WORKERS’ PERCEPTION OF RETIREMENT AND ITS IMPLICATION ON PRODUCTIVITY

(A STUDY OF FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, OKO)

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ABSTRACT

This research work was made to discover how workers perceive retirement and its implication for productivity using Federal Polytechnic, Oko as a case study. The case study is an institution of higher learning. It was established in 1992 through the collective effort of the community. It is located in Orumba North Local Government Area in Anambra State. The institution comprises of academic, non-academic and junior staff. This research work is intended to see whether it has anything to do with the way workers discharge their duties, if it is affecting them negatively to suggest possible ways that will help in correction of mistakes. Moreover, the study used one thousand, four hundred and three (1, 403) workers of which five hundred and twenty-one (521) was sampled out using a simple random sampling technique. Furthermore, questionnaire was used in obtaining the information for analysis. Finally, the result of the research showed that workers have started perceiving the retirement policy more positively especially the staff in Federal Polytechnic, Oko. Also, provisions were made to provide pre-retirement programmes to the staff. In order to equip them and make them to adopt to the dynamic world when they eventually leaves the work force. They were also encouraged to invest in a lucrative business while still in active service.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background of the Study   –       –       –       –       –       –       1

1.2    Statement of the Problem           –       –       –       –       –       3

1.3    Objectives of the Study      –       –       –       –       –       –       4

1.4    Research Questions  –       –       –       –       –       –       –       5

1.5    Theoretical Framework      –       –       –       –       –       –       6

1.5    Significance of the Study   –       –       –       –       –       –       7

1.6    Scope of the Study             –       –       –       –       –       –       8

1.7    Limitation of the Study      –       –       –       –       –       –       9

1.7    Definition of Terms    –       –       –       –       –       –       –       10

CHAPTER TWO

2.0    REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1    Workers Perception of Retirement and Their Productivity    -13

2.2    Workers Pre-retirement and Post-retirement Policy     –       15

2.3    Workers View about Retirement and Its Policy    –       –       20

2.4    Summary of Literature Review   –       –       –       –       –       24

CHAPTER THREE

3.0    RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1    Design of the Study            –       –       –       –       –       –       26

3.2    Area of the Study       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       27

3.3    Population of the Study     –       –       –       –       –       –

3.4    Sample of the Study           –       –       –       –       –       –

3.5    Instrument for Data Collection           –       –       –       –

3.6    Reliability and Validity of the Instrument            –       –       29

3.7    Distribution and Retrieval of Instrument            –       –       29

3.8    Method of Data Analysis    –       –       –       –                –       30

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0    PRESENTATION PRESENTATION

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0    SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1    Summary –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       38

5.2    Conclusion        –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       40

5.3    Recommendations     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       41

REFERENCES           –                –       –       –       –       –       44

APPENDIX         –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       46

APPENDIX B     –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       47

LIST OF TABLE

Table I:     Number of Tables Distributed, Collected and Lost       30

Table II:    Showing the Effect of Workers Perception of

Retirement on their Productivity        –       –       –       33

Table III: Showing the Extent in which Workers Post-

Retirement and Pre-retirement Policy in Nigeria

is been Implemented –       –       –       –       –       –       35

Table IV:   Showing Workers View about Retirement and

Its Policy   –       –       –       –       –       –       –       –       36

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background of the Study

Federal Polytechnic Oko is an institution of higher learning situated within Oko town in Orumba North Local Government Area in Anambra State. The institution was the brain child of Oko Progressive Union (OPU) that was headed by its chairman, former Executive Vice President of Federal Republic of Nigeria, Dr. Alex Ekwueme, Ide of Aguata in 1979. The institution was approved by the then Anambra State Government and designated as College of Arts and Science designed to prepare candidates for General Certificate of Education (GCE) Examination both at ordinary and advanced levels. The school went on like this for some time, but on June 28, 1980, the institution was upgraded to the status of College of Arts, Science and Technology. The college was formalized as the Anambra State Polytechnic, Oko through edict No 12 of 1985.

In 1992, the Federal Government of Nigeria under the leadership of Chief Ernest Shonekon, head of the transition government and the Anambra State Governor, Dr. Chukwuemeka Ezeife (Okwudike) and the Minister of Education, Prof. Ben Nwabueze, changed the school into a federal school called, Federal Polytechnic, Oko, Anambra State.

Workers perception of retirement and its implications on productivity (A Study of Federal Polytechnic, Oko) was seen as an important issue which research must be carried out on because of the way various workers are viewing it (retirement).

In section (4) (1) of the pension decree, the statutory age of retirement for public service is 60 years. Judicial officers and academic staff of universities retires at the age of 70 and 65 years respectively. However, the civil service re-organization decree No. 43 of 1998 added the modification that officers should now retire from service on attaining the age of 60 or 35 years whichever comes first. The qualifying service of 10 years is for pension. It is also aimed at discovering how retirement affects the level of production in the institution to know if the perception has anything to do with the way in which workers put in their best or work in the institution. It also aimed at knowing if it has anything to do within the level of production to look for an alternative for amendment and work towards correcting those abnormalities made in the past.

1.1   Statement of the Problem

Fixed retirement age have been fixed and implemented in countries like Nigeria and United State of American. In Nigeria, a person is to retire if he/she has attained the age of 60 years and 70 years for judicial officers, yet, when a person is getting due for retirement, the person still feels bad. Then, when they finally retire, they may not afford to take care of themselves talk more of their family.

People detest going for retirement because of fear of how to fit into the society, meet their family financial needs and still live up to expected. This is because of non-payment of pension and at times may be delayed or paid half due to the corruption nature of our leaders and Nigeria non-implementation of policy and inconsistency. This makes the workers to manipulate their ways to any level when they are still on sit and enrich themselves and even when they cannot work again, giving room to unproductivity in the institution.

1.2   Objectives of the Study

Despite the fact that few studies have been carried out on retirement, the research work would find out more on how workers would perceive retirement policy in Nigeria.

The main purpose of this research work is to investigate how workers perceive retirement ant its implication on productivity and if their perception would affect their productivity level in their place of work. Other objectives include:

1. To find out the various pre-retirement and post-retirement programmes available to workers.
2. To find out how the workers perceives the retirement policy in Nigeria.

• To find out how the existing retirement policy will change and enhance workers perception on productivity. This especially concerning the staff of Federal Polytechnic, Oko where the perception would have an effect on workers’ productivity either positively or negatively.

1.3   Research Questions

The following research questions are going to guide our study:

1. To what extent has the workers’ pre-retirement and post-retirement policy in Nigeria been implemented?
2. To what extent has the workers’ perception of retirement affected their productivity?

• How do Nigeria workers view retirement and its policy?

1.4   Theoretical Framework

This research work is anchored on behavioural modification theory by B.F. Skinner who believed that all behaviour can be shaped and managed so as to achieve a potentially ideal individual in a potentially idea society. This theory is based on the law of effect on the principles that, if behaviour is reinforced, the chances that it will repeat are high. The theory calls for positive reinforcement of desired behaviour.

B.F. Skinner (1954) believed that the best way to modify behaviour was to modify environment. The closer position

reinforcement follows desired behaviour, the more likely it will occur. At all level of an organization, the way the workers perceives the retirement policy at their working place will definitely affect the way they put in their best into the organization towards the realization of the organizational goal. Researchers has shown that positive reinforcement is more effective than negative one in achieving lasting changes in behaviour. The Nigeria government should ensure that the workers at both federal and state, even local government gets all the titles due to them while at work so as to enable them to be honest in their duties and put in their best so as to achieve efficiency and productivity.

1.5   Significance of the Study

The study is very important as it would clarify the various misconception associated with policy of retirement.

The study would provide information for modifying the retirement policy and also for modification of already existing pre-retirement programmes for Nigeria workers.

The programme and policies if modified will bring a sense of belonging to those workers that are concerned. It will also help Nigeria workers to view retirement in the right direction.

Finally, the study will provide basis for the modification of organizational goals set in the organization for the welfare of both the workers and eth organization.

1.6   Scope of the Study

The study on workers’ perception of retirement and its implication on productivity will be limited at Federal Polytechnic, Oko in Orumba North Local Government in Anambra State among the academic, non-academic and junior staff of the institution.

1.7   Limitation of the Study

In this research work, efforts were made to cover such areas that are necessary like examining the minds of the workers and those retirees.

In the cause of the research, there was a great deal of shortcomings starting from both nature of the research and the stock of available information.

Finance constituted a major set-back in carrying out the research work. The cost of transportation to those retirees various destination coupled with other expenses.

This study became a success because the researcher was able to visualize and gather information from available sources she could lay her hand on, also with little money with her and contributions from siblings, then she was able to browse and get much more information than expected and part of the money was used by the researcher for transportation.

1.8   Definition of Terms

1. Retirement:

It means cessation from active work having reached the retirement age set out by the employees.

1. Pension:

It is earning payable at a regular interval to someone who retired from a pensionable employment.

• Productivity:

It means workers output as a result of what they put into the job. The efficiency with which things are done or produced.

1. Work:

This is the process of expanding energy in order to yield something tangible.

1. Retirement policy:

Is a law made by the government on the rules guiding retirement of workers.

Retirement policy states that a worker at sixty years or a worker who has worked for thirty-five years should disengage from pensionable employment.

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THE USE OF COMMITTEE AND GROUP MEETINGS IN ENHANCING DECISION-MAKING

A CASE STUDY OF  ANAMBRA STATE  HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY

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ABSTRACT

This research is concerned with inquiring. The use of committees and group meeting in enhancing decision making in Anambra State House of Assemble. The problems facing this research work is the inadequate use of committee and group meeting in solving the day to day problem of the House. The main purpose of this study is to identify how committee and group meetings are used in the Anambra state house of assembly to enhance decision making and also to assess the important and impact of group meeting. The research question that guided this research work was included. They researcher post three hypothesis. The theory employed in this research work focus on forest maltzman (1995) who proposed a conditional model of committee behaviour and others. This work carried an indebt literature review on similar works carried out by other scholars like Mackenna (1974). The methodology of this work is descriptive in nature and the method of data collection is based on primary and secondary sources, the population size was 2000 and sampling technique adopted was yaro yamein, After distribution the researcher collected 150 questionnaire which was used for data analysis and simple percentage was employed during data analysis, the hypothesis was tested using chi-square. The hypothesis was either accepted or rejected. Based on the above findings of this research work it was reveal that those who took part in decision making are highly literate. The researcher then concluded that the use of committee and group meeting enhances decision making. The following were recommended, that the government of Anambra state should erect the present legislative edifice in order to have enough rooms for committee facilities, since their deliberations are always time consuming and tiresome and also should borrow a leaf form their administrative machinery.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………1

1.0     Background of the study ………………………………………2

• Statement of the problem………………………………………….3
• Purpose of the study………………………………….……………4
• Research Question ………………………………..……………….5
• Statement of Hypothesis ……………………………..…..……6
• Theoretical frame work………………………………………….6
• Significance of the study………………………………………8
• Scope of the study…………………………………………………9
• Limitation of the study…………………………………………9
• Definition of terms …………………………………………….10

CHAPTER TWO:

Introduction …………………………………………………….………….13

• The concept of committees & group meetings ……………………13
• House of assembly…………………………………………………………..21
• The speaker and functions Government …………………………….28
• General overview of the law of group meeting …………………..31
• Committees and group meeting in the House of Assembly ….37
• The opposition party in the House of assembly …………………..43

CHAPTER  THREE:

RESEARCH DESING AND METHODOLOGY……………..…….49

3.1     Design of the study…………………………………………..….49

3.2     Area of the study………………………………………….…….49

3.3     Population of the study………………………………………….49

3.4     Sample size / sampling techniques……….……………………….50

3.5     Instrument  for data collection ……………………………..…….51

3.6     Reliability of  the instruments ………………………………..….51

3.7     Validity of the instruments ……………………………..……….53

3.8     Distribution and Retrieval of the instrument  …………..…….53

3.9     Method of  data Analysis ……………………………………….53

CHAPTER FOUR:

DATA  PRESENTATION  AND ANALYSIS …………………..54

4.1     Data  Presentation  …………………………………………..….54

4.2     Analysis of research question …………………………..…….57

4.3     Testing of Hypothesis      ……………………………….…….60

4.4     Interpretation of results ………………………………..….….66

CHAPTER  FIVE:

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS / CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

• Summary of Findings …………………………………….…….67
• Conclusion …………………………………………………….….69
• Recommendation ………………………………………..…….70

References………………………………………………………….72

Appendices…………………………………………………………….73

Questionnaires …………………………………………….…….73

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Mc Kenna and Fleming (1977) defined committee as “A group of individuals which is formed to consider and report on various matter which have been referred to them”. At the out set it will be necessary to explain in a compendium the two major terms of the topic for better understanding. A committee can be for important issue is that it is responsible to the body, which forms it, and infact reports to at the end of its assignment.

While there is a specific connotation on the formation of committee towards the performances of an identified and specific task a meeting according to shaw et al (1965) is “An assembly of person such assembly may arise in circumstance infinitely diverse in their character and combination.From this definition, a group meeting is just a meeting of a group of people with common objective and interest; it may be a committee,The primary pre-occupation of the house of assembly anywhere is the holding of group meetings because it is only through such meeting that decisions can be reached on its varied functions.

Since the legislative time is limited matters to be deal with most of the time either technical or highly specialized, the need therefore arises to form committees to solve problems. This is exactly the case in the Anambra State House of Assembly Awka. while a body containing many members is suitable for discussing principles, it is in appropriate for the examination of details. The usual course is to form a committee of a few members in the House, which can discuss details of the proposals and report back to the full body of the house with recommendation.

1.0   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Anambra state is one of the youngest state carved out of old Anambra in August 1991. It is one out of the present thirty-six states of the federation. The state has a brief spell of House of Assembly business and within the period, the speaker of the House of Assembly used profusely the committee and groups meetings in dealing with so many delicate and complex matters or problems. most often some matters in the House require expertise and specialist knowledge such matter wre better handled by selective committee to handle and report to the open house made up of few professional and very many generalist.

1.1   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Before the inception of the House of Assembly in the present democratic depensation, the military had been responsible for making laws but at that time, it was edict in the state and decrees at the federal. These were in practice during the military requires.

The various administrative sets up have been organized into organs. The executive, who is to carry out the laws, the judiciary who is to interpret the laws and the legislative are to focus the laws.

It is the legislative arm of government that we are most concerned with, it is this organ that uses committee and group meetings in solving their problems. there were complain after a brief stay of the House that  they have not performed satisfactorily the business of the House of Assembly through inadequate use of committee and group meeting in solving the day to day problem of the House, ie the House of Assembly  Anambra state Awka

To this end, the research is geared toward finding the causes of ineffective use of committee and group meeting towards the attainment of goals and aspirations of the state House of Assembly.

1.2   PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

Committee and group meetings have been with us, for many decades. Arriving at effective decision by the use of committee and group meetings conceptualized variously by different groups of individual.

Systems may vary on the use of committee and group meetings, but success or failure eventually will depends on organizational or political strategy of the leaders of the state.

The specific purpose of this study is:

• To identify how committee and groups meetings are used in the Anambra state House of Assembly to enhance decision making.
• To assess the importance and impact of group meeting in the House.
• To assess the quality of members selected to serve in various committees.

1.3   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1       How did committee and groups meetings in Anambra state House of Assembly enhance decision making.

2       What are the importance and impact of committee in decision making

3       To what extend has the quality of members selected to served in various committee helped in decision making.

1.4   STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

1       Ho: The use of committee and group meeting are not used in the Anambra state House of Assembly to enhance decision making.

Hi:  The use of committee and group meeting are used in the Anambra state House of Assembly to enhance decision making.

2       Ho: The use of committee and group meeting are not important in decision making .

        Hi: The use of committee and group meeting are mostly important in decision making.

3       Ho: the quality of members selected to served in various committee are not helpful in decision making.

Hi: the quality of members selected t served in various committee help in decision making.

1.5   THEORETICAL FRAME WORK

There are different scholars who conducted theories on the use of committee and groups meetings in enhancing decision-making but this research work will focus on forest. Maltzman (1995) who proposed a conditional model of committees behaviour which argued that the principal of a committee serves as an agent in congress varies systematically over time and across committee’s depending on the salience of the committee jurisdiction compared to that of other committee. However, due to changes in the salience of policy issues overtime there are reasons to believe that salience within the committee change over time to reflect current public opinion and political agend as change in issue salience should affect the agency of the committee over time within the committee, just as Maltzman demonstrated that the level of salience alters the principal among different committees. Using data from the policy Agendas project for the policy areas of education and labour, it shows how the salience of the issues committee considered by the House Education and labour committee changes overtime. Data comparing NOMINATE scores of the committee members to the scores of the whole chamber and the party causes will be used to test Maltzman’s conditional theory within one committee over time. the ideological make up of the committee’s principal is the full chamber when the salience of issues is high, but in times of lower salience the scores will show that the parties are the main principals of the committee. This finding supports maltz man’s conditional theory but expands it to show that there is systematic variation principal agent relationship between a committee, the chamber and parties over time based on the salience of the committee jurisdiction.

1.6   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Due to the vast nature of Nigeria both in public services the scope of this study is limited to public bureaucracy especially the policy makers in the House of Assemblies.

Therefore, any useful information obtained through a research of this study will go a long way to educate the policy makers or law makers in the federation in enhancing decision making.

Such knowledge will guide and direct them to achieve their decision fast without delay this will no doubt contribute to national growth politically, economically, socially morally and otherwise.

1.7   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This project is directed to Anambra State House of Assembly Awka. The areas of study therefore is wide to cover within the limited time and resource available specifically, this research is intended to analyze the use of committee and group meeting in enhancing decision making particularly Anambra state of committee and group meeting but study will only select some committee that are of interest to this study. Also in 36 states of the federation each state has their own House of Assembly but our study will select Anambra state House of Assembly as a case study.

1.8   LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

It is common with the study of this nature that certain constraint must be encountered. What promptly from not achieving most or all of the information required is due to some non-chalet attitude of the members of the House of Assembly.

Accurate information was given by the members that showed concern. Some of the questionnaire were unable to collect data. Because some of the members were reluctant to respond ot question and some were not properly answered thus constituted analysis problem.

Again as a student I lack finance to forge ahead with my project work and lack of fund for transportation and obtain of important document such as magazine and books relating to the topic are major constraints and limitation.

1.9   DEFINITION OF TERM

Term which from the caption of this research work are defined:

A:    Committee and Group meeting.

Committees are session or composition of individuals or export, set up to deals with bills in the House of Assembly at the formative stages or to tackle other matter, which are better discussed in camera by a few people. The committees in the House of Assembly are many but the most outstanding ones are:

1. The standing committee
2. The committee of ways and means
3. The select committee
4. The private bill committee

Their importance rest in their capability to arrive at decision within speed and precision and to address issues for which hey are established.

B  HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY

The house of Assembly is the composition of people who gather in the House for deliberation towards administering  the entire state.

The individuals who make up the house are admitted through valid electorate constituencies process.The state is carved out into electorate constituencies and these individuals register with INEC[independent national electoral commission] they are voted for through voted by poll or other methods devised by the commission.those of them who win the house of Assembly by oath for the legislature decision making.

Naturally,the government organ consist of the executive,the legislature and the judiciary.The House of Assembly is the legislative arm of government and they are charged with law making functions.

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