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Public Administration Project Topics And Material preview

LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTONOMY AND GRASS ROOT DEVELOPMENT

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LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTONOMY AND GRASS ROOT DEVELOPMENT

(A CASE  OF NSUKKA LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF ENUGU STATE)

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ABSTRACT

Local government Autonomy and grass root development ( A case of Nsukka Local government of Enugu state). The purpose of the study is to determine how local government autonomy has affected grass root development in Nsukka Local government Area of Enugu State. A total population of seven hundred and fifth staff working at Nsukka Local government was chosen for the study. The sample for the study was 213 staff using yaro yamani method. Three (3) research questions were formulated to guide the study. Data analysis was done using simple percentage. The major findings of the study were: Nsukka Local government lacks political autonomy as the State government interferes in their bye-law and policy making process, the Local government is not been financed properly and even when financed the State will hinder such by interfering through the State joint Local government Account, administratively, the state determine, discipline, recruit, promote etc the Local government staff and thereby denying administrative autonomy over their personnel. Despite these problems, it was recommended that: Nsukka Local government should have control over it’s finance, their personnel should be appointed, recruited, promoted, discipline by themselves. They should equally make their bye-law and other policy making themselves so as to boost it’s autonomy.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE:

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..1

1.0     Background of the study ……………………………………….………1

  • Statement of problem……………………………………………………5
  • Purpose of the study…………………………………………….………7
  • Research Question ………………………………………………………8
  • Statement Hypothesis ……………………………..……………………9
  • Theoretical frame work………………………………………..………10
  • Significance of the study………………………………………………11
  • Scope of the study……………………………………..………………12
  • Limitation of the study…………………………………………………12
  • Definition of terms …………………………………………………..13

 

 

CHAPTER TWO:

Review Literature ……………………………………………………………16

  • Introduction …………………………………………………..………16
  • Indices for measuring Local Government autonomy………….…….19
  • The quest for Local Government autonomy and 1976 Local Government reform………………………………………………….20
  • Gras root development ………………………………………………22
  • Challenges to full Local Government autonomy…………..………..24
  • Summary of the literature Review ………………………………….25

 

CHAPTER  THREE:

RESEARCH DESING AND METHODOLOGY…………………….…….27

3.0     Design of the study………………………………………………….27

3.1     Area of the study……………………………………………….…….27

3.2     Population of the study………………………………………..…….28

3.3     Sample size / sampling techniques…………………………….…….28

3.4     Instrument  for data collection ………………………………..…….29

3.5     Reliability of  the instruments ………………………………….……….29

3.6     Validity of the instruments ……………………………………………….29

3.7     Distribution and Retrieval of the instrument  ……………………….29

3.8     Method of  data Analysis …………………………………………….30

CHAPTER FOUR:

4.0     DATA  PRESENTATION  AND ANALYSIS ……………………………31

4.1     Data  Presentation  and Analysis …………………………………….31

4.2     Analysis of research question …………………………….………….32

4.3     Testing of Hypothesis      ……………………………………….…….39

4.4     Interpretation of results ……………………………………………….48

CHAPTER  FIVE:

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS / CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

  • Summary of Findings ………………………………………………….49
  • Conclusion ……………………………………….……………………….51
  • Recommendation ……………………………………………………….52

References………………………………………………………………….54

Appendix A………………………………………………………….…….55

Questionnaires …………………………………………….……….…….56

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 

  • BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

 

The struggle for Local Government Autonomy in Nigeria has been a recurring issue. It is as old as the history of Nigeria colonial state. Local government Administration practiced anywhere in the world is largely dependent on the historical, geographical, political and economic life of the citizens. Nigeria with a long history of slavery. Colonization, as well as military and civilian administration which have to a large extent determined the system of local government Administration up till date. This work intend accessing the various reforms or ordinance that the local government system in Nigeria has witnessed since 1914 during the amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorate by Fredrick Lord Laggard.

The Local Government during this period of 1914 is based on the Native Authority system whereby indirect rule and exploitation was the order of the day. According to Ogunna (1996), Native Authority is the traditional political authority at the Local Level which formed part of the machinery of British colonial government charged with the responsibilities of maintaining law and order. Based on the Native Authority ordinance of 1916, a unified Local Government System was established in the Northern part because of their Emirate system of Administration practice before the colonial Administration. This Native Authority was later extended to the East and South with varying degree of success. This native Authority did not satisfy the needs and aspiration of the local people and it arouse agitation from the rural citizens especially from the educated elites in the southern Nigeria craving or desiring for a greater participation in their own affair.

The Native Authority Ordinance failed because it has no autonomy to meet up with the demands of the citizen and as a result, the first Local Government reform was ushered in. Thus after the second World War in 1945, the colonial policies on Local Government changed coupled with the demands for greater participation and this led to the adoption of the representative or liberal democratic system of Local Government in the 1950s.

The 1950 Local Government reform serves as a foundation on which modern Local Government was built in Nigeria as it abolished the native Authority system. This reform paved way for the following features in Local Government system; it has a three tier system (country, district and local council), it was granted the power of taxation as a source of funding, it introduced popularly elected Local Government council but the franchise is based on tax payers and it equally recognize that the Local Government should be given adequate autonomy as the council were given financial and Administrative power. According to Ogunna (1996). This reform introduced representative democratic Local Government system on the negative side. It suffered from conflicts among the tiers, inadequate funding, poor staffing, bribery and mal administration. As a result of these problems coupled with intense politicking, no reform could be initiated until the military seized power in 1966 which rudely terminated the first republic. The 1966 Local Government reform was to correct the ills of the Local Government system they inherited.

However, all these reforms did not ensure a complete autonomy of Local Government system until the introduction of the 1976 Local Government reform under the military administration of General Olusegun Obasanjo. This reform marked a turning point in Local Government Administration in the country. This reform were the federal government response to the recommendation of Chief Jerome Udoji public service review commission of 1974. The reform aim to make the Local Government more effective in their primary role of bringing development to the grassroots. It established a multi-purpose single tier system throughout the country, with the same structure and function. Local Government were recognized as a third tier of government with the federal structure. It provided for the Local Government to receive their statutory allocation from Federal Government through the State

Government. They were democratized through popular or indirect election. The Local Government were given specific function to perform and enshrined in the fourth schedule of the 1979 constitution. Local Government were granted a relatively high level of autonomy.

From all indications, this reform is very important and distinct from other reforms and that is why Adamolekun (1979:3) has observed, what distinguished the 1976 Local Government reform from all the previous reform exercise in the country is the formal and clearly recognition of the Local Government as constituting a distinct level of government with definite boundaries, clearly stated functions and provision for ensuring adequate human and financial resources.

Despite all these constitutional provisions which granted the Local Government autonomy in all ramifications, there is still little or no development they have brought to the rural dwellers which ought to be their utmost share from the National cake.

At this juncture, the researcher is solely directed at accessing the impact, status, entity and autonomous existence of Nsukka Local Government in the development of their grass root.

1.1         STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The rate of interference and control which the State and Federal Government put on Nigerian Local Government cannot be over emphasized. This which has eaten up the Local Government, does not only affect the Local Government Chairmen and Councilors but as well as the local people who feel neglected in the National cake, resources, and revenue allocations, the high rate of over dependency by the Local Government on the federal and state Government in terms of finance administration. Some Authors, scholar and Administrator argue that this tier of government should be scraped away irrespective of it’s constitutional and legal frame work.

To the Chairman and Councilors, it posses a problem as regards to law making, policies and implementation functions allocated to them by the constitution.

Administratively, the personnel and human resources management of the Local Government in term of recruitment, promotion, security and disciplines staff within it’s area of jurisdiction is not free and fair. The State and Federal Government control them through the introduction of the integrated staff system.

Financially, Local Government do not enjoy autonomy. Their freedom to impose local taxes, generate and allocate revenue within it’s assigned source, allocates it’s financial and material resources, determine and authorize it’s budget is greatly influence by both the Federal and State Government. The statutory allocation which they receive through the State -joint Local Government Account is highly hampered by the State Governors.

Therefore, it is these view that the researcher deem it necessary to examine and access how autonomous Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu state is in relation to grass root development.

  • PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main objectives of this research work is to determine how Local Government Autonomy has affected the grass root development in Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu State.

However, in specific terms, the study is based at the following points:

I       To acertain whether the process of law making and policy implementation by the Councilors and Chairmen affects the grass root development of Nsukka Local Government Area.

ii       To determine how the personnel Administration of Nsukka Local Government Area hampers it’s grass root development

iii      To determine whether State interference in the financial allocation of Nsukka Local Government affects it’s grass root development.

1.3   RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research questions has been constructed as a guide to the success of this research work in order to obtain a useful result.

I       To  what extent has the process of law making and policy implementation by the Councilors and Chairmen affects the grass  root development of Nsukka Local Government Area.

ii       To what extent has the personnel Administration in Nsukka Local Government hampers it’s grass root development.

iii      To what extent has the State interference in the financial allocation of Nsukka Local Government affects it’s grass root development.

1.4   STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

Ho:   Law making process and policy implementation by the Councilors and Chairmen does not affect the grass root development of Nsukka Local Government Area.

Hi:    Law making process and policy implementation by the councilors and chairman does not affect the grass root development of Nsukka Local Government Area.

Ho:   The personnel Administration of Nsukka local government does not hamper it’s grass root development.

Hi:    The personnel Administration of Nsukka local government does not hamper it’s grass root development.

Ho:   The State interference in the financial allocation of Nsukka Local Government does not affect it’s grass root development.

Hi:    The State interference in the financial allocation of Nsukka Local Government does not affect it’s grass root development.

  • THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The researcher employ General system theory in the course of this work.

This theory has so many writers on it such as Almond (1960), Easton (1965), Adamolekun (1983) and Offiong (1996). This theory argue that every system, including political system has a sub-system, including political system has a sub-system which make up the entire system. They have assigned function and provided with enabling empowerment, including resources, appropriate authority that enable them discharge their responsibility optimally.

Applying this brief exposition of the political system analysis to the Nigerian local government system, the local government in the country constitute the sub-system. They must be handled well in terms of being fed with adequate inputs (that is resources and appropriate authorities) as provided in the constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria so that they can contribute appropriately to the goals of Nigerian political system as well as it’s stability. Form these, it is very useful to realize the importance of the general system theory in handling Local Government Autonomy in Nigeria.

They has been assigned with responsibilities to perform which benefit the people, not as part of Federal or State Government. So, if Local Government is not treated as a sub-system, it will bring frustration to the performance of their function and on the long run bring dissatisfaction among the rural people and their National cake will be neglected too.

  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research work would be of benefit to the rural people in Nsukka Local Government of Enugu State. At the end of this work, the rural people will be able to enjoy their constitutional right which is rural development and when such is granted to them, they will no longer feel neglected in the National cake which has been their utmost need from the Local Government.

For scholars, researchers and Authors, they could also use or gather information to review this work and also use it as a reference to any related work they are writing since this work is reliable and validated.

1.7   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

Local Government Autonomy and Grass root development. A of study of Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu State.

1.8   LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The researcher encountered so many constraint while carrying out this research work. The problems and the solutions are as follows: lack of power supply by the Enugu electricity Distribution Company (EEDC) Since power supply has been a serious problem in Oko community, the researcher re-schedule reading at night to day time so as to avoid the problem of power supply.

Lack of fund: This problem was solved as it propel the researcher to borrow money from friend and families to supplement the cash saved before this work.

Lack of time: The researcher adjusted most of it’s programmes that does not add any value to the success of this work.

Lack of material: Since there is no sufficient material for the research work, the researcher joined a study group were most of the problems confronting the work is discussed and settle. The researcher equally made out time to visit the cyber café for more information so as to supplement the information gotten from study group.

These are the problems encountered by the researcher and how the researcher equally over come it so as to make this work successful.

1.9   DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

The following terms are used in this study which have unique meaning that could be subjected to different meaning form different persons; are defined as follows:

GOVERNMENT: It is a machinery through which the will of a State (country) is formulated expressed and attained

AUTONOMY: It is the freedom for a country, a region or an organization to govern itself independently; the ability to act and make decision without being controlled by anyone.

REFORM: This means the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt and unsatisfactory.

ORDINANCE: It is a degree or law promulgated by a state or National Government without the consent of the legislature such as for raising revenue through new taxes or mobilization of resources during an emergency.

AUTHORITY: It is define as the process or right to give order and enforce obedience.

ALLOCATION: It means an authorization to incur expenses or obligation up to a specific amount, purpose and within a specified period.

ENTITY EXISTENCE:  A Government or organization is said to be an entity if it has the ability with essential corporate power, names to engage into contract, sue and be sued and acquire properties.

DEVELOPMENT: It means a process in whitish something passes by degree to a different stage (especially a more advanced or mature stage).

GOVERNEMENT AS A TIER: A government character and entity existence.

NATIVE: Characteristics of or existing by virtue of geographic origin.

ADMINISTRATION: Is all about getting things done with co-coordinated effort of man using effective use of other available resources to get things done.

PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT: It is that part of management process which is primarily concerned with human constituents in an organization.

CONSTITUTION: It is a whole body, fundamental laws, custom belief etc according to a particular state operation.

 

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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN ANAMBRA STATE

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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN ANAMBRA STATE

(AN APPRAISAL OF SELECTED COMMUNITIES IN AGUATA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ANAMBRA STATE)

 

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 GTBANK
Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

Enter Amount

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Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

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08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

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ABSTRACT

This project work was geared towards examing and ascertaining the public administration and community development in Anambra State, with particular reference to selected communities in Aguata Local government Area of Anambra. In the bid to achieve this aim or target, primary or secondary sources were used in data collection. The primary source include questionnaire, while the secondary source include text books. A sample size of 500 persons out of the total population of 58.998 persons in the communities under study, comprising both indigenes and non-indigenes from all works of life, was drawn using sample ramdom sampling techniques in view of the sample size, 500 questionnaires were drafted and personally distributed to the sample size, out of which 350 were retrieved and presented accordingly, using frequency distribution tables with research questions, number of respondents, responses and percentages simple enough to understand from the findings, it was discovered that there were some inherent problems in the community of which a greater percentage were aware of it. Government have however in recent past intervened by putting up strategies but the performance of these strategies were not worth the salt, and as a result, able bodied men of the communities have fled to other communities in search for a better life thereby, leaving the communities static and under developed. It was however suggested by the people that the urgent intervention of government of government through the instrumentality of public administration was expedient and necessary and that such intervention should be in all the sectors of the polity or Economy such as economy, agriculture polities, education, health, power and energy infrastructure, etc, since the role of government was considered in evitable, however in reaction to these problems, the research found-out and in response to the findings, the researcher recommended some possible solutions which include: that government should intervene by setting up strategies to curb the problems and bring the situation to its barest minimum, people should shun all acts of corruption a cordial relationship should be maintained by government with the members of the community and finally, the monitoring agencies should be established to monitor projects and implementers to ensure strict compliance to laid-down procedures as well as curb the incidence of corruption, by officers. Finally and conclusively some constraints were encountered in the course of writing his work, such as response to questionnaires, etc. suggestions for further research were also made by the researcher.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction  …………………………………………………………………1

1.1     Background to the study …………………………………………………….1

1.2     Statement of problem ………………………………………………….……3

1.3     Research question

1.4     Purpose of study …………………………………………………………….4

1.5     Hypotheses (optional)

1.6     Significance of the study ……………………………………………………5

1.7     Scope of the study …………………………………………………..………6

1.8     Limitations of the study

1.9     Operationalization / Definition of terms  ……………………………6

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review and Theoretical framework

2.0     Literature Review ………………………………………………8

2.1     Theoretical framework

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Research methodology

3.1     Research design

3.2     Area of the study

3.3     Population of the study

3.4     Sample  and sampling techniques

3.5     Methods of data collection

3.6     Instruments for data collection

3.7     Reliability of the instruments

3.8     Validity of the instruments

3.9     Distribution and Retrieval of Instruments

3.10   Method of Data Analysis

CHAPTER  FOUR

Data Presentation and Analysis

4.1     Data presentation

4.2     Analysis of Research Questions

4.3     Testing of Hypothesis (if applicable)

4.4     Interpretation of Results

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1     Summary of findings

5.2     Conclusion

5.3     Recommendation

References

Appendix

Questionnaire

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

During the colonial period in Nigeria the government performed very limited functions such as the maintenance of law and order, defense and collection of revenue. But after attaining independence, the government has totally changed. The government has gone beyond the traditional function of maintaining law and order, defense and revenue collection. Their functions now include both development and national building activities.

Investigations carried out proved that in community development in Nigeria, with particular reference to selected communities in Aguata Local Government Area of Anambra State, the people especially the poor, expect many things from the set of public Administration or the government   . The poor expect many things from government. The poor and weaker sections look up to government to improve their lot and allieviate their misery. Thus, in response to the rising expectations of the people, governemtns of these communities in Aguata Local Government have assumed enormous responsibilities in order to improve the social and economic conditions of the people, thus bringing community development through the instrumentality of Public Administration.

Consequently, since developing societies are engaged in rapid socio-economic transformation under the leadership of government, public administration necessarily has a very crucial and fundamental impact in the society. Thus, this work is designed and set to find out public administration and community development with particular reference to selected communities in Aguata Local government Area of Anambra State, as well as make recommendations.

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

        From the background of the study, it is evidenced that some problems actually necessitated the changing of government in these communities after independence, prominent among them include: 1. Lack of social amenities in these communities.

  1. Poor infrastructural facilities, such as good roads, schools, hospitals, electricity etc which led to the non-development of these communities.
  2. The social and economic condition of the people was very poor.
  3. Poverty engulfed the weaker section of the people of which many died as a result of hunger, starvation and mal-nutrition, especially the women and children.

Consequently, the issue which arises from this study is to ascertain the importance of Public “Administration in Anambra State in order to alleviate or reduce these problems evidenced in these communities to it’s bearest minimum.

1.3   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

For the purpose of this study, the following questions are considered important and were used to find suitable answers to these problems. They are:

  1. What is the problem facing the communities?
  2. Does the government strategies to proffer solution to the challenges facing the community?
  3. What is the relationship between the communities and the government ?

 

1.4   PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The broad purpose of this study is to ascertain the impact of Public Administration and community development to selected communities in Aguata Local Government and the developing societies at large.

  1. To find out the impact of Public Administration in developing societies in general, particularly the selected communities of Aguata Local Government.
  2. To find out the causes and effects of poverty and other problems of the developing societies in community development with particular reference to the selected communities in Aguata Local Government in Anambra Sate.
  3. To find out the reason or reasons behind the changing of government in community development with particular reference to the selected communities in Aguata Local government in Anambra State.

 

1.6   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

        The overall significance or importance of this study, and  the beneficiaries of this research work are as follows;

  1. It will be of great value to potential administrators, and policy makers to embark on efficient policy and decision making.
  2. It will help the people of developing societies or communities to be aware of the essential and crucial of Public Administration in the community, thus, support and embrace the subject matter.
  3. Students of Public Administration will also benefit as they will begin to understand and appreciate their course of study in improving community development and the national economy.
  4. Finally, this study after documentation will serve as a reference material for similar studies in the future.

 

1.7   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

        This research work is geared towards ascertaining Public Administration and community development in Anambra State, focusing on some selected communities in Aguata Local Government Area of Anambra State.

Aguata Local Government Area of Anambra State is made up to fourteen (14) communities namely:  Ekwulobia, Isuofia, Agulu-Ezechukwu, Uga, Achina, Umuchu, Amesi, Akpo, Nkologwu, Ikenga, Ezinifite, Umuoha, Igbo-ukwu, Ora, eri. This study will however be limited to Ekwulobia and Isuofia communities only, so as to ensure an in-depth study.

 

1.8   LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

In the course of writing this project research work, the research encounted some inevitable constraints in an effort to make the study a reality. Some of these constraints include:

  1. Financial constraints: In as much as finance is fundamental to the meaningful completion of the study the researcher found it a bit difficult raising the needed and required finance.
  2. Time constraints: the paucity of time had a serious impact in conducting the research work. The time lay between the approval of the project topic and the submissions was a serious problem as the researcher had to battle with the limited time available to conduct the research concurrently with his academic schedules.
  3. There was also the problem of insufficient data within the research of the researcher.
  4. Finally, there was little delay in responding to the questionnaire due to the busy and tight schedule of the respondents as at the time of this study.

 

1.9   DEFINITION OF TERMS

        These are terms used in this research work which are worthy of definition. They are as follows:

  1. Public Administration: This means governmental administration it is the study of the management of the public agencies that carryout public policy or policies in order to fulfill the state purpose in the public interest.
  2. Community Development: This is a set of values and practices which plays to overcome poverty and disadvantages knitting societies together at the grass root and depending democracy.
  3. Colonial period: This is the period or era when the third world countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America Counties were colonized by the European powers. In Nigeria, this period connotes the period between 1900-1960 when Nigeria was under the colonization of Britain.

1.10 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY

The chapter of this research work presents the introduction background of the study, statement of the problem under study, research question to enable the researcher to meet up with the problems under study and the objective of the study, purpose of the study, significant of the study, scope of the study, limitation of the study and definition of some important terms.

The chapter two which presents the literature review, which is the review what have been writing by other scholars, authors and other writers about the related topics which helped the researcher to meet up with the problems under study with the theoretical framework which is the presentation of theories which is pounded by other scholars in relation to the topic under study.

The chapter three, presents the methodology which is the research design Area of the study, population of the study, sample and sampling techniques, method of data collection, reliability of instrument, validity of the instrument, distribution and retrieval of the instrument, method of data collection.

The chapter four presents the research question which was gotten using the method introduced in chapter three, and it will be critically analyzed for easy understanding, and to be able to come up with a successful conclusion about the problem under study.

The chapter five is the conclusion and recommendation coupled with suggestion for further research in some areas in which the researcher was not able to meet up with.

 

 

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THE EFFECT OF POLITICAL CORRUPTION ON NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

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THE EFFECT OF POLITICAL CORRUPTION ON NIGERIAN GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

(A STUDY OF ANAMBRA STATE 1999-2010)

 

COMPLETE PROJECT  MATERIAL COST #3000 NAIRA

 

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MAKE YOUR PAYMENT  INTO ANY OF THE FOLLOWING BANKS:
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Account Name : Chi E-Concept Int’l
ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
First Bank:
Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

OR
PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

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form>

Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

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08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

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ABSTRACT

The major purpose of this study was to examine the political corruption and its effect in the Nigerian government and politics. The study looked into political livies of Anambra state citizens being the case study of the work. For comprehensive understanding of the place and its impact of this study. The work has been divided into five chapters. In chapter one, comprises of statement of problems, significance of the study, purpose and research of the study and others. In chapter two comprises of the causes of corruption and poverty in Nigeria, Nigeria’s political godfathers, the evils of corruption, the effects of corruption in Nigeria which had put the federation into high jump from 1999    2010 in Nigeria especially Anambra state. in the same chapter two we have another concept which is madness of second tenure system in Nigeria government as a major causes. In chapter five we have the recommendations and suggestions based on the findings from the research work from 2000 – 2010 political lives of Nigerian citizens.

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CHAPTER  ONE

Introduction ………………………………………………..…….……1

1.0     Background of the study…………………………………..……..……1

1.1     Statement of the problem…………………………………..…..……4

1.2     Purpose of the study…………………………………..……………5

1.3     Research question…………………………………..…………5

1.4     Significance of the………………………………………….…..……6

1.5     Theoretical framework…………………………….…..……15

1.6     Scope of the study………………………………………….…..……17

1.7     Limitation of the study………………………………………….…..……17

1.8     Definition of terms ……………………………………….…..……17

CHAPTER TWO

2.1     Literature Review  ……………………………………….…..……23

2.2     Corruption and poverty in Nigeria ………………………………………….27

2.3     Nigeria’s political godfathers ………………………………………….28

2.4     The effects of corruption ……………..30

2.5     The evil of corruption ………………………………….31

2.6     Madness of second tenure system March 8, 2006…………………..33

CHAPTER  THREE

3.1     Design of the study ………………………………………………………………….34

3.2     Area of the study………………………………………………………………………35

3.3     Population of the study……………………………………………………………..35

3.4     Sample / sampling techniques ……………………………………………………36

3.5     Instrument for data collection ……………………………………………………36

3.6     Reliability and validity of the instrument ……………………………………37

3.7     Distribution and retrieval of the instrument …………………………………37

3.8     Method of data analysis ……………………………………………………………38

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1     Data presentation………………………………………………………………………39

4.2     Interpretation of Result……………………………………………………………..44

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1     Summary of findings ………………………………………………………………..44

5.2     Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………..47

5.3     Recommendation …. ………………………………………………………………..49

Reference ……………………………………………………………………………….53

Appendix ……………………………………………………………………………….54

Questionnaire  …………………………………………………………………………55

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Nigeria and political corruption – political corruption is not a recent phenomenon that pervades the Nigerian state.

Since the creation of modern public administration in the country, there have been cases of officials misuse of resources, embezzlement of funds, looting of government property for personal enrichment “the rise of public administration and the discovery of oil and natural gas are two major events seen to have led to a litany of ignorable corrupt practices in the country over the years, the country has seen its wealth withered with little to show in living condition of the common man.

In this view, a Nigerian political leader, Obafemi Awolowo raised a silent issue when he said since independence, of few holding the cow for the strongest and most cunning to milk”, under those circumstances everybody runs over everybody to make good at the expense of others. Characteristically, apologist for the failings of African governments have blamed colonist for the pervasive corruption. According to this view, the nations’ colonial history may have restricted any easily influence in an ethnical revolution through out the colonial period. Most Nigerians were stunk in ignorance and poverty. The trapping of flash cars, houses and success of the colonialists many influence the poor to see the colonialist as symbols of success and to emulate the colonists in different political ways.

Involvement in the agenda of colonial rule may also inhibit idealism in the easily stage of the nascent nations’ development. A view common held during the colonial days was that the colonists property (cars, houses, farms etc) is not our property.

Thus vandalism and looting of public property was not seen as a crime against society.

This view is what has degenerated into them or sent disregard for public property and lack of public trust and concern for public goods as collective national property.

According to Sen (1999 p. 225) states that corruption is “an effort to secure wealth or power through illegal means private gain at public expenses or a misuse of public power for private benefit”.

Therefore electoral corruption includes the purchase of vote with money, promises of offices or special favours, coercion, intimidation and interference with freedom of election (Nigeria is a good example where this practice is common, botes are bought, people are killed or maimed in the name of election, losers end up as the winners where voters turns up in areas where vogues were not cast.

Generally, the implication of political corruption appears in different forms such as electoral corruptions, bribery, fraud, embezzlement, extortion, nepotism godfatherism, favouritism, madness of second tenure system and others.

The implication of political corruption as an impediment to the economical, social cultural and political stability is not a recent phenomenon that pervades the Nigerian state.

It started as far back as the colonial era among the colonists but grown to its apex / climax since, the creation of modern public administration in the country.

There have been cases of official misuse of resources for personal enrichment. Nigeria’s political godfathers, which came into existence as a result of inability of some aspirants of political officers to afford or sources their fund to run the election political godfathers there are those who are the powerful wealthy men who sponsor the political aspirants in Nigeria palace known as political godfathers in which their political fathering activities has been culminating to political polarizations, political traumas, political upheavals and political brouhaha which has become the talk of the day.

What is known as Anambra state today was created as far back as 1991 under the leadership of Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida, Anambra today is one of the largest and dominating southeast state and comprises of (21) twenty one local governments.

Since 19991, the violence, corruption and godfatherrism” occurring elsewhere in Nigeria have run a rampant in Anambra since then Anambra has been proved by some political analysis to remain the eyes of the most political corrupt state in Nigeria in which a wealthy member of Chris Uba is an iconic example of the godfathers phenomenon in Nigeria as a prove in 2003 Anambra gubernatorial  election when PDP candidate Dr. Chris Nwabueze Ngige was sponsored and financed to rig the 2003 election in Anambra which the whole world witnessed their high level of electoral rigging, political irregularities political quagmires, political traumas and political upheavals as a result of godfather, favouritism second tenure madness, nepotism and other. By virtue of this unattainable agreement between Dr. Christ Nwabueze Ngige and his godfather Christ Uba, the two political gladiators degenerated a series of political traumas, electoral irregularities rigging, thuggery, kidnapping, killing, vandalization, false impeachment and all that.

 

1.1     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Nigeria as a nation is facing serious political corruption problems namely:

i         Lack of political education

ii        Godfatherism concept

iii       Electoral irregularities

iv       Lack of party ideology

v        Political polarizations, upheavals, quagmires, traumas and brouhaha.

vii      Ethnicisms, nepotism, sectionalism and tribalism among the politicians.

vii      Madness of second tenure concept

viii    Lack of patriotism among he leaders

ix       Marginalization

x        High level of insecurity

xi       Poverty at its climax heralding to high level of thugry and violent.

xii      Centralization of power at the state level a case study of Anambra.

From all indications, challenges are daily, weekly monthly and yearly and may be to complete in the near  future, unless there is a panel committee set up to eradicate the situation. However, they have to educate and internalize the masses to a lager extent using electronic voting system as to ensure transparency, justice, equity, good condense and free and fair elections. A question just came to my mind now, saying how can massive thurgry, been reduced in Anambra state election? The answer says that there should be an adequate provision of job opportunity as to engage the youths in one job or the other so that it will limit their state of poverty as an off-shoot of thurgry.

Based on these, the researcher has to vividly analyze those things that contributes to political corruption and its effect in Anambra state.

 

1.2     PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to examine and provide the following in depth through analysis of political stability in Nigerian government and polities.

i         To provide adequate political education to the Anambra youth and other politicians.

ii        To provide suitable  environment to enhance political stabilities.

iii       To give a stop to luke warm concept of godfatherism in politics.

iv       To provide job opportunities to Nigerian & Anambra youths to reduce the level of poverty which has  been an offshoot of massive thurgry and kidnapping during election.

v        To give proper causation and warning to the fraudulent INEC officials on the side of their electoral fraud and regulates which has been culminating to political traumas and qaugmire in Anambra state.

vi       To mandate the state government to delegate power to the local government level as to enhance mass participation and political enlightment.

vii      To ensure political stability which may conversely heralds to free and fair election in Anambra state

viii    To encourage electronic voting system in Anambra state for more effective and efficient politicking and free and fair elections.

ix       To ensure mass participation in the political activities

x        To ensure adequate party ideology in Nigeria government and politics.

More so, the study has the following aim to explain why Anambra state elections had never once been conducted free and fair.

1.3     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

          The researcher put down the following questions when he was carrying out this project.

i         To what extent does political corruption affects the Anambra state political, social and economical lives of people?

ii        What ways could the political leaders, followers and INEC officials would be baptized (improved) so as to ensure higher equity, transparency, free and fair elections?

ii        How can electronics voting system effect or culminates or heralds to free and fair election in Anambra state?

 

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be significant in the need to improve political stability in Nigeria with particular emphasis to Anambra state is imperative in the following.

i         In the view of improving political equality among the Anambrarians.

ii        In the view of eradicating high level of political illiteracy among the Anambra youths through political education.

iii       This study will also be significant in finding solution to the rampant political thugry, mass kidnapping, frequent abductions, killing etc.

iv       It will also be significant in eradicating high level of insecurity in Anambra state.

v        This study will also be significant in prohibiting any thing concerning godfatherism in Anambra state.

vi       This study will also be significant in effecting political stabilities thereby resulting to free and fair election heralding to credible representatives.

vii      This study will be significant in giving room for the state government delegating political, financial and administrative autonomy to the local government in Anambra state.

viii    This study will also be significant in enlightening Nigerian politicians with party ideology rather than their formal party without ideology system.

ix       It will be significant in leaving little or no change for political irregularities, electoral fraud and other political traumas in Nigeria particularly Anambra state.

In this report, the researcher will also be significant in eradicating of political arsons, kidnapping and other political upheavals and how Anambra and its neighbouring states can benefit or gain from the refined effective and efficient political administration both economically, politically, socially and cultural harmony and stability.

 

 1.5    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

There are several ways of studying any phenomenon in any schoarlarly enquiry inorder to ensure a systematic and objective analysis for the purpose of this discourse I don’t prehendal theory of democracy working on the assumption that power is central to politics the starting point of Richard Joseph Prehendal theory is that the Nigeria political life is entirely characterized and dominated by corruption Omo O. (1993 p 16) central to prehenda analysis are the concepts of clietlism and prehendalism. He sees chetelism as patron diet ties clietlism he further argues is the very channel throng which one joins the dominant class and a practise which is then seen as fundamental to the continued enjoyment of the prequisties of that class. He define prehendalism as the procurement of office of state either through examinations or as a reward for loyal service to a lord or a rule A critical assignment of post independent Africa states reveals that to be ruler whether at the federal. State or local level is to be in charge of the treasury and use the wealth that properly belongs to the people to legitimately enrich party faithful investors in elections friends clients and proves godfather allies to sustain a corruption life style.

From the above prehensalism provide a framework through which Africa and Nigeria affairs as it relates to corruption and development can be studied higher equity, transparency, free and fair elections?

iii       How can electronics voting system effect or culminates or heralds to free and fair election in Aambra state?

iv       How has godfatherism contributed to the present high level of political brouhaha, political traumas, political upheavals in Anambra state?

v        How does purchasing of votes, collection of votes, where and when election was not conducted nor votes being cast contributes to the electoral malpractices in Anambra state.

1.6     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In studying the political corruption in Nigeria government and politics, it becomes imperative to confine this to a democratic dispensation in actualizing transparency, equity, justice, good conscience and free and fair election to an extent within the constraint of time and of the study.

Consequently, Anambra state. government was used as a case study

1.7     LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Research was not problem free.

In this work, the researcher was faced or confronted with some major problems which tampered for hindered the progress of this work. Prominent among these was the issue of distribution of the questionnaires. The researcher used to go from local government to local government and from staff to staff, among the twenty one (21) local government in Anambra state. In research for the solution to the problem as a result of this, the researcher run these regular visits to different (Hpm) of the local governments.

More  so  adequate explanations was made to explain the need for questionnaires. The researcher spend more time going from one staff to the other in various offices in the state, that is time that they are suppose to use for another thing.

Also money for transportation to meet them i.e the staff in their various houses and a times, when you got to some, they will not respond to you some i.e the staff will just tell you that they do not have time to discuss anything with you concerning to that now.

 

1.8     DEFINITION OF TERMS

  1. Corruption: in a layman understanding, corruption is defined as a perversion or change from good to bad. Therefore corrupt behaviour involves violation of established rules for personal gain and profit (Sen 1999 P. 275). Corruption is also an effort to secure wealth or power through illegal means for private gain at public expense or misuse of public power for private benefit

ii        Godfathers in Nigeria: The term godfathers (alkla money bag, alkla loan-shacks) refers to superfluously very wealthy men (no known women yet) that finance elections.

Note: when the godfathers sponsor election, they normally cover the government treasury and control the government in order to recoup their investment.

iii       Madness of second Tenure: This simply means the sit tight system adopted in Nigeria governance where by the governors, chairpersons, president will be on the government seat and lying or agitating for second tenure for him to be re-elected into the seat.

iv       Political polarization: this simply means the dividing house (party) into different groups of people with different opinion or idea, in a state as a result of politics, i.e disapproval among the individual in the society as in Anambra politics.

v        Political Brouhaha and upheavals: this is unnecessary estimate, criticism or activity especially in news report to show disapprovals.

vi       Electoral corruption: This includes purchase of votes with money, promises of office or special favours, coercion, intimidation and interference with freedom of election.

vii      Fraud: It involves some kind of trickery, swindle and detect counterfeiting, acketing, smuggling and forgery (Ibid Pu).

Viii    Embezzlement: This is theft of public resources by public officials. It is when a state officials steals from the public institution in which he / she is employed.

ix       Extortion: This is money and other resources extracted by the use of coercion violence or threats to use force. (Bafart et al 1997, P.11).

x        Favouritism: this is a mechanism of power abuse implying a highly biased distribution of state resources.

However, this is seen as a natural human productivity to favour friends, fairly and anybody close and trusted.

 

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THE PROBLEMS OF EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF REVENUE AVAILABLE TO LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN NIGERIA

THE PROBLEMS OF EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF REVENUE AVAILABLE TO LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN NIGERIA

 (A CASE STUDY OF ANINRI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ENUGU STATE)

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ABSTRACT

When the researcher chose this topic: THE PROBLEMS OF EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF REVENUE AVAILABLE TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT, she was inspired by the high rate of embezzlement, poor leadership, low rate of accountability, general laxity of the finance department and corruption in Nigeria Local Government, and Aninri Local Government in particular. To do this, the researcher developed four (4) Questions. This questions were administered inform of questionnaires to 195 staff who were selected as a sample of the population. Apart from this, secondary data were used. In organizing and presenting data collected, tables and percentages were used as well. The data analysis revealed that ineffective utilization of revenue in the local government had created a negative impact in Aninri Local Government Area. The researcher therefore recommended that the revenue available to local government should be handled by honest and accountable personnel, those who posses sound knowledge about revenue generation and utilization. The outcome would be an effective and efficient management and utilization of local government revenue in such a way that would deliver the needed development.

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                               i

Approval Page                                                                        ii

Dedication                                                                             iii

Acknowledgment                                                                   iv

Abstract                                                                                 vi

Table of Content                                                                    vii

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

  • Background of the Study 1
  • Statement of the Problem 4
  • Purpose of the Study 6
  • Significance of the Study 7
  • Delimitation/Limitation of the study 8
  • Research Questions 9
  • Definition of Terms 10

References                                                                    13

 

CHAPTER TWO

  • Theoretical frame work                                                15
  • Brief History of Aninri Local government                    17
  • Functions of Local Government Councils 22
  • Sources of Revenue to Local Governments In Nigeria 26
  • Summary of Aninri Local Government recurrent revenue and expenditure 29
  • The problem of effective utilization of Revenue of Local Government 51
  • The impact of the problems of effective utilization of revenue available to local government 53
  • Solutions/way forward to the problems of effective revenue utilizations

References                                                            62

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.1    Research Design and Methodology                      64

  • Sources of data 65
  • Area/location of Study 67
  • Population of the Study 67
  • Sample and Sampling Techniques 69
  • Establishing the validity of the instruments       72
  • Establishing the reliability of the instruments 72
  • Method of data analysis 73

References                                                                   74

 

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1    Data presentation and analysis                   75

 

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0    Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations    84

  • Summary of Findings 84
  • Recommendations 87
  • Conclusion 89

Bibliography                                                         91

Appendixes                                                           94

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.1   BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY

Nigeria as a sovereign nation operates a federal system of government i.e the federal government, state government and the local government councils.

Onwo (1992) Observed that each level of the three tiers of government derive its powers not from the magnanimity of the central government but from the constitution; each level of government has defined responsibilities assigned to it by the constitution. The implication of this is that the three segments of governments are mutually interrelated in a unified effort to make life worth – while for the masses.

Aninri local government area was created out of Awgu local government in October 1996 by the late head of state General Sani Abacha. As one of the new local government councils, it is facing a very serious crisis of development since its creation. Some problems facing the council include: insufficient office accommodation, staff quarters and office infrastructures. These problems seem to be insurmountable.

Indigenes of the local government are desirous of enjoying modern facilities, improved means of transportation, such as good road network and mass transit transport services. These desires are in line with stated objectives of the local government  such as construction and  maintenance of roads, provision of health services such as maternity homes, health centers, sanitization, provision of primary education and many others – as sponsored by the federal military government. The federation (Nigeria) years book of 1983, outlined the aims of the local government system in the country. According to that document, one of the cardinal aims of the local government system is to make appropriate services and development activities, responses to local wishes and needs by delegating authority to local representative bodies.

The citizens expect the council to excel in developmental activities. They would like to please the community or communities in the local government area through the provision of   functional feeder roads and public utilizations.

The council administration in the other hand complains of inadequate finance to meet up with the numerous responsibilities yearning for attention. According to the guidelines for local government reforms or 1976, “it must be recognized that if meaningful local government is to be expected in Nigeria, much larger financial resources are needed” they also complain that staff salaries alone drain a high percentage of the monthly allocation. Financial experts postulates that money is at the center of developmental projects. Acquisition and proper accountability of funs are the pivot upon revolves. Adedeji (1979) capped it all when he declared that the success or failure and the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of local government depend on the financial resources available to the individual local government and the way these resources are utilized.

From the foregoing, it seems that an empirical study into the revenue base of the local government system at this harsh economic period is not only useful but very vital.

It is therefore against this background that this project work is being undertaken with a view to discovering the problems of Effective Utilization of Revenue Available to Local Governments with particular reference to Aninri local government area of Enugu state.

 

1 .2  STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The relevance of the local government councils as the government at the grassroot level is measured by the quality and quantity services rendered to the rural dwellers.

For the council to render meaningful services, in form of provision of basic amenities, construction and maintenance of roads, creation of employment opportunities for the citizens and pay staff salaries as and when due, money is undoubtedly required.

Business Administration Project MaterialS topics preview, Management project topics and materials preview, Public Administration Project Topics And Material preview

SOLVING UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM, THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

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SOLVING UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM, THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN NKANU EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF ENUGU STATE

 

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ABSTRACT
This research study focuses on the solving of unemployment problem through the establishment of small scale business in Nigeria.A vivid study of Nkanu-East Local Government Area. The study is trying to look into how the unemployment problem can be solved by  introducing small industry, which can be managed using the little capital.The research consulted some literatures related works, like Njideka P. (1998) setting small scale business management Enugu, Iyka Publishing Venture. Kotle – P. (1998) marketing management Analysis Planing implementation and control London. An this work was design to Nkanu East Local Government of Enugu State by establishing small scale industries and disbursing of capital as borrowing to them by the government. Method used in the collection of data are primary and secondary method. In primary data collection method, personal interview, questionnaire, personal observation, were a dated within the study area of Nkanu East Local Government of Enugu State.
Also secondary data collection was used on additional source of  data.The use of literature located text book, Journalists, newspapers and  other forms were adopted.One may conclude therefore that the crealing or the establishment of small scale industries in Nkanu East will be given a relief to  the  people, by creating employment, so as to  easy hardship. More so, it has or  manufacturing of primary  product before  it can be  used as final product by the by form.The following solutions are recommended, that government should  provide financial objectives   to ease  the establishment of small scale industries.However, government should problems experts to teach  on profit articulation and presentation if their credit, to the prospective leaders.
The research findings has shown that the establishment of small scale industries in Nkanu East Local Government of Enugu State will help increase the standard of the people living.

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.       Introduction

    1. Background of the study
    2. Statement of the study
    3. Purpose of the study
    4. Scope of the study
    5. Significance of the study
    6. Limitation of the study
    7. Definition of the study
    8. Reference

CHAPTER TWO
Review of related literature

    1. Literature review
    2. Definition by different authors
    3. The role of small scale business in solving  unemployment problems.
    4. Contribution of the federal government to the development of small scale industries
    5. Source of fund available to the
    6. Reference

CHAPTER THREE

    1. Conclusion
    2. Implication of the keeping findings
    3. Recommendation
    4. Bibliography

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1              BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.
In adequate appreciation of how unemployment could be solved through the establishment of small scale business I Nigeria and in particular or Nkanu East Local government Area of Enugu State, there also the need for the initial performance of defining unemployment? As well as small scale business and inter worse both for our purpose.  However, the Oxford dictionary of recent English defined unemployment as the state being unemployed and the amount of usual labour. Unemployment is also people who are willing and able to work but have no job. On the other side of small-scale business has been defined by a list of authors more precily by a man called peter. Ejiofor (1989) in this book.

FUNDATION OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
As these enterprises that relating small capital investment that produces in small qualities and a result control of a small share of  the market, that em ploy more than sixty percent  of workers  in which the management, marketing and an entrepreneur function a re  rested in the proprietor.
Also according to Klott Lawrence in 1973, that small-scale industry is any industry which is independently owed and operated and not dominant in it’s area of operation, industries whether a business is small fair sized or by. The says that a small business requires at least one man who is not engaged in any other financial work required. Although it’s true that small scale business create job opportunity and facilitate the economy of the nation still confirmed to the large scale business.
Moreover, small-scale business is known also to have certain indispensable, which differentiate them from large-scale business. Finally the main point for measuring what constitutes a small-scale business attract the following, as to continue;

CHAPTER ONE

1.       THE SIZE OF THE BUSINESS: – Since they are small in nature, most of them are normally small in size and occupies a small share market.

  1. TYPE OF MANAGEMENT: – it’s characterizes by one man management, it is owner domination, that is Purism of ownership and control. They owner management participates activity in all level of decision. Making a day-to-day operation and management of the business.
  2. INFORMATION FLOW: – In small scale business as a one man business, the information is known to come from the owner to they workers and feed back is encourage effectively.
  3. SOLE PROPERITORSHIP: – They are always polited by they sole proprietorship who does not want to go into particuliarship with others i.e they are ruled solely.
  4. CHEAP LABOUR:– Most of them in these case due to the type of their business, they search for cheap labour to do work for them, so that they can pay at the end  of the day.
  5. SMALL OUTLAY: – Due to the nature and size. They normally have small invest able capital to run their business. Some illustrations of small business are small-scale poultry farming, Fashion and  hair dressing, phone called business etc.

According to yakass, (1990) over the years there has been controversy over the definition of small scale industry.   The absence of universal acceptable definition has compounded the problems of many industrialists.
The control bank of Nigeria definition of small scale over does not exceed N 500, 000. 00 to 600, 000. 00. For commercial bank or capital investment not N2 millions and turn over to million for merchant banks.
The NERFUND (National Economic Reconstruction Fund) defines a small-scale operation, as the medium scale enterprise is any business requirement between N 6 millions and N10million also depart lend to start.
The federal ministry of industries defines small-scale industry as a manufacturing, processing or serving enterprises whose capital investment does not exceed N 250, 000 in machinery and equipment only.
The definition is to bring down the parameliar under which an industrialist may take advantages different machineries created by the government such machinery include the granting of loans equipment and raw materials.

1.2              STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
In these recent days Nigeria, the country has been afflicted with so many unemployment problems. This accounts largely for the social ills that have been devialled, the country to day such as, oblaing by false, pretence or advance fees found move popularly known as “419” robbery, bribery and corruption which has become the bane of Nigeria potion and otherwise.
However, it is well common that graduates produced from various institutions of higher learning and other highly skilled professionals hardly secure jobs takes less of suitable employment opportunity in our country Nigeria in particular. Youth coppers for example on passing out move from  one street to other in searching of job or an employment but no way.