUCTION.

Before the establishment of the institute of management and Technology (I.M.T) Enugu. There existed a collage  of Technology in 1967. Also in existence at then were the institutes of Administration  and co- operative college , unfortunately none of the institute was able to meet up to the standard of an average ,higher institution of learning  of course, most  of their course were limited to civil servants not that they can not awarded certificate beyond ordinary National Diploma (O.N.D)

 

On April 1972, merged the formal college of Technology with the above named institute of Administration . Nevertheless the two sister school could  not meet up with the state administration set up a provision council to determine and recommend to the government the appropriate structure of an autonomous institution that would produce high quality technology is and technicians as professional and managerial manpower in certain subject areas that would rhyme with the state and national needs Edict No 10, 1973 titled the institute of management and technology Edict was promulgated  The Edict become operation from 1st July and thus gave same to what is  known as the institute of management and technology (I.M.T) Enugu.

 

Presently the school has over populated number of students. Unfortunately the school authority in the past years did not foresee . The unprecedented swelling up to the infrastructure facility meant only for few students

The student whose parents or guardians are residing outside Enugu state are exposed and forced to live in a how academic environment due to  the situation of student hostel accommodation problem  in in situation of management and Technology (I.M.T) Enugu

 

 

1.1     GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE SUBJECT MATTER

The problem of inadequate accommodation has also incubated a lot of problems , which adversely affect the student physically , socially an d psychologically. In past  years student poor hostel accommodation which lead to current improvement existing in  both campus ii and iii By large accommodation , irrespective of its nature or shape must ensure reasonable comfort and relaxation.

This problem has ensure that is must  not be incapable of providing adequate rooms to accommodation and certain basic recreational facilities such as electricity , pipe bore water toilets, library centers to mention but a few unfortunately , most . if not all the higher institution of learning in Nigeria is devoid of some of these basic facilities and infrastructure.

Thus in turn constitutes and impediments to the                          realization of academic objective to our undergraduates in polytechnics and universities of which institute of management and Technology is one such adversely affected institution.

In recent times eminent personalities and scholar have also bear attributed this molars as to painlessness and inability to evaluate, the researcher. At this juncture, the reserve would want to know whatever way and to what extent I.M.T has been able to cope with or remedy such a problem.

 

1.2     PROBLEM OF STUDY

Man is an organism with great adaptive capacity.  He is able to live however only under special environment condition which determine his quality of life. His shelter requirement arose because of certain basic social and biological needs and non-provision of those could be a burden discomfort and frustration. Some parents or guardians no longer send their children or waid to II.M.T because of inadequate accommodation for this cause , an approval has been given to  use by the management  to go for investigation  in to the hostel accommodation problem  in

The role of association in community development

The role of association in community development

(a case study of agulu in anaocha local government area)

 

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Chapter one

  • Introduction

1.1 statement of the problem

1.2 purpose of study

1.3 significant of the study

1.4 scope of the study

1.5 research questions

1.6 definition of terms

 

Chapter two

  • Literature review
    • Summary of literature review

 

Chapter three

3.0 methodology

3.1 brief outline of the study

3.2 design of the study

3.3 area of the study

3.4 population of the study

3.5 sample of the study

3.6 instrument for data collection.

3.7 validation of the instrument

3.8 distribution and retrieval of the instrument 3.9 method of data analysis

 

Chapter four

4.0 data presentation and analysis

4.1 findings

 

Chapter five

5.0 summary of findings

5.1 recommendation

5.2 conclusion

5.3 limitation of the study

5.4 suggestion for further study

5.5 references

5.6 appendix

5.7 questionnaires

                           

 

                                              abstract

Community based association and community development has its own peculiar problems normally associated with it. Much of the performance of these community based association in community development of their areas cannot over emphases. So, this study is aimed at ascertaining the extent of which community based association could be energized for community development with particular reference to agulu in anaocha local government area in anambra state.the major thrust of the study is to appraise the performance or activities of community based association with reference to the contribution they have made to community development and also how activities effect the live of the people in terms of community development area.that is why we have given this sub-heading “the role of association in the community development” a case study of agulu in  anaocha local government area in anambra state. There is a general belief that rural development should be left to the government alone but this project tends to highlight the degree of contribution community associations can make in the development of local community especially anaocha. The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of community association at its community development programme with particular reference to  agulu in anaocha local government area in anambra state.in a bid to achieve the above objective, this research work be instructured into five chapters . Chapter one of this project is primary concerned with the introducing part of this, under this chapter, we will also look at the statement of problems. Since colonial era, attempt has been to develop the areas. Why people should make efforts is developing their community we also look at other basic problems in project writing like significance of the study purpose of the, scope of study and concept definitions.chapter two of this work will look at literature review. Under this heading, we will look at different theories of this development as propounded by authors and scholars and their relevance to rural development in nigeria. Chapter three deals with the review of the research design and methodology. In those chapter, various sources of data, questionnaires design of determined and method of investigation discussed.chapter four of this work will look critically at the impact of community association in agulu in  anaocha local government area in anmbra state. Also in this chapter, we will look at our data presentation and analysis. Finally we will have a closer look at our data analysis and test of hypothesis. Chapter five will be the concluding part of this summary of our findings. The recommendation will tend to sake conclusion. And finally that references.

 


                                    chapter one

                                  introduction

1.1        background of the study

Throughout  history,  human  societies  have  continually  strove to  develop in  one way  or the  other, although at different place   and  measure   the development is a  universal   phenomenon   commonly  linked with  human  beings.

Everywhere,  man   is faced with  the  task   of  rising  above his  material   limitations  through  providing   for his  needs   and improving  the  quality  of  his  material well  being and   efficiency   of tools.

in this study, the  concept  of  development  is  taken to the  sequence  of  changes that is aimed  as  improving   the  socio-economic, political and cultural  life of a   people.

 

in  this content of  this work, community   development may  be  defined  as operationally as the conscious  self  help  without  the  assistance  from  the  government  for  the  provisions  of certain  basic  socio-economic infrastructure  that basic necessary   or  required  in the  raising   of the  standard   of living   of the   people  while  discouraging  rural,  urban  drift.

 

in Nigeria, communities  in different  parts of the  country  have  over  years engaged  themselves  in several  development  activities  in  an attempt   to provide some  basic infrastructure  that  would   make   life  more   meaning  to the  members   of their  communities. They no longer wait   or depend   solely   on  their local, state   or  federal  for provision  of the development  community  has become popular, in  recent  times  communities  has become   increasing   more, and the  inability  of the   various government   to provide   for them, all  their  needs.  This trends of the  development further  call  on  various local   institutions  in the  private  sector, in  other   words  non-government  organization  (ngo)  to  supplement   government  efforts  in  development   of their  localities.

 

the  complementary role   played by there community based association (cba) such  as  community   friends, age grade unions,  woman  associates , member  of  city  club in the  agulu e.t.c  have  created  some  positive  impact  on  provision  financial  assistance  skills and  provisions specific services.

our major  concern  here  is  the communities  based associates   with  participation   reference  to agulu in  anaocha local government area  in anambra state.

 

it is  also  patient  to  mention  that he  role   gab in condition of living  existing between  the  rural and  urban area  has posed  as services  challenge   to   success  government  n  nigeria. The  methods  adopted  to bridge   the   gap  have  even   proven  more   pragmatic  as  there   has never been  a   conscious on  the best  approach  to  use   in  developing.

this study   is an  attempt   to took at a  typical  rural area in  anambra  state (anaocha   local  government   area) and to   see how it has   been   trying  to surmount  its development problems.

 

 

1.2 statement  of the problem 

From the colonial  era  to the present  attempt  have been made  to  develop  the  rural   areas  with  titles   or no  results. This  the  concept   how has been  written  and   discussed  in  recent  years. Majority   of rural  area   live  in sub-standard  houses  poor environmental   and unplanned   rural  communities.  But   the  most  strictly   features   is infrastructure such as  hospitals, schools pipe-born   water electricity, industries, good roads   and recreational  facilities  are  generally   lacking  in   most   nigeria  rural  areas. Further more, the  problems  of unemployment,  the  wide  different  income between  intellectual  and manual  labour of which is certain cases have reinforced each other cases have reinforced each  other to result  in  massive  rural  urban  migration especially  among  young  productive  age grade  group.

 

in Nigeria at various levels, government  have recognized  the problems  suffered  by rural residents  has  not only  been a top  of discussion  among  lanners, academicians pollution   and the press, but   also has  been  a subject  of significant  attestation.

since  government alone cannot provide    for all the   needs   of rural  communities, it has  intensified   its dall on  the  rural communities  non- government  organizations   and  individuals to engage  in self- help  project as a way of   complementing government  efforts. Most  government  f  federal , state and   local levels in this  respect  have provided   marching  grant  to assist communities  and  completed  self help   projects.

to a large  extent, this  new orientation is rapidly  yielding  some good results as most  rural  communities  in  recent times embark  on various  viable  projects that  accord hem a face new lease  of life. Today  a good   number  of communities  in agulu  anaocha   local  government  area  in  anambra state  have in  recent  times  especially  from  the 1970’s  became development  conscious  as various  organizations  begin to  emerge   and  successful  embarked  on several  development  projects  in the area. Indeed  community   based on  associations   constitute  a potential force in  the development  other their  communities.

 

 

1.3 purpose of the study                     

the purpose of his  study   is to ascertain the impact of community base association (cba) in the development of communities, particularly agulu,  anaocha local government area in anambra state.

this work aims therefore, to example the contributions of community based association (cba) in the developmental process of rural communities in agulu, it is also aimed at enlightening the public on the need or  importance and role (cba) in buying a face lift to  the standard of living of rural communities development programmes by the association and the implementation of such programme vis-a vis their effects on the development and welfare of the inhabitant of the agulu people.

 

 

1.4  significance of the study

the study is intended to asses the role of community based association in rural development. The importance of this study lies in the hope that  its findings would help to correct the enormous impression that rural people are opposed to change the result which would also serve as panacea in bringing about a change in policy formulation and implementation which fails to incorporate the local people.. It is hoped that the solutions, if properly adopte4d would lead to the speedily development of the rural areas and make nigeria neglect majority to have a taste of good living.

1.5 scope of the study

Scope of study covers the general evolution of the activities of community development actors in the areas of rural development in nigerian local government and agulu in anaocha local government in particular. The analysis will cover the impact of community based association and community development committee (cdc) as agents and ling between the various communities and government in rural development.

the work focused on the former and its community development programmes such as roads, schools, health facilities, water projects, electricity supplies.

in the main research, it took at project aforementioned and the role of community development in agulu forms essentially the basis of basis of this study. However, the role of the communities concerned is also of paramount importance in the study because realize are considered in the approach which depend largely on the community themselves.

 

 

1.6 research questions

It is purpose of this research work address and provide answers to the following question

  1. What are the contributions of good/bad people in community based association?
  2. What are the role of community base association in community development to make life more meaningful to members of their communities.
  3. What are the contributions of community based association

 

 

1.7 definition of terms

  1. Development;

The term development means different things to different people depending of the ideological beliefs on the issue in question and the period.

perhaps billy dudley seems to pose the basic question about the meaning of the development, when the said “ to ask about unemployment” what has been happening to inequality.

having seen the confusion inherent in attempt that we adopt a single definition as our working definition in this study. Nwogu observes that development therefore is the ability of a man to extract the natural and human resources for the betterment of the entire society.

the definition here, according to him, development is a multi dimensional process involving changes in structures. Attitudes and institutions as well as the in quality and eradication of true development. True development must means the development of a man unfolding and realization of his creative organized and discipline which is the moving force behind the socio-economic transformation of society.

Ii. Rural area

Available literature on rural areas revisal that populations is the main characteristic that differentiate rural from urban area especially in the develop countries. Base upon this single characteristic (which is inadequately) nigeria classifies any area with a population of 20,000 people and below as rural areas. Using the 1963 census figure of 55.5 million of people, over 44 million is 80% population in nigeria are rural dweller.

population is not only character feature of rural areas in nigeria, is includes also indicators such as depreciation, degradation and deprivation.

 

Iii. Rural development

in terms of conceptualization more often than not, we often go back to the united nations definition of development because it contains some useful element that are relevant to the third world countries. Community development is thus defined by the u.n.

the process by which the effort of people are with those of government authorities to improve the economic, social and cultural conditions of the community to integrate these communities into the life of the nation and enable them contribute fully to national progress.

it was also defined at the cambridge summer conference of africa administration held in 1984.

a movement designed to promote better living for the whole community with the active participation and if possible on the initiative is not forth coming spontaneously by the use techniques for arousing and stimulating it in order to secure its actions interest responses to the movement.

the distinguishing factor in community development is that, it signs a move by the people themselves in effort to improve their level of living through self help projects.

 

Iv. Community development association (cda)

C.d.a according to steve tamuno constitutes democracy and development. In other words, they are the vehicles through which the issues and aspirations of the people or issues affecting their lives are articulated, harnessed and executed.

  1. Non governement organization (ngo)

non governmental organization is organization that is not by government, understand the community where exist the government agencies. They usually constitute the catalyst for the self-help in rural communities as they make effective use of traditional customs value and authority structure.

Vi. Community based association (cba)

this is the third man group within the non-governmental sector, which operates in various forms and otherwise known as people association, grass-root association, self-help or membership support association etc. Community based association refers to a broad or self help process and institutions with different structure and varying capacities and characterized by voluntary participation mutual benefits and accountable leadership.

Vii. Community development committee (cdc)

this is a group of elected official of a community for the purpose of co-ordinating the self help development of that community.

membership will include representatives of improvement union, development association, age group, woman and youth organization traditional rulers and community heads.

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DESULPHURISATION KEROSENE

DESULPHURISATION KEROSENE

 

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ABSTRACT

 

This report aimed at determining the presence and removal of mercaptan sulphur in kerosene using colour indicator method.  It is known that impurities such as free sulphur, sulphur dioxide, marketers, finding materials etc. are found in petroleum products. Consequently, absorbents like molecular sieve, calcium oxide and even activated carbon could be used to trap these impurities, thereby making the  product impurity free.

 

The afficac of  the absorption  using  calcium (Cao)  Ercammerer flask   was determined  by titration. Excess Silver Nitrate is added to the sample ie effluent silves mercaptdes with his mercaptan sulphur compound present.  The excess silver Nitrate is determined by titration with ammonium thiocrante using ferric ammonium sulphate indicator.  Illustration graphically shows that the percentage of sulphur in the sample reduces with increase in time.  Furthermore, it was noted that slight increase in quantity of kerosene fields better result.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

 

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

 

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

 

CHAPTER THREE

Experimental procedure

 

CHAPTER FOUR

Experimental result

Data analysis

 

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion

Conclusion

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

Kerosene is a petroleum distillate having a flash point of 380c and density of 0.82ca and mainly used as an.  Illuminant when burned and a wick as well as in cooking stove and as solvent in process industries. The sulphur content of illuminating oil varies greatly with the type of oil and the lese to which it is to be put into.  In general, sulphur or content is important only when oil is to be burned under conditions where the sulphur dioxide that may evolve in the course of combustion must be limited or reduced.  This could be found lamps and heating equipments.  At maximum, the sulphur content specification for kerosene is 0.13%

Light odourless paraffin’s can be the primary product used specially as non- aromatic solvents.  This apparently is extensively used in paint and gerosol industries.  Consequently light odourless kerosene is also used in aviation turbines and jet fuel for air crafts.  Jet fuel is simple kerosene which has been subjected to appropriate treatment to remove the impurities.  Such impurities include mercaptans sulphur, hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gum etc.  this impurities can be detected in the petroleum products using standard test methods which are extensive elaborated in this work and however removal of these impurities using chemical method.  Some of the test methods include, colour  indicate method, potentiomentric  method mostly applied in kerosene aviation turbine and distillate fuels etc.

 

Among others in removal of these impurities mostly mercaptan sulphur in kerosene the following regents in colour indicator method are used.  Then included silver Nitrate (A2N03) 0.LN, Ammonium thiocerante (NH4 CNS) 0.025N ferric Ammonium sulphate indicator (ALUM) etc…

 

 

 

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