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Sociology and Anthropology project topics and materials preview

THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN ORGANISATIONS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN ORGANISATIONS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA.

CASE STUDY: MBAISE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF IMO STATE.

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ABSTRACT
This project analysed the contributions of women organisations in the community development in mbaise Local Government Area in imo state.semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 120 randomly selected women from the chosen communities. Data analysis were achieved using simple descriptive statistics as percentages, frequency tables and ranking. Result of the study shows that women organisations for the purpose of community development in the study area are formed at different levels (community and village) and along different ties (religious,family and social). There was a remarkable high involvement rate of women organisations in the provision of infrastructural amenities as renovation/furnishing of town halls/equipment of village schools and churches, and provision of communal environmental sanitation services. other development programmes include those aimed at economic and educational empowerment of women and community youths such as;provision of grants/loans for enterprise development of women award of scholarships to children of the community,awarness creation on HIV/AIDS,family health and child care programmes,and other general health matters. It was recommended among others that existing women organisations in the community development should be encouraged by way of adequate recognition,training and funding by the local government authorities.

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study 1
1.2 Statement of the problem 2
1.3 Research Questions 4
1.4 Objectives of the study 4
1.5 Significance of the study 5
1.6 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERTURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview of Women Organization 9
2.2 Women in Community Development of Nigeria 10
2.3 The Contribution of Christian Women Groups
To Community Development 12
2.4 Problems Encounter by Christian Women’s Group
In Community Development 17
2.5 Review of Relevant Theories 20
2.6 Theoretical Framework 25
2.7 Research Hypotheses 27
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CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 28
3.2 Area of the Study 28
3.3 Study Population 29
3.4 Sample Size 29
3.5 Sampling Procedure 29
3.6 Methods of Data Collection 30
3.7 Methods of Data Analysis 30
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Presentation of Personal Characteristics of Respondents 31
4.2 Analysis of Research Questions 34
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY,CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings 42
5.2 Conclusion 43
5.3 Recommendations 44
5.4 Suggestion for further Studies 45
REFERENCES 47
APPENDIX

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
It is a truism the adage that says; behind every successful man is a woman. Women have been regarded as fragile and should be subordinate to the man but they can play very important role for the betterment of the society. This fragile nature has proved her taking domineering influence on many occasions in the history of mankind. Across the country, women have created innovative, comprehensive programs to meet the needs of their communities. Women have established themselves as leaders in the community development process and acquire the skills that have brought positive changes to their communities. As effective builders of social capital, Christian women leaders play key roles in establishing and maintaining important relationships and networks in their communities.
They are facing the challenges of racial, culture, economic and political barriers that exist in the community development process and in many cases overcoming those barriers become their motivation. While their comprehensive approach has influenced the evolution of the community development field, Christian women’s contributions have been neither widely acknowledged nor explicitly credited. The result of the Christian women groups in community development study provide deeper insights into women’s thinking about
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community development, the barriers they perceive to women’s leadership and the kind of efforts that should be made to facilitate and promote their status and roles in the field. Christian women groups demonstrate variety of effective ways women create social capital that is central to the existence of healthy communities. In fact, the contributions of Christian women groups in community development projects can bring about significant positive changes. Thus, Christian’s women groups have been proved to be one of the effective entry point for initiating activities or development projects in the community that are beneficiary to all the members of the community (Chiwendu, 1980). Therefore, for effective development to occur, their contributions need not be disputed.
1.2 Statement to the Problem
The cultural beliefs that the education of a woman ends in the kitchen, makes it almost impossible for males to see the immense contributions of women groups to the community development. For example, through picture books, girls are taught to have low aspirations because there are so few opportunities portrayed as available to them. It is believed that men’s work is outside the home and women’s work is inside the home. For example we see women at home washing dishes, cooking, cleaning, yell at the children, takes care of babies, and does the shopping, while men are store keepers, house builders, storytellers, monks, preachers, fishermen, policemen, fighters,
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soldiers, adventurers, judges, farmers and pilots. They were also the king and the gods.
Within the traditional African society, women from almost all the ethnic group were excluded from performing certain activities, especially those that concern leadership and other hand and significant activities like construction works and clergy roles, these were considered as men’s domain. The exclusion of women from some of these activities are due to the socio-cultural factors constraining them from participating in activities that were considered to be exclusively for men (William, 1973).
Furthermore gender inequality contributes to the low contribution of women to community development. Many a times, we hear the men ask, “Don’t you know you are a woman? This question is due to the systematic
gender bias in customs, beliefs and attitudes that confine women mostly to the domestic sphere and not in certain matters expected to be in the men’s domain. Also, the economic and domestic workloads deprived women of time to contribute to community development.
Finally laws and customs also impede women’s access to credit, productive inputs, employment, education, information and politics. These factors affect women’s ability and incentives to contribute in economic and social development activities in the community. The purpose of this research is
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to find out the contributions of Christian women’s groups to community development, since it is believed that “what a man can do, a woman can do better”. The challenges facing them in their bid to contribute will also be reviewed.
1.3 Research questions
1. What are the challenges facing the Christian women Groups in their contributions to community developments?
2. How do Christian Women Groups contribute to community development?
3. What are the ways in which Christian Women Groups could be encouraged to contribute to community development?
4. How do Christian Women Group generate their income for community development projects?
5. What are the objectives of Christian Women Groups?
1.4 Objectives of the study
This research work was an intensive field-based examination of the contributions of Christian Women Groups in community development activities. All its objectives include:
1. To find out the challenges facing the Christian Women Groups in their bid to contribute to community development.

Sociology and Anthropology project topics and materials preview

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT

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FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT

(A CASE STUDY OF KADUNA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE).

 

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ABSTRACT

The child abuse menace is as old as the birth of the first child, until very recently child maltreatment has never been seen as a social problem. It was falsely assumed that such physical punishments are supposed to correct had behavior and ensure conformity. But the consequential distorted personality of the child disproves the assumption. This study aims at showing that it is only through the care of children will one gain experience and develops interest in finding out more about the affliction of the Nigerian child. In addition, the researcher hopes that who are able to read this will get to know and pray that the past experiences of these silent suffers will serve to prevent tomorrow’s children from similar fate.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     Introduction                                                                            1

1.1     background of the study                                                          1

1.2     historical background                                                    3

1.3     statement of the problem                                                         6

1.4     objective of the study                                                     7

1.5     research Questions                                                                  7

1.6     scope of the study                                                                   8

1.7     significance of the study                                                          9

1.8     definition of terms                                                                   10

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Literature review                                                            12

2.1     Definition of child abuse                                                         12

2.2     Causes of child abuse and neglect                                  12

2.3     Sociological implication of child abuse and neglect       20

2.4     Children view on child abuse and neglect                      22

2.5     How to prevent child abuse and neglect                        24

2.6     conclusion/ summary                                                     27

CHAPTER THREE

3.0            Introduction                                                                            28

3.1                                    Population                                                                     28

3.2            Sample size                                                                             28

3.3            Sampling techniques/ procedures                                  29

3.4            Sources of data                                                              29

3.5            Primary data                                                                           30

3.6            Secondary data                                                              30

3.7            Procedure for data collection                                         30

3.8            Data analysis                                                                           31

CHAPTER FOUR

Presentation and Data Analysis Result

4.1     Introduction                                                                            32

4.2     Data analysis                                                                           35

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1     Introduction                                                                            38

5.2     Summary                                                                                 39

5.3     Conclusion                                                                     40

5.4     Recommendations                                                                   41

References                                                                      44

Appendix                                                                                45

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It has been the general assumption that children with reasonable physical care would grow into normal happy adulthood. But scientific investigations of psychologists, sociologist and psychiatrists regarding personality development has uncovered the greater importance of the growing up and its lasting effects on the total personality of a person. Adult personality has its root in childhood. What we can do as adult is largely determined by ways in which we were allowed into experience inevitable events of childhood.

Thus the aim of this research work is to shed more light on the issue of child abuse and neglect in Kaduna South Local Government of Kaduna State. A child is neglected when he lacks continues physical and emotional contact with his mother. Children under this category are those may be due to lose of mother or both parents or the separation of both parents, thus child may be sent to nursery school or orphanages with many children which makes it difficult for special individual attention to be rendered to each child. Those children are therefore brought up by stranger which could be changed at different times due to the shift of their study. Child abuse on the other hand can be defined as the portion of harm to children that result from human action or in action that is prescribed, proximate and preventable. The definition recognizes that such harm is no accident but something perpetrated on children by others, usually intestinally and that the actors inflicting this harm do not enjoy society approval. It is also point out that abuse generally come from the child immediate environment and that it is preventable child neglect is a passive form of maltreatment or abuse UNICEF (1986).

1.2     HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Kaduna South Local Government Area was created on 23rd September 1991 by the Babangida’s regime. Hitherto it was part and parcel of Kaduna Local Government. The Local Government Council has its headquarter located at Makera, comprising of two districts namely: Tudun Wada and Makera, each district headed by a district head and supported by village and wards councilors, Kaduna South shares common boundary with Kaduna North to the North West. The two districts share common boundary with the other districts located in the three local government area. Kaduna South has a population of 373,576 as per 2006 census.

Education

However, in the education, the area is having about (29) public schools in which (8) primary schools and in Tudun Wada and (13) in Makera and five (5) secondary schools in Tudunwada and three (3) in Makeri.

Furthermore, the area is having private nursery/primary and secondary schools approximately one hundred and twenty four (124) i.e. 80 in Tudun Wada and (44) in Makera district.

Adult education programmes and constructed apart from the various vocational training centres, run by various organizations like (YMCA). Apart from Kaduna Polytechnic as a higher institution of learning. There is a prison school at Barnawa, Health Institution like the school of Nursing and Midwifery and school of psychiatric Barnawa.

There are over fifty (50) large and small scale industries that abound in the local government and some include, textile, defence corporation, Nigeria Breweries, Peugeot Automobile, KFCC, fertilizer superphosphate, pharmaceutical company, blanket industry just to mention a few.

To boost commercial activities in the local government area and the markets and up to R. Tourist attractions and hotels, the council has six (6) tourist areas and about twelve (12) hotels. Kaduna South Local Government areas well connected by road, bridges and railway line system.

Thus, the above mentioned geographical, emotional, educational and administrative features taken together given Kaduna South its unique characteristics. It was discover that the habitants have little or no knowledge of what child abuse is.

Some with dishes roaming the street and begging for food and aims for certain belief. They were also denied educational pursuit and a child right to decide for themselves what they want to become in future. Without being told, you will see for yourself how little children hawk around from morning till evening for financial support, this researcher strongly, belief is one of the causes of child abuse and neglect because this kind of occupation endangers the child’s life and expose him to hard situation.

1.3     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The researcher’s concern to delve into the affairs of CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State becomes necessary because the record available to this researcher shows that since the creation of Kaduna South from the former Kaduna local government there was not been any necessary attempt for research work into the activities of child abuse and neglect.

However, it is widely believed that the good image of any social or community depend largely on the social background of its children. Therefore, the problem of child abuse in the local government has been a total neglect in large extent. A situation brought about probably by the undesirable element in our society mostly associated with women folk and partly perhaps the government who have not given enough attention to the ugly situation in the area but rather sitting on chairs in offices. Based on this, the researcher will seriousness wishes to know the activities to the authority concerned with the affairs of child abuse, towards educating the people of the area and of course suggest ways on how to improve and implements their programme towards making the entire area a conducive place of living.

Sociology and Anthropology project topics and materials preview

PERCEPTION OF PREMARITAL SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP AMONGST STUDENTS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTION

PERCEPTION OF PREMARITAL SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP AMONGST STUDENTS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTION

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PERCEPTION OF PREMARITAL SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP AMONGST STUDENTS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTION: A CASE STUDY OF DELTA STATE UNIVERSITY,

 

 

ABSTRACT

This study is centred on the “Perception of Premarital Sexual Relationship amongst Students in Tertiary Institutions. The challenges of premarital sexual relationship have attracted concern; this is due to the various social issues that it generates. The understanding here is that, premarital sexual relationship comes with its own dangers and if not properly handled may lead to several social problems. More so, the theory of planned behaviour was used to explain premarital sexual relationship and its occurrence amongst undergraduate students. To achieve the stated objectives of the research, data were collected using the questionnaire as an instrument. These data were analysed using the simple percentage statistical tool in order to attain clarity.  From the findings of the research, it was concluded that premarital sexual relationship amongst students has assumed an alarming proportion and that premarital sexual relationship is now part of the social life of students and at such, students see nothing wrong in it. Consequently, it was recommended that, early sexual education should be given to children, regular campaign and public sensitisation on premarital sexual relationship should be carried out and that parents, government and the general public should take it upon themselves to contribute their own quota to the education and reduction of premarital sexual relationship.

 

Chapter One: Introduction

 

  • Background of the Study ..        ..        ..          1
  • Statement of the Problem ..        ..        ..          6
  • Objectives of the Study ..        ..        ..          9
  • Research Questions ..        ..        ..          9
  • Significance of the Study ..        ..        ..          10
  • Scope of the Study ..        ..        ..          11
  • Operational Definition of Concept ..        ..        ..          14

 

 

Chapter Two: Literature Review and Theoretical Framework

 

2.1     Introduction                                      ..        ..        ..          16

2.2     Premarital Sexual Activity of Student        ..        ..        ..          20

2.3     Factors Affecting Student Sexual Behaviour       ..        ..          21

2.3.1  Age                                                   ..        ..        ..          23

2.3.2  Academic Performance and Education                 ..        ..          24

2.3.3  Exposure to Mass Media                            ..        ..        ..          25

2.3.4  Knowledge on Sexuality and Reproductive Health Issues         27

2.3.5  Socio-Economic Status of Parents    ..        ..        ..          30

2.3.6  Living Environment                          ..        ..        ..          31

2.3.7  Parent-Child Communication           ..        ..        ..          32

2.3.8  Communication with Friends            ..        ..        ..          33

2.3.9  Relationship with Opposite Sex                 ..        ..        ..          35

2.4     Premarital Sexual Activity in various Societies   ..          37

2.5     Theoretical Framework                     ..        ..        ..          44

2.5.1  Theory of Planned Behaviour           ..        ..        ..          42

 

Chapter Three: Research Methods

  • Introduction ..        ..        ..          46

3.2     Design of the Study                          ..        ..        ..          46

3.3     Population of the Study                             ..        ..        ..          47

3.4     Sample and Sampling Technique      ..        ..        ..          47

3.5     Research Instrument                         ..        ..        ..          48

3.6     Method of Data Collection                ..        ..        ..          48

3.7     Method of Data Analysis                  ..        ..        ..          49

 

Chapter Four:     Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion of Result

 

4.1     Introduction                                      ..        ..        ..          50

4.2     Data Presentation                                       ..        ..        ..          51

4.3     Discussion of Findings                      ..        ..        ..          62

 

Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1     Summary                                          ..        ..        ..          65

5.2     Conclusion                                        ..        ..        ..          66

5.3     Recommendations                                      ..        ..        ..          67

 

REFERENCES                                 ..        ..        ..          69

 

APPENDIX                                      ..        ..        ..          76

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Sexual behaviour or indulgence to sex among undergraduate students and young adults nowadays are one of the great concerns of our society (Donovan, 2007).  Sexuality is an instinct imprinted into the genes of each living creature.  Attraction of the opposite sex has been the key factor behind reproduction and survival of each species.  Most of the species are born with only seasonal sexual necessities.  They mate and reproduce only at limited times a year.  Human beings, on the other hand, have active sexual instincts throughout his/her life; right from the day he/she discovers his/her sexuality in pre-adulthood.  This instinct has found overpowering the cultural advancement we have gained over the past (Wikipidia, 2007).

Sexuality is only sexuality for all other animals, but human beings have restricted forms of sexuality like pre-marital sexuality and extra-marital sexuality. The main reason behind introducing this restriction is that unlike all other animals we live in a civilised society with strict norms of morality and cultural obligations.  The society always long for nature relationships and mutual respect between each member of this society.  The main goal behind bringing in the sexual restrictions is that each member of this society should be treated with dignity and not as instruments of fulfilling lust. Sexuality, in particular, is a major area of concern for young adult and individuals or families of childbearing age (Pilliteri, 2003).

Having sex for the first time at an early age is often associated with unsafe sex, in part through lack of knowledge, lack of access to contraception, lack of skills and self-efficacy to negotiate contraception, having sex while drunk, or inadequate self-efficacy to resist pressure (Donovan et al., 2007). Such risky behaviours might result to unfavourable consequences like unwanted pregnancy, illegal abortion, and acquiring STD or the Sexually Transmitted Diseases through sexual contact (AEGIS, 2005). These consequences entail lots of underlying problems.  It is like a domino effect that often leads to guilt.

According to Tumangday (2005), parents should be the primary source of their children’s knowledge and value about sex.  Parents possess a great deal of knowledge about sexuality, but don’t know how to answer every question about what their kids might ask. There is also a quotation that says “if you don’t teach your children about sex, who will?”  It is said that family is also the foundation of one’s personality and perception.  Today family influences come too weak and thus peers’ influences along with the media dominate most of the youth.  Premarital sex (PMS) is indeed very rampant nowadays.   Students tend to engage themselves in high-risk sexual behaviours.   Irrational behaviours like this often result to guilt.

Premarital sexuality is any sexual activity with an opposite sex partner or with a same sex partner before he/she has started a married life.  The term is usually used to refer the intercourse before the legal age of a marriage.  Adults who presumably marry eventually also fall under this definition (Regnerus and Uecker, 2011).   Modern societies don’t appreciate premarital lovemaking for various reasons.  Lovemaking is no more considered an outflow of the natural sexual instincts among human beings.  We see it as a necessary obligation to share the romance between married couples and also as a medium to fulfil the social responsibility of giving birth to the next generation.  Sexuality is not an instrument of enjoying lustful pleasure for human beings, at least.   In premarital sex, many a times, immature human beings explore the sexuality, just out of curiosity, and might be are unaware of the consequences.  Society has forbid premarital sex from the very outlook that adolescence is the time to form oneself as mature and responsible human being and not at all a time to procreate (Burbank, 2007).

Sex in itself, is not wrong at any age; but premarital sex may harm the mental development of adults in several forms.  Premarital sexual experiences, many a times, leads to the misconception that sex is to be enjoyed at whatever ways possible.  Forced premarital lovemaking will lead to mental depression and dilemma.  Another danger is possible exchange of diseases; as premarital partners may not be aware of diseases that spread through intercourses. Getting pregnant through premarital sex is another disaster. Emotional imbalances and guilt feeling could be the result of most premarital sexual affairs (Carl, 2013).  Premarital sex is not approved by any modern society, yet stories of adolescent fathers and mother come out largely, especially from the highly civilised European nations.  Modern lifestyle has open multiple opportunities for boys and girls to interact closely and deeply in public and private.   They have ample changes to experiment the sexuality which they witness through internet and television (WHO, 2005).

Sexuality is defined as the sum of the physical, functional, and psychologic attributes that are expressed by one’s gender identity and sexual behaviour, whether or not related to the sex organs or to procreation (Anderson and Anderson, 2002).  Therefore, sexuality entails how an individual act, feel and think regarding one’s self when it comes to understanding gender role.  Premarital sex is synonymous to the word fornication, the sexual intercourse between two people who are not married to each other (Anderson and Anderson, 2002).  For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected, and fulfilled.  According to Clark (2006), peer group is an important factor in young adult development and has some bearing on teenagers’ decision about sex.  Young adult is a period of exploration and experimentation, but young people often lack the knowledge, experience, and maturity to avoid the grave risks that confront them.  Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin discovered many more motives for sexual intercourse; the researchers identified four major categories: physical, emotional, social and psychological motives (Kienlen, 2007).

 

1.2     Statement of the Problem

There had been much discussion in the press about the gradual erosion of moral values among youth.  Much concern had been raised over the rising number of youths who hold permissive values towards premarital sex, and the increasing proportion of youths who engage in sexual activities, or

 

 

 

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Sociology and Anthropology project topics and materials preview

PERCEPTION OF PREMARITAL SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP AMONGST STUDENTS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTION

PERCEPTION OF PREMARITAL SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP AMONGST STUDENTS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTION

A CASE STUDY OF DELTA STATE UNIVERSITY,

 

 

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ACCOUNT NUMBER:  0115939447
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Account Name: Chi E-Concept Int’l
Account Name: 3059320631

We also accept :   ATM transfer , online money  transfer 

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PAY ONLINE USING YOUR ATM CARD. IT IS SECURED AND RELIABLE.

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Call Help Desk Line :  08074466939,08063386834.

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08074466939 Or 08063386834,   The Project Title  You  Selected On Our Website , Amount Paid, Depositor Name, Your Email Address, Payment Date. You Will Receive Your Material In Less Than 1 Hour Once We Confirm Your Payment.

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ABSTRACT

This study is centred on the “Perception of Premarital Sexual Relationship amongst Students in Tertiary Institutions. The challenges of premarital sexual relationship have attracted concern; this is due to the various social issues that it generates. The understanding here is that, premarital sexual relationship comes with its own dangers and if not properly handled may lead to several social problems. More so, the theory of planned behaviour was used to explain premarital sexual relationship and its occurrence amongst undergraduate students. To achieve the stated objectives of the research, data were collected using the questionnaire as an instrument. These data were analysed using the simple percentage statistical tool in order to attain clarity.  From the findings of the research, it was concluded that premarital sexual relationship amongst students has assumed an alarming proportion and that premarital sexual relationship is now part of the social life of students and at such, students see nothing wrong in it. Consequently, it was recommended that, early sexual education should be given to children, regular campaign and public sensitisation on premarital sexual relationship should be carried out and that parents, government and the general public should take it upon themselves to contribute their own quota to the education and reduction of premarital sexual relationship.

 

Chapter One: Introduction

 

  • Background of the Study ..        ..        ..          1
  • Statement of the Problem ..        ..        ..          6
  • Objectives of the Study ..        ..        ..          9
  • Research Questions ..        ..        ..          9
  • Significance of the Study ..        ..        ..          10
  • Scope of the Study ..        ..        ..          11
  • Operational Definition of Concept ..        ..        ..          14

 

 

Chapter Two: Literature Review and Theoretical Framework

 

2.1     Introduction                                      ..        ..        ..          16

2.2     Premarital Sexual Activity of Student        ..        ..        ..          20

2.3     Factors Affecting Student Sexual Behaviour       ..        ..          21

2.3.1  Age                                                   ..        ..        ..          23

2.3.2  Academic Performance and Education                 ..        ..          24

2.3.3  Exposure to Mass Media                            ..        ..        ..          25

2.3.4  Knowledge on Sexuality and Reproductive Health Issues         27

2.3.5  Socio-Economic Status of Parents    ..        ..        ..          30

2.3.6  Living Environment                          ..        ..        ..          31

2.3.7  Parent-Child Communication           ..        ..        ..          32

2.3.8  Communication with Friends            ..        ..        ..          33

2.3.9  Relationship with Opposite Sex                 ..        ..        ..          35

2.4     Premarital Sexual Activity in various Societies   ..          37

2.5     Theoretical Framework                     ..        ..        ..          44

2.5.1  Theory of Planned Behaviour           ..        ..        ..          42

 

Chapter Three: Research Methods

  • Introduction ..        ..        ..          46

3.2     Design of the Study                          ..        ..        ..          46

3.3     Population of the Study                             ..        ..        ..          47

3.4     Sample and Sampling Technique      ..        ..        ..          47

3.5     Research Instrument                         ..        ..        ..          48

3.6     Method of Data Collection                ..        ..        ..          48

3.7     Method of Data Analysis                  ..        ..        ..          49

 

Chapter Four:     Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion of Result

 

4.1     Introduction                                      ..        ..        ..          50

4.2     Data Presentation                                       ..        ..        ..          51

4.3     Discussion of Findings                      ..        ..        ..          62

 

Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

5.1     Summary                                          ..        ..        ..          65

5.2     Conclusion                                        ..        ..        ..          66

5.3     Recommendations                                      ..        ..        ..          67

 

REFERENCES                                 ..        ..        ..          69

 

APPENDIX                                      ..        ..        ..          76

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Sexual behaviour or indulgence to sex among undergraduate students and young adults nowadays are one of the great concerns of our society (Donovan, 2007).  Sexuality is an instinct imprinted into the genes of each living creature.  Attraction of the opposite sex has been the key factor behind reproduction and survival of each species.  Most of the species are born with only seasonal sexual necessities.  They mate and reproduce only at limited times a year.  Human beings, on the other hand, have active sexual instincts throughout his/her life; right from the day he/she discovers his/her sexuality in pre-adulthood.  This instinct has found overpowering the cultural advancement we have gained over the past (Wikipidia, 2007).

Sexuality is only sexuality for all other animals, but human beings have restricted forms of sexuality like pre-marital sexuality and extra-marital sexuality. The main reason behind introducing this restriction is that unlike all other animals we live in a civilised society with strict norms of morality and cultural obligations.  The society always long for nature relationships and mutual respect between each member of this society.  The main goal behind bringing in the sexual restrictions is that each member of this society should be treated with dignity and not as instruments of fulfilling lust. Sexuality, in particular, is a major area of concern for young adult and individuals or families of childbearing age (Pilliteri, 2003).

Having sex for the first time at an early age is often associated with unsafe sex, in part through lack of knowledge, lack of access to contraception, lack of skills and self-efficacy to negotiate contraception, having sex while drunk, or inadequate self-efficacy to resist pressure (Donovan et al., 2007). Such risky behaviours might result to unfavourable consequences like unwanted pregnancy, illegal abortion, and acquiring STD or the Sexually Transmitted Diseases through sexual contact (AEGIS, 2005). These consequences entail lots of underlying problems.  It is like a domino effect that often leads to guilt.

According to Tumangday (2005), parents should be the primary source of their children’s knowledge and value about sex.  Parents possess a great deal of knowledge about sexuality, but don’t know how to answer every question about what their kids might ask. There is also a quotation that says “if you don’t teach your children about sex, who will?”  It is said that family is also the foundation of one’s personality and perception.  Today family influences come too weak and thus peers’ influences along with the media dominate most of the youth.  Premarital sex (PMS) is indeed very rampant nowadays.   Students tend to engage themselves in high-risk sexual behaviours.   Irrational behaviours like this often result to guilt.

Premarital sexuality is any sexual activity with an opposite sex partner or with a same sex partner before he/she has started a married life.  The term is usually used to refer the intercourse before the legal age of a marriage.  Adults who presumably marry eventually also fall under this definition (Regnerus and Uecker, 2011).   Modern societies don’t appreciate premarital lovemaking for various reasons.  Lovemaking is no more considered an outflow of the natural sexual instincts among human beings.  We see it as a necessary obligation to share the romance between married couples and also as a medium to fulfil the social responsibility of giving birth to the next generation.  Sexuality is not an instrument of enjoying lustful pleasure for human beings, at least.   In premarital sex, many a times, immature human beings explore the sexuality, just out of curiosity, and might be are unaware of the consequences.  Society has forbid premarital sex from the very outlook that adolescence is the time to form oneself as mature and responsible human being and not at all a time to procreate (Burbank, 2007).

Sex in itself, is not wrong at any age; but premarital sex may harm the mental development of adults in several forms.  Premarital sexual experiences, many a times, leads to the misconception that sex is to be enjoyed at whatever ways possible.  Forced premarital lovemaking will lead to mental depression and dilemma.  Another danger is possible exchange of diseases; as premarital partners may not be aware of diseases that spread through intercourses. Getting pregnant through premarital sex is another disaster. Emotional imbalances and guilt feeling could be the result of most premarital sexual affairs (Carl, 2013).  Premarital sex is not approved by any modern society, yet stories of adolescent fathers and mother come out largely, especially from the highly civilised European nations.  Modern lifestyle has open multiple opportunities for boys and girls to interact closely and deeply in public and private.   They have ample changes to experiment the sexuality which they witness through internet and television (WHO, 2005).

Sexuality is defined as the sum of the physical, functional, and psychologic attributes that are expressed by one’s gender identity and sexual behaviour, whether or not related to the sex organs or to procreation (Anderson and Anderson, 2002).  Therefore, sexuality entails how an individual act, feel and think regarding one’s self when it comes to understanding gender role.  Premarital sex is synonymous to the word fornication, the sexual intercourse between two people who are not married to each other (Anderson and Anderson, 2002).  For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected, and fulfilled.  According to Clark (2006), peer group is an important factor in young adult development and has some bearing on teenagers’ decision about sex.  Young adult is a period of exploration and experimentation, but young people often lack the knowledge, experience, and maturity to avoid the grave risks that confront them.  Researchers at the University of Texas at Austin discovered many more motives for sexual intercourse; the researchers identified four major categories: physical, emotional, social and psychological motives (Kienlen, 2007).

 

1.2     Statement of the Problem

There had been much discussion in the press about the gradual erosion of moral values among youth.  Much concern had been raised over the rising number of youths who hold permissive values towards premarital sex, and the increasing proportion of youths who engage in sexual activities, or

 

 

 

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THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN ORGANISATIONS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA.CASE STUDY: MBAISE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF IMO STATE.

THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF WOMEN ORGANISATIONS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA.

CASE STUDY: MBAISE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF IMO STATE.

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ABSTRACT
This project analysed the contributions of women organisations in the community development in mbaise Local Government Area in imo state.semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 120 randomly selected women from the chosen communities. Data analysis were achieved using simple descriptive statistics as percentages, frequency tables and ranking. Result of the study shows that women organisations for the purpose of community development in the study area are formed at different levels (community and village) and along different ties (religious,family and social). There was a remarkable high involvement rate of women organisations in the provision of infrastructural amenities as renovation/furnishing of town halls/equipment of village schools and churches, and provision of communal environmental sanitation services. other development programmes include those aimed at economic and educational empowerment of women and community youths such as;provision of grants/loans for enterprise development of women award of scholarships to children of the community,awarness creation on HIV/AIDS,family health and child care programmes,and other general health matters. It was recommended among others that existing women organisations in the community development should be encouraged by way of adequate recognition,training and funding by the local government authorities
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page———————————————————————————i
Approval Page—————————————————————————ii
Dedication——————————————————————————-iii
Acknowledgements———————————————————————iv
Abstract————————————————————————————v
Table of Contents———————————————————————–vi
List of Tables—————————————————————————vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study 1
1.2 Statement of the problem 2
1.3 Research Questions 4
1.4 Objectives of the study 4
1.5 Significance of the study 5
1.6 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERTURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview of Women Organization 9
2.2 Women in Community Development of Nigeria 10
2.3 The Contribution of Christian Women Groups
To Community Development 12
2.4 Problems Encounter by Christian Women’s Group
In Community Development 17
2.5 Review of Relevant Theories 20
2.6 Theoretical Framework 25
2.7 Research Hypotheses 27
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CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 28
3.2 Area of the Study 28
3.3 Study Population 29
3.4 Sample Size 29
3.5 Sampling Procedure 29
3.6 Methods of Data Collection 30
3.7 Methods of Data Analysis 30
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Presentation of Personal Characteristics of Respondents 31
4.2 Analysis of Research Questions 34
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY,CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings 42
5.2 Conclusion 43
5.3 Recommendations 44
5.4 Suggestion for further Studies 45
REFERENCES 47
APPENDIX 50
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study
It is a truism the adage that says; behind every successful man is a woman. Women have been regarded as fragile and should be subordinate to the man but they can play very important role for the betterment of the society. This fragile nature has proved her taking domineering influence on many occasions in the history of mankind. Across the country, women have created innovative, comprehensive programs to meet the needs of their communities. Women have established themselves as leaders in the community development process and acquire the skills that have brought positive changes to their communities. As effective builders of social capital, Christian women leaders play key roles in establishing and maintaining important relationships and networks in their communities.
They are facing the challenges of racial, culture, economic and political barriers that exist in the community development process and in many cases overcoming those barriers become their motivation. While their comprehensive approach has influenced the evolution of the community development field, Christian women’s contributions have been neither widely acknowledged nor explicitly credited. The result of the Christian women groups in community development study provide deeper insights into women’s thinking about
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community development, the barriers they perceive to women’s leadership and the kind of efforts that should be made to facilitate and promote their status and roles in the field. Christian women groups demonstrate variety of effective ways women create social capital that is central to the existence of healthy communities. In fact, the contributions of Christian women groups in community development projects can bring about significant positive changes. Thus, Christian’s women groups have been proved to be one of the effective entry point for initiating activities or development projects in the community that are beneficiary to all the members of the community (Chiwendu, 1980). Therefore, for effective development to occur, their contributions need not be disputed.
1.2 Statement to the Problem
The cultural beliefs that the education of a woman ends in the kitchen, makes it almost impossible for males to see the immense contributions of women groups to the community development. For example, through picture books, girls are taught to have low aspirations because there are so few opportunities portrayed as available to them. It is believed that men’s work is outside the home and women’s work is inside the home. For example we see women at home washing dishes, cooking, cleaning, yell at the children, takes care of babies, and does the shopping, while men are store keepers, house builders, storytellers, monks, preachers, fishermen, policemen, fighters,
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soldiers, adventurers, judges, farmers and pilots. They were also the king and the gods.
Within the traditional African society, women from almost all the ethnic group were excluded from performing certain activities, especially those that concern leadership and other hand and significant activities like construction works and clergy roles, these were considered as men’s domain. The exclusion of women from some of these activities are due to the socio-cultural factors constraining them from participating in activities that were considered to be exclusively for men (William, 1973).
Furthermore gender inequality contributes to the low contribution of women to community development. Many a times, we

 

 

 

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