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Sociology and Anthropology project topics and materials preview

GENDER INEQUALITY AND WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS

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GENDER INEQUALITY AND WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS

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INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background of the Study

Gender inequality has been an issue for several centuries, the world over. Though history has it that fewer women have been in power even before colonialism. Instances are the Queen of Daura, the Sarauniya of Zazzau in pre-jihad, the Angwu Tsi who was almost the counterpart of the King, with her own Palace, in the middle belt, Iyayun the Queen who ruled in fifteenth century in Oyo, after the death of her husband (Modupe, 2001). Though from the foregoing, it will be seen that very, very few women have had the opportunity in a leadership position, yet in every one or single case of women, there are several hundreds of the male counterparts.

Sexism has become a major problem in Nigerian politics. Women have been politically considered endangered species and their low participation in Nigerian government and politics is often associated with culture, religious, economic constraint and male chauvinism. The African society in general and Nigerian society in particular has placed most of the leadership roles on the men folk, thereby championing the course of gender inequality.

Economically, some feminist perceive women’s marginality in the conduct and management of the public affairs as arising from their entrenchment of the globalized capitalists relations of production. The traditional society did not recognize the contributions of women in any decision making process. The women are carefully ignored in any important meeting of the family, community and even in government establishments. Till today, community development meetings are always held at night thereby making it impossible for most women to attend.

A relationship, which ensures that majority of Nigerian women are peasants and home makers. Nonetheless, feminists have failed to fundamentally unravel in their explanatory analysis to the feminine gender self-emulating attitudes. Feminine gender-self-destructive factors is the decline of women participation in government and it is often lay in exist analysis, for instance, the 1991 population census put the number of Nigerian women at about 44 million which is almost 50%, and by implication, half of the Nigerian electorates (National Population Census Commission). This electoral power has not been converted to assertive feminine electoral and political advantages over the years (NNCC Report, 1991).

In recent past, however, especially in the wake of the millennium and also in the 2011 general elections, many women have risen up to the challenges of the time. Many women have come to assume leadership positions in both politics and religion. This is a giant step in the right direction as it will go a long way in breaking the jinx of gender inequality and male chauvinism in Nigeria society.

The 2011 general elections presented women with good opportunities to navigate the way to power, those in attendance were female legislators, representative of various women’s groups, women and male gender activists, the market women’s association, professional associations and media practitioners. All these groups of women are after the actualizing the 35% Affirmative Action Committee by President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan.

The 2011 general election was seen as a good platform to authenticate the voting pattern of Nigerian women. It is truly evident the active participation and the support of women to the 2011 campaigns and elections, hence the need for reflection and focused advocacy for the conscious and quality inclusion of women in the structures of the newly elected government and parliament through clear pronouncements and action (AIT’s Focus Nigeria, 2012).

1.2               Statement of Research Problem

Gender inequality especially in the political arena is a serious challenge being faced by women in Kaduna State.

The statement of the problem therefore, is the issue of economic disadvantage which might have impacted negatively on the women’s participation in the 2011 general election in Kaduna State.

Sociology and Anthropology project topics and materials preview

THE EFFECT OF STREET HAWKING AMONG TEENAGE GIRLS

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THE EFFECT OF STREET HAWKING AMONG TEENAGE GIRLS.

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CHAPTER ONE:

Introduction

1.1     Background of the study         …………………………………………      1

1.2     Purpose of the study       ……………………………………….…    4

1.3     Significance of the study  …………………………………………     4

1.4     Scope and Limitation of the study   ……………………………….   5

1.5     Definition of terms  ……………………………………………….    5

CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review

2.1     The Concept of Human Trafficking …………………………..….    6

2.2     The Context of Human Trafficking …………………………….…   9

2.3     Purposes and Causes of Trafficking ……………………………….  11

2.4     Legal Instruments for Human Trafficking in Nigeria ………………  12

2.6     Some of the Prosecuted Crimes of Human Trafficking in Nigeria ..  28

CHAPTER THREE: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations

3.1     Summary …………………………………………………………..    20

3.2     Conclusion ……………………………………………………..…     22

3.3     Recommendations         ………………………………………………….    22

References ………………………………………………………….   24

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Nigeria, the most populous black nation in the world with an estimated population of about 140 million people (2006, Census), is endowed with abundant human and natural resources like oil, tin, limestone, zinc, natural gas, good vegetation  and climate which varies from being equatorial in the South, tropical in the centre and arid in the north. This great country, 3rd world largest producer of crude oil has about 5.3% annual growth rate but it is estimated that 70% of Nigerians live in poverty (Tola, 2008).

The above features are legacies of decades of prolonged military rules coupled with mis-management and corruption, which have daily impoverished the people and made them “beggers” of a sort amidst plenty. This act of misrule has increased anti-social behaviour amongst the populace. Sadly, the quest for material wealth at all cost has introduced a new dimension of wealth creation into the psyche of Nigerians-which  is street hawking.

Street hawking is the third largest criminal activity in the world after arms and drug trafficking (Tola, 2008). In the last decade, the phenomenon of street hawking has considerably increased throughout the world and most especially in Nigeria. Every year, million of individuals, mostly female are misled by decot or forced to submit to servitude.

The UN convention Against Transnational orgainsed crime (2000) defined street hawking as follows; “the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, of abuse of power, giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation” “exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs”

ANPPCAN (2010) sees street hawking as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, habouring or receipt of female by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power, a position of vulnerability or the giving or receiving of payments, benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over the child for the pupose of exploitation.

Research evidence shows that female are trafficked for the purpose of domestic services, prostitution and other forms of exploitative labour (UNICEF, 2007). These has been  a serious concern about the cause of street hawking in Africa as a whole and Nigeria as a country in particular.

UNICEF (2007) has identified poverty, large family size, rapid urbanization among others as the major factor why many Nigeria female are vulnerable to trafficking. Parents with large family are often prone to those traffickers deceit in giving away some of their female to city residents or even strangers promising a better life for them. Trafficking deprives child victims the privilege to exercise their wide range of rights, including the right to belong and identify, the right to freedom, education among others. ANPPCAN(2010).

As a result of this, the study on the causes, effects and remedies of street hawking in Nigeria is worth pursuing. It is hoped that the findings of this study will provide  meaningful information as to the stoppage of the act in Nigeria and Africa as a whole.

Female living in rural areas in Nigeria often lack access to quality education, good health and other basic needs which make their parents to entrust them in the hands of other family members who are financially upright to help them train their female.

However, this custom has been abused by those family members or relatives because of the exposure of these female to hazardous work, prostitution and other forms of inhuman activities.

This act posses a serious challenges to the growth of the Nigerian society, economically, socially and politically.

1.2     Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is:

i.        To look at the origin and development of street hawking  in Nigeria

ii.       To examine the causes of street hawking in Nigeria

iii.      To analyse the effects of street hawking in Nigeria, socially, politically and economically

iv.      To profer solutions to the problems of street hawking in Nigeria.

1.3     Significance of the Study

This study will be of great importance, as it will provide necessary information on the causes, effects and remedies to street hawking in Nigeria. It will also provide further research in combating trafficking in Nigeria. The study will also be useful for further purposes and for further researches into street hawking within and outside the country.

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Sociology and Anthropology project topics and materials preview

THE EFFECT OF DRUG ABUSE ON THE YOUTH

THE EFFECT OF DRUG ABUSE ON THE YOUTH IN JOS SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF PLATEAU STATE NIGERIA

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ABSTRACT In totality, the aim of this topic “the effects of drug abuse on the youth” is to find out the causes and its effects so as to proffer solution that it will help reduce drug abuse among the youth and the entire people of the community understudy. These research is also carried out in chapters, in chapter one it introduce the background of the entire work, it identified the problems and its objectives, in chapter two it deals with the literature review which entails what the authors says about the abuse of drug and it effects to human being and the society at large. Also in chapter three and four it discuss the methodology that the researcher design, the instrument used and the problems encounter also the data presentation democratic distribution of the respondent and the level of awareness to the consumers while in chapter five it deals with the summary of the entire work and possible recommendation that will help reduce the abuse of drug among youth so that the youth of productive age can be relevant to the society and nation building.   

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

TO THE STUDY In every language, the word drug means any substances or chemical prescribe for medical reasons. However, it is one of the substances which alter the way the body functions. Many who condemn young people for using the illegal drug like heroin, cocaine, smoke and drink heavily themselves, ignoring the facts that these are the most abuse drugs of addiction. On the subject drugs the Australian medical society on Alcohol and drug related problem stated. Drug in Australia account for one in five admissions are related to general hospital, in psychiatric hospital. One in two admissions are related to alcohol or drugs abuse. In this country drugs abuse and alcohol affect serious crime and also contribute to fatalities Barry, 1984. Drug abuse can be traced in Kabong community long before the period of colonial era. The general perception is that drug abuse are for motivation, intoxication and adequate performance both physical and socially. Some equally belief that it is philosophical that is it gives them wonderful ideas and though. Other said it is an “oil of conversation” which means when taken, it enables them to talk well and meaningfully or rationally. The topic of this research is “The effect of drug abuse on the youth” A case study of Jos South Local Government in Plateau state. Drug is a very strong substance, made from different grain and herb with the mixture of many strong chemicals. It has a very serious short term effect. It charge within no time, it has been found to bring instability in work place as a result of an increased amount of the intake. Boris (1974) say drug abuse can play or serve a significant role in everyday interpersonal affaires although there is no data shown, but many youth in Nigeria are user, however, there are many other users of drug that is beyond moderate level to them, drug abuse constitute a vey solving problem and this condition appears to be based on an underlined psychological abnormality. Drug abuse seriously affect the individuals health and social function, it also hurt the users family, friends and colleagues and society as whole. Swaggart (1984), identify the havoc caused by excessive drug abuse. According to him it has broken up more homes, murdered more human beings, made papers of more people starved more children, started more war, wrecked more careers, cause more any single factor on the surface of the earth. Ejikeme (2003), equally identify problems associated with drug and alcohol abuse to include insomnia, injuries or even death incurred while driving etc under the influence of drug abuse increasing, likelihood of involvement in animal behavior (to finance the addiction); sickness resulting from the neglect of personal hygiene, toxic psychoses (may be precipitate by a single dose). Memory difficulties, high blood pressure, manpower loss, violent behavior and socially undersirable behavior. Excessive abuse of drug may cause physically or psychological dependence or both may coexist in one individual. Drug abuse may also bring conflict between the user and the society. It may lead to social problem and also create conflict within user and his social environment (Ejikeme 2011). Within the Kabong community of Jos south local government area, there appears to be an increasing rate of drug abuse in family setting. An observation shows that this practices of drug abuse is prominent among both sex though this observation also indicated that most of the female who abuse drug do not openly indulge in this practice due to socio-cultural reasons. Drug abuse indeed one of the major social problem being faced today by the youth of kabong community of Jos south, it account for a large portion of such problem and it has raise health, and marital issue for social welfare agencies. The problem of drug abuse has become a trans-cultural phenomenon in the community as it has been observed in most communities in plateau state. It is in view of the above that Silverstein (1990) argues that one of every four youth has problem with drug abuse, each member of the family may be affected by drug abuse differently. Therefore drug abuse has direct toxic as well as sedative effects on the body and failure to take care of nutritional and other physical needs during prolong period of excessive use of drug in case of further complicate matter, such advanced cases often require the attention of psychotherapist or doctor. Accordingly, it can be argued that some people (youth) in Kabong community take drug to get away from pains and problems associated with social living and functioning. The people are deficient in their learned ways of dealing with problem of life while other abuse drug to elevate themselves, when celebrating an occasion. However, this is a tentative statement, which is still subject to proper and further investigation in the course of this research. To this end, this research is out to investigate any possible effect of drug abuse on the family and youth especially among Kabong Community in Jos South Local Government Area. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study is instigated by the increasing use and abuse of drug among family and youth in Kabong community. Drug abuse and it effects on the family are relevant to the present trend of event, which was noticed to be increasingly growing as observed by the research. Drug abuse has been found to bring different kind of hazard to both the individual group and the community as a result of an increase intake (Ejekeme, 2001) draw attention to the factors that drug abuse and alcohol it is not less harmful than other chemical it posses some degree of risk to the user. In the same way Boris (1974) opines that abuse of drug can serve or play a significant role in inter personal offense. Researcher at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for children, Sydney, tell us a single large intake of drug at the critical stage can cause FAS while frequent small amount of alcohol can lower the offspring’s intelligence and learning potential (Barry, 1984). In Kabong community of Jos south local government area, the predominantly dwellers are the Rukuba and Berom people, the indulge in drug consumption as a social cultural heritage whereby drug parents mostly father give out the product to their children as food. Also to qureten those disturbing them from the busy and tight schedules at their various beer-pallor so as to enable them attend to customers. The children grow up to become drug abuser, thereby seeming no harm whatsoever in use of drug intake. Youth and adolescent of this community also pick up this habit through observing others abusing drug. In other words, these people are typically family members, parent, friends and neighbors around them. Barry (1996) stated that damage to the ovum or sperm before conception can lead to abnormalities in the child. He further says that if the foetus is exposed to alcohol in the mothers blood in the early weeks, it may be born with foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Some studies suggest that marijuana produces change in the users chromosome and as with nicotine and alcohol may damage sperm, reducing fertility and affecting the developing foetus. A defective ovum which is fertilized is likely to produce an early miscarriage. chronic cannabises use causes decreased level of male hormone testestone, testicular, degeneration and arrested or abnormal sperm production. Barry (1984). However, as a result of socialization, culture has take a greater part in drug intake, it is said that any group or society in which the use of drug and drinking of alcohol custom, value and sanction together with attitude of all segment of the group or society are well established and agreed upon by all play a significant role in determining the people behavior. In this way, culture is the acquired characteristic of a people, their total way of life, or how they do their own things, acquired through characteristic of a people, their total way of life, or how they do their own things, acquired through socialization. The effect of drug abuse to the health is quite tremendous. Forest and Garry (2004) examine that “heavy drug addict loss their appeti
te and tend to obtain calories from drug rather than ordinary food. In the first stage of liver disease caused by drug and alcohol, fat accumulate in the liver. This stage of disease is known as fatty liver. Most people never notice it until it enlarges the live cells” this has been the case in Kabong community. All human being in the society have goals, which they strive to achieve in life. But considering the hazards and demands that abuse of drug cause to the family, one then is forced to ask why people still indulge in drug abuse. Meanwhile, social realities present a picture of differential occurrence among individuals and even between human groups. The question thee is to what extent are certain variable like class, culture and gender responsible for or what extent do they determine drug and drug abuse. It is in consideration of the above that the researcher s concerned with survey of social, emotional health, economics, political and psychological consequence of drug abuse and its effect on the family and youth in Kabong.

Sociology and Anthropology project topics and materials preview

THE EFFECT OF DRUG ABUSE ON THE YOUTH

THE EFFECT OF DRUG ABUSE ON THE YOUTH IN JOS SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF PLATEAU STATE NIGERIA

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ABSTRACT

In totality, the aim of this topic “the effects of drug abuse on the youth” is to find out the causes and its effects so as to proffer solution that it will help reduce drug abuse among the youth and the entire people of the community understudy. These research is also carried out in chapters, in chapter one it introduce the background of the entire work, it identified the problems and its objectives, in chapter two it deals with the literature review which entails what the authors says about the abuse of drug and it effects to human being and the society at large. Also in chapter three and four it discuss the methodology that the researcher design, the instrument used and the problems encounter also the data presentation democratic distribution of the respondent and the level of awareness to the consumers while in chapter five it deals with the summary of the entire work and possible recommendation that will help reduce the abuse of drug among youth so that the youth of productive age can be relevant to the society and nation building.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

TO THE STUDY In every language, the word drug means any substances or chemical prescribe for medical reasons. However, it is one of the substances which alter the way the body functions. Many who condemn young people for using the illegal drug like heroin, cocaine, smoke and drink heavily themselves, ignoring the facts that these are the most abuse drugs of addiction. On the subject drugs the Australian medical society on Alcohol and drug related problem stated. Drug in Australia account for one in five admissions are related to general hospital, in psychiatric hospital. One in two admissions are related to alcohol or drugs abuse. In this country drugs abuse and alcohol affect serious crime and also contribute to fatalities Barry, 1984. Drug abuse can be traced in Kabong community long before the period of colonial era. The general perception is that drug abuse are for motivation, intoxication and adequate performance both physical and socially. Some equally belief that it is philosophical that is it gives them wonderful ideas and though. Other said it is an “oil of conversation” which means when taken, it enables them to talk well and meaningfully or rationally. The topic of this research is “The effect of drug abuse on the youth” A case study of Jos South Local Government in Plateau state. Drug is a very strong substance, made from different grain and herb with the mixture of many strong chemicals. It has a very serious short term effect. It charge within no time, it has been found to bring instability in work place as a result of an increased amount of the intake. Boris (1974) say drug abuse can play or serve a significant role in everyday interpersonal affaires although there is no data shown, but many youth in Nigeria are user, however, there are many other users of drug that is beyond moderate level to them, drug abuse constitute a vey solving problem and this condition appears to be based on an underlined psychological abnormality. Drug abuse seriously affect the individuals health and social function, it also hurt the users family, friends and colleagues and society as whole. Swaggart (1984), identify the havoc caused by excessive drug abuse. According to him it has broken up more homes, murdered more human beings, made papers of more people starved more children, started more war, wrecked more careers, cause more any single factor on the surface of the earth. Ejikeme (2003), equally identify problems associated with drug and alcohol abuse to include insomnia, injuries or even death incurred while driving etc under the influence of drug abuse increasing, likelihood of involvement in animal behavior (to finance the addiction); sickness resulting from the neglect of personal hygiene, toxic psychoses (may be precipitate by a single dose). Memory difficulties, high blood pressure, manpower loss, violent behavior and socially undersirable behavior. Excessive abuse of drug may cause physically or psychological dependence or both may coexist in one individual. Drug abuse may also bring conflict between the user and the society. It may lead to social problem and also create conflict within user and his social environment (Ejikeme 2011). Within the Kabong community of Jos south local government area, there appears to be an increasing rate of drug abuse in family setting. An observation shows that this practices of drug abuse is prominent among both sex though this observation also indicated that most of the female who abuse drug do not openly indulge in this practice due to socio-cultural reasons. Drug abuse indeed one of the major social problem being faced today by the youth of kabong community of Jos south, it account for a large portion of such problem and it has raise health, and marital issue for social welfare agencies. The problem of drug abuse has become a trans-cultural phenomenon in the community as it has been observed in most communities in plateau state. It is in view of the above that Silverstein (1990) argues that one of every four youth has problem with drug abuse, each member of the family may be affected by drug abuse differently. Therefore drug abuse has direct toxic as well as sedative effects on the body and failure to take care of nutritional and other physical needs during prolong period of excessive use of drug in case of further complicate matter, such advanced cases often require the attention of psychotherapist or doctor. Accordingly, it can be argued that some people (youth) in Kabong community take drug to get away from pains and problems associated with social living and functioning. The people are deficient in their learned ways of dealing with problem of life while other abuse drug to elevate themselves, when celebrating an occasion. However, this is a tentative statement, which is still subject to proper and further investigation in the course of this research. To this end, this research is out to investigate any possible effect of drug abuse on the family and youth especially among Kabong Community in Jos South Local Government Area. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study is instigated by the increasing use and abuse of drug among family and youth in Kabong community. Drug abuse and it effects on the family are relevant to the present trend of event, which was noticed to be increasingly growing as observed by the research. Drug abuse has been found to bring different kind of hazard to both the individual group and the community as a result of an increase intake (Ejekeme, 2001) draw attention to the factors that drug abuse and alcohol it is not less harmful than other chemical it posses some degree of risk to the user. In the same way Boris (1974) opines that abuse of drug can serve or play a significant role in inter personal offense. Researcher at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for children, Sydney, tell us a single large intake of drug at the critical stage can cause FAS while frequent small amount of alcohol can lower the offspring’s intelligence and learning potential (Barry, 1984). In Kabong community of Jos south local government area, the predominantly dwellers are the Rukuba and Berom people, the indulge in drug consumption as a social cultural heritage whereby drug parents mostly father give out the product to their children as food. Also to qureten those disturbing them from the busy and tight schedules at their various beer-pallor so as to enable them attend to customers. The children grow up to become drug abuser, thereby seeming no harm whatsoever in use of drug intake. Youth and adolescent of this community also pick up this habit through observing others abusing drug. In other words, these people are typically family members, parent, friends and neighbors around them. Barry (1996) stated that damage to the ovum or sperm before conception can lead to abnormalities in the child. He further says that if the foetus is exposed to alcohol in the mothers blood in the early weeks, it may be born with foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Some studies suggest that marijuana produces change in the users chromosome and as with nicotine and alcohol may damage sperm, reducing fertility and affecting the developing foetus. A defective ovum which is fertilized is likely to produce an early miscarriage. chronic cannabises use causes decreased level of male hormone testestone, testicular, degeneration and arrested or abnormal sperm production. Barry (1984). However, as a result of socialization, culture has take a greater part in drug intake, it is said that any group or society in which the use of drug and drinking of alcohol custom, value and sanction together with attitude of all segment of the group or society are well established and agreed upon by all play a significant role in determining the people behavior. In this way, culture is the acquired characteristic of a people, their total way of life, or how they do their own things, acquired through characteristic of a people, their total way of life, or how they do their own things, acquired through socialization. The effect of drug abuse to the health is quite tremendous. Forest and Garry (2004) examine that “heavy drug addict loss their appetite and tend to obtain calories from drug rather than ordinary food. In the first stage of liver disease caused by drug and alcohol, fat accumulate in the liver. This stage of disease is known as fatty liver. Most people never notice it until it enlarges the live cells” this has been the case in Kabong community. All human being in the society have goals, which they strive to achieve in life. But considering the hazards and demands that abuse of drug cause to the family, one then is forced to ask why people still indulge in drug abuse. Meanwhile, social realities present a picture of differential occurrence among individuals and even between human groups. The question thee is to what extent are certain variable like class, culture and gender responsible for or what extent do they determine drug and drug abuse. It is in consideration of the above that the researcher s concerned with survey of social, emotional health, economics, political and psychological consequence of drug abuse and its effect on the family and youth in Kabong.