THE IMPACT OF NEWS COMMENTARIES ON RADIO LISTENERS

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ABSTRACT
This research is aimed at going the enhancement high productivity in BEECHAM PLC To guide this study there are problem associated with the study which are passed on finding some major finding are that the staff training and development needs are not determined the objective of the training development programme could not be achieved to some extent employees are not motivated to increase their capabilities; and the study also seek to answer  the question of how well has training and development help the overall productivity of SmithKline Beecham Nigeria PLC; the method employed in the training and development of staff within the organization: what contribution have training and development made to solve the problem of low productivity in SmithKline Beecham Nigeria PLC
Based on the above finding some may recommendation were made for major recommendation were made for effective implementations.

TABLE CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.       Introduction

1. 1. General background to the subject matter;
   2. Problems associated with the subject matter;
   3. Problem (s) that the study will be concerned with;
   4. The improtant of studying the area;
   5. Definition of important terms;
   6. (Chapter) reference [using APA method]

CHAPTER TWO

2.       Literature review

1. 1. The origin of the subject area
   2. School of thoughts within the subject area;
   3. The school of though relevant to the problem of the study;
   4. Difference methods of studying the problems
   5. Summary
   6. References

3.       CONCLUSION

1. 1. Data presentation [highlights of the study]
   2. Analysis of the data
   3. Recommendation
   4. Conclusions
   5. References

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
In managing an organization many process or techniques are  employed (for instance recruitment training and development staffing etc) one of the objective of any organization whether profit or non-profit oriented will be to have maximum productivity.  This the improtant of human resource management in the accomplishment of organization goal is involved in production or services the labour input is    vital to its success given the significant influence which employee have on productivity without one effective productivity of employees the organization will produce good or services so inefficiently that the survival of the company might be threatened
Nevertheless training and development is not looked in terms of “one and for all activity;  However it is an on-going process as new employee are trained and also longer serving employee who are  transferred to other job being promoted ( or when new equipment are hired to purchased) it required some forms of  training and development.
The aims of providing education and training of member   of the organization may be seen as the advantage derived from such training e.g. high productivity low accident and grievance and rate and labour turnover
It could then be mentioned that training and development is aimed at correcting mistakes of the  organization caused by employees work performance such low productivity high labour turnover, high grievances rate and absenteeism
Organization often engages in the regular training and development of the employees because it is assured that organization problem like productivity, profitability etc. can be solved through these activities this a more realistic approach is to ensure that training does exist and that other problem solving approaches  such as motivation job environment programme for the training to achieved its objective of productivity.
One of the most fundamental ways by which human resources can be maximized is through carefully designed and properly implemented employee training and development.

1. 1. GENERAL BACKGROUND TO THE SUBJECT MATTERS

Training is not modern invention the handling down of important skill like the use of tools and implement such as knives ropes and nets have always been necessary for the survival of the family tribe and ultimately the human race. The emphasis, right form the distance past has been skill and the apprenticeship idea which is for older than the recent formal western system.
The general pattern was then a simple one young boys (not girls) were taken on by master craftsmen were thought the use of equipment and other techniques. In Josiah Wedgwood  time  (1744) for example the master was required to teach him the “Art misery occupation or employment of throwing and handling” this talk of “art” and “misery” dates to the middle ages and even earlier. Additionally, there was other less manual skills based areas of training.
In religion (particularly for those becoming priests the service of the law of the state is bureaucratic (indeed in ancient china to be able to write beautify  poems was a good recommendation of high public office)
However it was easy (and common) for apprentices (and other trainees) to be used as cheap labour being exploited and used as a general run about for his master not always being taught the art and misery very well
We can say about his training activity that:

1. It was neither organized not consistent from trainees to trainee; nor were there any usual or national standard attainment agreed upon or recognized by group of masters
2. Such training was specific to a trade or profession (job oriented)
3. Very few people in the whole population actually received such training.

A significant impetus for change came with the industrial revocation. There was need for an ever- increasing number of  skill people to undertake the complex tasks of running and maintaining machinery.  Engineering as opposed to construction or coopering became the prime industry for apprenticeship. To help in the training mechanics institutes or night school were founded the forerunners of  today’s technical colleges and polytechnics.
Further more very significant changes in training took place as a result of two world wars.  In each war large number of men were taken from factories to serve in the aimed forces and other peoples some men but mostly women filled vacant job in the factories. Lessons never learned in training of large numbers of people to reach certain minimum standard in a short time.

THE IMPACT OF NEWS COMMENTARIES ON RADIO LISTENERS

(A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL RADIO CORPORATION OF NIGERIA ENUGU)

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ABSTRACT
The aim of this research project is to know the essence of radio commentaries and its impact on the listeners.
The project stars with information which given insight into the historical  back ground of news commentaries. It processed to examine the impact news commentaries creates to this listens and the distinguishing features.  It then derives into detailed exposition of relevant literature formation of research question and hypothesis.
The research question was formulated to properly address the problem on radio commentary in relation to its listens.  Questionnaire were administered to the sampled respondents. The findings on the study reveled that news commentaries have less impact on some resident of the country as a result of low level of awareness and illiteracy.
The research recommended that radio news commentaries should create enough awareness to control the effect of illiteracy level of respondent and also further studies should be encouraged.

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1. 1. Background of the study
   2. Statement of problem
   3. Objective of the study
   4. Significance of study
   5. Research question
   6. Research hypothesis
   7. Definition of terms
   8. Assumption
   9. Limitation of the  study

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1     Source of literature

1. 1. The review
   2. Summary of literature review

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1     Research  method

1. 1. Research design
   2. Research sample
   3. Data collection
   4. Data analysis

CHAPTER FOUR
Data  analysis and result

1. 1. Data analysis
   2. Result
   3. Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE
Summary & recommendation for further study

1. 1. Summary
   2. Recommendation
   3. Conclusion

Bibliography
Appendix
Questionnaire

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The history of radio news commentary in Nigeria dated back to the 1930’s when what was known as radio receiver was just a wooden box and as amp liter.  The audience has thrilled by these live commentaries run by various pioneer commentators. Ever since the tradition of running radio commentary has remained with radio to this day. In presidential democracy such as ours news commentary whether on the  radio newspaper or television do not only serve as surveyor of public opinion but also serve as a requisite for bridging the credibility gap between government and the governed. Perhaps, it might be necessary to draw a line of distinction between news and news commentary. A news caster presents straight news without additional comment.  While a news talk provides background information to the new.  Writing on the uses of radio, Richard Aspinall said that:
“with limits radio can persuade   and effectively influence large  audience thereby contributing substantially to the thinking of the nation”
in the Nigeria media house today news commentary has become a ferment feature.  Airtime is allowed to news commentary immediately after major news- bulletins perhaps as an attention gaining strategy.   The media house not only give air space to commentaries written by its own staff but also uses those written in the additional headlines of various  new papers this giving freedom of expression a chance.
Today the media house news- commentary not only interpret the news but sometimes comment on societal problems but what happens to the problems or issues of the society and the views expressed by the news- talk after these Tracie broadcasts as in the media house?
Do they influence the attitude and an opinion of the country’s listening public?

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Perhaps 50 percent of each radio news commentary listeners who forget to fund their radio during commentary do so are more accustomed to the news paper additional page to which they can easily refer may be and may be not we shall find cut through survey in the subsequent chapters.
Owing to the fact that news- commentary are aired to  listeners and are not seen we have therefore taken it upon ourselves to present at least except of two news commentary aired by ESBS  and FRCN
Is it not often said that seeing is believing? Indeed sight or vision is an indispensable in learning and retention –vision is said to aid the memory to produce previously retained content.  And for quick remembrance of past new-talks by respondents these excerpts shall serve as basis for our analyses.  We shall present them to our respondents for answers

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
A country like Nigeria with diverse culture and human resource & need radio commentaries or news talk capable of interpreting events bordering global and societal issues. Obviously these news-commentary are staunchly provided to listeners on a daily basis Unfortunately about 80% of radio listeners ignore news- talk once they have listened to actual news broadcast but radio listeners are 100% attentive to sport commentaries. If all radio commentaries are said to interpret events occurring earlier on illuminating the hidden fact (news behind the news) to the layman then it is  to be preferred to actual broadcast. Moreover generally the Nigeria audience seems not to appreciate radio commentaries as their western counterpart who listen to radio and write feedback to their radio stations such as BBC which in turn  offers them a round the clock service.

URBANIZATION A PROBLEM TO FOOD PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT.  A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE.

(A CASE STUDY OF MILO FOOD DRINKS)

 

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ABSTRACT

This research work on the management and administrative effects and means of creating awareness on radio and television for beverages was carefully carried out based on the essential lateness in business administration and management courses.

I was also able to recognize the fact that there are some management and administration functions that need to be justified in order to have a good successful outcome.

Other significant changes have been effected in the project arrangement when I found out that creating awareness plays an objective roles in administration and management aspects in promotional strategy of a firm in clearing its main objective.

CHAPTER ONE

1.0            INTRODUCTION

1.1            General background of the nestle milo

1.2            Problem associated with the subject matter

1.3            Problems that the study will be concerned with

1.4            The importance of milo food drinks

1.5            Definition of important terms

Reference

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1     The origin of the nestle food drinks

2.2            Schools of thought within the subject area

2.3            The school of thought relevant to the problem of study

2.4            Different methods of studying the problem

2.5            Summary

References

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     CONCLUSION

3.1            Data presentation

3.2            Data analysis

3.2            Recommendation

3.3            Conclusions

References

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

Business administration and management implies all those human foundation performed to satisfy consumer need and management through the production and exchange process, firms, which have adopted the marketing concepts, mostly because of the aim at finding what the consumer need and wants, providing such needs and wants to the consumer effectively and efficiently as possible. Normally, know matter how qualitative a product may be, it cannot sell itself in the market because consumer must be aware of the product attribute so that the competitive market will not be allowed to competitor the product with the other product in the market.  Hence the need for advertisement comes to play.

The creation of awareness on goods and services is a powerful administrating and communication tool used by the organisation to fulfill a specific promotion task.  It is an impossional form of communication or presentation of goods and services and idea conducted through paid from media under an identified sponsorship.  The media of creating awareness is significant to marketing tools which helps to sell goods and services, image and idea through information for persuasion.

Television and radio are the fastest cursing for media.  It also combine vision and audio with movement.  It has proves to arrest attention, television audience to broad (whole family).  Radio on the other hand, allows the customer to do other things while listening, that is why nestle food makers of milo food drinks has decided to use these media for creating awareness.

1.1     GENERAL BACKGROUND OF THE NESTLE (MILO) FOOD PLC

The background of economic changes brought about the high demand for consumer product like food drinks in the manufacturing sector of the economy that made a call to duly in many manufacturing industries of which nestle food Nigeria Plc began simple trading operation in Nigeria in 1961 and had today grown into a leading food manufacturing and marketing company.  It is publicly quoted that company’s listed since 1978 on the Nigeria stock exchange with about 11,500 (eleven thousand five hundred) Nigeria share holders participating in 60% (sixty percent) of the company’s equity is owned by the nestle S.A. of Switzerland.

Moreover there are other food drink manufacturing companies like Christies plc, maser plc/Cadbury etc., located all over the country.  Inspite of these companies nestle food companies had continue to service the strong competition with its branches evenly devastated throughout the country.

1.2     PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SUBJECT MATTER

Remember we discussed earlier the reason why organisation embark on creating awareness.  Carrying home to our project/research topic we identified the makers of beverages (and of course milo food drink) embarking on radio and television means of creating awareness.

To sustain the product (milo) which has already gained acceptance in the Nigeria market.

To secure sales lead is also another problem and when they are all modification to the customer.

Other reasons are as follows:-

To introduce a new price policy education consumers demand other product in the category, introduce special offer, create/build retail stores etc, can be an objective of creating awareness depending on situation circumstances.  However, reasons load to objective and therefore the objective for creating awareness via radio and television could be one or all the above.

1.3     PROBLEMS THAT THE STUDY WILL BE CONCERNED WITH

How the creating awareness of milo food drink via radio and television helped in making consumers buying decision.  How to makes consumers believe the product is the best through creating awareness via radio and television.  Which period of duty is best suitable for creating awareness of milo food drink.  Major criticisms against these radio and television in creating awareness of milo food drink.

1.4     THE IMPORTANCE OF MILO DRINKS

The importance of the milo food drinks includes the followings:-

1.       The research intends to check the truthfulness of radio and telvision, as it influences the marketing of food beverages (milo) on purchasing b=habit of consumer.

2.       It helps to find out the methods of budget allocation to radio and television an awareness creating by the company (nestle food drinks) makers of milo food drink.

3.       Radio and television are the major media used by the milo food drink manufacture (nestle food drink)

1.5     DEFINITION OF IMPORTANT TERMS

1.       ORGANISATION:-     This is a structure that enables people to work together in order to achieve a common started aim

2.       MANAGEMENT:        These are programme basing much on managerial planning operation and appraisal in having each manager set object in referable terms and assessing his or her performance against the achievement of the objectives.

3.       MANAGER:       These are those who undertake the task and function of management at any level in any kind of enterprises.

4.       OBJECTIVE:     The ends towards which activities is aimed at is the end point of planning.

5.       SUPERVISOR:-  These are the same as manager but ordinary used to apply to managers at the lowest level.

URBANIZATION A PROBLEM TO FOOD PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT.  A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU STATE.

 

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CHAPTER ONE:         INTRODUCTION

1. 1. Background of Study
   2. Statement of Problem
   3. Objective of Study
   4. Scope of Study
   5. Significant of Study
   6. Research Question

CHAPTER TWO

1. 1. Literature Review
   2. Agriculture Products Distribution Markets
   3. The Signs of Agriculture Backwardness
   4. Price of  Food Crisis in our markets
   5. Urbanization And Food Supply Easis

CHAPTER TWO

1. Research Methodology

3.1     Research Design

1. 1. Area of Study
   2. Population of Study
   3. Sample and Sampling Technique
   4. Instrument for data Collection
   5. Valuation of Research Instrument
   6. Sources of data Collection
   7. Method of Data Collection
   8. Method of data analysis

 

CHAPTER FOUR

1. Results, Analysis and presentation of data

4.1     Table of facilitators

1. 1. Table (A) Questionnaire number Distributed
   2. Table A/ Participants
   3. Table (B) Questionnaires distributed and returned from participants.
   4. Table (C) Analysis of age brackets of participant group.
   5. Table (D) Qualification of Interest Groups
   6. Table (E) Responses of respondents Opion on Causes and spread of Urbanization.
   7. Table (F) Causes effect to Food production and Agricultural development
   8. Table (G) Testing the level of awareness.
   9. Table (H) Testing level of Participation.
   10. Testing of Hypothesis.

 

CHAPTER FIVE

1. Introduction

5.1     Discussion of findings

1. 1. Causes effects of urbanization
   2. Effects Urbanization to food Production man and his environment
   3. The Failure of Agricultural sectors
   4. Recommendation and Conclusion.

                                                   ABSTRACT
In this research on Urbanization – A problem to Food Production and Agricultural development in Enugu State, effort were made to address issues that are related to the problems, cause, effects, challenges, practice and solutions to the future management as it Concerns man and his environment and his economic system, health security as well as food through agriculture and its related sectors.
However, urbanization has been the problem of the world today especially in Enugu State it has taken its stand through the regional development which was enhanced by Evolution of Industrial Technologies, coupled with migration population movement of the people, which contributed grossly to the problem facing food and Agriculture in the state.
These has been found as the major causes of food scarcity, disease, hunger and other related environmental hazards across the state.
Furthermore, there is need for an legend attention to be given as to arrest its havoc and by may doing.  Create a good system of equitable redistribution of technological method to agricultural sector, and provide funding to all the sectors.  And to check mate the raising hazard which Urbanization Constitutes in our environment today.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. 1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY:

In this study, we are focusing on two major issues, which are closely related to one aspect of development that has posed a great threat to the other and can easily engulf it.  If adequate attention is not given to arrest and manage each problem as it concerns the other.
In this topic, the problem here rests on urbanization-a PROBLEM TO FOOD PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN ENUGU STATE.
In definition, the word Urbanization are derived from the former word urban, which were mainly known as a place where different people with different interest from other parts of the services in Country or state exchange goods and services in Common, with higher concentration of people dwelling in such place for their enormous activities.  The latter Urbanization is based on the larger development of certain environment in our society, for example, State, Local Towns and Villages by higher Concentration of people and infrastructures, such as high network roads, school, markets Churches, hospitals offices, Industries, railways and airports factories communication outfits, as well as dwelling places, which were enhanced by evolution of industrial technologies.
While the other food production and Agricultural Development were based on natural resources.
Surrounding Our environment, for example, rich fertile Soil, Plants crops, animals of all kind and other minerals that system the people in their given environment.
However it has been a problem based on inability to produce enough food materials and to the sustainability of its growth and development in our Society as enough consideration has not been given to our natural and physical resources another agricultural sector.
Today, due to high rate of Urbanization in Enugu State and its environs, most natural and physical elements that promote good health and agricultural – occupational development of the economic well being of the people are easily neglected to Urbanization and its socio-politics-economic pursuits.
In recent past as the activities of trade merchants increased in certain towns, such places were placed to be the seat of authority, so as to maintain law and order and to regulate rules, which will guide the people, especially for collection of taxes in such areas.
Basically, the advent of technology which come to stay completed more people to focus on new ideas of sustaining a living, and people also began to develop by increasing mental knowledge, thereby Greating more easy going jobs.
In any way, this did not go down well especially in Enugu State, because of lack of equal redistribution of technological ideas to different sectors, of the people.
Even through among the institutions of higher learning, in the state, eg. Institute of management and technology (I.M.T) Enugu, University of Science and Technology (ESUT) Enugu, University of Nigeria Nuskka etc.
In these mentioned institutions there are faculties of Agricultural Science and Engineering, where brilliant students of this state are produced every year for agricultural practices, these brilliant students have been neglected and due to lack of motivation and support, some have gone beyond teaching and joined the train of get-rich-quick syndrome, as a result of failure to redistribute equally the dividends of technology to agriculture for growth and production development.
In fact, more reasons than earlier said brought in this problem on food production and agricultural backwardness in the state, to mention but a few, lack of manpower  resources, poor plaint and none recognition of the importance of agriculture by the authority in power.
Even the existing places for food and agricultural produce were exposed to environment disasters and insecurity to timber merchants,  through bush burring and deforestation and uncontrolled  erosion took another stage .Rating does into so man heaters of farm lands. Although in Recent past ,there had been a programmes unrich in every state of the awareness on agriculture of all sector.
For instance, the operation  Feed Nation were introduced and luched on every state of the Federation on September 1979, by the then Head of States  Gen. Olusegen Obasenjo.
The queen revolution also were introduced followed by Operation feed yourselves.  However the activities of this  said programes did not in any way created any impact on food production and Agricultural development in the state because it either ended up on radio broadcast, news papers head lines reports and television broadcast  news, why because it did not touch ground.
Infact, it lacked mobilization, motivation, and direction of any aspect.  There were no infrastructure mapped out in place to mutate these ideas being carried out to reach the  people in their different local  localities.
Most of the existing farms were only regional farms under Enugu State Agricultural development projects.  Created then by Federal government during the last boad on agriculture sector of economy in early 70’s.
These farms were located at Uzouwani Adani (Farm settlement site) Amagunze in Nkanu and Nenwe farm site, respectively.
These farms were located to take care of food production in the eastern part of the country were not adequately equipped to meet the rising demand and supply of food and some agricultural produce.
Migration and political instability has turned these farms into individual efforts on production and subsistensive farming took the role moreover, owing to urbanization and civilization migration of young ones to major cities brought a change into the number one economic foundation of the state and the nation as well.  Going through the state of 14 local government Areas with a teaming population of 2, 124, 974 as at 1991, with a projection number of 2,381, 113 persons as at 2004 population census, a total number in different occupation shows a collective number of 70,567,097 in 5 identified occupations, (U) professional technical and related workers, Administrative and managerial workers.  Clerical and related worker, sales workers transport equipment’s operators and labourers, as well as agricultural, animal husbandry, forestry workers, fishermen, and hunters and other Occupations that cannot be adequately defined Investigation through research shows a  very low rate of peoples participation in Agriculture and its related sectors.
An admiring law rate of about 8, 821,87 number of participants given to Enugu state Agricultural and other related workers.  This state of down wardness is a problem and challenges today given to the rising rate of food scarcity, which brought in hunger, disease, hunger malnutrition, death among the learning population of the citizens of Enugu State organ and their quest dwellers.
The State food Supply have decreased to a point where for and other Agricultural produce commodities are being supplied by other states like, Ebonyi state and parts of Northern, states local markets, in different towns and Communities little r nothing to deliver to the state urban markets due to the diminishing factors of production like, initial capital support of man power, equipment’s, as they still practice traditional method of farming, all this accounts, to   urbanization, which geared every young and old, their educated  and the uneducated either migrate to the bigger cities in pursuit of these activities that was brought in by urbanization and its socio-politico-economic drive, which today has dominated the entire race.
Today a lot of families can hardly afford three square means, owing to high cost of food.
Even with minimum wages paid to civil servant both in the state and federal has no value in our markets due to high cost of food commodities, why, because those who doesn’t participant at all in Agriculture are greater in number, and even the remaining Agricultural workers are mainly the very aging one lets in some rural areas.
In most cases, the younger age of about 5-9 years in some rural areas were exposed to child labour and exploitation by their poor parents of mostly widows while the ages bracket of 15-39 and 40 to 50 are either engaging in other  artisan jobs are trading, so as to meet up with the demanding rate of hand living.
Those that keeps the courage to participate fully as farmers are only to be dies courage owing to high cost of  labour and poor output, because of their crude method and lack of manpower, thereby giving a low output of agricultural and food production, for the circulation of the populace in Enugu State.
This have become a dilemma of a people of rich agricultural heritage owing to urbanization and its trends of development in Enugu.

1. 1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Enugu State has come a long way in area of urbanization.  She has witnessed urbanization ever before and after the Nigeria a independence in 1960.
Enugu State was the seat and the capital of then eastern Nigeria-province, from where other five states created, viz Imo and early Anambra State in 1976 by the then head of states Gen. Murtala Mohamed. Followed with the creation of Akwa-Ibo State in the year 1981, and yet another State Anambra State.
The emergence of Enugu as a capital state resulted from another creation of Ebonyi state in 1996 by Gen. SANI ABACHA.
Research indicated that from the on set Enugu being the capital of the Eastern region has been highly urbanized, due to regional development allocations which spread in different areas of Enugu and its local government areas.  E.g. railway Station higher Institution of learning e.g, University of Nigeria-Nsukka, Campus, Enugu campus, National Television Authority, (N.T.A) Nigeria Air Ways Authority (NAW) Nigeria Tele Communication Ltd (NITEL) FRCN Federal Cooperation of Nigeria, Coal mining Enugu and other environmental developments, which has affiliates in almost every Geo-political Zones of the State.
The forces of developments brought in the spread of urbanization to Enugu State and its environs with wide spread of salute towns that harbour the teaming population of people dwelling in the different localities as well those who migrate to into the state from different states, towns across the eastern part of the country.
Notably, Enugu state in recent past, have been the happening place across the Niger where everyone comes around for a greener pasture.  I has been a place to pick up a golden egg.  Little did those who were coming in from other states contribute Agricultural, as they were all participating in other related occupation, enhanced by industrial been   notable and its complex induced incentives, which threw a great challenge to agriculture and food production, and because adequate attention and recognition were not given to this aspect of development in time, urbanization which was influenced by complex innovation in technology caused a serious loss of focus to agricultural sector in Enugu state.
And as such the people of the state from different localities began to abandon even their little farmlands and joined the chase on socio-politico and techno induced economic activities around their own given environment.

1. 1. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
2. To ascertain agricultural and food production growth and development strategies in Enugu State.
3. To evaluate the implementation of equal technological distribution plan towards the developing of agricultural sector
4. To enhance equal and good environment planning on every aspect of development in Enugu State
5.  To create awareness of food scarcity and strategies for ensuring food security of the State.
6. To encourage the people of the state and the Government top invest more on Agriculture.

CONTRIBUTION OF SMALL-SCALE BUSINESS TO NATIONAL ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

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ABSTRACT

This paper analysed the contribution of small-scale business to National Economic Growth and Development in the Country.  It also paid attention to the foundling of these enterprises.

Where as failure of the large-scale import department assembly to propel the country into a satisfactory course of industrialization necessitate the magnification  of strategy to embrace the promotion of small-scale enterprises achievement under the new strategy has not been adequate with expectations of the stated objectives which were economic growth and development through the mobilization of available local resources, employment generation and industrial dispersal as well as mitigation of rural urban migration.  This paper identified this lack of list achievement with problems associated with severe lack of managerial and technical skills among Nigerian small-scale industrialists, inadequate of financial resources as well as infrastructural deficiencies.  Chapter one contains a general discussion of the contribution of small-scale business to economic growth and development as seen by different people.  It went further to state the problem to be studied and why this study was carried out, the scope and limitation of the study and finally the proposition and the definition of terms.

A number of past related literature examined by other studies as it relates to the contribution of small-scale business in Nigeria are highlighted in chapter two. Chapter three deals with the design of the study, the methods used in collecting relevant data.  It also deals with way the questionnaires were  distributed and the treatment of data, and statistical techniques used.

The data got from the research survey were analysed and interpreted.  Also similar questions on both questionnaires were compared in chapter four.

Finally, the summary of findings conclusion in the research and recommendation made by the researcher are all in chapter five.

If small-scale business will put the recommendation on how to achieve economic growth and development to use, such as increasing availability of credit by raising interest rate ceiling and permitting a “spread” that makes it worthwhile for banks to lend to small-scale business or by increasing the number and range of investment etc. problems of small-scale business will be a thing of the past.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0            INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background to the study

1.2            Statement of problem

1.3            Need for the study

1.4            Purpose of study

1.5            Scope of the study

1.6            Limitation of the study

1.7            Hypothesis

1.8            Definition of terms

CHAPTER TWO

2.0            REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1            Nature and scope of small-scale business

2.2            Factors that effect small-scale business

2.3            The role of small-scale business in economic growth

2.4            Starting a small business

2.5            Government policies for promoting small-scale business

2.6            The economic imperative of small business development in Nigeria

2.7            Importance of small business enterprises

2.8            Advantages of small-scale business

2.9            Advantages of self employment

CHAPTER THREE

3.1            Design of the study/methodology

3.2            Population for the study

3.3            Development of research materials

3.4            Research procedure

3.5            Analysis of data

3.6            Statistical techniques.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1            Presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

4.2            Test of hypothesis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1            Summary of findings

5.2            Conclusion

5.3            Recommendation

5.4            Suggestion for further research

5.5            Bibliography

5.6            Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The contribution of small –scale business in fostering economic growth and development has been well articulated in different areas of this study .the specific attention on them based on their expected impact and potential contribution on broad and diversified production base, as well as their accelerative effect in achieving macro objectives pertaining to full employment, income distribution and the development of local technology.  They are particularly most conducive for diffusion of management skills and emulation of indigenous entrepreneurship overtime.

Small business provides financial opportunity and a chance to develop wealth.  It is a place where creative, motivated individuals can use their talents and expertise to the fullest, because it provides satisfying careers  and job opportunities and its also the back bone of the market economy of the word.  Every big business starts as a small business, and it started with an entrepreneur (small business), who at first, earns little or no profit.  It was the new ideas of small business that brought about Ekene Dili Chwkwu Transport, the FAN Milk, Nnewi “Tokumbo” parts, and even the many commercial banks in Nigeria.  Untried ideas become annulations that become concepts that changed the business world. And so it goes.  Small business is the basis for the economic well being many developed nations including USA/Japan.

Entrepreneurship is what makes a small business successful.  Entrepreneurship occurs when an individual develops a new venture, a new approach to an old business or idea, or a unique way of giving the market place a product or service by using resources in a new way under conditions of risk.  Small business triumphs and entrepreneurship are closely related to it.  It is difficult to separate them.

The unemployment situation in the country coupled with the new government instinctive towards easing social tensions among unemployed youths, through the programme of the National Directorate of Employment (NDE), were intended to lure a lot of unemployed Nigerians, including graduates into self determination through self employment.  Graduates and school leavers are now realizing that government and the established private companies are not ready to come to their aid directly, through paid employment due to the dividing state of the economy.  Short of the alternatives, Nigerians including our graduates are therefore launching themselves into various small-scale business ventures, such as cottage soap and cosmetics production, fairing, restaurants, fast food, publishing, writing, block making, garri processing, food processing, refuse disposal, taxi driving, cleaning services, weaving, baking tailoring, advertising and other sam business venture which depends mostly on local raw materials.  The determination to succeed is also fast becoming the order of the day.

Government has been playing appreciative tole in promoting the survival and growth of small-scale enterprise in recognition of them flexible and adaptive nature as well as their re-generative power in promoting economic growth and development.  Government also encourage people to establish their own small business so as to reduce the problem of unemployment in the country and also reduce the problem of importation of goods, moreso, to produce exportation products.

Government in believing that a dynamic and growing small manufacturing sub-sector can contribute significantly to the implementation of a wide range development effectives, has thus enunciated various policies to encourage their proliferation and make them veritable engines of growth and development.  In the third and for the development plans and the on-going three years rolling plan, priority has been accorded industrialization with greater emphasis on small-scale enterprises.  The basic activities of government policies as maintained in the monetary and fiscal policy measures, are to improve the financing and other supportive services of small-scale business by expanding and improving access to credit and infrastructural facilities, reducing their production costs, boosting their profitability, enhancing their survival and growth capacities as well as expanding their contributions to non-oil exports by making their products competitive in the export markets.

Hardly could any major industry succeed without the services of small-business enterprise. The major goals of any profit oriented business is to make profit.  A company will make more profit if statistics it’s customers need better them the competitors.  There fore in the contribution of small-scale business, bakeries would produce what the customers want and by sodoing they maximize profit and only bakeries that are effective and efficient can satisfy customers needs.  In reality, it is possible to run a business without profit for a time, but it is not possible for to survive for one day without customers.  Customers are the central theme of any business.  Without a total commitment to them, contribution to economic growth and development will have limited and brief effects.

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

          Bakery is in the production industry the quality of products rendered by our Bakeries have been attracting criticisms from people in all works of life.  The civil servants, business men and the general public are all very critical of production of cookies like bread, chi-chin, cake, meat pie, bons etc.  the  complaints ranges from those of poor quality of products, poor packages, high prices, poor delivery, shortage of skilled manpower which affects productivity and restrain expansivion the use of potassium bromated which National Agency for food and Drug Administration Commission (NAFDAC) banned for health purpose.

Most bakeries do not put their customers in the prime place as they supposed to be.  There is now keen competition and to compete means to contribute to economic growth and development.  Dickson (1971:4), agreed with this view when he said that small scale enterprises are ploughed by inadequacies and serious mis-uses of business records and business information.  The problem of poor or wrong location of an industry affects its production.  Such as nearness to raw materials, market, sources of power and access to supply of labour and transport facilities etc.

Government incentive in industries has previously directed to public investment neglecting private initiative.  But a diversified and self-sufficient economy must take into consideration the importance of private sector in capital formation.

1.3     NEED FOR THE STUDY

There have been criticisms about the bakery industries in the way they render services to their customers. i.e.  they do not see the customers as king lot in terms of national output and employment.  Moreover, Nigeria has various policies on small-scale enterprises in recent National development plan and also in the structural Adjustment programme (SAP).  The researcher wants to carryout a research on what bakeries do and the role they play in economic growth and development the resucher also wants to have an idea base either to support all the sources about the poor impression people have on how to improve their production so as to contribute effectively in national economic growth and development. Bakeries can do a more individualized jobs for customers and thereby attract them on the basis of specialty product quality and personal services rather than on the impersonal of price or mass production of largely identical business.  Based on the above, the need for studying this topic is to show the effectiveness of small-scale business in national economic growth and development.